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Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies
Abstract
Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.
... The current study used time lagged study design as the data was self-reported, following the recommendations of (Podsakoff et al., 2003), which helps in diminishing this threat and also is a recommended strategy for reduction of common method variance effects. The data for antecedent and outcome variables were measured at different ...
... According to literature research, using such a design can reduce possible issues with data collection from a single source that was self-reported (Naseer et al., 2016). To lessen common technique bias, independent, mediating, and response variables were separated in time (Podsakoff et al., 2003;Syed et al., 2022). Similar strategy has been used in the literature to avoid common method bias (Jahanzeb et al., 2021). ...
... The data related to demographics, organizational change and adaptability culture was collected during the first phase of data collection from employees. This first data collection activity was complemented with a second phase of data collection after three weeks to deal with the issue of common method variance (a problem associated with self-reported response) (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Data on sense-making (mediator variable) was collected in the second time-lag. ...
Organizational change has many influences and consequences but existing literature has left many gaps regarding change-supportive intentions as what those people intents about their work that face organizational change. This study is aimed at filling the gap and enhances the existing research of organizational change. A framework comprising of the social cognitive theory is developed and empirically tested using a time-lag research design. Data have been collected from 330 employees using convenient sampling (from public hospitals in Pakistan). The results indicate that change-supportive intentions does not occur because of the hypothesized precursor (organizational change) and that the underlying mechanisms (sense-making) delineated in this research positively and significantly affect intentions of employees. The added significance of the study is its relevance for practitioners with opportunities to manage the factors affecting organizational change and its relationship with employees’ outcomes through appropriate interventions to improve the outcomes. The current study have multiple implications including managerial, academic, economical and social implications. The present study would not only foster change supportive-intentions of an individual employee but it will also impact on increasing the satisfaction level in changing routines post COVID-19 that will ultimately lead towards a better society. When an organization will provide adaptability culture to its employees, it would ultimately lead them towards managing the organizational change occurring due to COVID-19. The study opens new roads of research for further research with regard to the study of organizational change and outcomes additionally with exploring moderator to strengthen the relationship between organizational change and employee related outcome.
... Empirically, a twoweek time lag is sufficiently long to make prior responses inconspicuous and unavailable in participants' memory, thereby reducing common method variance (Dormann & Griffin, 2015;Ilies et al., 2013). The time lag is also short enough to minimize the influences of contaminating factors (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Theoretically, the aim of the moral cleansing process is to reduce one's short-term moral deficit so as to maintain a positive long-term moral self-image (West & Zhong, 2015). ...
... If common method bias is a concern, a single factor should account for most of the variance in our measures. The results indicated that the one-factor solution only accounted for 24.96% of the variance, which is below the 50% threshold (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Thus, this preliminary test indicates that common method bias is not a major concern in our data. ...
... The results provided support for the discriminant validity of the seven constructs in our study. Results of model comparisons provided additional support that common method variance was not a major concern in our study (Podsakoff et al., 2003). The factor loadings of items ranged from 0.700 to 0.956 (playing dumb), 0.758 to 0.908 (evasive hiding), 0.753 to 0.934 (rationalized hiding), 0.754 to 0.804 (moral identity internalization), 0.834 to 0.867 (perceived loss of moral credits), 0.728 to 0.814 (guilt), and from 0.696 to 0.858 (OCB-I). ...
Research on knowledge hiding has largely focused on its antecedents while overlooking its consequences. Drawing on moral cleansing theory, we adopt a “perpetrator-centric view” and posit that employees who engage in playing dumb and evasive hiding–two specific knowledge hiding behaviors that involve deception–will subsequently perform more organizational citizenship behavior directed toward individuals (OCB-I) because they perceive a loss of moral credits following their moral transgression. Further, we propose that the indirect effects are contingent on perpetrators’ moral identity internalization. We tested our hypotheses using a time-lagged research design with a sample of 362 respondents from a large pharmaceutical group company. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that employees who engaged in playing dumb and evasive hiding subsequently exhibited more OCB-I as they perceived a loss of moral credits, whereas employees who engaged in rationalized hiding did not. In addition, the positive relationships between playing dumb and evasive hiding with perceived loss of moral credits were stronger when perpetrators had high moral identity internalization, as were the indirect effects of playing dumb and evasive hiding on OCB-I via perceived loss of moral credits. Our research contributes to the understanding of when and how engaging in knowledge hiding affects perpetrators and their compensatory behaviors toward coworkers.
... Each scale exhibited strong reliability, with Cronbach's α over 0.80 (Nunnally, 1978), thereby suggesting the scales had strong internal consistency. To assess the common method bias (CMB), we used Harman's (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Exploratory factor analyses revealed four factors with eigenvalues greater or close to 1.0, with the first factor accounting for 35.12% of the total variance. ...
