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Historic uses of copper compounds in medicine

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Abstract

This treatise reviews medical uses of various forms of copper recorded throughout the history of mankind. Ancient Egyptian papyri, Greek, Roman, Aztec, Hindu, and Persian writings as well as medieval and subsequent European medical literature record various consistent medical uses of copper. There are many reported uses of copper and its compounds as antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiarrhythmic, antitumor, and antiepileptic agents. Copper was also recommended to promote wound healing and heal broken bones. Tracing the development of folk medicine and the many rediscoveries of the beneficial effects of copper compounds leads to the suggestion that serious consideration should be given to modern-day medical uses of complexes of this essential metalloelement.

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... że naczynia miedziane były używane do przechowywania wody pitnej [29]. Najsłynniejszym lekarzem starożytnej Grecji był Hipokrates z Kos (460-375 lat p.n.e.). ...
... Podczas dwóch wielkich europejskich epidemii cholery w XIX wieku miedź stłumiła wybuch epidemii wśród pracowników przemysłu miedziowego. Pomimo wykazanych korzyści zainteresowanie miedzią zmniejszyło się ze względu na ograniczone rozumienie mechanizmów działania przeciwdrobnoustrojowego i podstaw wspomagania gojenia ran, a ponadto została ona zastąpiona odkryciem antybiotyków [21,29]. ...
... Istnieją również kremy kosmetyczne do twarzy, których aktywnym składnikiem jest miedź (np. Neutrogena Visably Firm® Face Lotion SPF 20) [21,29]. ...
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... Throughout human history, metals have played an important role, not only because they are components in objects essential to our day-to-day activities, but also because they have been used for medicinal purposes in civilizations such as the Chinese [2], Greek [3], and Egyptian [4]. In 1907, Alfred Bertheim synthesized compound 606, diamino dihydroxy arsenobenzol, best known as arsphenamine, which proved to be effective for the treatment of syphilis [5]. ...
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... Its use dates back to around the 5 th millennium B.C. The first medical applications of Cu were mentioned in Smith Papyrus, one of the oldest books in history [3] . On the other hand, certain reviews published in recent years discuss the antibacterial potential of 2D materials [4] , biomaterials [5] as well as noble metals such as silver (Ag), gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) [6] . ...
... There is gray copper associated with antimony and arsenic, copper sulfide, copper in the form of oxides (cupric ions Cu 2+ or copper ions Cu + ) and copper in the form of deposits. The first applications of this metal in medicine are mentioned in the book Smith Papyrus [3] and it is ideal for developing antibacterial surfaces [14] . ...
Conference Paper
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... However, this redox reaction can only take place on certain catalytically active surfaces: examples of these include metals such as copper that enables the electroless reaction to continue to build a coating of the required thickness. Insulating substrates are not active and therefore pre-treatment steps are required that often culminate in the deposition of a layer of catalytically active material [3][4][5]. ...
... Electroless deposition of Copper from Cu 2+ /HCHO solutions onto non-conductive substrates, such as printed circuit boards, is considerable technical importance [6][7]. E'less copper plating reaction as in equation (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), and formaldehyde as reducing agent, and 'Y' as chelating agent in equation (1). The surface of the plating layer can oxidize formaldehyde and reduce copper ions, while generating hydrogen gas in equation (2). ...
Article
Electroless copper plating of insulating substrates typically requires the pre-deposition of Pd/Sn catalyst layer onto the surface to initiate the chemical reactions; Accordingly, it’s high-profile process to achieve efficient Pd/Sn cluster adhesion and good copper plating performance. This paper showed copper thickness and dimple hole depth of the electroless plating were affected by chemicals following different activation times. The composition, microstructure, size and roughness evolution were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The structural studies revealed that copper particle size depends not only on the size and coverage of the Pd/Sn cluster, but also on the degree of activation of the chemicals. In order to make deposition copper more compact and uniform to decrease dimple hole depth, dummy boards are generally used to enhance the potion activity before electroless copper plating. This paper will provide chemical activity and plating efficiency relationship to avoid poor activity impact plating quality and process event.
... Its earliest documented use dates back to approximately the 5th millennium BC. The earliest known medical applications of copper are documented in the Smith Papyrus, one of the most ancient surviving texts [4]. Furthermore, recent reviews have investigated the antibacterial potential of two-dimensional materials, biomaterials, and noble metals, including silver (Ag), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt) [5][6][7]. ...
Article
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Article
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This study examined research interest in copper materials for caries management. We conducted an exhaustive literature search of English publications on copper materials for caries management. We removed duplicate publications and screened the titles and abstracts to identify relevant publications. Then, we analyzed the bibliometric data of the publications using the Bibliometrix and VOSviewer programs. This study included 75 laboratory studies, six clinical trials, and 17 reviews. Most of the original research studied copper or copper oxide nanoparticles (45/81, 56%). The materials could be doped into topical agents, restorative fillers, dental adhesives, dental implants, and orthodontic appliances. Since the first paper was published in 1980, publication counts gradually increased and surged in 2019. Among publications on copper materials for caries management, the publication counts and citations from 2019 to 2024 accounted for 65% (64/98) and 74% (1677/2255) over the last 45 years. Cocitation analysis revealed that the two main keywords were nanoparticles and antibacterial activity, and their burst strengths (period) were 3.84 (2021–2024) and 2.21 (2020–2021). The topics of the top two publications with the highest citation burst strength (period) are the antimicrobial effect of copper oxide nanoparticles (3.14, 2021–2022) and the dental application of copper nanoparticles (2.84, 2022–2024). In conclusion, this study revealed a growing interest in copper materials for caries management.
... Prominent examples of such multitarget antimicrobial agents are metal(loid)-based antimicrobials (MBAs) / metalloantibiotics (11). Several metals were in primitive use well before the conventional antibiotics era: metallic silver and copper were used to preserve water and food (12,13), and some diseases were treated with arsenic and mercury (14,15). For the past several decades, silver, copper, and zinc have been increasingly used in medicine as wound dressings, drugs, and antimicrobial creams (16)(17)(18) and for odor control in textiles such as silver-containing fabrics (19). ...
Article
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... Ancient civilizations in Greece, Rome and others utilized copper or copper-based compounds to cure burns, intestinal worms and bacterial infections in the ears, as well as for general hygiene. [9] Bio-synthesized CuO NP exhibits larvicidal, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inf lammatory potency. [4,[10][11][12] Biosynthesis of CuO NPs has been utilized by several plants such as Acalypha indica, Thymus vulgaris, Ruellia Int. ...
