ArticleLiterature Review

Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies

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Abstract

Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.

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... However, it is crucial to emphasize that this percentage falls below the threshold of 50%, which is generally considered as a sign of potential concern (Podsakoff & Organ, 1986). Furthermore, the factor loadings for individual items onto this single factor were relatively low, suggesting that the items were measuring distinct constructs (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003). ...
... Additionally, correlations among error terms were permitted. If common method bias were a significant concern, these error terms would be expected to be correlated (Podsakoff et al., 2003). The CFA results indicated that the error terms were not significantly correlated, suggesting that common method bias is not a major concern in this study (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
... If common method bias were a significant concern, these error terms would be expected to be correlated (Podsakoff et al., 2003). The CFA results indicated that the error terms were not significantly correlated, suggesting that common method bias is not a major concern in this study (Podsakoff et al., 2003). In addition to these statistical tests, several other procedures were employed to assess common method bias. ...
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Considering the undeniable importance of examining the role of domain- and skill-specific individual difference factors in second-language (L2) writing research, this study examined the possible roles of English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners’ ideal L2 writing self and growth L2 writing mindset in their L2 writing grit, which may in turn contribute to their L2 writing achievement (WA). Data were collected from 532 English-major students selected via convenience sampling by administering a questionnaire to measure their growth L2 writing mindset, ideal L2 writing self, and L2 writing grit. The International English-Language Testing System (IELTS) academic writing tasks 1 and 2 were used as measures of the learners’ L2 WA. The psychometric properties of the scales were investigated and verified through confirmatory factor analyses. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results revealed that ideal L2 writing self and L2 writing grit directly predicted L2 WA. Additionally, growth L2 writing mindset and ideal L2 writing self predicted L2 WA through the mediation of L2 writing grit. This study highlighted the importance of domain- and skill-specific individual difference factors in L2 WA and the vital necessity of considering them in L2 writing instruction.
... As with all self-reported data, there is the potential for the occurrence of common method variance (CMV) [48]. To alleviate and assess the magnitude of common method bias, this study adopted several procedural and statistical remedies that Podsakoff et al. [49] suggest. First, during the survey, respondents were guaranteed anonymity and confidentiality to reduce the evaluation apprehension. ...
... Further, we paid careful attention to the items' wording and carefully developed our questionnaire to reduce the item ambiguity. These procedures would make them less likely to edit their responses to be more socially desirable, acquiescent, and consistent with how they think the researcher wants them to respond when answering the questionnaire [49]. Second, this study conducted Harman's one-factor test on all of the items. ...
... Furthermore, the measurement model was reassessed with the addition of a latent common method variance factor [49]. ...
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This study investigated the connection between avatar identification factors, sharing intentions, and the influence of vicarious pleasure. Additionally, it explored the moderating effect of affect intensity on this relationship. For this, data was collected from 228 college students in South Korea through a survey. This study used hierarchical regression. The findings revealed several key points. Firstly, participants who perceived greater similarity identification, wishful identification, and embodied presence in their avatars within the metaverse platform reported higher satisfaction with their avatars. Secondly, participants who experienced a higher sense of embodied presence in their avatars were more inclined to share their avatars due to the vicarious pleasure they derived from it. Lastly, the positive correlation between perceived embodied presence and vicarious pleasure was stronger for participants with higher affect intensity in the metaverse platform. This study is the first to examine the integral model of avatar identification factors in the metaverse platform.
... To estimate the model and test the hypotheses, we employed the PLS-SEM approach [119]. Consequently, we utilized path coefficients to assess the size and valence of the influence, while t-values and p values were employed via bootstrapping to evaluate the statistical significance [120]. ...
... Measuring associated variables using the same sources to provide information can introduce errors, misrepresenting the accurate relationships among them [120]. To ensure the accuracy of the study outcomes, we conducted CMB. ...
... Model. The constructs and their relative items' reliability are summarized in Table 2. Since Cronbach's alpha ranges from 0.89 to 0.95, the values showed high internal consistency of items within each construct [120]. The composite reliability (CR) is an additional measure of internal consistency. ...
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Consumers’ willingness to pay a price premium is pivotal for assessing brand value and competitive advantage. Yet, limited and scattered research has focused on how combining brand emotion, strength, and brand loyalty can influence consumers’ willingness to accept a price premium. The present study examines the role of brand attachment, brand strength, and brand loyalty in determining consumers’ willingness to pay a price premium and explores their interplay using a serial mediation model within a unified framework, specifically focusing on home appliance brands. Data from 323 valid questionnaires collected from Algerian households were analyzed using PLS-SEM. Results demonstrate that consumers’ willingness to pay a price premium is significantly and positively influenced by brand strength, brand attachment, and brand loyalty. Furthermore, the relationship between brand strength and consumers’ willingness to pay a price premium is mediated positively by brand attachment and brand loyalty. Grounded on various theories and addressing gaps captured in previous studies, this research is considered pioneering in this field. This study significantly advances our understanding of how brand emotional bonds, brand relationships, and brand strength interplay to influence consumers’ willingness to pay a premium. The findings highlight the importance for brand managers to sustain robust brands to stimulate consumers’ opening to pay extra, thereby achieving and maintaining long-term success in a competitive market.
... We ensured participants that their responses would remain anonymous and confidential. This measure helps minimize evaluation apprehension and, consequently, another potential source of common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Additionally, we have employed Harman's single-factor test and VIF analysis, which are widely used techniques for detecting CMB (Kock, 2015;Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
... This measure helps minimize evaluation apprehension and, consequently, another potential source of common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Additionally, we have employed Harman's single-factor test and VIF analysis, which are widely used techniques for detecting CMB (Kock, 2015;Podsakoff et al., 2003). The application of exploratory factor analysis with Harman's singlefactor extraction indicated that the percentage of total variance extracted was 38.315%. ...
... This could involve replicating the study with the addition of supervisor ratings or objective data collection methods alongside surveys. To mitigate these issues and common method bias, future studies could incorporate factor scores from an unmeasured latent method factor (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
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The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reshaped the landscape of work, prompting an urgent inquiry into the new ways of working among scholars and industry practitioners. Amidst this global transformation, Vietnam stands out as a developing nation embracing remote and hybrid working models, yet there is a notable gap in empirical research. This study aims to provide valuable insights into the intricate interplay between new ways of working (NWOW), meaningful work (MW), technostress (TNS), and perceived job performance (JP) in the context of an emerging economy. The study adopted a cross-sectional quantitative approach, utilizing a questionnaire administered through online platforms to a diverse group of professional participants in Vietnam. Convenience sampling was used to gather data. Upon completion of data collection, a total of 309 valid observations were obtained, ensuring an extensive representation of the research phenomenon within its distinct sociocultural context. The analysis was conducted using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), a method well-suited for robust testing of hypotheses. This study shows a positive correlation between NWOW and both TNS and JP. However, the negative relationship between TNS and JP was not statistically supported. On the other hand, the study confirmed a strong positive relationship between NWOW and perceived MW, which also significantly impacted JP. The study provides actionable insights for organizations planning to implement or enhance NWOW, stressing the importance of understanding its complex impacts on MW and TNS. This study significantly contributes to the literature by exploring the intricate relationships among NWOW, TNS, MW, and JP in an emerging economic context, providing a nuanced understanding of these dynamics.
... Regarding PID, we collected selfdisclosed messages from users on their SNS and asked their SNS "friends" to evaluate these messages. We used the paired survey design to minimize common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
... The reverse items of several variables were then used in the questionnaire to check whether the participants were serious in answering the survey questions. Eight participants (i.e., four pairs) who provided inconsistent answers between the reverse and original items were excluded from the final sample (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Our final sample size was 220, of which 41.2% were women. ...