... We conducted Harman's single-factor test (Podsakoff et al., 2003) which accounted for 42.57% of the variance for the measurement items for the three constructs, indicating the absence of CMB. Next, to test the mediating effect of price consciousness in line with hypothesis 4, PROCESS Macro (Model 4) was used. ...
... Similar to studies 1 and 2, we checked the CMB with Harman's single-factor test (Podsakoff et al., 2003) which showed a 40.60% variance for the measurement items of this study, assuring the absence of CMB. In line with the 2 3 2 design adopted for this study, responses were first split into four groups according to their responses to price consciousness (high vs low) and anticipated regret (high vs low). ...
Purpose
This research investigates the factors influencing consumers' intention to purchase e-deals from group buying websites, focussing on e-deal proneness, price consciousness and anticipatory regret.
Design/methodology/approach
Three studies (n = 539) were conducted using data collected from an online consumer panel and tested via structural equation modelling and PROCESS macro in SPSS.
Findings
The findings suggest that subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and attitudes positively influence consumers' e-deal purchase intention. Additionally, price consciousness amplifies the relationship between consumers' e-deal proneness and purchase intention, and price-conscious respondents are more likely to have the intention to buy e-deals when faced with some form of anticipatory regret.
Practical implications
Based on the research findings, practitioners are advised to prioritise social norms and entertainment value when promoting the attractiveness of e-deals, using strategies such as social media and influencer marketing. Brands should also emphasise the value of e-deals by showcasing comparative price savings and discounts to motivate consumers to buy.
Originality/value
This paper addresses an interesting and practical issue related to the effects of group buying websites, focussing on e-deal proneness, price consciousness and anticipatory regret.
... Our self-reported data were collected from one source at one point in time as common method bias may be a concern (Podsakoff et al., 2003). We conducted Harman's single factor test by examining the unrotated factor solution involving items of all variables of interest in one exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
... Our self-reported data were collected from one source at one point in time as common method bias may be a concern (Podsakoff et al., 2003). We conducted Harman's single factor test by examining the unrotated factor solution involving items of all variables of interest in one exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (Podsakoff et al., 2003). The total variance extracted by one factor is 18.033%, which is less than the recommended threshold of 50%. ...
... It suggests that our results are less likely to suffer from common method problems. In order to mitigate the common method biases, the research purpose was explained and the confidentiality and anonymity of the respondents and their responses were emphasized and assured on the cover page of the questionnaire (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Thus, CMV was not a critical issue. ...
Purpose
This article aims to examine the boundary conditions of the relationship between career planning and turnover intention and the joint moderating effects of career plateau and risk-taking propensity on the relationships between career plateau and turnover intention.
Design/methodology/approach
The data of this paper is collected from 231 employees from Taiwanese organizations with more than four years of work experience.
Findings
The results indicate that career plateau significantly moderates the relationships between career planning and turnover intention. The relationships between career planning and turnover intention are weaker when career plateau and risk-taking propensity are low in the three-way interaction effect.
Originality/value
The article examined the moderated moderation model of career planning and turnover intention using career plateau and risk-taking propensity as moderators.
... The main analysis of this study covered 671 respondents. The researchers conducted a Harman's singlefactor test (Podsakoff et al., 2003) to check the effect of common method bias. A factor analysis using the principal axis factoring set to single fixed factor extraction and unrotated method among all indicators of the four variables involved resulted in a proportion of variance lesser than 50%, which means that the effect of the common method variance is minimal. ...
... First, self-report questionnaires were used as data in this study. There are problems associated with self-report survey such as common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Although the researchers conducted the Harman's test to check for the common method bias, future studies can include marker variables to isolate its impact. ...
The objective of this study was to test a model on building a culture of innovation that best fits organisations from developing countries. It examined the roles of organisational strategy, leadership and support systems in building an innovation culture. Specifically, it used the open systems theory in examining the mediating role of support systems in the relationship between organisational strategy, leadership and innovation culture. This study utilised data surveyed from 671 employees from 23 different business organisations in the Philippines. Participants completed questionnaires that measured organisational strategy, leadership, support systems and innovation culture. Structural equation modelling (SEM) confirmed the hypothesis that support systems, leadership and organisational strategy predict an organisational innovation culture. Mediation analysis showed that support systems account for 38% of the impact of organisational strategy on the perceived innovation culture. It also showed that support systems account for 77% of the impact of leadership on the perceived innovation culture. The main contribution of this study was to present an innovation culture model suitable for developing countries at the same time showing how the relationships of the determinants of innovation culture predict innovation in an organisation. Specifically, it showed how support systems mediate between the relationships of organisational strategy, leadership and innovation.
