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International Journal of Sport Studies. Vol., 4 (1), 196-200, 2014
Available online at http: www.ijssjournal.com
ISSN 2251-7502 © 2014; Science and Research Publications
Effects of hydration changes on body composition of wrestlers
Erkan Demirkan1*, Mehmet Kutlu2, Mitat Koz3, Mehmet Özal4, Aziz Güçlüöver2, Mike Favre5
1- Physical Education and Sports School, Hitit University, Çorum- TURKEY
2- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Education Faculty, the University of Kırıkkale, Kırıkkale-
TURKEY
3- Ankara University, Faculty of Sport Science, Ankara – TURKEY
4- General Directorate of Sport – Ankara
5- Director of Olympic Sports S&C University of Michigan
*Corresponding author: Email: erkandemirkan_1979@hotmail.com
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine effects of hydration changes on
bioelectrical impedance in wrestlers. One hundred fourteen wrestlers aged 15-17 yr were
recruited. The wrestlers’ body composition analysis was determined using the methods
of bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and skinfold (SK). Urine specific gravity (Usg)
method was used for determining the level of body hydration. According to different
hydration status no significant difference was found in the comparison of body
composition as determined by BIA (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between
the two methods used for the assessment of body fat percentage (BIA %10.4±4.8; SKF
% 9.0±5.6) (P<0.05). We may suggest that body hydration fluctuations or dehydration
relatively may affect to assess body composition assessment via BIA. This observation
may appear to not be appropriate the BIA to determine body composition of wrestlers
during dehydration position.
Key words: Bioelectrical impedance, body composition, hydration levels, skinfold,
wrestlers.
Introduction
Wrestlers commonly use dehydration techniques for achieving a target body weight before competition
weigh-in. In turn, these hydration changes may affect the widely held assumption that 73.2% of total body water
(TBW) is a part of fat-free mass (FFM), and therefore fat mass is overestimated (Wang et al., 1999). The ability
of researchers and coaches to accurately estimate minor changes in fat mass and fat-free mass is crucial in sports
with weight categories (Kukidome et al., 2008). Consequently, it is important to identify alternative methods
that are convenient, reliable, and accurate in measuring body composition. Urine Specific Gravity (USG) is the
most practical and effective measure for assessing hydration status during the weight certification procedure
(Shirreffs and Maughan, 1998; Stuempfle and Drury, 2003; Bartok et al., 2004a). At physiologic hydration
status, USG values vary between 1.002 and 1.030 g/cm3 (Stuempfle et al., 2003). Currently as part of the
wrestling weight certification program (WCP), the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has
determined that each wrestler must present an Usg value of 1.020 or less as a limit for hydration status before
undergoing a body composition assessment (Utter et al., 2003). As a criterion, NCAA has accepted a limit of
1.020 g/cm3 or below values of USG as the indicator of euhydration status of an athlete (Bartok et al., 2004b;
Utter, 2001).
Many different methods are used for the assessment of body composition, and each has its own merits
and disadvantages (Stewart, 2001). Skinfolds (SK) accurately assess body composition of high school wrestlers
(Thorland et al., 1991; Oppliger et al., 1995), but this method imposes some limitations. These include having
access to enough trained assessors within a defined geographical region, technical error that may be present
because of caliper performance, within- and between-tester differences in SK compressibility, and the inability
to palpate the fat–muscle interface (Lohman et al., 1984). One other method is bioelectrical impedance analysis
(BIA). This procedure takes very little time, is easy to administer, requires no specialized training or practice for
Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (1), 196-200, 2014
197
the investigator and is non-invasive (Goss et al., 2003). Among the advantages of BIA includes its simplicity
and portability (Utter et al., 2005). This makes it especially useful in assessing body composition in athletes’
population. BIA allows the determination of the FFM and TBW in subjects without significant fluid and
electrolyte abnormalities, when using appropriate population, age or pathology-specific BIA equations and
established procedures (Kyle et al., 2004). However, several factors such as hydration status and previous
exercise have been shown to negatively impact the BIA assessment of body composition (Canton et al., 1988;
Deurenburg et al., 1988). National Institute of Health (1994) stated that BIA values are affected by numerous
variables including… hydration status and that ‘Reliable BIA requires standardization and control of these
variables’.