... Additionally, it included inquiries related to the supervisor's gaslighting, work motivation, job embeddedness, and coworker support, allowing us to gather a comprehensive dataset for our research. We employed a two-step data collection approach to address potential common method bias (CMB) (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003). The data-gathering process was conducted in mid-July, 2023 and it was completed in late August 2023. ...
... Fourth, the use of time-lagged data in this study served to mitigate the potential issue of common method variance, as recommended by Podsakoff et al. (2003). In future research, it would be beneficial to incorporate assessments of individuals' work motivation and job embeddedness from both managers and coworkers. ...
Article
Until now the research has mainly examined visible abusive supervision, like aggression and violence, but it’s unclear how subtle forms, such as gaslighting, impact victims. Gaslighting, an emotionally and psychologically manipulative form of abuse, is an increasingly prevalent phenomenon in contemporary times. Based on the conservation of resources theory, we examined how supervisory gaslighting affects job embeddedness directly and indirectly through work motivation. We also explored how coworker support moderates the gaslighting-work motivation link. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the two-wave time-lagged data from 337 Chinese hotel employees. The results show the negative direct and indirect effects of gaslighting, and coworker support moderates the negative link between gaslighting and work motivation. Hotel organizations should exercise caution when hiring supervisors to prevent gaslighting, which can undermine employee motivation and job embeddedness. This study also recommends raising awareness among employees to speak out against supervisors’ gaslighting behavior.
... When the same survey and response method are used to collect data for both the dependent and independent variables, there is a concern about common method bias (CMB) (Podsakoff et al., 2003). To address social desirability bias, we assured participants that their responses would be kept anonymous, following the guidance of Podsakoff et al. (2003). ...
... When the same survey and response method are used to collect data for both the dependent and independent variables, there is a concern about common method bias (CMB) (Podsakoff et al., 2003). To address social desirability bias, we assured participants that their responses would be kept anonymous, following the guidance of Podsakoff et al. (2003). After collecting data, we conducted multiple independent tests to investigate the impact of common methods bias. ...
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The use of immersive technologies such as augmented reality (AR) on social media platforms has drastically increased in the past few years. As AR technologies focus on providing individual experiences, it becomes critical to understand how individual differences affect AR immersive experience. In this study, we draw on the Big-Five model to examine the impact of personality traits on AR immersive experiences. Through a survey involving 331 participants from Amazon MTurk, we explore the varied effects of personality traits on AR immersive experiences. To ensure the robustness of the results, we utilized both variance-based SEM and co-variance-based SEM. Results show that agreeableness and openness positively affect the AR immersive experience, while conscientiousness partially influences the AR immersive experience. Theoretically, our findings elucidate the influence of personality traits on AR immersion. In addition, our study offers important practical implications for social media and brand managers. These implications provide important design considerations that can enhance user experiences in AR environments.
... Subjective measures and objective measures do tend to correlate strongly (Wall et al., 2004) and accessible (i.e. jargon-free) questionnaire items can serve as a potential protection against common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
... As non-random sampling was used, the results of this study are not ready for broader generalization. Although our approach to data collection facilitated anonymity for respondents (McGahan and Porter, 1997), we recognize that perception-based data collected from a single informant at a single moment in time introduces the possibility of common method bias (Chang et al., 2010;Lindell and Whitney, 2001;Podsakoff et al., 2003). Additionally, we understand that the reported size of a particular effect may be larger when the effect is measured subjectively than when it is measured objectively (Kirca et al., 2005;Rodriguez Cano et al., 2004;Wang et al., 2016). ...
Article
Purpose Firms are advocating for social change to a growing extent, but the performance implications of corporate activism are not clearly understood. This study aims to introduce social nonmarket strategy (SNMS) as a goal-directed form of corporate activism, explore whether such strategy harms corporate financial performance (CFP), and assess the buffering potential of effective market-based strategy and good standing with stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach A reflective measurement model and all hypothesized relationships were tested using consistent partial least squares structural equation modeling on a data set of 202 US-based small, medium, and large manufacturing and service firms. Findings SNMS is positively related to good standing with stakeholders but negatively related to CFP. By contrast, a higher market strategy (MS) is positively associated with both stakeholder performance and CFP. MS and stakeholder performance buffer but do not fully neutralize the adverse financial effect of SNMS. Practical implications Firms undertaking SNMS face serious risks. However, effective MS and higher levels of stakeholder performance can buffer but not fully neutralize the adverse financial effect of SNMS. Originality/value This research introduces SNMS as a goal-directed form of corporate activism, establishes the conflicting performance effects of such strategy and estimates the buffering potential of MS and stakeholder performance.
... As an initial remedial approach, the participants were informed that their answers would be anonymous. Respondent anonymity reduces the tendency to give socially desirable, compliant, and lenient answers to survey questions (Podsakoff et al. 2003). Moreover, the survey items were kept clear and concise to ease processing (Kock, Berbekova, and Assaf 2021). ...
... Moreover, the survey items were kept clear and concise to ease processing (Kock, Berbekova, and Assaf 2021). Second, reversecoded (negatively worded) items were used in the survey form to reduce automatic information processing and consequent response patterns and to support more controlled cognitive processing (Podsakoff et al. 2003). In addition to those remedial procedures, common method bias was checked in SmartPLS. ...
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Drawing upon consumer–brand disidentification theory and balance theory, this study examines symbolic and ideological incongruity in consumer–brand relationships through an original conceptual model shaped by negative past experiences, brand trust, perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR), and negative word‐of‐mouth (NWOM). A preliminary study was conducted to explore the dimensions of consumers' negative past experiences by topic detection. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling was undertaken to analyze online consumer reviews (n = 6095) about a coffee chain brand. The dimensions detected in this preliminary study were included in the research model and further analyzed in the main study. The main study, a cross‐sectional consumer survey (n = 522), tested the original research model by way of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) on SmartPLS. The findings showed that negative past experiences consisted of product‐related, service‐related, and technology‐related problems and negatively influenced brand trust. It was found that brand trust and perceived CSR negatively affected symbolic and ideological incongruity, while symbolic and ideological incongruity positively influenced NWOM. The findings provide empirical evidence for balance theory by showing that the three critical domains of consumer–brand relationships (ideological, symbolic, and experiential) provide a complex cognitive model that covers personal‐symbolic and moral‐societal aspects of consumer–brand disidentification and consequent NWOM intentions. In line with consumer–brand disidentification theory, the results contribute to the literature by demonstrating the direct negative impacts of brand trust and perceived CSR on symbolic and ideological incongruity, as well as the direct positive impacts of symbolic and ideological incongruity on NWOM.
... E. Nurwahdah and Muafi (2022) have indicated a significant impact of green transformational leadership on employee green organizational citizenship behavior. It is worth noting that some scholars argue that transformational leadership surpasses transactional leadership and other leadership styles in promoting employee organizational citizenship behavior (Podsakoff et al., 1990(Podsakoff et al., , 2003. Likewise, the merits of environmental transformational leadership are evident in the green leadership literature (Egri and Herman, 2000;Robertson and Barling, 2017). ...
... Nurwahdah and Muafi (2022) have found significant evidence indicating the impact of green transformational leadership on employee green organizational citizenship behavior. It should be noted that some scholars have emphasized that transformational leadership is more effective in promoting employee OCB compared to transactional leadership or other leadership styles (Podsakoff et al., 1990(Podsakoff et al., , 2003. Transformational leadership effectively fosters organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE), although the specific dimensions of transformational leadership exert different pathways and strengths in influencing OCBE. ...