... Además, se desactivó la funcionalidad RelevantID y se activó la opción Anonymize responses de Qualtrics, de modo que se impide obtener información sobre el navegador usado por el participante o el sistema operativo así como sobre la dirección IP, la geolocalización o cualquier información de contacto. Así mismo, a fin de evitar sesgos en las respuestas debidos a la varianza del método común, se emplean las tácticas propuestas por Podsakoff et al. (2003) y Rodríguez-Ardura y Meseguer-Artola (2020). De ese modo, el orden de las preguntas es aleatorio para cada página web de la encuesta en línea (situando ítems de un mismo constructo en medio de ítems de otros constructos) y también se revierte la redacción de algunos ítems. ...
... En primer lugar, la prueba de factor único de Harman. Es una herramienta estadística sencilla y muy extendida (Podsakoff et al. 2003) para la detección del riesgo alto de la varianza común. Tras introducir todos los ítems del modelo de medida en un análisis factorial exploratorio, observamos que no había ningún componente que explicara más del 50% de la covarianza. ...
Tras la pandemia de COVID-19, el teletrabajo se encuentra en proceso de consolidación como modalidad de trabajo en remoto que afecta a una amplia diversidad de empresas y actividades productivas. Sin embargo, su grado de penetración es sensiblemente inferior entre las empresas de menor dimensión. Poca atención ha merecido hasta el momento el estudio de las actitudes y motivaciones de los propietarios y equipos directivos de las pequeñas empresas en relación con el impulso a las nuevas formas de organización del trabajo que surgen del proceso de transformación digital de las empresas. Esta investigación pretende mitigar esta carencia mediante un análisis empírico basado en una encuesta realizada a una muestra de directivos de PYME europeas. Los resultados obtenidos aportan luz sobre cuál es la influencia de la cultura organizativa, de la competencia adquirida en la gestión de equipos mediante el uso de tecnologías digitales y de las percepciones subjetivas de utilidad en la decisión de implementar el teletrabajo en las pequeñas empresas. Permite conocer también cuáles son los elementos más determinantes del proceso de transformación en la organización del trabajo en el seno de las PYME europeas. Los resultados obtenidos, considerando la existencia de un marco regulatorio incipiente de las formas de trabajo flexibles, tienen implicaciones prácticas para las estratégicas de formación en la empresa y las políticas para el fomento del teletrabajo en las empresas de menor dimensión. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant share of workers has been involved in some form of telework. Remote work arrangements are currently affecting a wide range of firms and industries. However, its usage is significantly lower among small and medium companies. So far, the study of the attitudes and motivations of business owners and managers of small companies for promoting this new modality of work organization has been poorly addressed. This research aims to reduce this shortage by implementing an empirical analysis based on a sample of managers in small and medium-sized (SMEs) European companies. Our findings reveal the critical influence of organizational culture, the achievement of competencies related to the capacity of team building using digital tools and the subjective perceptions of usefulness on the decision to implement telework. It also provides insight into the most important determinant factors for reshaping work organization in European SMEs. Considering the incipient regulatory framework for flexible work arrangements, the results have practical implications for in-company training strategies and the policies to foster telework implementation in SMEs.
... As common method variance may be a concern if dependent and independent variables were collected in one survey at the same time from a single informant (Podsakoff et al., 2003), we followed the recommendation of Podsakoff et al. (2012) and employed a two-wave, multi-source design. The two-wave approach allowed us to collect data on the dependent and independent variables at different time points. ...
... This multi-source design helps reduce response burden and improves response rates and accuracy. More importantly, such a design will minimize the likelihood that the results are biased by the mindset of a single source (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Altogether, we gathered 189 usable questionnaires (23.6%) after excluding 63 due to missing data. ...
This study takes a managerial cognition perspective and investigates how managerial negative interpretation of the external environment infuences frm engagement in environmental CSR. We also explore how ownership structure and market
demand uncertainty afect this relationship. The analysis of survey data from 189
frms in China shows that when managers interpret their external environment in
a negative light, they frst increase their attention to frms’ environmental footprint
and then decrease their environmental commitment as the assessment of the external
environment becomes increasingly negative. Our results also suggest that both state
ownership and market uncertainty strengthen this curvilinear relationship.
... Indonesian Islamic bank employees were invited to participate in this survey from November to December 2021. This study also applied a pre-test and pilot test to validate all measurement items and avoid bias issues (Hair et al., 2019;Podsakoff et al., 2003). The participants were 680 Islamic bank employees working in accounting and finance departments. ...
... In this study, respondents were asked to complete the questionnaire anonymously, and the measurement items were randomly arranged and the construct labels hidden to reduce respondents' concerns when completing the questionnaire (Podsakoff et al., 2003). As for postdetection, this study applied the Harman's single-factor test proposed by Eichhorn (2014) and the common latent factor (CLF) to conduct post-detection because of the inherent weakness of the Harman's single-factor test to detect the CMV. ...