Article
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Plant-based synthesis techniques of nanoparticles are interesting because of their cheap production cost, non-toxic nature and eco-friendliness. Metal oxide nanomaterials combined with plant metabolites have synergistic effects on antibacterial and antidiabetic potential. Biogenic fabricated nanoparticles of copper oxide have been accomplished with Oxalis corniculata L. leaf extract. For the characterization of nanomaterial X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy and fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used. The size and morphology of the NPs were measured using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The antibacterial potential of synthesized CuO NP has been studied upon gram (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus and gram (-ve) Escherichia coli bacteria. The ameliorative action of CuO NPs was tested against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Swiss albino mice. Synthesized CuO NPs were well crystalline and 20 to 36 nm-sized spherical particles. A strong peak at A298 using UV-vis was verified the synthesis of CuO NP. Synthesized nanomaterial exhibits satisfactory antibacterial efficacy on both bacterial strains. Data from biochemical, inflammatory and non-inflammatory cytokine profiles of the mice justify its ameliorative action and mode of antidiabetic activity on Swiss albino mice.
... Many dental alloys including amalgam contains copper which might have resisted to some extent secondary caries in restored teeth. Nano particles of copper (1-100nm) have been proven to inhibit growth of microorganisms like streptococcus mutans, staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans [16][17][18][19][20]. The antimicrobial property of copper is related to the damage caused to cell functions of the microbes. ...
Article
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Objectives: To compare and evaluate the antimicrobial effect of White vinegar, Copper water and chlorhexidine when used as immersion disinfectants for PMMA resin. Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty acrylic denture base resin specimens of dimensions 10 x 10 x 2 mm were made. Four groups of cleansing treatments were carried out. Group 1-Sterilized distilled water, Group 2-White vinegar diluted with water (1:1), Group 3-Chlorhexidine mouth wash (2%), Group 4-Copper water (sterile water stored in copper vessel for 24 hours). Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus were used as reference organisms and used for inoculating the specimens. Viability of organisms were assessed after immersing in the disinfectant media. Colony forming units were counted at the end of I hour and 6 hours. The results were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey's Post hoc multiple comparisons.
... Copper is an essential trace element for human body 13 . Its antimicrobial property is known since Egyptian era 14,15 . It was used to cure wounds and clean water 16 . ...
Preprint
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Cu<2+> ions led DNA damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely known biological phenomena. The ionic radii of Cu<2+> and Mg<2+> being similar, the binding of Cu<2+> ions to DNA is expected to be similar to that of the Mg<2+> ions. However, little is known how Cu<2+> ions bind in different parts (phosphate, major and minor grooves) of a double-strand (ds) DNA, especially at atomic level. In the present study, we employ molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to investigate the binding of Cu<2+> ions with the Dickerson DNA, a B-type dodecamer double stranded (ds) DNA. The binding characteristics of Cu<2+> and Mg<2+> ions with this dsDNA are compared to get an insight into the differences and similarities in binding behavior of both ions. Unlike Mg<2+> ions, the first hydration shell of Cu<2+> is found to be labile, thus it shows both direct and indirect binding with the dsDNA, i.e., binding through displacement of water from the hydration shell or through the hydration shell. Though the binding propensity of Cu<2+> ions with dsDNA is observed relatively stronger, the binding order to phosphates, major groove, and minor groove is found qualitatively similar (phosphates > major groove > minor groove) for both ions. The study gives a deep understanding of Cu<2+> binding to DNA, which could be helpful in rationalizing the Cu<2+> led ROS-mediated DNA damage.
... Before the concept of germs which was first described in the eighteenth century, ancient societies made advantage of copper's antibacterial properties. Cu has the intrinsic ability to kill germs when it comes into touch with them [10][11][12]. In-depth research has been done on the molecular mechanisms behind copper's antibacterial effects. ...
Chapter
Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology. The field of advanced and applied Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology has not only helped the development in various fields in Science and Technology but also contributes the improvement of the quality of human life to a great extent. The focus of the book would be on state-of-the-art technologies and advances in Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology and to provides a remarkable opportunity for the academic, research and industrial communities to address new challenges and share solutions.
... The antibacterial effect of such surfaces has been repeatedly verified in laboratory studies [21][22][23] but insufficiently assessed under the conditions of clinical practice [24][25][26][27][28][29]. Copper is one of the earliest known biocidal materials [30]. It can inactivate viruses such as coronaviruses [31] and be used against different kinds of bacteria, algae and fungi [32,33]. ...
Article
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A method has been proposed for creating an operationally durable copper coating with antimicrobial properties for the buttons of electrical switches based on the gas dynamic spray deposition of copper on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic. It is shown that during the coating process, a polymer film is formed on top of the copper layer. Comparative in situ studies of microbial contamination have shown that the copper-coated buttons have a significant antimicrobial effect compared to standard buttons. Analysis of swabs over a 22-week study in a hospital environment showed that the frequency of contamination for a copper-coated button with various microorganisms was 2.7 times lower than that of a control button. The presented results allow us to consider the developed copper coating for plastic switches an effective alternative method in the fight against healthcare-associated infections.
... Copper compounds have been extensively used for treating skin diseases, syphilis, and tuberculosis in the pre-antibiotic era, and its antimicrobial capabilities are also well recognized in modern healthcare [24,25]. Unlike gold, silver, and platinum, copper is an essential trace element for the human body, and excess copper is relatively easy to eliminate [26]. ...
Article
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Helicobacter pylori colonizes over 50% of people worldwide. Biofilm formation through penetrating gastric mucus and resistance acquired by H. pylori markedly reduces the efficacy of traditional antibiotics. The present triple therapy and bismuth-based quadruple therapy inevitably causes intestinal flora disturbance and fails to address the excessive H. pylori-triggered inflammatory response. Herein, a mucus-permeable therapeutic platform (Cu-MOF@NF) that consists of copper-bearing metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) loaded with nitrogen-doped carbon dots and naturally active polysaccharide fucoidan is developed. The experimental results demonstrate that Cu-MOF@NF can penetrate the mucus layer and hinder H. pylori from adhering on gastric epithelial cells of the stomach. Notably, released Cu²⁺ can degrade the polysaccharides in the biofilm and interfere with the cyclic growing mode of “bacterioplankton ↔ biofilm”, thereby preventing recurrent and persistent infection. Compared with traditional triple therapy, the Cu-MOF@NF not only possesses impressive antibacterial effect (even include multidrug-resistant strains), but also improves the inflammatory microenvironment without disrupting the balance of intestinal flora, providing a more efficient, safe, and antibiotic-free new approach to eradicating H. pylori.