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Green transformational leadership fosters employees' green passion, motivating them to engage in environmentally responsible behaviors. This research explores how green transformational leadership can inspire environmentally responsible behaviors within organizations. By examining the roles of green passion as a mediator and green attitude as a moderator, it offers insights into how leadership and personal values drive pro-environmental organizational citizenship behaviors, contributing to sustainability goals. A key gap in this research is the limited exploration of how individual traits like green passion and green attitude interact with leadership styles to influence pro-environmental behaviors. The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of green transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE), with a focus on understanding how green passion mediates this relationship and how green attitude moderates the effect, ultimately aiming to enhance sustainable practices within organizations. Data was collected from employees by convenience sampling technique. Online Questionnaire was distributed among the employees through social media. The analysis revealed that green transformational leadership has significant positive impact on organizational citizenship behavior for the environment. The relationship between green transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior for the environment may be partially mediated by green passion and moderated by green attitude. The findings suggest that adopting green transformational leadership may be an effective strategy for promoting organizational citizenship behavior for the environment. The findings of the study may have important implications for organizations and leaders who are interested in promoting environmental sustainability and responsible behavior among employees.
... The research employed the use of questionnaires for the purpose of collecting the data, which raises the possibility of methodological and statistical biases because the research data came from a single respondent source and had comparable scale characteristics (Podsakoff et al., 2003). A thorough collinearity test is one of the methods employed to highlight this problem. ...
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The need to incorporate circularity into construction is a global concern. The current linear consumption of construction materials is economically unsustainable in the midst of growing financial fears. The goal of this study is to probe the effects of circular design strategies (CDS) on the economic sustainability of construction projects (ESCP) based on the mediating role of two dimensions of organizational culture (OC). The paper observed the mediating effects of OC in the association between CDS and ESCP under the premise of the circular economy (CE) theory. The Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was deployed to analyze 359 survey feedbacks obtained from Nigerian construction firms. This paper's key contribution is the confirmation of CDS's significant influence on ESCP and the partial effects of OC on ESCP in the Nigerian construction sector. Additionally, Hierarchical Culture (HC) diminishes the relationship between CDS and ESCP. This demonstrates the necessity for construction companies to create and embrace a more inventive culture—like the Development Culture (DC)—in order to promote circular practices and ultimately support the financial viability of building projects in Nigeria.
... Therefore, the sample size of 1205 in this study was acceptable. Second, Harman's single-factor test was used to test the severity of common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). As demonstrated by the test results of this study, common method bias was not severe. ...
Article
University students, particularly those with experiences of being left behind, face difficulties dealing with the many changes that cause psychological problems, and meaning in life plays a protective role in this process. Mindfulness and social support have emerged as potential factors influencing meaning in life. Although previous studies have revealed a link between mindfulness and meaning in life, few studies have examined this relationship from the perspective of the experience of being left behind. A sample comprising 1205 university students was used for the study. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess the degrees of mindfulness, social support, meaning in life, and the experience of being left behind. We established four moderated mediation models to test the moderation and mediation effects. The results of a moderated mediation analysis revealed that social support and its dimensions mediated the effect of mindfulness on meaning in life. The impact of family support on meaning in life was moderated by the experience of being left behind, and friend support and other types of support had no significant moderating effects. Specifically, the moderating effect of the experience of being left behind significantly attenuated the impact of family support on meaning in life, whereas no significant weakening effect was observed for friend support or other types of support. Therefore, psychological education should emphasize the compensation role of friend support and other social connections in the psychological problems caused by the experience of being left behind, and appropriate mindfulness intervention is suggested. Keywords Experience of being left behind, meaning in life, mindfulness, social support
... The results of the test reveal that the highest variance factor explains 32.014% of the total variance, which is below the threshold of 40%. This finding suggests that there is no significant common method bias present in this study (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
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The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of different types of knowledge coupling, complementary knowledge coupling, and alternative knowledge coupling, on the innovation performance of knowledge-intensive enterprises. The research further explores the mediating role of dual innovation, encompassing both exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation, in the relationship between knowledge coupling and enterprises innovation performance during the process of knowledge creation. Additionally, the study analyzes the moderating effect of environmental uncertainty on the link between dual innovation and innovation performance. The research sample is derived from survey data collected from 315 knowledge-intensive enterprises in China. The analytical approach employed is a hierarchical regression analysis model to test the proposed model. Results indicate that both knowledge coupling and dual innovation exert positive effects on innovation performance. Notably, exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation assume distinct mediating roles in the relationship between knowledge coupling and innovation performance, thereby constituting crucial factors in the practical realm of enterprise innovation. Regarding environmental uncertainty, the study reveals a significant moderating effect on the relationship between dual innovation and enterprises innovation performance, with varying degrees of influence. Environmental uncertainty positively regulates exploratory innovation and innovation performance, whereas it exerts a negative regulatory effect on exploitative innovation and firm innovation performance. The empirical findings of this study hold substantial significance for decision-makers and regulators within knowledge-intensive enterprises, offering insights into the consideration of both exploratory and exploitative innovation when pursuing innovation performance. Furthermore, the study contributes a fresh perspective to the fields of knowledge management and innovation management.
... The study also evaluated Common Method Bias (CMB) using Harman's single-factor test. In this approach, an unrotated factor analysis was performed, revealing that a single factor accounted for only 36.64% of the variance, which is less than 50% as outlined by Fuller et al. (2016) and Podsakoff et al. (2003). This finding indicates that CMB was not a considerable concern in the study. ...
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Considering escalating environmental concerns and the urgent need for sustainable strategies, Cambodian organizations provide a compelling context to explore the dynamic interplay between environmental practices and workforce motivation. This study aimed to examine the relationships between Green Human Resource Management (GHRM), Public Service Motivation (PSM), and the Circular Economy (CE) within Cambodian organizational settings. Utilizing a rigorous quantitative approach, specifically Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), data were collected from 350 diverse employees across various sectors in Cambodia. PLS-SEM is a robust statistical technique that allows for the simultaneous testing of complex relationships, ensuring the validity and reliability of our findings. The results revealed that effective GHRM practices significantly enhance PSM, facilitating the adoption of CE principles. The study underscores the critical role of intrinsic motivation in driving sustainable organizational transformations and positions GHRM as a key enabler of eco-conscious initiatives. It demonstrates that integrating GHRM and PSM can be a powerful catalyst, steering organizations towards a Circular Economy-oriented approach. Despite certain limitations related to the specific Cambodian context, such as cultural and sector-specific factors, the research highlights the need for comprehensive training programs and PSM-centric policies. These findings offer new insights into organizational behaviour and sustainability, providing a novel path forward for organizations in Cambodia and similar emerging economies.
... All measurement variables in this study were based on a five-point scale using different anchors such as "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree", "totally disagree" to "totally agree", and "most unlikely" to "most likely". The use of varied scale anchors was also intended to mitigate the incidence of common method bias, which is consistent with the recommendations put forward by Podsakoff et al. (2003). ...
... First, we performed Harman's single-factor test. The results showed that the extracted primary component accounted for less than half of the variance in the data (Study 1: 46.85%; Study 2: 43.16%), indicating that CMB did not present a threat to our study (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Second, to reduce potential CMB concerns, we placed items of constructs in different parts of the survey and thus constructed a psychological separation in the survey (Lowry et al., 2016;Shi et al., 2023). ...
Article
Doxing on social networking sites (SNS doxing) has attracted scholarly and public attention due to the devastating consequences that this behavior can have on individuals and society. SNS doxing occurs when netizens disclose wrongdoers’ personal information on SNSs to punish them and hold them accountable for their unethical and improper acts. To offer a compelling theoretical explanation for this behavior beyond descriptive analyses of SNS doxing, we extend the social cognitive theory of moral thought and action by using retributive proportionality and social approval to articulate doxers’ moral judgments and decision-making. We conducted two independent studies using scenario-based and field surveys to validate the research model. The results of polynomial regression analysis suggest that users’ moral approval of SNS doxing is the result of the combined analyses between perceived blameworthiness of the doxee, perceived severity of SNS doxing, and perceived social approval of SNS doxing. We also found that users’ moral approval of SNS doxing determines their engagement in SNS doxing. Through this study, we offer rich theoretical and practical insights into the prevention of SNS doxing.