... Using the mixed-methods sampling approach, according to De Leeuw et al. (2008), mitigates the bias caused by solitary sampling technique, minimizes time, and boosts participation. In order to reduce social desirability bias, the respondents were assured of secrecy of their responses and considering them only for academic purpose (Podsakoff et al., 2003). After examining the responses, 634 were considered for further analysis. ...
... Principal component factor analysis was used to reduce common method bias. The findings showed that only 30.46% of the variation was explained by a single component, which is less than the threshold value of 50% and thus suggested the absence of common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Third, the normality of the data was checked through the skewness and kurtosis values. ...
This research uses self-determination theory to examine gamification, virtual-try-on technology (VTO), and e-logistics service quality(e-LSQ) as antecedents of customer satisfaction in the domain of online shopping. This research further examines customer satisfaction as predictor of repurchase intentions while theorizing Pay-on-delivery (POD) as a moderator between customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. Data were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire from online shoppers. The sample comprised of 634 respondents who had purchased products using VTO. The results confirmed VTO and e-LSQ as strong antecedents of customer satisfaction, which further leads to repurchase intention. Interestingly, gamification had insignificant influence on customer satisfaction. Further, POD moderated the relationship between customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions. This study is a preliminary attempt in the online context to evaluate POD and VTO as substantial factors stimulating online purchase using the SDT as a theoretical underpinning. A theoretical relationship among e-LSQ, VTO, and customer satisfaction is further demonstrated by the study.
... To minimise common bias, the survey was directed at two firm informants, the head of supply chain management, logistics or operations management in some areas -SC4.0 exploitation, LSCM and focal firm operational performanceand the head of information systems management in others -SC4.0 exploration (Podsakoff et al., 2003). The study population was composed of 2,650 Spanish medium-size focal manufacturing companies taken from the SABI (Iberian Balance Sheet Analysis System) database, which provides economic and financial information about 2,900,000 Spanish companies based on their balance sheets. ...
... Common method bias was minimised by using two respondents per firmone of the managers was in charge of the supply chain and the other had responsibilities in the area of technologies and IT systemsand was subsequently tested using Harman's single-factor test (Podsakoff et al., 2003). All the variables in the exploratory factor analysis were loaded with the number of factors constrained to 1. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly, to provide a measurement instrument for supply chain 4.0 ambidexterity by applying the theoretical perspective of ambidexterity to advance Industry 4.0; secondly, to empirically analyse how supply chain 4.0 ambidexterity and lean supply chain management contribute to enhancing the focal firm’s operational performance.
Design/methodology/approach
Empirical results are obtained through analysis of survey data from a sample of 209 Spanish focal firms in industrial sectors in an intermediate position in the supply chain. Structural equation modelling was performed to test the three proposed hypotheses.
Findings
Drawing on resource orchestration theory and the relational resource-based view, this study empirically demonstrates the full mediating role of lean supply chain management in the relationship between supply chain 4.0 ambidexterity and the focal firm’s operational performance.
Originality/value
Although recent research has highlighted the pertinence of applying inter-organisational ambidexterity to foster Industry 4.0 (Hofmann et al. , 2019), to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies to apply this theoretical framework to explain the transition to supply chain 4.0. In addition, to date, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study exists that has developed a measurement scale and used this concept in an empirical analysis to advance theory development.
... The self-reported questionnaire is likely to cause a biasing effect on measurements of the constructs (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, & Podsakoff, 2012). To minimize such biasing effects, we followed the suggestions of Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, and Podsakoff (2003) and Podsakoff et al. (2012). Accordingly, some procedural and statistical remedies were employed. ...
... All the scale items that measured constructs were entered into an explanatory factor analysis without any rotation. According to Podsakoff et al. (2003), if a single factor emerges from the factor analysis or if one general factor accounts for most of the variance among the constructs, common-method variance is present. The explanatory factor analysis resulted in four factors, and the first factor accounts for less than 50% of the covariances in the data. ...
An extensive review of the hospitality literature revealed a limited number of empirical studies on employees' corporate social responsibility (CSR)-induced attributions and their organization-related predictors. This paper aims to examine the relationship between perceived behavioral integrity in organization, perceived organiza-tion's in-out CSR alignment, employees' CSR-induced attributions, and affective commitment. Data were collected from 499 employees of chain hotels operating in İstanbul, Turkey. The research model was analyzed using partial least squares of structural equation modeling. The results showed that perceived behavioral integrity in organization and perceived organization's in-out CSR alignment had a positive influence on intrinsic CSR at-tributions and a negative influence on extrinsic CSR attributions. Employees' affective commitment was positively influenced by intrinsic CSR attributions, whereas it was negatively influenced by extrinsic CSR attribu-tions. The findings provide some important implications for hospitality companies about how to ensure employees' affective commitment through CSR practices. Theoretical implications and avenues for future research are presented.