... It has already been shown that CuO NPs in the range of 100-5,000 µg·mL −1 did not show any cytotoxic effect on human cells [55]. In addition, CuO NPs have been utilized since the nineteenth century as a secure and efficient antibacterial agent [56]. From a cytotoxic perspective, the US Environmental Protection Agency has found that CuO NPs are safe for human usage because they are low in toxicity and environmentally safe [57,58]. ...
Article
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Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using ayurvedic medicine septilin. The septilin-mediated CuO NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The average particle size of CuO NPs was 8 nm as evident from TEM. Minimum inhibitory concentration of CuO NPs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Candida albicans was found in the range of 1-2.5 mg·mL −1. CuO NPs dose-dependently decreased the biofilm formation from 0.0315 to 2 mg·mL −1 , at the highest dose of 2 mg·mL −1 of CuO NPs; 92.91%, 79.84%, and 71.57% decrease in biofilm was observed for P. aeruginosa, MRSA, and C. albicans, respectively. Down-regulation of biofilm upon treatment with nanoparticles (NPs) was also observed by SEM analysis. SEM analysis also showed the change in morphological structure, and deformities in bacterial and fungal cells upon treatment of NPs. Furthermore, the anticancer efficacy of NPs was assessed using colon cancer (HCT-116). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay clearly showed the anticancer potential of NPs, as the concentration of CuO NPs increased, the number of viable cells decreased. The produced CuO NPs have promise for future investigations in many biological and therapeutic domains, including the treatment of microbial biofilm infections, as well as the inhibition of cancer cell growth.
... For example we have copper oxide (cuprite), copper carbonate (azurite) (Plate, Fig. D), malachite (Plate, Fig. E), copper sulphide (e.g. chalcocite), each of which may react differently in pharmacological recipes 58 . Equally, although the colour blue is most often associated with copper minerals and derivatives (e.g. ...
Article
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Ancient and medieval pharmacological and medical texts contain a substantial amount of plant and mineral names. In some cases, the identification is straightforward. But for the majority of the data, we are unable to identify these ingredients with high certainty. In this paper, we discuss a selection of plant and mineral names both from a humanities and sciences point of view. In one case, the scientists were even able to examine a plant in situ. The conclusion of our paper is that a close collaboration between sciences and humanities is essential to avoid mistakes in the identification of materia medica.
... Similarly, the addition of copper (Cu) to the bioglass will improve the material's characteristics. This essential element has a crucial role in different metabolic activities, including soft tissue repair [10]. Copper 1 1 ions play a vital role in promoting neovascularization during bone healing and act as antioxidants. ...
Article
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Introduction: Bioactive glass, an innovative alloplastic material utilizing a matrix of silica particles combined with calcium and phosphorus, has been widely employed for the regeneration of bony defects due to its bone-forming capabilities and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, it comes with several drawbacks, including a slow degradation rate, low mechanical strength, and susceptibility to fractures. To address these issues, the present research was done to develop and characterize a novel bioactive glass incorporating gadolinium (Gd) and copper (Cu). Methods: The bioactive glass doped with Gd and Cu were synthesized and subjected to characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) analysis. Results: The bioactive glass, enriched with Gd and Cu, underwent analysis using ATR-IR spectroscopy, XRD, and SEM. ATR-IR revealed characteristic silicate bands, while SEM indicated the presence of particles larger than 4 μm. XRD analysis identified the formation of Na2Ca4(PO4)2SiO4 (Silicorhenatite), Na2Ca2Si3O9 (Combeite), and wollastonite (calcium inosilicate mineral; CaSiO3). The crystalline nature of these compounds contributed to the favorable mechanical properties of the bioactive glass. Conclusion: In summary, the creation of the innovative Gd-Cu-incorporated bioactive glass demonstrates favorable mechanical characteristics, suggesting significant promise for augmenting bone regeneration.
... It has already been shown that CuO NPs in the range of 100-5,000 µg·mL −1 did not show any cytotoxic effect on human cells [55]. In addition, CuO NPs have been utilized since the nineteenth century as a secure and efficient antibacterial agent [56]. From a cytotoxic perspective, the US Environmental Protection Agency has found that CuO NPs are safe for human usage because they are low in toxicity and environmentally safe [57,58]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using ayurvedic medicine septilin. The septilin-mediated CuO NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The average particle size of CuO NPs was 8 nm as evident from TEM. Minimum inhibitory concentration of CuO NPs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Candida albicans was found in the range of 1-2.5 mg·mL −1. CuO NPs dose-dependently decreased the biofilm formation from 0.0315 to 2 mg·mL −1 , at the highest dose of 2 mg·mL −1 of CuO NPs; 92.91%, 79.84%, and 71.57% decrease in biofilm was observed for P. aeruginosa, MRSA, and C. albicans, respectively. Down-regulation of biofilm upon treatment with nanoparticles (NPs) was also observed by SEM analysis. SEM analysis also showed the change in morphological structure, and deformities in bacterial and fungal cells upon treatment of NPs. Furthermore, the anticancer efficacy of NPs was assessed using colon cancer (HCT-116). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay clearly showed the anticancer potential of NPs, as the concentration of CuO NPs increased, the number of viable cells decreased. The produced CuO NPs have promise for future investigations in many biological and therapeutic domains, including the treatment of microbial biofilm infections, as well as the inhibition of cancer cell growth.
... The antibacterial properties of silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) have long been recognized, and their effectiveness as antimicrobial agents continues to be studied. These elements, whether used individually or in combination as nanoparticles or coatings, have demonstrated bactericidal effects and exhibit antimicrobial synergy [65][66][67][68][69][70][71]. For instance, previous studies have reported significant inhibition of various bacterial species, including E. coli, S. aureus, A. baumannii, and Bacillus subtilis, when exposed to nanomaterials composed of Ag and Cu [67,70]. ...