To our knowledge only one study (Saunders et al., 1998) has investigated the efficiency of BIA in different
hydration levels of wrestlers. Therefore, the first aim of the present investigation was to examine the efficiency
of BIA in different hydration levels of wrestlers. The second aim of the present investigation was to compare
BIA and skinfold body composition analyses methods, because SK is commonly used to assess body
composition in high-school wrestlers. It is hypothesized that the hydration status negatively impacts the BIA
assessment of body composition. In other words, the implementation of the BIA assessment imposes limitation,
including hydration status.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
One hundred and fourteen elite junior wrestlers (X age ± SD, 16.4 ± 0.7 yr; HT, 170.2 ± 8.1cm; BW, 68.3 ±
15.4 kg) volunteered as subjects in the present study. All participants were invited to the national team camp,
before 2011 European and/or World Championships. The wrestlers were divided into two different hydration
levels groups according to USG: lt was accepted 1.020 g/cm3 or below values as the indicator of euhydration
status of an athlete, 1.021 g/cm3 or over values as the indicator of dehydration status of an athlete (Utter, 2001;
Bartok et al., 2004). Before participating, subjects’ parents (all under the age of 18) read and signed an
informed consent form. The study, which complied with the Declaration of Helsinki, was approved by the
Bioethics Commission of Ankara University.
Measurements of Height and Body Weight
Body height and weight measurements were made using a digital scale (Seca 664, Hamburg, Germany) in
bare feet and wearing only shorts.
Assessment of Urine Specific Gravity (Usg)
All urine samples were collected in transparent plastic cups in the morning just after the wake-up and before
breakfast from each wrestler in the study, and Usg measurements were performed immediately after by an
optical pen refractometre (Atago Inc., pen wrestling model 3749, Japan).
Assessment of Bioelectrical Impedance Method (BIA)
Body weight, percent body fat and total body fluids of each athlete included in the study were assessed by
using a bioelectrical impedance device (Tanita Body Composition Analyzer BC- 418), according to the
instructions of the device. Measurements were taken in the morning before breakfast after a 12-hour prohibition
of food and water intake, and the athletes were allowed to wear shorts only.
Assessment of Skinfold Method (SK)
SK measures were recorded with a Holtain skinfold calipers at three sites: triceps, subscapular, and
abdomen. Skinfolds were measured three times at each site to the nearest 0.5mm with the mean value recorded.
All skinfold measurements were taken on the right side of the body. All skinfold measurements were taken by a
specially trained technician with a minimum of three years’ experience in the use of skinfold calipers to
determine body composition. Body fat percent was calculated from the formula developed by Lohman equations
(1992). Fat free mass (FFM) was calculated by subtracting the fat tissue mass (in kg) from the total body mass.
Data Analysis
General characteristics of the participants were presented as means and standard deviations. Standard
statistical methods were used for the calculation of the mean and standard deviations (SD). The comparison of
two different hydration statuses determined using the independent-samples t test. In addition, the body fat
percentages by using two different methods were compared with One Sample T-test. Additionally, Pearson
correlation was calculated to examine the relationships between BIA and skinfold method. The level of
significance for all statistics was set at p<0.05.
Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (1), 196-200, 2014
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Results
The physical characteristics and hydration status of wrestlers are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: the physical characteristics of wrestlers
Variables (n=114)
Mean ±SD
Age 16.4 ± 0.7
Height (cm) 170 ± 8.1
Weight (kg) 68.3 ± 15.4
BMI 23.3 ± 3.5
Fat% (BIA) 10.4 ± 5.2*
Fat % (SK) 9.0 ± 5.6*
Significant level: *P<0.05
There was found significant difference between skinfolds (SK) and BIA in assessing body composition (fat
percentages) in wrestlers (Table 1).
Table 2: the comparison of body composition parameters in different hydration levels
Variables A
(N=27) X±SD B
(N=87) X±SD P
%Fat ( BIA) 9.0 ± 4.5 10.8 ± 5.4 0.11
%Fat (SK) 8.8 ± 6.8 9.1 ± 5.3 0.78
USG (g/cm³) 1.016 ± 0.003 1.028 ± 0.003 0.00
Significant level: *P<0.05; A: ≤1.020; B: ≥1.021 BIA: Bioelectrical impedance analysis, SK: skinfold,
USG: Urine specific gravity,
There were no significant differences in BIA percent fat (9.0±4.5 % - 10.8±5.4% respectively) and SK
percent fat (8.8±6.8% - 9.1±5.3 %respectively) between euhydration and dehydration status of wrestlers. (Table
2). There were significant differences (P = 0.00) in Usg g/cm³ values between euhydration and dehydration
respectively (Table 2).