... This research was conducted based on self-reported measures; therefore, Harman's single-factor analysis was used to identify this study's common method bias (CMB). Results confirmed the absence of CMB in this study, which was extracted through Harman's analysis, a total CMB of 27.68%, which is far less than the 50% threshold of the total variance (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Further, the Pearson correlation analysis also points to the bivariate correlation between constructs well below the threshold; that is, r > 0.90 (Podsakoff at el., 2003) (Table 1). ...
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Grounded in the technology-organization-environment (TOE) theoretical setting, this article investigates the moderating influences of government support, as an environmental context, on the relationships between both technological contexts (complexity and relative advantage) and organizational contexts (cost perception and top management support) on the adoption of social media systems (SMSs) by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It uses 432 valid responses collected through a purposive sampling of the SMEs. Results indicate that government support is a significant environmental context that moderates the influences of technology and organization on SMEs’ social media adoption. Additionally, technology is a significant predictor of SMEs’ adoption of SMS. Organizational context such as top management support also positively predicts the SMEs’ social media adoption. However, cost perception as an organizational dimension negatively influences social media adoption among SMEs. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for the growth and development of SMEs are presented.
... The study used 'Harman's single factor test' to ensure that the collected data is free from common method bias (CMB), which needs the value of a single factor explained to be 36.44% of the total variance less the 50.0% adequate threshold (Podsakoff, 2003). Using the SmartPLS (Hair et al., 2019) recommend using the value of 'inner variance inflation factor (VIF). ...
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E-commerce is transforming business experiences for both sellers and buyers equally at a fast pace. This study investigates the complex relationship between green entrepreneurship, environmental strategy, digital transformation, and environmental knowledge within the Chinese e-commerce industry. The data were collected from 283 small and medium-sized enterprises indulged in online businesses within Jiangsu Province. The data was analyzed using SmartPLS (4.0). Findings show that green entrepreneurship significantly affects eco-efficient E-commerce. While digital transformation and environmental strategy positively and significantly to eco-efficient E-commerce both directly and through the mediation path from green entrepreneurship. Likewise, the findings revealed a positive and significant moderating role of environmental knowledge on the relationship between green entrepreneurship and eco-efficient E-commerce. Considering the pressure from domestic and global legislative bodies to maintain and report environmental sustainability activities by e-businesses, this study offers values theoretical and practical insights. Several theoretical and practical implications are explained in this study to add into the existing literature, assist e-businesses, policymakers, and future studies.
... Surveys, questionnaires and self-reports were the most commonly used methods due to their simplicity in terms of data collection. However, these fail to provide detailed insights into decision-making processes, as participants tend to modify their behaviour during the game to align with the researchers' objectives (Podsakoff et al., 2003) and do not capture participants' actual thinking processes (Lazar et al., 2017). Therefore, with technological progress, efforts have been made to collect behavioural data during gameplay in simulated environments with controlled variables that can be used to demonstrate relationships between different players' knowledge, degrees of game experience, or backgrounds with their performance in different tasks (Chung, 2014;Snow et al., 2014). ...
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Discrete Choice Modelling serves as a robust framework for modelling human choice behaviour across various disciplines. Building a choice model is a semi structured research process that involves a combination of a priori assumptions, behavioural theories, and statistical methods. This complex set of decisions, coupled with diverse workflows, can lead to substantial variability in model outcomes. To better understand these dynamics, we developed the Serious Choice Modelling Game, which simulates the real world modelling process and tracks modellers' decisions in real time using a stated preference dataset. Participants were asked to develop choice models to estimate Willingness to Pay values to inform policymakers about strategies for reducing noise pollution. The game recorded actions across multiple phases, including descriptive analysis, model specification, and outcome interpretation, allowing us to analyse both individual decisions and differences in modelling approaches. While our findings reveal a strong preference for using data visualisation tools in descriptive analysis, it also identifies gaps in missing values handling before model specification. We also found significant variation in the modelling approach, even when modellers were working with the same choice dataset. Despite the availability of more complex models, simpler models such as Multinomial Logit were often preferred, suggesting that modellers tend to avoid complexity when time and resources are limited. Participants who engaged in more comprehensive data exploration and iterative model comparison tended to achieve better model fit and parsimony, which demonstrate that the methodological choices made throughout the workflow have significant implications, particularly when modelling outcomes are used for policy formulation.
... Harman's single-factor test. The results from this test showed that the greatest variance explained by one factor was 25%, indicating that common-method bias is not likely to have contaminated the results (Podsakoff et al. 2003). ...
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Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in customer-facing settings are growing rapidly. The general shift toward robot- and AI-powered services prompts a reshaping of customer engagement, bringing machines into engagement conceptualizations. In this paper, we build on service research around engagement and AI, incorporating computer science, and socio-technical systems perspective to conceptualize human-machine engagement (HME), offering a typology and nomological network of antecedents and consequences. Through three empirical studies, we develop a typology of four distinct forms of HME (informative, experimenting, praising, apprehensive), which differ in valence and intensity, underpinned by both emotional (excitement) and cognitive (concern, advocacy) drivers. We offer empirical evidence which reveals how these HME forms lead to different cognitive and personality-related outcomes for other users (perceived value of HME, perceived risk, affinity with HME) and service providers (willingness to implement in services, perceived value of HME). We also reveal how outcomes for service providers vary with the presence and absence of competitor pressure. Our findings broaden the scope of engagement research to include non-human actors and suggest both strategic and tactical guidance to service providers currently using and/or seeking to use generative AI (GenAI) in services alongside an agenda to direct future studies on HME
... The current analysis indicated that the single factor accounted for just 11.03% of the variance, which suggests that CMB is not a concern in these results. Additionally, the standard method latent factor technique was employed, as outlined by Podsakoff et al. (2003) and utilised by Kock et al. (2021). This method involved comparing two models -one with all latent variables, including non-internationalisation (NI), internationalisation (I), multiple internationalisation (MI), and planned internationalisation (PI), and one without them -to measure discrepancies in loadings. ...
Article
This study delves into the internationalisation of Turkish small and medium-sized enterprises, focusing on entry modes and the multifaceted challenges they encounter in global market integration. Employing a qualitative method, the research synthesises data from semi-structured interviews with Turkish SME managers, revealing insights into internationalisation's strategic and operational dynamics. Findings highlight a predominant preference for export as an initial entry, underpinned by their adaptation to evolving global trade norms and domestic market constraints. Challenges identified include financial limitations, inadequate market knowledge, and operational hurdles, collectively influencing strategic directions and international performance. The study contributes to the international business literature by providing a nuanced understanding of SME internationalisation in an emerging market context, offering implications for policymakers and practitioners aiming to foster greater competitiveness of Turkish SMEs. Recommendations focus on enhancing governmental support, improving access to international market information, and fostering strategic alliances to navigate the complex terrain of global business.
... The initial component accounted for 38.6% of the variation. Given that a single component does not account for the majority of the variance, it is concluded that CMB is not significant in this particular situation (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
Article
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Organisational culture (OC) is a crucial factor that every organisation must address in order to thrive in the digital economy. The present study investigates the crucial drivers employing OC, external factors (EF), and organisational internal resources (OR) in adopting artificial intelligence tools by Delhi-NCR small and medium-sized businesses. Extensive scholarly literature forms the foundation of the study's conceptual framework. The study adopts a research philosophy rooted in positivism and utilises a deductive approach to investigate the relationship. The research strategy employed is survey-based. Utilising a straightforward method of random sampling to encompass a diverse range of industries and businesses. The study collected data from 196 SME owner-managers in order to investigate the representable factors of the entire Delhi-NCR SMEs that influence their success or failure to adopt AI. We conducted the analysis using Smart-PLS 4 to evaluate the relationship between the endogenous and exogenous variables in the measurement and structural model. The study's findings indicate that OR, OC, and EF have a significant positive influence on AI adoption. This suggests that SMEs can improve their AI outcomes by enhancing their OR, OC, and EF processes. These findings can assist decisionmaking and resource allocation by emphasising the significance of critical factors in promoting Al outcomes and identifying areas where efforts may not yield desired results. According to the study, a key factor contributing to the limited adoption of AI among SMEs is the absence of support from top management. The study findings will provide valuable insights for policymakers and institutional chambers regarding the role of OC, OR, and EC in information system adoption. These insights can help inform the development of policies that take these important connections into account. Finally, the findings would enhance the understanding of the literature by presenting empirical evidence from the SMEs of Delhi-NCR, India.