Article
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The transmission of bacteria and respiratory viruses through expelled saliva microdroplets and aerosols is a significant concern for healthcare workers, further highlighted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. To address this issue, the development of nanomaterials with antimicrobial properties for use as nanolayers in respiratory protection equipment, such as facemasks or respirators, has emerged as a potential solution. In this study, a silver and copper nanolayer called SakCu® was deposited on one side of a spun-bond polypropylene fabric using the magnetron sputtering technique. The antibacterial and antiviral activity of the AgCu nanolayer was evaluated against droplets falling on the material and aerosols passing through it. The effectiveness of the nanolayer was assessed by measuring viral loads of the enveloped virus SARS-CoV-2 and viability assays using respiratory surrogate viruses, including PaMx54, PaMx60, PaMx61 (ssRNA, Leviviridae), and PhiX174 (ssDNA, Microviridae) as representatives of non-enveloped viruses. Colony forming unit (CFU) determination was employed to evaluate the survival of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The results demonstrated a nearly exponential reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load, achieving complete viral load reduction after 24 hours of contact incubation with the AgCu nanolayer. Viability assays with the surrogate viruses showed a significant reduction in viral replication between 2–4 hours after contact. The simulated viral filtration system demonstrated inhibition of viral replication ranging from 39% to 64%. The viability assays with PhiX174 exhibited a 2-log reduction in viral replication after 24 hours of contact and a 16.31% inhibition in viral filtration assays. Bacterial growth inhibition varied depending on the species, with reductions ranging from 70% to 92% for aerobic bacteria and over 90% for anaerobic strains. In conclusion, the AgCu nanolayer displayed high bactericidal and antiviral activity in contact and aerosol conditions. Therefore, it holds the potential for incorporation into personal protective equipment to effectively reduce and prevent the transmission of aerosol-borne pathogenic bacteria and respiratory viruses.
... Copper was used as a sterilizing agent for chest wounds, as recorded in Egyptian medical texts dating back 5000 years ago [64] . After it has been used for medical purposes in the generations that follow, the antibacterial potential of copper was discovered in the 19th century [65] . ...
Article
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The bio-inertness of titanium, which is the ultimate choice of metallic material for implant applications, causes delayed bone–tissue integration at the implant site and prevents expedited healing for the patient. This can result in a severe issue for patients with immunocompromised bone health as titanium does not offer inherent antimicrobial properties, and thus, infections at the implant site are another concern. Current strategies addressing the issues above include using cemented implants as a coating on Ti6Al4V bulk material for orthopedic applications. Roadblock arises with coating failure due to weak interfacial bond at the Ti–cement interface, which necessitates revision surgeries. In this study, we added osteogenic MgO and antibacterial Cu to commercially pure titanium (CpTi) and processed them using metal additive manufacturing. Mg, an essential trace element in the body, has been proven to enhance osseointegration in vivo. Cu has been popular for its bactericidal capabilities. With the addition of 1 wt.% of MgO to the CpTi matrix, we observed a four-fold increase in the mineralized bone formation at the bone–implant interface in vivo. The addition of 3 wt.% of Cu did not result in cytotoxicity, and adding Cu to CpTi-MgO chemical makeup yielded in vivo performance similar to that in CpTi-MgO. In in vitro bacterial studies with gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, CpTi-MgO-Cu displayed an antibacterial efficacy of 81% at the end of 72 h of culture. Our findings highlight the synergistic benefits of CpTi-MgO-Cu, which exhibit superior early-stage osseointegration and antimicrobial capabilities.
... (1) Copper (Cu). The antimicrobial properties of copper have traditionally been used for treating diseases for thousands of years (Dollwet and Sorenson, 1985). Copper can cause microbial cell death by influencing membrane permeabilization, membrane lipid peroxidation, protein alteration, and denaturation of nucleic acids, and is effective against various types of microorganisms (Arendsen et al., 2019). ...
Article
Wood can be a suitable alternative to energy-intensive materials in various applications. Nevertheless, its susceptibility to weathering and decay has significantly hindered the broad adoption of the most commercially significant wood species. While current solutions do tackle certain challenges, they often come with disadvantages like high costs, environmental risks, and/or inefficiencies. Nanotechnology-based methods can be employed to mitigate these weaknesses and create durable, sustainable wood materials. In this review, we delve into cutting-edge advancements in the development of biodeterioration-resistant wood through innovative nanotechnology approaches. These methods usually involve the application of nanomaterials, either possessing biocidal properties or serving as carriers for biocides. We systematically describe these approaches and compare them to conventional wood modification methods. Additionally, this review provides a brief overview of the prevalent biodeteriorating organisms and their mechanisms of action, which notably impact the development and choice of a suitable strategy for wood modification/treatment. Given the requirements of biodeteriorating organisms for growth and wood degradation, it is expected that the new nanotechnology-based approaches to enhance wood durability may provide innovative broad-spectrum biocidal nanosystems. These systems can simultaneously induce alterations in the physicochemical properties of wood, thereby constraining the availability of the growth requirements. These alterations can efficiently inhibit the biodeterioration process by decreasing water absorption, restricting access to the wood components, and reducing void spaces within the wood structure. Finally, this review highlights the new opportunities, challenges, and perspectives of nanotechnology methods for biodeterioration-resistant wood, through which some techno-economic, environmental and safety aspects associated with these methods are addressed.
... Historical records indicate that copper was employed for sterilizing drinking water and treating wounds, dating back to some of the oldest writings [16]. Throughout the history of mankind, various civilizations have effectively utilized copper as an antibacterial agent [17,18]. In modern times, it is understood that the antibacterial activity of copper is closely associated with its high electrochemical potential, which enables it to easily donate and receive electrons. ...
Article
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This study presents a preliminary characterization of selective plated antibacterial copper coatings on medical-grade stainless steel 1.4021 and nickel alloy Ni200 substrates using two different copper electrolyte solutions with acidic and alkaline pH. The characterizations included analysis of the microstructure, phase composition, surface roughness, and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 bacteria. The results revealed uniform and continuous layers of single-phase solid-solution copper coatings without any cracks or defects. The coatings, produced using acidic or alkaline solutions, exhibited approximately 20% or 40% lower surface roughness compared to the substrate roughness. This suggests that the plating process led to a smoother surface finish. Importantly, all of the selective plated copper coatings exhibited antibacterial properties. Inhibition zones were identified, indicating the ability of the coatings to inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. The use of the alkaline copper solution resulted in slightly larger inhibition zones compared to the acidic solution, indicating enhanced antibacterial activity. These findings suggest that the selective plated copper coatings on medical-grade stainless steel 1.4021 and nickel alloy Ni200 substrates have the potential to be effective antibacterial surfaces.
... The test was inspired by studies on C. irritans by Yin et al. (2019) showing that copper-zinc alloy sheets in fish tanks killed the parasite. The results also support previous notions that copper and copper alloy surfaces have bactericidal and antifungal effects (Dollwet and Sorenson, 1985;Molteni et al., 2010;Grass et al., 2011;San et al., 2015;Schmidt et al., 2016;Yin et al., 2019), and has resulted in registration of >300 copper containing antimicrobial materials (USEPA, 2008). ...