Discussion and Conclusion
To our knowledge, results from the present investigation may be important with the assessment of body
composition in wrestlers that experience dehydration due to rapid weight loss prior to competition weigh-in.
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) body composition assessment eliminates the need to use specially
trained and experienced technicians. However, several factors such as hydration status and previous exercise
have been shown to negatively impact the BIA assessment of body composition (Goss.et al., 2003). In our study
findings of hydration levels, significant differences (P < 0.01) in Usg g/cm³ values were found between
euhydration and dehydration respectively in Table 2. However, there is no significant difference between
hydration (A) and dehydration groups (B) for the assessment of body composition by using BIA. But, BIA
percent fat values relatively increased 1.8 % from euhydration to dehydration in Table 2. In a similar study by
Saunders et al., (1998) found that percent fat values obtained by hydrostatic weighing (HW) remained stable
across all hydration levels, not significantly changing between normal hydration, hypohydration, and
rehydration, or from normal to super hydration. By contrast, BIA percent fat values significantly decreased 1.7%
from normal to hypohydration, increased 3.2% from hypohydration to rehydration, and increased 2.2% from
normal to super hydration (Saunders et al., 1998). The results of this study confirmed the variability of BIA
measures during periods of altered hydration seen by Saunders et al. (1998). In addition this, the study’s results
also indicated that different hydration status relatively effects assessment of body composition via BIA.
There was significant difference fat values of 1.4% between techniques (BIA and SK) for the total subjects
in Table 1. However, the study indicated that between SK and BIA with significant correlation (r=0.58). Portal
et al. (2010) found that body fat percent measured by SK and BIA had a high, positive correlation (r > 0.83).
They suggested that measurements of body composition by SK and BIA are essentially interchangeable. Ostojic
(2006) found that estimates of body fat were similar between SK and BIA with significant correlation (r=0.96)
between methods while the BIA method is less time-consuming. Ostojic (2006) suggested that the most simple,
quick, and inexpensive method of BIA seems to be very useful to the dietitians' routine for assessing body fat in
physically active individuals and athletes. Loenneke et al. (2013) found that BIA and SK methods, when
compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for estimating percent body fat (%BF), were not valid
for estimating %BF. Loenneke et al. (2013) found that SK and Omron HBF-306C were the most reliable (<2%)
methods of estimating BF%, with the BIA producing minimal differences greater than 2%. They suggested that
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the SK method may be the best field method to track changes over time if you have an experienced tester. In our
study, estimating BF% with BIA found that %1.4 more high level fat percentage, compared with SK (Table 1).
Eisenmann et al. (2004) suggest that BIA has limited utility in estimating body composition, whereas body mass
index (BMI) and SK seem to be more useful in estimating body composition during the adiposity rebound.
However, all methods significantly underestimated body fatness as determined by DXA, and overall, the various
methods and prediction equations are not interchangeable (Eisenmann et al., 2004). In contrast these studies,
Utter and Lambeth (2010) demonstrated that BIA provides similar estimates of FFM when compared with HW
in a heterogeneous high school wrestling population during a hydrated state. Utter and Lambeth (2010)
suggested that BIA is an attractive assessment tool, easy to use, and may be considered as an alternative field-
based method of estimating the FFM of high school wrestlers. Xu et al. (2011) found that BIA can relatively
accurately predict %Fat Mass and % skeletal muscle (r=0.90) in healthy Chinese adults using dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry (DXA) as criterion methods. They suggest that the BIA is suitable for individual prediction of %
fat mass and skeletal muscle.
Changes in hydration levels, resulting in no significant changes in BIA-determined percent fat
measurements, but BIA-determined percent fat percentages relatively are higher during dehydration position
compared with hydration position. Therefore, we may suggest that body hydration fluctuations or dehydration
relatively may affect to assess body composition assessment via BIA. This observation may appear to not be
appropriate the BIA to determine body composition of wrestlers during dehydration position. The BIA is an
attractive assessment tool and easy to use, not need to a specially trained technician, thus should be
recommended to assess body composition analysis during the hydration position. SK is also an attractive
assessment tool and easy to use and portable, but need to a specially trained technician, lf the technician has
enough experiences, it should be recommended to assess body composition analysis during even the dehydration
position.
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