... Hence, there are statistically significant positive correlations between them all, suggesting an empirical linkage between these variables. Furthermore, Harman's single-factor test was examined to identify the potential common method bias (CMB) in the study, as highlighted by Podsakoff et al. (2003). CMB pertains to measurement methods rather than the constructs themselves and emerges when data for both dependent and independent variables are obtained from the same respondent pool. ...
... CMB pertains to measurement methods rather than the constructs themselves and emerges when data for both dependent and independent variables are obtained from the same respondent pool. The findings from this test indicated that a solitary factor solution accounted for only 36.63% of the overall variance, significantly falling below the established threshold of 50% (Podsakoff et al., 2003), thus confirming that the research model is not influenced by CMB. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation of each variable and facet was conducted to assess multi-collinearity. ...
To date, hospitality literature has mainly used an aggregated measure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to assess hotels' green trust (GT) and green customer behaviour (GCB). The differential impact of internal and external CSR on GT and GCB is crucial as this may lead to different levels of impacts on hotels' environmental performance. This study investigates how internal and external CSR impact customers' GT and GCB. It also investigates how GT mediates the relationship between internal and external CSR and GCB. Using survey data from 304 customers from eight green hotels in Manila and employing the PLS‐SEM technique for analysis, the results show that internal and external CSR positively impact GT and GCB. Moreover, GT mediates the relationship between internal CSR and GCB, but not between external CSR and GCB. This study extends stakeholder theory and the theory of planned behaviour by providing novel insights into how customers' GT and GCB may differ in relation to internal and external dimensions of CSR.
... The data relating to this study was analyzed with SPSS 26 software, AMOS, and PROCESS 56 . To ensure the validity of data analyses, Harman's single-factor test using principal component factor analysis was performed to test the common method bias 57 . The results of the non-rotated principal component analysis showed that all three factors the eigenvalues greater > 1 and contributed 58.868% to the total variance. ...
This study examined the relationship between family capital (FC) and academic achievement in geography along with the mediating role of creativity. The main objective was to determine if FC is a positive predictor of creativity and geographic achievement, and whether creativity completely or partially mediates the relationship between FC and geographic achievement. 1268 high school students participated in this study using the Family Capital Questionnaire (FCQ), the Innovative Behavior Scale (IBS), and students’ class geography scores. SPSS 26 and Amos software were used to analyze the descriptive statistics and the correlation between the main variables. The mediating role of creativity was tested using PROCESS version 4. The correlation analyses showed that FC positively afected academic achievement in geography (β= 0.382, SE= 0.019). Creativity also demonstrated a positive efect on geography academic achievement (β= 0.376, SE= 0.022). The mediation analysis showed that creativity mediated and bufered the relationship between FC and academic achievement in geography. Thus, FC directly afected students’ academic achievement in geography and indirectly afected their creativity. This clearly demonstrates that student characteristics and the external environment should be emphasized in geography education, while placing a strong focus on cultivating individual creativity.
... The final measurement model was tested for common method bias (CMB) using the unmeasured latent factor technique [32], which showed differences of standardised regression weights> 0.20 (all well-being items). Hence, we adopted the single-common-method-factor approach [33] for CMB-adjusted values by producing imputed composite scores and applying them to path analysis for the structural model (Fig. 2). ...
Background
Psychosocial factors and dentist-patient relationships (DPR) have been suggested to be associated with oral health outcomes. This study aimed to test a conceptual model which hypothesised relationships among psychosocial factors, DPR variables, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in the ‘distal-to-proximal’ framework.
Methods
A total of 12,245 adults aged 18 years or over living in South Australia were randomly sampled for the study. Data were collected from self-complete questionnaires in 2015–2016. The outcome variable of Oral Health Impact Profile was used to measure OHRQoL. Psychosocial domain consisted of psychological well-being, social support, and health self-efficacy. DPR domain included trust in dentists, satisfaction with dental care, and dental fear. The hypothesised model was tested using the two-step approach in structural equation modelling.
Results
Data were analysed from 3767 respondents after the screening/preparing process (adjusted valid response rate 37.4%). In the first step of the analysis, confirmatory factor analyses produced acceptable measurement models for each of the six latent variables (GFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04). The final structural model indicated that better well-being, higher self-efficacy, and more satisfaction were associated with lower oral health impact (β = − 0.12, − 0.07, − 0.14, respectively) whereas fear was positively associated (β = 0.19). Among intermediates, support was positively associated with satisfaction within a small effect size (β = 0.06) as compared to self-efficacy with trust (β = 0.22). The invariance of the final model was also confirmed on participants’ SES and dental service characteristics except the variable of ‘last dental visit’.
Conclusions
Psychosocial factors and DPR variables were associated with oral health impact in both direct and indirect paths. The framework of ‘distal-to-proximal’ actions is empirically supported from psychosocial factors via DPR variables to OHRQoL.