... Regarding the bias issues, this research used Harman's single factor and full collinearity approach, which is called inner variance inflation factors (VIF) tests. Typically, SPSS has been used to test Harman's single factors, resulting in 29.63% variance, below the recommended threshold of 50% [69]. Additionally, inner VIF test values were retained at less than 3.33, an acceptable adequate level [70] (see Table 3). ...
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Background Although extant literature has investigated the impacts of social sites on employees’ job performance in different sectors, scholars have given little attention to teachers’ job performance (TJoP) in higher educational institutes. Purpose We aimed to investigate the direct and mediating impact of social media use (SMU) on TJoP. Based on social cognitive theory, this study proposed a model that consists of six hypotheses. Methodology : To empirically test the model, we develop a survey link to collect data from respondents working in universities in Jiangsu province, China. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM) using SmartPLS 4 has been used for analyzing 454 respondents. Results Research findings demonstrate the significant effects of SMU on TJoP, well-being, and social media addiction (SMAdd). In addition, teachers’ well-being and SMAdd have a positive and negative significant effect, respectively, on TJoP. Moreover, this research evidenced a significant partial mediation of teachers’ well-being and SMAdd. Conclusion This study points out the key role of SMU in the direct and indirect influences of TJoP through well-being and SMAdd. Further, it brings into view the urgency of higher education to prudently consider the implications of SMU on performance and general well-being among its faculty.
... This study uses Harman's single-factor test to determine the existence of the common method variance (CMV). This is because the study's data on endogenous and exogenous constructs came out of the same source (latent entrepreneurs at various firms), enabling us to assess the potential bias from CMV (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
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In the ever-changing landscape of China’s digital economy, comprehending the transition drivers from latent to active participation in entrepreneurship is critical. This research explores the factors shaping the decisions of latent entrepreneurs to become active entrepreneurs in a digital context. Using simple random sampling, this study randomly selected 18 industries within China’s major cities. This study collected cross-sectional data from 485 respondents in high-tech and low-tech industries across six major Chinese cities and tested the model using partial least structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Statistical findings conducted by SmartPLS reveal a nuanced interplay between personal factors and external traits in shaping the transition to active entrepreneurship. In particular, entrepreneurial competence, digital skills and literacy, and adaptability are crucial personal factors influencing this transition. Access to the necessary technology, startup cost, market and customer base, and government support are external traits found to significantly shape individual decisions to venture into digital entrepreneurship. Surprisingly, Logistics and Transportation (LAT) had no substantial impact on the transformation. This investigation strengthens entrepreneurship theory while also providing policymakers and industry actors with practical insights. Personalized training for entrepreneurs, spending on digital infrastructure, evidence-based regulations, and enhanced business innovation initiatives are among the recommendations.
... In order to prevent this problem, the identity information of the participants was not taken. In addition, according to the results of the Harman's one-factor test conducted to determine the variance of the common method, no general factor explaining the majority of the variance in the scale items was determined (Podsakoff et al., 2003). In later studies, it is suggested that data are collected from different sector employees at different times or using different methods. ...
... To address this limitation, participant identity information was not collected. Furthermore, Harman's one-factor test was carried out to identify common variance error, and no common variance error was found (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
... Moreover, we also used an ex-post strategy, a Harman's single-factor test by loading all variables into a single factor in EFA to check the data variance attributed to each single factor. We concluded that no single factor explained more than 40% of the total variance (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Following ...
Conference Paper
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This study demonstrates that formal institution networks are antecedent to firms adopting coopetition to improve performance. The influence of formal institutional agents to foster coopetition within an industry is driven by fragilities in the institutions of emerging economies. We studied the Brazilian healthcare sector, which is characterized by strong regulation and government support. We analyzed how and to what extent coopetition relates to formal institution agents and the performance of private healthcare operators. The study employs a quantitative methodology with a sample of 149 firms from the Brazilian private healthcare system through partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Our findings revealed coopetition is a significant determinant and a necessary condition to improve the Performance of Brazilian healthcare firms; however, participating in the networks of formal institution agents is a significant determinant but not a necessary condition to improve Performance. However, the performance of healthcare firms receives a double positive effect if the firm participates in networks of formal institution agents.
... Many scholars have emphasized the importance of trust in driving follower motivation, performance, and efficacy (Dirks, 2004). Leaders' actions elicit a reciprocal trust response from managers and followers (Colquitt et al., 2007) and foster a positive belief in collective survival and mutual support (Podsakoff et al., 2003), creating a win-win scenario for enhanced cooperation and increased productivity. Several incidents have witnessed a decline in the leaders' trust, resulting in devastating failures for energy and bank companies (CIPD, 2014), which could be a lesson to existing leaders. ...
Article
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The trustworthiness of a leader has a significant influence on an organization's reputation, followers, suppliers, and stakeholders, though it is still under investigation in terms of its effect on building regional cooperation. This study aims to explore the criteria to confer a leader’s trust, the antecedents of leaders’ trust, the core perceived attributes to gain a leader's trust among regional peer leaders, and the perceived determinants to establish or uplift trustworthiness. To address the study's purposes, it adopted an exploratory qualitative study using focus group discussion and key informants' interviews from the perspectives of youth leaders. Theme based content analysis using inductive approach was carried out to categorize similar or different conceptions that further discussions made to align with the literature. The findings indicate that core criteria to confer a leader’s trust include leadership competence, relationship building, and leadership environment (context). Leadership values, functions, and roles are key antecedents of leaders’ trust. Essential attributes to gain a leader’s trust among peers embrace of a philosophical attribute, leadership qualities, values, and attributes of benefits, and collaboration. Furthermore, in establishing or uplifting a leader’s trust solely depends on a leader’s behavior and functions. The results of the essences of leadership trust, which focus on constraints and opportunities for regional cooperation, are insightful for academicians and practitioners, as well as paving the way for future qualitative and quantitative research in the leadership science.
... (2017), Table 2 shows that all three measures of reliability and validity (CR, α, and AVE) surpassed the 0.7 and 0.5 criteria, respectively. Additionally, Podsakoff et al. (2003) examined multicollinearity and common method bias by employing VIF scores and Harman's single-factor test. Furthermore, the VIF for each instrument was below five, suggesting the absence of significant collinearity. ...
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The present study develops an integrative framework that investigates the relationship between the acceptability of ChatGPT among business students and their attitude, intention to adopt, and performance. This is achieved by examining the moderating role of business students' moral values and religious ethics. Using data collected from 312 university business students in Oman, we show that perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), and perceived convenience (PC) have a positive effect on their attitudes toward ChatGPT. Business students’ attitudes toward ChatGPT have a strong positive influence on their adoption intentions. Notably, university business students’ ChatGPT adoption intentions increased their academic performance. Remarkably, business students' Personal Morality and religion-related ethics trigger them to experience regret or a sense of responsibility for their actions that violate academic integrity or ethical standards in their studies. Establishing explicit ethical standards and procedures for the usage of artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT in educational settings is vital for higher educational institutions (HEIs). This research adds to the theoretical intervention of investigating how personal morality and religion-related ethics interact with AI tools such as ChatGPT, which can add to ethical decision-making theories.
... In the end, we concluded that this study did not have a problem of non-response bias. Regarding common method bias, we followed the suggestions of Podsakoff et al. (2003) by adopting pilot testing to identify ambiguities and to assure item clarity and confidentiality to increase response accuracy. Finally, a Harman's single-factor test was performed, which showed a poor fit. ...