Article
Infections with the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 challenge health of freshwater fishes worldwide by eliciting white spot disease (ichthyophthiriosis). A series of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and herbal extracts are currently in use to control the infections by regular or continuous administration to aquaculture systems. Recently application of brass (copper/zinc alloys) metal sheets in marine fish tanks was shown to eliminate tomonts of a related ciliate, Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 causing cryptocaryonosis (marine white spot disease). The present work documents that brass, and each of its pure constituents (copper and zinc), have in vivo and in vitro antiparasitic effects in freshwater. We used an experimental model with I. multifiliis infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792). In the in vivo study metal sheets of either brass (alloy of copper and zinc), pure copper or pure zinc, were placed in fish tanks with trout experimentally infected with I. multifiliis (duplicated trials). All three metals (pure or combined) effectively blocked the life cycle of I. multifiliis and inhibited reinfection and morbidity. In control tanks with infected trout, but no metal sheets, we observed significantly elevated infection levels and development of disease. In vitro assays, exposing three life cycle stages (tomont, tomocyst and theront) to the same metal sheets in Petri dishes, confirmed the antiparasitic effects. Tomonts were sensitive to pure copper and brass (100% and 66 % mortality within 15 min, respectively) and zinc (100 % mortality within 30 min). Tomocysts, with enclosed tomites, were less sensitive, as even 12 h exposure to brass, pure copper and zinc merely led to mortality rates of 44%, 50% and 60%, respectively. Theronts were killed within 75 min when exposed to brass and pure copper plates, whereas zinc plate exposure eliminated all theronts within 60 min. Microscopical observations suggested that direct contact between the parasite and the metal sheet increased the parasiticidal effect, although the released metal ions may contribute may play a role. The use of stationary metal sheets in aquaculture settings may be a possible way to control ichthyophthiriosis. However, we measured the concentration of free metal ions in the fish tanks with metal sheets, which suggested release of metal to the water. This calls for additional studies on toxicology and environmental effects of metal sheet use before implementation at fish farms level.
... The antimicrobial properties of copper are well described [87] and its use dates back to ancient Egypt for the preservation of water and food, as well as for medical applications [88]. In the agri-food sector, copper-based compounds have been used as antimicrobial since the end of the 19th century, when its activity as fungicide was first described, being used as the "Bordeaux mixture" in vineyards [89]. ...
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has a significant global impact on human, animal, and environmental health. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in clinical and animal production settings are the main drivers behind the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. However, other compounds with antimicrobial activity may also contribute to this global public health problem. The aim of this comprehensive review is to provide detailed insights into the impact of metals and organic acids on the emergence and spread of AMR in the food chain, for which their role is not fully understood. The review examines the widespread use of organic acids in the food industry as feed additives or disinfectants, the crucial role of copper in animal growth and the harmful effects of mercury and arsenic as pollutants in food-producing environments. Additionally, it explores the antimicrobial mechanisms of metals and organic acids, the tolerance mechanisms developed by bacteria, and the interplay between genes responsible for metal tolerance and AMR. The comprehensive and integrated data presented highlights the need to further explore and understand the role of metals and organic acids as drivers of AMR to develop well-defined strategies effectively mitigating the AMR crisis within the food chain context.
... Copper has strong antimicrobial properties and is commonly used in the manufacture of hospital door handles, touch pads, telephone buttons, toilets and other surfaces where microbial growth must be controlled (Dollwet and Sorenson, 1985). In 2008, more than 300 copper surfaces were registered by the Environmental Protection Agency as antimicrobial materials (Anonymous, 2008). ...
Chapter
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism is one of the major threats to the livestock population. GI parasites steal nutrients from their hosts, which can result in direct and indirect damage, and in severe cases death of the hosts. To combat infection by GI parasites, different deworming strategies are used which definitely decrease the worm load. In addition, appropriate pasture management can also effectively control exposure to and reinfection with parasites. Pasture efficiency depends on many factors, including quantity and quality of forages, grazing, natural conditions and grazing types. Effective pasture management systems help to optimize not only animal productivity but also the containment of parasitism. This chapter highlights pasture management, its types and how different management strategies play a role in minimizing the magnitude of parasitism in field conditions. It also covers the suitability of various strategies in different geoclimatic zones and seasonal conditions, which will help the farming community to implement appropriate pasture management strategies according to their needs and climatic conditions.
... Copper has strong antimicrobial properties and is commonly used in the manufacture of hospital door handles, touch pads, telephone buttons, toilets and other surfaces where microbial growth must be controlled (Dollwet and Sorenson, 1985). In 2008, more than 300 copper surfaces were registered by the Environmental Protection Agency as antimicrobial materials (Anonymous, 2008). ...
... Copper has strong antimicrobial properties and is commonly used in the manufacture of hospital door handles, touch pads, telephone buttons, toilets and other surfaces where microbial growth must be controlled (Dollwet and Sorenson, 1985). In 2008, more than 300 copper surfaces were registered by the Environmental Protection Agency as antimicrobial materials (Anonymous, 2008). ...
... Piacenza Pilgrim (36) mentioned that sand was added to the containers to treat the unfit-for-consumption water. Even though pathogenic microorganisms were not known until the nineteenth century, some antiseptic awareness was already present in Roman medical textbooks (Dollwet and Sorenson 1985;Wacławik 2019a, 364). As a consequence, it is possible that the rainwater was used only for agricultural purposes, and the inhabitants consumed beverages containing ethyl alcohol, such as wine, or a mixture of wine and water in the ratio of 2:3 or 1:3 (Robinson and Harding 2015, 328). ...
Book
This book presents a complementary synthesis of the newest research on the Negev Desert (Israel) in the Byzantine period (363-640 AD) including a holistic analysis of archaeological reports, historical sources, and field surveys with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The contextualization of settlement trends in the region reveals the subjectivity of some of earlier theories, which means that the study uses models developed as part of the French École des Annales discussion on the concept of long duration. Looking at the evolution of settlement from a regional and transregional perspective, through the prism of the cycle of behavioural domains, revealed a positive aspect of the transformation of society and settlement space: that the individual and community are able to resist and get out of difficult circumstances. The study also uses the paradigm of the rise and fall of cultures; in light of this, the long-term changes taking place in late antiquity appear to consist of relatively long periods of settlement expansion and short, sudden breakdowns.