... We only used the Common Latent Factor (CLF) approach, which entails introducing a common latent factor, in addition to hypothesized factors, in the analysis model to capture the common variance among the observed variables. This method assesses the amount of variance that can be accounted for by a common factor, after having accounted for all the factors, providing insight into the presence of common method variance (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Following Eichhorn (2014), we tested three models to assess common method bias. ...
... Moreover, in an effort to mitigate the possibility of common method bias, as suggested by Podsakoff et al. (2003), which might arise from inconsistencies in measurement methods, measurement items, or the survey's design structure, Harman's single-factor test was employed. The test revealed that the percentage variance associated with common method bias was only 2%, falling well below the established threshold value of 50%. ...
This study explored the impact of online distribution systems (ODS) on the revenue of selected hotels in Delhi (NCR). Data were collected from 112 hotel managers representing 56 star-rated hotels in the region. A survey questionnaire assessed various attributes of ODS and their effect on hotel revenue. After conducting exploratory factor analysis (EFA), nine underlying factors were identified. A multiple regression analysis was then performed to determine the impact of these factors on hotel revenue. The results indicated that five out of the nine factors, namely user-friendliness, ease of access, time-saving efficiency, payment security, and discounts/offers, were found to significantly impact hotel revenue. These findings provide valuable insights for hotel management and the ODS industry, emphasizing the importance of specific attributes in driving revenue growth. Hotel managers can use this information to enhance their online distribution strategies and potentially increase revenue and guest satisfaction.
... The data in the present study were all from the participants' self-reports, so Harman's single-factor test was carried out to rule out the potential common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Specifically, the single-factor structure of all items of the latent variables (i.e., FLE and FLP) was verified by conducting CFA. ...
Previous studies have extensively explored the mediating mechanisms between academic enjoyment and achievement. However, few studies have examined the mediating effect of cognitive strategies between these two constructs, especially in teaching English as a foreign language (EFL). This research aimed to investigate whether foreign language organizational strategies (FLOS) mediate the association between foreign language enjoyment (FLE) and foreign language proficiency (FLP). Five hundred and twenty-four Chinese secondary EFL learners aged 11 to 15 participated in the questionnaire survey. Structural equation modelling (SEM) and mediation analysis results showed that FLE could affect FLP directly and indirectly through FLOS after controlling for gender and age. Also, it was found that FLOS partially mediated the association between FLE and FLP. This research deepened the understanding of the mediating mechanisms between FLE and FLP. Implications, deficiencies, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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... SEM is often associated with common-method bias due to data from a single respondent (Kock, 2015). Using Harman's single variable test (Lindell and Whitney, 2001;Podsakoff et al., 2003), we found that 23.7 and 19.5% of the variances in the producer and processor models were each explained by one factor, respectively, suggesting that common-method bias is absent from our models. Table 1 summarises the descriptive statistics of the sampled respondents. ...
Purpose
Research efforts aiming to improve understanding of how various organisational relationships contribute to better food quality (FQ) in a constantly changing business environment are limited. This study examines the effects of supply chain (SC) organisations on the quality of food products across multi-tiered segments with dynamic business situations.
Design/methodology/approach
Guided by a conceptual research framework based on contingency theory and netchain analysis, moderation-based partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse multi-tiered data from 405 shrimpers and 238 women processors in Akwa-Ibom, Lagos and Ondo states in Nigeria.
Findings
The authors' findings show that unpredictable business environments such as market turbulence (MT), power asymmetry (PA) and distrust (DT) not only directly influence SC organisations but also moderate how organisational networks contribute to improved FQ. Further results reveal that closer vertical ties such as relational contracts are prerequisites for small-scale actors to guarantee improved FQ along multiple nodes of the food system.
Originality/value
This is the first study to examine, from a contingency and multi-tiered perspective, how small-scale actors can maintain FQ across interdependent nodes of a food chain in a developing country context and to explore the complex interplay between SC networks and the quality of highly perishable food products in unpredictable business environments. Relevant theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
... We used both a priori and ex-post methods to avoid the common method variance, the source for CMB. In line with the recommendations of [94]; we ensured anonymity to respondents, including attention checks and randomization of the items within the survey. ...
This study examined the impact of shared identity and agency trust, governmental vs. third party, on Finnish citizens' intention to vote online. Using the integrated model of shared identity and trust as a theoretical lens, a within-subject quasi-experiment was conducted to understand the impact of agency trust on intention to vote online. The model was tested using data from 248 Finnish citizens using PLS-SEM. We found that citizens' perceptions of shared identity with online voting agencies significantly contribute to agency trust. This trust in agencies, then directly and indirectly through perceived usefulness, affects online voting intention. Perceived usefulness directly and perceived ease of use indirectly increase the intention to vote online. However, the perceived usefulness of online voting is contingent upon the voting administering agency being the government. This study contributes to the understanding of agency trust in online voting adoption in the Finnish context and highlights the role of shared identity in building citizen trust in online voting. It also emphasizes the effect of voting agency type on the perceived usefulness of online voting.