Article
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This study analyzed the impact of individual learning ambidexterity on individual job performance and tested the moderating effects of the organizational structure, represented in this research by formalization, decentralization, and structural differentiation. Despite the importance of individual learning ambidexterity, there is a limited understanding of how employees’ explorative and exploitative learning behaviors affect their individual job performance. The study expands the research by confirming the relevance of individual learning ambidexterity for individual performance for non-managerial employees; an understudied research setting for individual ambidexterity. We demonstrate that individual learning ambidexterity is positively correlated with individual job performance. We also provide evidence that formalization, decentralization, and structural differentiation moderate the effects of individual learning ambidexterity on individual job performance. The empirical context for the research was non-managerial employees from the Romanian IT services industry. Prior research has shown that ambidexterity is important in the IT industry, making it an adequate setting to analyze the effects of individual learning ambidexterity on individual job performance. By using polynomial regressions on a sample consisting of 342 employees, we were able to analyze four research hypotheses. This study demonstrates the moderating mechanism of organizational setting in the improvement of individual job performance in relation to individual learning ambidexterity. Taken as a whole, our findings provide new insights into how and under which organizational conditions the individual-level explorative and exploitative learning behaviors affect individual job performance.
... It is believed that this approach serves as an effective solution to the problem. Additionally, Harman's singlefactor test revealed no general factor explaining the majority of the variation in the scale, according to Podsakoff et al. (2003). Subsequent studies recommend collecting data from employees across various sectors, at different times, or using different methods. ...
... One major issue with self-assessment questionnaires, especially when administered immediately after a cognitive task, is the potential for response biases and inaccuracies. Studies such as those by Paulhus and Vazire [41] and Podsakoff et al. [42] have highlighted the impact of social desirability bias, where participants may consciously or unconsciously alter their responses to be viewed more favourably. Additionally, the immediate nature of the self-assessment can lead to hurried or less reflective responses, reducing the reliability of the data [43]. ...
Article
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Emotion recognition is crucial in affective computing, aiming to bridge the gap between human emotional states and computer understanding. This study presents NeuroSense, a novel electroencephalography (EEG) dataset utilizing low-cost, sparse electrode devices for emotion exploration. Our dataset comprises EEG signals collected with the portable 4-electrodes device Muse 2 from 30 participants who, thanks to a neurofeedback setting, watch 40 music videos and assess their emotional responses. These assessments use standardized scales gauging arousal, valence, and dominance. Additionally, participants rate their liking for and familiarity with the videos.We develop a comprehensive preprocessing pipeline and employ machine learning algorithms to translate EEG data into meaningful insights about emotional states. We verify the performance of machine learning (ML) models using the NeuroSense dataset. Despite utilizing just 4 electrodes, our models achieve an average accuracy ranging from 75% to 80% across the four quadrants of the dimensional model of emotions. We perform statistical analyses to assess the reliability of the self-reported labels and the classification performance for each participant, identifying potential discrepancies and their implications. We also compare our results with those obtained using other public EEG datasets, highlighting the advantages and limitations of sparse electrode setups in emotion recognition. Our results demonstrate the potential of low-cost EEG devices in emotion recognition, highlighting the effectiveness of ML models in capturing the dynamic nature of emotions. The NeuroSense dataset is publicly available, inviting further research and application in human-computer interaction, mental health monitoring, and beyond.
... The common method biases testing was performed using the Harman single factor test [57]. The results showed that for cross-sectional and longitudinal data, the maximum factor variance explained was lower than the cutoff value of 0.40, indicating the study did not suffer from serious common method bias [58]. ...
Article
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Background Nursing shortage is a global issue. Turnover intention and life satisfaction are significant predictors of turnover. The specific nature of nursing and stressful work schedules lead to impaired professional quality of life (ProQOL), and existing studies have confirmed the effect of a dimension of ProQOL (such as secondary trauma stress, burnout and compassion satisfaction) on turnover intention and life satisfaction. Yet the heterogeneity of ProQOL across individuals is not known. A lack of research on the relationship between potential ProQOL subgroups and turnover intention and life satisfaction, and the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain understudied. The study aimed to determine different ProQOL profiles, and their cross-sectional and longitudinal effects on turnover intention and life satisfaction, while exploring the mediating roles of job satisfaction and work engagement within the relationship. Methods Data were collected at a tertiary hospital in a northeastern province of China. An online questionnaire was administered twice over the course of six months. 1832 and 900 participates provided cross-sectional and longitudinal data respectively. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) and K-means clustering to identify ProQOL profiles, and used the PROCESS macro program to conduct mediation analysis. Results The LPA results supported a 4-profile solution, including balanced protection, good quality, traumatic satisfaction and burnout problem. ProQOL profiles directly predicted nurses’ current and subsequent turnover intention and life satisfaction. In addition, job satisfaction and work engagement mediated the effects of ProQOL profiles on turnover intention and life satisfaction in cross-sectional sample, and mediated the effects of ProQOL profiles on turnover intention in longitudinal sample. Conclusion The findings suggest that nurses’ ProQOL has distinct categorical characteristics and is strongly associated with turnover intention and life satisfaction. Hospital administrators should implement individualized, join management and interventions according to each profile. Furthermore, more attentions should focus on improving nurses’ job satisfaction and work engagement levels to promote good work and life outcomes.
... According to Podsakoff et al. (2003), a singular survey's data can contain CMB. Two different statistical approaches were employed. ...
Article
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Hotels’ sustainable performance has become a key issue in tourism. We examine the role of ambidextrous green innovation (GI) and its relationship with sustainable performance, considering the mediating effect of green competitive advantage and moderating effect of green absorptive capacity. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of Spanish hotels. We utilize variance-based partial least squares structural-equation modelling (PLS-SEM) for analysis. We find that ambidextrous GI significantly impacts the economic, social, and environmental aspects of sustainable performance. Additionally, green competitive advantage mediates the relationship between ambidextrous GI and sustainable performance, while the moderating effect of green absorptive capacity strengthens the impact of ambidextrous GI on environmental performance. However, green absorptive capacity does not significantly moderate the associations between ambidextrous GI and social and environmental performance. To enhance hotels’ sustainability, further investigation into the interaction between tangible and intangible resources and ambidextrous GI is indicated. This study offers valuable insights for hotel management to enhance sustainable performance.
... This percentage was below the critical threshold of 40%. [56] Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no substantial common method bias in this study. ...
Article
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While existing research has established the influence of digital technology use, flow, and learning engagement on students’ subjective well-being, there remains a gap in understanding the interrelationships among these factors and the serial mediating role of flow and learning engagement in the relationship between digital technology use and adolescents’ subjective well-being. This study examined the potential indirect roles of flow and learning engagement in the association between digital technology use and adolescents’ subjective well-being. A paper-based survey was conducted among 1289 adolescents (M = 16.33, SD = 1.688) in Shandong Province. All participants completed a structured self-report questionnaire, including measures of digital technology use, flow, learning engagement, and subjective well-being. Data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling via Amos 24.0 and SPSS 24.0. The results are as follows: (1) digital technology use has a significant and positive effect on adolescents’ subjective well-being; (2) digital technology use significantly and positively affects adolescents’ subjective well-being through flow; (3) digital technology use significantly and positively affects adolescents’ subjective well-being through learning engagement; (4) digital technology use significantly and positively affects the subjective well-being of adolescents through both flow and learning engagement. This study underscores the benefits of digital technology in boosting adolescents’ well-being and identifies flow and learning engagement as key mediators. Our findings equip educators and policymakers with insights to craft interventions that optimize digital technology’s role in fostering adolescent development, presenting a fresh view on the intricate dynamics linking digital interaction with psychological health.