... The antimicrobial property of copper has been known for a long time. The first record of it dates back to 1600 BCE in an ancient Egyptian medical text named the Smith Papyrus, in which copper were described as being used to sterilize wounds and drinking water [16]. Modern scientific literature is full of articles on antimicrobial property of copper. ...
... In this context, copper nanoparticles (nCu) offer an attractive alternative for antimicrobial denture design. Copper presents broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties have been known since ancient times [21]. Currently, advances in nanotechnology have garnered much interest to exploit the antimicrobial properties of copper. ...
Article
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Purpose: This study aimed to synthesize heat-cured poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) acrylic formulated with copper nanoparticles (nCu) for producing dentures with antimicrobial properties and ability to prevent denture stomatitis (DS). Methods: nCu/PMMA nanocomposites were prepared through in situ formation of nCu into methyl methacrylate (MMA). The fabricated material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, spectroscopy (energy-dispersive X-ray, attenuated total reflectance–Fourier-transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction analysis, and mechanical flexural tests (ISO 20795-1:2008). Antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and oral bacteria was determined. MTS assay (ISO 10993-5:2009) and copper release experiments were conducted to assess cytotoxicity. In the clinical trial, participants wearing nCu/PMMA (n=25) and PMMA (n=25) dentures were compared; specifically, DS incidence and severity and Candida species proliferation were assessed for 12 months. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test (α=0.05). Results: nCu/PMMA nanocomposite loaded with 0.045% nCu exhibited the maximum antimicrobial activity against C. albicans and other oral bacteria without producing cytotoxicity in the wearer. nCu/PMMA dentures retained their mechanical and aesthetic properties as well as inhibited the growth of Candida species on both denture surface and patient palate. DS incidence and severity were lower in the nCu/PMMA denture group than in the PMMA denture group. Conclusions: PMMA acrylic produced with copper nanotechnology is antimicrobial, biocompatible, and aesthetic and can reduce DS incidence. Thus, this material may act as a novel preventive alternative for oral infections associated with denture use.
... First, copper compounds possess antibacterial activity (known since 2600 B.C.) and have been utilized to sterilize wounds and drinking water. 6 Second, copper compounds show a broad spectrum of antiviral activity against both envelopeand non-envelope-type viruses. 7 The inactivation mechanisms of copper compounds include the generation of reactive oxygen species by leached copper ions, surface catalysis or contact killing, and disulfide bond breakage of viral proteins; 3,7−10 the last two mechanisms are particularly important. ...
Article
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Antiviral coatings that inactivate a broad spectrum of viruses are important in combating the evolution and emergence of viruses. In this study, nano-columnar Cu thin films have been proposed, inspired by cicada wings (which exhibit mechano-bactericidal activity). Nano-columnar thin films of Cu and its oxides were fabricated by the sputtering method, and their antiviral activities were evaluated against envelope-type bacteriophage Φ6 and non-envelope-type bacteriophage Qβ. Among all of the fabricated films, Cu thin films showed the highest antiviral activity. The infectious activity of the bacteriophages was reduced by 5 orders of magnitude within 30 min by the Cu thin films, by 3 orders of magnitude by the Cu2O thin films, and by less than 1 order of magnitude by the CuO thin films. After exposure to ambient air for 1 month, the antiviral activity of the Cu2O thin film decreased by 1 order of magnitude; the Cu thin films consistently maintained a higher antiviral activity than the Cu2O thin films. Subsequently, the surface oxidation states of the thin films were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Cu thin films exhibited slower oxidation to the CuO than Cu2O thin films. This oxidation resistance could be a characteristic property of nanostructured Cu fabricated by the sputtering method. Finally, the antiviral activity of the nano-columnar Cu thin films against infectious viruses in humans was demonstrated by the binding inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor within 10 min.
... The use of copper for medical purposes has been known since ancient times, especially in the sterilization of wounds and drinking water [1,2]. In more recent years, copper complexes have been explored as highly effective metallodrugs against viruses [3], inflammation [4] and various microbes [5]. ...
Article
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Herein, the synthesis, structural characterization and in vitro biological evaluation of a novel Cu(II) complex with the 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole pharmacophore conjugated with the (2-pyridinyl)methylamino chelating moiety is reported for the first time. A full characterization of the Cu(II) complex was conducted by X-ray crystallography, EPR, IR, elemental and MS analysis, and its binding to CT-DNA was investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, ethidium bromide competition studies, circular dichroism, viscometry and thermal denaturation. The data clearly indicate that the Cu(II) complex interacts with CT-DNA via intercalation, registering a difference compared to previously reported Pt(II) and Pd(II) analogues. To evaluate the anticancer activity of the complex, a series of in vitro experiments against breast, glioblastoma, prostate and lung cancer cell lines along with healthy fibroblasts were implemented. Cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, intracellular ROS production, cell cycle and apoptosis analysis revealed an increased anticancer activity towards breast cancer cells that is accompanied by an induction in intracellular ROS levels and a significant G2/M arrest followed by apoptosis.
... The coinage metals copper and silver have a history of medicinal use through antiquity. It is worth recalling that silver is presently widely used in wound dressings and medical devices because it exerts broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa [20,21], while copper is an esteemed antimicrobial agent and has long been used for its medical properties [22,23]. Nowadays, copper is widely studied in different forms and formulations for the antimicrobial treatment of surfaces [24,25] and on medical devices and implants [26,27]. ...
Article
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The antimicrobial activity of the novel coordination polymers obtained by co-crystallizing the amino acids arginine or histidine, as both enantiopure L and racemic DL forms, with the salts Cu(NO3)2 and AgNO3 has been investigated to explore the effect of chirality in the cases of enantiopure and racemic forms. The compounds [Cu·AA·(NO3)2]CPs and [Ag·AA·NO3]CPs (AA = L-Arg, DL-Arg, L-His, DL-His) were prepared by mechanochemical, slurry, and solution methods and characterized by X-ray single-crystal and powder diffraction in the cases of the copper coordination polymers, and by powder diffraction and by solid-state NMR spectroscopy in the cases of the silver compounds. The two pairs of coordination polymers, [Cu·L-Arg·(NO3)2·H2O]CP and [Cu·DL-Arg·(NO3)2·H2O]CP, and [Cu·L-Hys·(NO3)2·H2O]CP and [Cu·DL-His·(NO3)2·H2O]CP, have been shown to be isostructural in spite of the different chirality of the amino acid ligands. A similar structural analogy could be established for the silver complexes on the basis of SSNMR. The activity against the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed by carrying out disk diffusion assays on lysogeny agar media showing that, while there is no significant effect arising from the use of enantiopure or chiral amino acids, the coordination polymers exert an appreciable antimicrobial activity comparable, when not superior, to that of the metal salts alone.