... Namun demikian, penelitian ini memiliki beberapa keterbatasan penelitian. Pertama, data mungkin memiliki kemungkinan common method bias, karena konstruk penelitian ini diukur hanya dengan menggunakan satu survei (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Disarankan untuk mempertimbangkan metode pengumpulan data, yang dapat mengurangi kemungkinan masalah ini dalam penelitian selanjutnya. ...
This study aims to analyze the relationship between the dimensions of experience economy, tour quality, and tour satisfaction in Tamanmartani tourist village. The dimensions of experience economy consist of education, entertainment, aesthetic, escapism. Each of the dimension reflects specific expectation that the tour participants have to the tour itself. Through quantitative methods, questionnaires were used to collect data from tourists visiting Tamanmartani tourism village. A total of 100 respondents were involved in this study and the collected data were processed using Smart PLS. The result of the analysis shows that the dimensions of experience economy have a positive impact on the perception of tour quality and tour satisfaction. The results provide a better understanding of how the interaction between these factors can shape the perception, behavior, and image of tourist destinations. This study provides valuable information for destination managers, local governments, and tourism industry stakeholders to design more effective strategies in developing Tamanmartani tourism village.
... The information obtained from the survey was matched with participation data obtained from a membership database. This allowed us to combine self-reported data with objective behavioral data, alleviating common methods bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
Objective:
Physical activity in a social setting is said to be associated with well-being because it provides opportunities for participants to form social relationships. However, there are inconsistent findings regarding the well-being benefits of participating in physical activity with others. To address this inconclusive evidence, we draw on the social identity approach to health and well-being to examine whether (a) the frequency of physical activity participation in a social setting and (b) the degree of social identification associated with it, have different relationships with participants’ well-being.
Methods:
We implemented a two-phase, mixed-methods design with members of women's only fitness clubs in Japan. In Study 1, we collected survey responses about social identification, life satisfaction, and eudaimonic well-being from 1118 members. The survey data were combined with respondents' objective participation data from a membership database. In Study 2, we interviewed a sample of club members to understand how the nature of social relationships differed depending on the degree of their social identification.
Results:
Study 1 found that social identification with a fitness club, but not the frequency of attending the club for physical activity, was positively associated with members’ well-being. Study 2 revealed that members with high social identification experienced more affective relationships with other members than those with medium or low identification.
Conclusions:
Our research provides quantitative and qualitative evidence supporting the association between social identification and the well-being benefits of physical activity in a social setting. It confirms the predictions of the social identity approach to health and well-being.
... Procedural measures (e.g., psychological separation of variables) and Harman's one-factor test (Podsakoff et al., 2003) verified that common method bias was not a problem. The data were analysed through structural equation modelling (SEM) using Amos 28, with the measurement model run to test the constructs' reliability and validity. ...
The literature on ethics currently recommends more research on the emotional underpinnings of ethical decision-making. The current study takes up the challenge, addressing this research gap by theorising and empirically testing, through four studies (with different methodologies, e.g., survey design, lab experiment), the link between envy—malicious versus benign—and beliefs in unethical consumer behaviour as moderated by religiosity. We show that while malicious envy enhances different types of unethical consumer beliefs, this effect is dampened by the presence versus absence of religiosity (when religiosity was both measured and manipulated through thoughts of God priming). We also show that moral awareness mediates this effect. The findings contribute to theory and practice.
... When the instrument is the source of biased results, we refer to it as method bias . Arguably, the most widely known instance of method bias is common method bias, whereby respondents answer questions with a common method similarly, regardless of the question being asked (Podsakoff et al., 2003). As common method bias has been extensively covered in IS literature (e.g., Aguirre-Urreta & Hu, 2019;Chin et al., 2012;Schwarz et al., 2017;Sharma et al., 2009), we will focus on other sources of method bias in survey research. ...
Find archived papers, submission instructions, terms of use, and much more at the JISE website: https://jise.org ABSTRACT To ensure validity in survey research, it is imperative that we properly educate doctoral students on best practices in data quality procedures. A 14-year analysis of 679 studies in the AIS "Basket of 8" journals noted undercommunication in the most pertinent procedures, consistent across journals and time. Given recent calls for improvements in data transparency, scholars must be educated on the importance and methods for ensuring data quality. Thus, to guide the education of doctoral students, we present a "5-C Framework'' of data quality procedures derived from a wide-ranging literature review. Additionally, we describe a set of guidelines regarding enacting and communicating data quality procedures in survey research.
... Thus, convergent validity was established on the basis of permissible levels of factor loadings and AVEs (Table 1). In addition, the result of Harman's single-factor test indicates that a single factor accounted for only 25% of the variance, confirming that the data are free of common variance bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Furthermore, construct reliability was determined using acceptable reliability measures (Table 1). ...