... Moreover, many studies about online gambling are based on self report data, a method that is subject to considerable criticism from many sides due to methodological aspects like reliability, context sensitivity, validity or objectivity (Baumeister et al., 2007;Midanik et al., 2007;Nisbett & Wilson, 1977;Podsakoff et al., 2003). This methodological criticism was also articulated in the context of gambling studies (Blaszczynski, 2013;Currie & Casey, 2007) and sparked substantial efforts to evaluate and compensate associated methodical flaws (Wood & Williams, 2007;Williams et al., 2017;Williams, Volberg, & Stevens, 2012). ...
Thesis
The aim of this cumulative dissertation is to explore the potential of re-using different datasets (secondary data analyses) by methods of automated, quantitative data analysis and statistical modeling (data-mining) for behavioral and health science in an application-oriented manner. In ten thematically varying empirical studies, different instruments of automated quantitative data analysis were used, with differing emphases being placed on either data preparation, enrichment, harmonization or data exploration and statistical modeling, depending on the available data. Part A of the manuscript documents in the style of a learning process the thechnical and methodological basics and challenges to be mastered in an application-oriented implementation of automated univariate and multivariate data analyses along different application examples and with a focus on the detection and statistical modeling of disordered gambling behavior. Parallel multiple mediation models, which differentiate between heavy gambling consumption within and outside the form of gambling on a product-specific basis, proved to be a helpful analytical tool for the differentiated quantitative evaluation of the complex bio-psycho-social phenomenon at the interface of environment, person and consumed gambling products. Part B deepens the theoretical and empirical arguments for the future application of the epidemiological concept of "Heavy Use Over Time" as a causal mechanism for gambling and behavioral addiction research along different application examples. Part C sketches an outlook on selected challenges in digitalized, market-liberal societies as well as possible future solutions through quantitative psychological research and interdisciplinary secondary data analyses in an open, transparent, digital society.
... This study has some limitations. First, we applied a self-assessment questionnaire that might have exposed the research to a common method bias (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003;Podsakoff & Organ, 1986). However, our study used multilevel data, that is, aggregating data and evaluating within-group variance, to examine the impact of ethical climate on lowcarbon behaviour. ...
Article
This study employs social cognitive theory to examine the dynamics of ethical climate, environmental passion, and low-carbon behaviours among Malaysian public servants based on data from 407 employees across 37 departments. Although ethical climate did not have a direct impact on low-carbon behaviour, a significant association with environmental passion was observed. Additionally, environmental passion exhibited a noteworthy relationship with low-carbon behaviour, and emerged as a mediator between ethical climate and low-carbon behaviour, with green mindfulness moderating this relationship. These findings underscore the importance of nurturing environmental passion and green mindfulness to promote low-carbon behaviour among employees and aid organisations in addressing environmental challenges. By addressing these empirical gaps, this study contributes to the literature on low-carbon behaviour and offers both theoretical insights and practical implications for sustainability initiatives.
... This study used Harman's single-factor test to check for common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Results showed that there were eight factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. ...
Preprint
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Background This study investigates how exposure to violence affects cyber-aggression among college students, and explores the roles of negative rumination and cognitive reappraisal in this process. Methods A total of 12,149 students from eight universities in southeastern China participated in the study, which utilized questionnaires on community violence exposure, negative rumination, emotion regulation, and youth cyber-aggression. Results The results showed that: (1) exposure to violence significantly predicts an increase in cyber-aggression among college students ( β = 0.098, t = 32.755, p < 0.001); (2) this relationship is mediated by negative rumination ( β = 0.08, t = 25.3, p < 0.001); and (3) cognitive reappraisal moderates the effect of violence exposure on cyber-aggression ( β = -0.021, t = -7.605, p < 0.001), as well as its impact on negative rumination ( β = -0.044, t = -4.594, p < 0.001). Conclusions Specifically, cognitive reappraisal can weaken the negative effects of violence exposure, although its protective effect has limitations. These findings provide new insights for preventing and intervening in cyber-aggression among college students.
... The study also considered the moderating variable, supply chain agility, which was measured using five question items adapted from Bidhandi and Valmohammadi (2017). In order to deal with common method bias, some procedural techniques were adopted as prescribed by Podsakoff et al. (2003). These include placing the independent and dependent variables into different sections on the questionnaire and ensuring the survey participants the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses (Chan et al., 2017;Gorondutse et al., 2020;Jordan & Troth, 2020). ...
Article
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The pharmaceutical industry is key to the survival of the human race, but equally becoming increasingly susceptible to global disruptions. In Nigeria, records have shown that the industry is plagued with several problems, inclusive of low employee productivity, poor market share, low innovation performance, poor and marginal sales growth and low profitability, which are likely a result of a lack of strategic flexibility in the face of increasing environment turbulence and intense competition. Despite efforts from researchers, the moderating role of supply chain agility has been largely overlooked in the literature. Therefore, this study examines the moderating role of supply chain agility on the relationship between strategic flexibility (resource flexibility, coordination flexibility, proactive flexibility, reactive flexibility and futurity) and organisational performance. A survey research design was used to collect data from 642 management and senior staff employees of six pharmaceutical companies listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group. A total enumeration method was adopted for the study, with a well-structured adapted questionnaire, having Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients ranging from 0.725 to 0.945. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was chosen to achieve the research goal. The PLS-SEM analysis revealed that strategic flexibility positively affects organizational performance (β = -0.093, p> 0.050, Q2 = 0.644). However, supply chain agility negatively moderates this effect, indicating that while agility is beneficial independently, it can counteract the positive impact of strategic flexibility when combined. The study recommended that the management of pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria should pay serious attention to strategic flexibility as an organizational capability that can enhance performance in the face of increasing uncertainties in and unpredictability nature of the business environment.
... A single factor accounted for 19.067% of the variance, which is well below 50%. This suggests that common method bias is not present in this study (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
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This study aims to examine how Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) practices influence the development of an environmentally sustainable culture that encourages employees to exhibit pro-environmental behaviours in public and private hospitals in Egypt. A total of 491 healthcare employees were surveyed and the data was analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The research identified significant positive correlations between GHRM practices, a pro-environmental psychological climate, environmental knowledge, and employees' environmentally favourable behaviours. The results emphasised the significance of tailored GHRM strategies for different sectors and showed how psychological climate and knowledge mediate the conversion of human resource management (HRM) practices into sustainable behaviours. The study extends the literature by highlighting the relevance of GHRM practices within a healthcare setting in a developing country and indicates that the success of environmental practices is closely linked to their visibility and integration into routine operations. The focus of future studies should be on the long-term effects of GHRM practices, the impact of individual differences, and comparative studies across different sectors and countries to obtain a deeper understanding of how organisational sustainability is influenced by GHRM practices.
... Structural equation modeling (SEM) is an approach to statistics employed to examine and estimate the associations between variables within a multifaceted theoretical framework. The approach under consideration is characterized by its versatility, as it integrates components of factor analysis, regression analysis, and path analysis to evaluate causal linkages and interactions among variables, as confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a type of structural equation modeling (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Therefore, the authors applied structural equation modeling (SEM) using the AMOS approach to analyze the data and check the adequacy of the measurement model by validating the reliability and validity of the proposed constructs (Hair et al., 2012). ...
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The primary aim of this research is to examine what makes millennial Muslim females more materialistic and less satisfied with their lives in Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. In today’s world, investigating the underlying mechanism of the exponential increase in Muslim female materialism tendency is considered a worthwhile problem. Therefore, the current research develops a theoretical model based on the stress–strain model. It uses the framework to test the impact of morning TV show consumption on Muslim females’ life satisfaction, social consumption, and compulsiveness through the mediation of materialism in COVID-19. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. The data was collected through the mall intercept survey method from 720 millennial Muslim females. During COVID-19, the study findings revealed that high viewing of morning TV shows appears to be a significant determinant that leads to high materialism, which results in highly negative outcomes (i.e., compulsive buying, social consumption, and less satisfaction). Moreover, the results found that materialism mediated the relationship between morning TV show consumption and three studied outcomes.