... Copper cooking utensils were employed throughout the Roman empire to stop the spread of disease [1]. In recent times, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified copper and its derivatives as antibacterial materials [2]. On the other hand, the presence of copper in the human body is essential for healthy development, cardiovascular and lung functionality, neovascularization, neuroendocrine function, and iron metabolism [3]. ...
Article
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Copper, the essential element required for the human body is well-known for its profound antibacterial properties, yet salts and oxides of copper metals in the copper mine tailings are reported to be a big burden in the modern era. Among other copper oxides, CuO, in particular, is known to have beneficial effects on humans, while its slight nanoengineering viz., surface functionalization of the nanometer-sized oxide is shown to make some paradigm shift using its inherent redox property. Here, we have synthesized nanometer-sized CuO nanoparticles and functionalized it with a citrate ligand for an enhanced redox property and better solubility in water. For structural analysis of the nanohybrid, standard analytical tools, such as electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction studies were conducted. Moreover, FTIR and UV-VIS spectroscopy studies were performed to confirm its functionalization. The antibacterial study results, against a model bacteria (S. hominis), show that CuO nanohybrids provide favorable outcomes on antibiotic-resistant organisms. The suitability of the nanohybrid for use in photodynamic therapy was also confirmed, as under light its activity increased substantially. The use of CuO nanoparticles as antibiotics was further supported by the use of computational biology, which reconfirmed the outcome of our experimental studies. We have also extracted CuO nanogranules (top-down technique) from copper mine tailings of two places, each with different geographical locations, and functionalized them with citrate ligands in order to characterize similar structural and functional properties obtained from synthesized CuO nanoparticles, using the bottom-up technique. We have observed that the extracted functionalized CuO from copper tailings offers similar properties compared to those of the synthesized CuO, which provides an avenue for the circular economy for the utilization of copper waste into nanomedicine, which is known to be best for mankind.
Article
Researchers conducted a literature, technology and patent search that traced the history of understanding the “bacteriostatic and sanitizing properties of copper and copper alloy surfaces” which demonstrated that copper, in very small quantities, has the Copper alloy surfaces have intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms. Today copper, in the form of plumbing tube, copper or copper-alloy surfaces proved to be a significant step in decreasing the fungal and bacterial infections in hospitals. Aims and objective: To know the bactericidal and fungicidal properties of copper for its implication in various areas in preventing nosocomial infection.
Article
Bacterial health care-associated infections (HCAI) are one of the acute problems of modern healthcare. One of the promising directions for solving this problem is the development of materials that either have a bactericidal effect against HCAI pathogens or prevent the transmission of bacteria deposited on their surface by patients and staff contacts with such surfaces. In this work, the antibacterial effectiveness of copper contact surfaces with different wettability was investigated. Particular attention was paid to studying the effect on this efficacy of surface contamination by both human contact sweat and bacterial life-supporting substances, using a peptone solution as an example. Due to the high cost of copper, the possibility of replacing bulk copper material with less expensive sprayed copper-coated materials was also investigated. The test results showed that the bactericidal efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus strain of both control copper and superhydrophilic copper samples, as well as of sputtered copper films, is close to 100% and almost unchanged after contamination with peptone solution or sweat excretions. Superhydrophobic copper surfaces have less bactericidal efficacy, but due to the non-wettability effect and low cell adhesion to such surfaces, they remain uncontaminated longer and thus also promote reducing the transmission of infections through the touch surfaces made of them.
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This study comprehensively reviewed the types, properties and potential applications of copper materials for caries management. Two researchers independently searched English publications using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. They screened the titles and abstracts of publications presenting original studies for review. They included 34 publications on copper materials, which were categorized as copper and copper alloy materials (13/34, 38%), copper salt materials (13/34, 38%) and copper oxide materials (8/34, 24%). All reported copper materials inhibited the growth of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The materials could be doped into topical agents, restorative fillers, dental adhesives, drinking water, dental implants, orthodontic appliances, mouthwash and sugar. Most publications (29/34, 83%) were laboratory studies, five (5/34, 14%) were animal studies and only one paper (1/34, 3%) was clinical research. In conclusion, copper and copper alloy materials, copper salt materials and copper oxide materials have an antimicrobial property that inhibits cariogenic bacteria and Candida albicans. These copper materials may be incorporated into dental materials and even drinking water and sugar for caries prevention. Most publications are laboratory studies. Further clinical studies are essential to validate the effectiveness of copper materials in caries prevention.
Chapter
Low-temperature solution growth of ceramic coatings made of metal oxides and its hybrids provides unique opportunities to tailor surface functionalities of the coatings. It also makes the coating surface to be toxic to microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. In particular, TiO2 (anatase) and ZnO nanostructures have shown the ability to decompose organic dyes and contaminated species, and also to inactivate harmful bacteria and viruses. While this behavior often results from photocatalytic reactions in air or water when exposed to UV or visible light, the antimicrobial properties are also observed even with no light illumination. It indicates that the inactivation is due to a contact made between the nanostructures and the bacterial cells. This antimicrobial behavior was also shown for some viruses from limited examples. To further explore a more effective way of creating such a functional surface, a ‘core–shell’ structure consisting of a rutile nanorod core and a functionalized shell layer is proposed. Such a hybrid (nanocomposite) structure exhibited a strong antimicrobial surface that can be insensitive to the types of bacteria and viruses, thereby providing more universal protection from virus transmission through surface contact. This article reviews current progress made in low-temperature solution processing of TiO2, ZnO, and their doping and hybrid coatings and associated nanostructure developments that are key in the photocatalytic properties and antimicrobial surface.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has a significant impact on human, animal, and environmental health, being spread in diverse settings. Antibiotic misuse and overuse in the food chain are widely recognized as primary drivers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, other antimicrobials, such as metals and organic acids, commonly present in agri-food environments (e.g., in feed, biocides, or as long-term pollutants), may also contribute to this global public health problem, although this remains a debatable topic owing to limited data. This review aims to provide insights into the current role of metals (i.e., copper, arsenic, and mercury) and organic acids in the emergence and spread of AMR in the food chain. Based on a thorough literature review, this study adopts a unique integrative approach, analyzing in detail the known antimicrobial mechanisms of metals and organic acids, as well as the molecular adaptive tolerance strategies developed by diverse bacteria to overcome their action. Additionally, the interplay between the tolerance to metals or organic acids and AMR is explored, with particular focus on co-selection events. Through a comprehensive analysis, this review highlights potential silent drivers of AMR within the food chain and the need for further research at molecular and epidemiological levels across different food contexts worldwide.
