COW DUNG FOR ECOFRIENDLY AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTIVE FARMING

Abstract

Cows dung is a most important source of bio-fertilizer and used in many developing countries for generating energy. It is very effective's alternatives to chemical fertilizers by enhancing productivity in long term with maintaining the soil health and enhances the microbial population. Cowdung manure and vermicompost increases soil organic matter content, and this leads to improved water infiltration and water holding capacity as well as an increased cation exchange capacity. It is one of the renewable and sustainable energy resources through dung cakes or biogas which replace the dependence upon charcoal, fuel wood, firewood and fossil fuel etc. Beside it, application of cowdung in proper and sustainable way can enhance not only productivity of yield but also minimizing the chances bacterial and fungal pathogenic disease. Therefore, improper use of cowdung should be stopped and use as organic manure for maintaining productive and sustainable farming system. Introduction: Cows dung is a most important source of bio-fertilizer but at the same time cow's urine, cow's horn and a dead body of a cow can be used for preparing effective bio-fertilizer. Animals can play an important role in the provision of energy either in negative way where livestock keeping contributes to deforestation in large parts of forested area or in positively, such as by transforming plant energy into useful work or by providing dung used for fuel through dung cakes or biogas to replace charcoal, fuel wood, firewood etc. Most livestock products in mixed farming systems are derived from animals that are fed on local resources such as pasture, crop residues, fodder trees and shrubs. The farm animals (cows, bullocks and milk buffaloes) provide dung and urine to enrich the soil, while crop residues and fodder form the bulk of the feed for these animals (Kesavan and Swamina-than, 2008). In our country, farming and agricultural cultivation, as per the traditional age-old system, used to be done, with cow dung amongst others serving as manure. There are a variety of cow dung and cow's urine products, which can be used as fertilizers and pest repellent respectively in agricultural practice. These products are very popular and are using day by day. Low soil fertility is one of the greatest biophysical constraints to production of agroforestry crops across the world (Ajayi, 2007). Cow dung is a very good source for maintaining the production capacity of soil and enhances the microbial population. But due to increasing population pressure and demand of food resources, there is a need of introducing a chemical fertilizer, pesticides and insecticides to the soil, which are disturbing the soil physio-chemical properties including soil texture, porosity, and water holding capacity and also disturbed the soil microbial population. Therefore, improper use of cow dung should be stopped and should only be applied in the farmland instead of chemical fertilizers, so that the productivity and sustainability of soil could be maintained which will increase the production capacity of food treasure (Bargali, 2004).