... According to Damba & Formiga (2020), such an analysis checks how much the data could represent some problem in the expected results, referring to response bias. Thus, through Harman's onefactor test, the existence of any common method bias (CVM) in the collected data was examined (Podsakoff et al., 2003). It was observed that, in the only factor with an eigenvalue above 1.00, there was an explanatory percentage ≤ 50% (37.58%) of the covariance in the variables. ...
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Introducción: El tema de la retención ha despertado el interés de varios investigadores y ha crecido el interés de la investigación en esta área en particular. Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la influencia que la percepción del apoyo organizativo y la satisfacción laboral tienen sobre la retención laboral en trabajadores de una institución privada de educación superior en Mozambique. Método: En el estudio participaron 214 empleados, a los que se aplicó un cuestionario. Además de los datos sociodemográficos, respondieron a la Escala de Percepción del Apoyo Organizativo, a la Escala de Satisfacción en el Trabajo y a la Escala de Retención en el Trabajo. Se fue aplicada estadística descriptiva, análisis exploratorio, análisis confirmatorio y verificación del modelo teórico. Resultados: Se destaca que las escalas son confiables, los indicadores psicométricos correspondieron a lo esperado, en los criterios estadísticos requeridos por la literatura.
... Hence, SME activities and the CEO's perceptions are important in decision-making. However, selecting multiple respondents from the same firm can effectively control single-response bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). However, this approach cannot be used in online surveys of registered populations. ...
Article
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Research and development (R&D) represents the strength of corporate innovation; however, many small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) do not engage in R&D activities. Resource constraints are often cited as the reason; however, no deeper understanding has been provided yet. To fill this gap, we investigated a research model based on the relational embeddedness between customer firms and SMEs (suppliers) using a questionnaire obtained from Japanese manufacturing SMEs. Our findings show that SMEs’ R&D activities are likely to be positively impacted by inter-organisational trust (IT) and negatively impacted by relational inertia (RI) and relational duration (RD). The relationships between the variables behind these impacts were also analysed. This study also highlights the dark side of relational embeddedness. SMEs with the closest and major customer relationships may be hindered in their overall R&D activities by the effects of RI and RD.
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This study aimed to assess customer satisfaction levels with the quality of online banking services in the Islamic banking sector of Bangladesh, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from 280 online banking customers using a modified questionnaire based on the SERVQUAL model. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the data, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS. The findings showed that a number of factors, including efficiency, dependability, responsiveness, and security, affect customer satisfaction. Among these dimensions, reliability was identified as the most crucial factor, exerting the greatest impact on customer satisfaction after COVID-19. Given the growing significance of online banking in Bangladesh, effective delivery of these services can enhance customer satisfaction and provide banks with a competitive advantage. The results of this study have practical implications for bankers, investors, bank management, and policymakers in the country’s banking sector. They offer valuable insights into the essential factors affecting customer satisfaction with online banking service quality and can inform the development of strategies and policies to improve the overall customer experience in this context.
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This study examined the role of subordinate voice in creating positive attitudes in the performance appraisal context. Two aspects of voice, instrumental and non-instrumental, were assessed. Both aspects of voice were related to satisfaction with the appraisal, while only non-instrumental voice had an impact on attitudes toward the manager. Implications for procedural justice and performance appraisal are discussed.
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This study of the relationship of the received role (that is, a person's perceptions of what other organization members expect of him) to satisfaction with one's job presents four plausible models based on four variables: role accuracy, compliance, performance evaluation, satisfaction. These models are evaluated by the Simon-Blalock technique according to how well they fit correlational data from a field study. Compliance and performance evaluation are shown to be important variables mediating the relationship between role accuracy and satisfaction. A revised model is presented that treats rewards and performance separately.
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Contradictory forces of dissent and consensus building attend the strategic decision process. Taking an information-processing perspective, we argue that two factors that affect perceptions of trustworthiness within strategic decision-making teams - loyalty and competence - play different roles in enabling dissent to enhance decision quality and build decision commitment. Results from a sample of 86 strategic decision-making teams in U.S. hospitals indicate that perceptions of loyalty within teams strengthen the relationship between dissent and decision quality. Perceptions of within-team competence strengthen the relationship between dissent and decision commitment.
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This study is a meta-analysis of the effects of four situational moderators on relationships between participation and five outcomes. Results based on 118 correlation coefficients indicate that, with the influence of percept-percept research procedures controlled, group size, task interdppendence, task complexity, and performance standards exert a few statistically significant moderating effects, and that participation typically has only modest influence on task performance, decision performance, motivation, satisfaction, and acceptance. Combined with evidence from another recent meta-analysis by Miller and Monge, the results suggest that methodological artifacts explain many of the noteworthy positive findings published in research on relationships between participation and its outcomes.
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Use of a structural equations analysis to estimate the degree of predictor-related criterion bias in selection research is illustrated. For the hypothetical data considered in this paper, a likability methods factor produced significant changes in estimates of the structural parameters relating the predictors to the criterion. Regression analyses using two methods factors as covariates yielded similar results. The advantages of employing the more complicated LISREL analysis versus more familiar regression analysis are discussed and some suggestions for future research using the structural equations approach are presented.
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This article contrasts the composite view of the relationship between multidimensional constructs and their facets/dimensions with the factor view. The composite view assumes that facets are components of the composite constructs, while the factor view assumes that facets are manifestations of latent constructs. An empirical study is used to illustrate the fact that these two views will lead to different conclusions about the relationship of constructs in covariance structure analyses. It is suggested that researchers must examine the theoretical basis of their topic in order to determine whether the factor or composite view is more suitable for the multidimensional construct of interest.
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The chameleon effect hypothesizes that the interpretation of esteem items and the nature of the measurement of the construct are altered by the content of other items in a survey. In each of three studies, responses to esteem items embedded among items focusing on a specific self-concept domain (academic, artistic, or physical) were more highly correlated to that specific domain than were esteem items from a broadly based multidimensional self-concept instrument. Confirmatory factor analysis models demonstrated that the same esteem items embedded in different instruments measured distinctfactors. Unlike typical contextual effects showing mean shifts along the same underlying continuum, these results suggest changes in the nature of the construct that is being measured so that mean shifts are of dubious relevance. The results have theoretical implications for how individuals form esteem judgments and practical limitations for the interpretation of esteem responses in correlational and experimental studies.
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Alternative models for confirmatory factor analysis of multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data were evaluated by varying the number of traits and methods and sample size for 255 MTMM matrices constructed from real data (Study 1), and for 180 MTMM matrices constructed from simulated data (Study 2). The correlated uniqueness model converged to proper solutions for 99% (Study 1) and 96% (Study 2) of the MTMM matrices, whereas the general model typically used converged to proper solutions for only 24% (Study 1) and 22% (Study 2) of the MTMM matrices. The general model was usually ill-defined (100% in Study 1, 90% in Study 2) for small MTMM matrices with small Ns, but performed better when the size of the MTMM matrix and N were larger. Even when both models converged to proper solutions, however, parameter estimates for the correlated uniqueness model were more accurate and precise in relation to known population parameters in Study 2.
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Procedures for analyzing multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrices are reviewed. Confirmatory factor analysis (Jöreskog, 1974) is presented as a general model allowing evaluation of the discriminant and convergent validity of MTMM matrices, both as a whole and in individual trait-method units. However, it is noted that this model is deficient with regard to analysis of trait-method interactions of the type de scribed by Campbell and O'Connell (1967, 1982). Composite direct product models described by Browne (1984) are one possible solution to this problem. Fur ther, more systematic use of hypothesis testing regard ing convergent and discriminant validity in nested hi erarchical models is recommended (Widaman, 1985), as well as the use of a procedure to cross-validate models of MTMM matrices described by Cudeck and Browne (1983).