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El Libro de texto digital interactivo de biomateriales: Tomo I es una herramienta innovadora para el aprendizaje a distancia y presencial, pues se elaboró considerando distintos propósitos educativos: • Aportar a licenciaturas afines al contenido de este libro una mayor apertura, flexibilidad, motivación, iniciativa, privacidad y aprendizaje activo. • Potenciar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de forma crítica, creativa y flexible. • Facilitar la educación de la figura activa del maestro y el alumno, entendiendo los objetivos, contenidos y competencias de la asignatura de Biomateriales, con las características del contexto actual. Además, el libro se complementa con contenido multimedia adicional, el cual podrás consultar en la siguiente URL: https://biomat.enesjuriquilla.unam.mx/
Article
Verdigris is a collective term for synthetic copper based green and blue pigments that have been used by mankind since the antiquity. As the term is only loosely defined it covers a great variety of chemical compounds. All of them contain copper but also acetate, formate, hydroxide, water and sometimes also chloride, carbonate and sulphate. This article focusses on the verdigris phases related to the ternary system Cu(CH 3 COO) 2 –Cu(OH) 2 –H 2 O, which are commonly denoted according to their chemical composition as x – y – z phases. Besides neutral verdigris (1–0–0 and 1–0–1 phase), several basic verdigris phases (2–1–5, 1–1–5, 1–2–0, 1–3–0, 1–3–2, 1–4–3, 7–1–4) have been reported. These compounds can be obtained either by intentional corrosion of copper metal by direct contact with acetic acid and its vapours, which represents the historic pigment manufacturing or by incomplete precipitation from copper(II) acetate solutions. Due to their slow crystallisation behaviour the synthesis of verdigris pigments usually leads to multiphase and polycrystalline samples, which impedes the phase characterisation, in particular of the basic verdigris samples. Hence, most crystal structures that have been published were solved ab-initio from X-ray powder diffraction data by applying global optimisation methods like simulated annealing or charge flipping . Up to now the crystal structures of the 1–0–0, 1–0–1, 1–3–2, 1–2–0 and 2–1–5 phases were determined, the spectral and physical properties of these compounds completely characterise and therefore their existence and their chemical composition unambiguously proven. Investigations on historic verdigris samples and systematic synthesis approaches, however, show that there are at least four additional, hitherto unknown pigment phases. Information on the thermodynamical stability and the solubility of the verdigris phases are also lacking.
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Filter masks are disposable devices intended to be worn in order to reduce exposure to potentially harmful foreign agents of 0.1–10.0 microns. However, to perform their function correctly, these devices should be replaced after a few hours of use. Because of this, billions of non-biodegradable face masks are globally discarded every month (3 million/minute). The frequent renewal of masks, together with the strong environmental impact of non-biodegradable plastic-based mask materials, highlights the need to find a solution to this emerging ecological problem. One way to reduce the environmental impact of masks, decrease their turnover, and, at the same time, increase their safety level is to make them able to inhibit pathogen proliferation and vitality by adding antibacterial materials such as silver, copper, zinc, and graphene. Among these, silver and copper are the most widely used. In this study, with the aim of improving commercial devices’ efficacy and eco-sustainability, Ag-based and Cu-based antibacterial treatments were performed and characterized from morphological, compositional, chemical–physical, and microbiological points of view over time and compared with the antibacterial treatments of selected commercial products. The results demonstrated the good distribution of silver and copper particles onto the surface of the masks, along with almost 100% antibacterial capabilities of the coatings against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which were still confirmed even after several washing cycles, thus indicating the good potential of the developed prototypes for mask application.
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One of the challenges to evaluate the performance of functional materials for face masks is to look for a dynamic interaction with biological samples. A device for dynamic simulation of breathing system is constructed and dynamic and static responses of a polypropylene (C3H6)n nonwoven fabric coated with Cu film by magnetron‐sputtering process, against Escherichia coli, are analyzed. The use of scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, and the 3‐4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) indirect method using the L929 mouse fibroblasts, and the procedure of Antibacterial Activity of Textile Materials: Parallel Streak (TM147) from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) using E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains, allows to evaluate the morphological, physicochemical, and biological static performance of the obtained composite. No leaching of the deposited Cu film in the substrate is observed after using the device for dynamic simulation of breathing system. The permeability coefficient of the nonwoven fabric is obtained, equivalent to 71.4 Pa cm⁻². By the dynamic response against E. coli bacteria, the best bactericidal activity is observed for S960 with the maximum Cu concentration, presenting a high potential for application as a functional layer in facial masks.
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Controlling bioaerosols has become increasingly critical in affecting human health. Natural product treatment in the nano form is a potential method since it has lower toxicity than inorganic nanomaterials like silver nanoparticles. This research is important for the creation of a bioaerosol control system that is effective. Nanoparticles (NPs) are gradually being employed to use bacteria as a nonantibiotic substitute for treating bacterial infections. The present study looks at nanoparticles' antimicrobial properties, their method of action, their impact on drug-opposing bacteria, and the hazards connected with their operation as antimicrobial agents. The aspects that influence nanoparticle conduct in clinical settings, as well as their distinctive features and mode of action as antibacterial assistants, are thoroughly examined. Nanoparticles' action on bacterial cells is presently accepted by way of the introduction of oxidative stress induction, metal-ion release, and nonoxidative methods. Because many concurrent mechanisms of action against germs would necessitate multiple simultaneous gene modifications in the same bacterial cell for antibacterial protection to evolve, bacterial cells developing resistance to NPs is difficult. This review discusses the antimicrobial function of NPs against microbes and presents a comprehensive discussion of the bioaerosols: their origin, hazards, and their prevention. This state of the art method is dependent upon the use of personal protective gear against these bioaerosols. The benefit of the utmost significant categories of metal nanoparticles as antibacterial agents is given important consideration. The novelty of this review depends upon the antimicrobial properties of (a) silver (Ag), (b) zinc oxide (ZnO), and (c) copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. The value-added features of these nanoparticles are discussed, as well as their physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics, including the toxicological danger they pose to people. Lastly, the effective role of nanomaterials and their future in human wellness is discussed.
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