Full text

IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 201
Volume : 3 | Issue : 10 | October 2014 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179
Research Paper
Environmental Science
Abhishek Raj M.Sc. Scholar, department of Forestry, CoA, I.G.K.V., Raipur- 492012 (C.G.), India
Manoj Kumar Jhariya Assistant Professor, department of Farm Forestry, Sarguja University, Ambikapur-497001
(C.G.), India
Pratap Toppo Assistant Professor, department of Forestry, CoA, I.G.K.V., Raipur- 492012 (C.G.), India
COW DUNG FOR ECOFRIENDLY AND
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTIVE FARMING
KEYWORDS : Bio-fertilizers, biogas,
cowdung, organic manure and green
house gas.
ABSTRACT Cows dung is a most important source of bio-fertilizer and used in many developing countries for generating en-
ergy. It is very eective’s alternatives to chemical fertilizers by enhancing productivity in long term with maintaining
the soil health and enhances the microbial population. Cowdung manure and vermicompost increases soil organic matter content, and this
leads to improved water inltration and water holding capacity as well as an increased cation exchange capacity. It is one of the renewable
and sustainable energy resources through dung cakes or biogas which replace the dependence upon charcoal, fuel wood, rewood and fos-
sil fuel etc. Beside it, application of cowdung in proper and sustainable way can enhance not only productivity of yield but also minimizing
the chances bacterial and fungal pathogenic disease. erefore, improper use of cowdung should be stopped and use as organic manure for
maintaining productive and sustainable farming system.
Introduction:
Cows dung is a most important source of bio-fertilizer but at
the same time cow’s urine, cow’s horn and a dead body of a cow
can be used for preparing eective bio-fertilizer. Animals can
play an important role in the provision of energy either in nega-
tive way where livestock keeping contributes to deforestation
in large parts of forested area or in positively, such as by trans-
forming plant energy into useful work or by providing dung used
for fuel through dung cakes or biogas to replace charcoal, fuel
wood, rewood etc. Most livestock products in mixed farming
systems are derived from animals that are fed on local resourc-
es such as pasture, crop residues, fodder trees and shrubs. e
farm animals (cows, bullocks and milk bualoes) provide dung
and urine to enrich the soil, while crop residues and fodder form
the bulk of the feed for these animals (Kesavan and Swamina-
than, 2008). In our country, farming and agricultural cultivation,
as per the traditional age-old system, used to be done, with cow
dung amongst others serving as manure. ere are a variety of
cow dung and cow’s urine products, which can be used as fer-
tilizers and pest repellent respectively in agricultural practice.
ese products are very popular and are using day by day. Low
soil fertility is one of the greatest biophysical constraints to pro-
duction of agroforestry crops across the world (Ajayi, 2007). Cow
dung is a very good source for maintaining the production ca-
pacity of soil and enhances the microbial population. But due to
increasing population pressure and demand of food resources,
there is a need of introducing a chemical fertilizer, pesticides
and insecticides to the soil, which are disturbing the soil physio-
chemical properties including soil texture, porosity, and water
holding capacity and also disturbed the soil microbial popula-
tion. erefore, improper use of cow dung should be stopped
and should only be applied in the farmland instead of chemi-
cal fertilizers, so that the productivity and sustainability of soil
could be maintained which will increase the production capacity
of food treasure (Bargali, 2004).
Cow dung and soil productivity:
Soil provides numerous essential ecosystem services such as pri-
mary production (including agricultural and forestry products);
regulation of biogeochemical cycle (with consequences of the
climate); water ltration, resistance to diseases and pests and
regulation of above ground biodiversity (Jhariya and Raj, 2014).
Soil fertility depletion is the single most important constraint
to food security. Manure is an important input for maintain-
ing and enhancing soil fertility. As per Fulhage (2000) manure
contains the three major plant nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium (NPK), as well as many essential nutrients such
as Ca, Mg, S, Zn, B, Cu, Mn etc. at, in addition to supplying
plant nutrients, manure generally improves soil tilth, aeration,
and water holding capacity of the soil and promotes growth of
benecial soil organisms. e application of cowdung manure
and vermicompost increases soil organic matter content, and
this leads to improved water inltration and water holding ca-
pacity as well as an increased cation exchange capacity. As per
Mandal et al. (2013) integration of inorganic, organics and bio-
fertilizers can produce 50-92% more yield in Aonla. According
to Adegunloye et al. (2007) C: N ratio in cowdung manure is an
indication that it could be a good source of protein for the mi-
crobes which involved in decomposition of organic matter. Ma-
nure and urine raise the pH level and accelerate the decomposi-
tion of organic matter and termite activity (Brouwer and Powell,
1995, 1998). If inorganic fertilizer, especially nitrogen, is com-
bined with manure, the manure reduces soil acidication and
improves the nutrient buering capacity and the release of nu-
trients (Williams et al., 1995). e soil productivity is also related
to available nutrient source in either through manures (dung) or
chemical fertilizers (superphosphate etc). Dung increased pH,
CEC, total N, organic C, loss on ignition, and exchangeable Mg
and Ca. It decreased sulphate sorption. Moreover, cowdung ma-
nure plays a signicant role in maintaining the nutrient status
of the plant. Vermicomposting of cow manure using earthworm
speciesE. andrei(Atiyeh et al., 2000b) andE. foetida(Hand et al.,
1988) favoured nitrication, resulting in the rapid conversion of
ammonium-nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen. erefore it improves
the nutrient cycling and helping to convert unavailable nitro-
gen in available forms to plants. e soil biological attributes
are also responsible for determination & maintenance of physi-
cal properties of soil. e physical properties of soil in its own
turn control not only the quantum of chemical properties, but
also the rate of their release and availability to plants essential
for metabolic processes. us, it may be said that soil biology is
the door to maintenance of soil health (Kumari et al. 2014). As
per Dinesh et al., (2000) there is a positive relationships between
relevant soil properties and enzyme activities and suggested that
addition of organic matter increased microbial activity/ diversity
and turnover, which subsequently leads to greater enzyme syn-
thesis and accumulation in the soil matrix. e eects of cattle
dung on soil microbial biomass are also studied and compared
to controlled condition of soil (no any dung application). When
dung was mixed with grassland soil under controlled condi-
tions the size of the SMB increased (P < 0.001). Respiration rate
also increased (P < 0.001) and specic respiration was higher (P
< 0.05) in soil treated with beef cattle dung than in that treated
with dairy cow dung (Lovell and Jarvis, 1996).

202 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Volume : 3 | Issue : 10 | October 2014 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 Research Paper
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Cowdung and Environment:
The over-dependence on fossil fuels as primary energy source
has led to myriads of problems such as global climatic change,
environmental degradation and various human health problems
(Aremu and Agarry, 2012). Global warming caused by energy
generation from fossil fuel has accelerated the deployment of re-
newable fuels such as biogas. Biogas is one of the renewable and
sustainable alternative resources that signicantly reduce green-
house-gas emission compared to the emission of landll gas to
the atmosphere (Murphy et al., 2004). Biogas is produced
by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of such biodegradable
materials as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green
waste, plant material and crops (NNFCC, 2013). Biogas is also
generated by converting cow manure via anaerobic digestion into
methane biogas. One cow can produce enough manure in one day
to generate three kilowatt hours of electricity whereas only 2.4
kilowatt hours of electricity is needed to power one hundred watt
light bulb per one day (State Energy Conservation Ofce, 2009).
It also has the advantage of contributing to the solution of envi-
ronmental problems, because it substitutes fossil fuels (Lora and
Aandrade, 2009).
Cowdung as energy resource:
Shortage of fuel wood is a major problem which forces the rural
people to use a cowdung for their fuel purpose, which eects on
the productivity status of cultivated land. Cowdung is a good re-
source for maintaining the productivity status and enhance the
benecial microbial population of soil. e share of the Indian
population relying on traditional biomass for cooking stands at
72% per cent (IEA, 2011b). In the states of Bihar, Haryana, and
Punjab, the percentage distribution of rural households using
dung cakes as the primary cooking fuel is reaching 22%–33% per
cent (TERI, 2010). is practice has a negative eect on the soil
nutrient balance and consequently aects agricultural produc-
tivity. As per Bekele et al. (2013) annually 1999, 943, 11, 34 and
229 metric tonnes of wood, dung, charcoal, crop residue and
tree residues, respectively were used by the studied households.
As a result, 17.3, 4.3, 20.6, 15.6, 5.4, and 10.2 tonnes of N, P, K,
Ca, Mg and Fe nutrients were lost per year in burning dung and
crop residue. is improper use of cowdung should be stopped
and use as organic manure for maintaining productivity and
health of soil.
Cowdung and disease prevention:
Cowdung is very eective’s manures for reducing the bacterial
and fungal pathogenic disease. It showed positive response in
suppression of mycelial growth of plant pathogenic fungi like
Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ba-
sak and Lee, 2002). Similarly as per Mary et al. (1986) cowdung
extract spray was also reported to be eective for the control
of bacterial blight disease of rice and was as eective as peni-
cillin, paushamycin and streptomycin. As per Pammel (1889)
cowdung as organic manure increase vigour of plant and reduce
the disease incidence of root rots in cotton caused by Phyma-
totrichum omnivorum. Similar investigation was done by Abawi
and Widmer (2000), Akhtar and Malik (2000) and Gamiliel et
al. (2000) and reported that organic manure reduce disease in-
cidence caused by a wide range of plant pathogens including
bacteria, fungi, and nematode species. erefore, application of
cowdung in proper and sustainable way can enhance not only
productivity of yield but also minimizing the chances of disease.
Conclusion:
Due to increasing prices of chemical fertilizer and non-ecient
role in long term to sustainable production, there is a need of
application of organic manure including cowdung for enhanc-
ing maximum productivity in sustainable way with better soil
health. It is a eective tools to improves physico-chemical and
biological properties of the soil with higher yield of plants in
sustained basis without deleting the fertility of soil. Cow dung
is of similar importance due to its use as primary source of en-
ergy notably for cooking. Rural farmers are keen to use dung as
a source of energy due to unavailability of other sources which
aect the productivity. It can be also productively used for basic
energy, biogas, electricity and fertilizer and has a strong socio-
economic dimension. e eective use of dung would contribute
to increase energy security and reduce environmental degrada-
tion and greenhouse gases.