Purpose
The aim of this study is to assess the mediating effect of source appearance (SA) and self-influencer congruence (SIC) on the relationship between visual content (VC) and customer engagement (CE) towards mobile advertisement.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a quantitative approach to test the proposed model based on the stimulus–organism–response (SOR) theory. The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from Pakistani mobile users through a self-administered questionnaire.
Findings
The study results prove that VC alone cannot generate mobile users’ engagement. SA is the key in this regard, which has a relatively higher importance compared to SIC. Furthermore, the serial mediation effect of SA and SIC on CE shows that attractive sources are likely to induce higher SIC and subsequent CE.
Practical implications
The results reveal that without a pleasing SA and positive SIC, mobile users skip the ads by perceiving them to be irritating or interruptive. Mobile ads might cost relatively less, but the advertisers should understand the significance of the SA toward minimizing the mobile advertising skepticism.
Originality/value
Advertisers can enhance the user’s engagement on mobile devices by addressing both the SA and SIC in their VC. The combined effect of both the SA and SIC on CE has not been assessed before. Furthermore, this study has used the SOR mechanism to examine CE.
... We conducted Harman's one-factor test (HFT) to assess the presence of any common method bias. The outcomes of the HFT revealed that the items related to the one-factor explanation accounted for less than the recommended threshold of 50% of the variance (Podsakoff et al., 2003). This outcome suggests that the study does not exhibit any notable risk associated with common method bias. ...
This research investigates how various personality traits influence individuals' inclination to engage with the metaverse. The study gathered 332 responses to assess the hypotheses derived from both the Big Five personality traits and the Dark Triad personality framework. The study also investigates the mediating effect of attitude towards the metaverse and the moderating role of fear of missing out (FOMO). The findings suggest that ex-traversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, narcissism, machiavellianism and psychopathy have a significant impact on the intention to use metaverse. Further, attitudes towards the metaverse and FOMO are found be to significant mediator and moderator, respectively. Finally, artificial neural network (ANN) results reveal narcissism to be the most important predictor of intention to use metaverse. This research makes a valuable contribution to the field of personality traits and offers insights to marketers regarding the personality traits that are more inclined to embrace the metaverse.
... The Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin (KMO) value of 0.95 indicated adequate sample size for each variable [51] , and Bartlett's test for sphericity showed an appropriate factorization of the correlation matrix (significance value of < 0.001). The Harman test was performed to check for common method bias, and the total variance for a single factor was 33.926 percent, indicating that CMB did not affect the data [52] . ...
Amidst the rapid changes of this era, time constraints act as impediments to employees’ skill acquisition. However, a promising solution emerges in the form of informal workplace learning (IWL). Despite its potential, the precise impact of IWL on employability and competency development has remained an enigma. To unravel this, the present study draws upon the insights of the social learning theory. It delves deep into the impact of IWL on employability, incorporating competency development as a mediating element. The research also examines the potential moderating roles of learning goal orientation (LGO) and self-directed learning orientation (SDLO) in the IWL-competency development relationship. Leveraging data from 512 banking sector participants, the study employs a rigorous deductive design, administering a structured questionnaire through stratified random sampling. Analytical rigor is upheld via Confirmatory Factor Analysis, revealing squared multiple correlations (0.331 to 0.94) and affirming the CFA model’s validity and reliability through indices like average variance extracted (AVE) and composite reliability (CR). The hypotheses are subsequently evaluated through structural equation modelling (SEM). Findings reveal a substantial impact of IWL on employability (β = 0.13), with competency development effectively mediating this relationship (β = 0.30). While the anticipated moderating roles of LGO and SDLO do not manifest, this research furnishes valuable insights for organizations aiming to bolster their workforce’s proficiency and employability via IWL. The study contributes to the discourse on learning strategies amidst the contemporary professional landscape, urging organizations to harness the potential of IWL to foster adaptability and growth.
... In our study, the first factor accounts for a relatively small proportion of the variance, as evidenced by a Harman's single factor score of 35.221. This suggests that common method bias is unlikely to be a major issue, providing confidence in the validity of our findings (Podsakoff et al., 2003). ...
Purpose-Given innovation's significance, this research examines the link between empowered leadership and frugal innovation. The research also explores how collaborative cultures and organizational commitment mediate empowered leadership's effect on frugal innovation. Design/methodology/approach-Quantitative method is used with the approach of hierarchical regression to test the hypotheses with data obtained from Pakistani small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through the questionnaire from 288 participants. Findings-The results of this study show that empowered leadership has a considerable impact on the firm's capacity for frugal innovation. Additionally, this study shows that organizational commitment and collaborative culture significantly moderate the association between empowering leadership and frugal innovation. Research limitations/implications-Future studies should examine mediating factors, including employment experience, education and perceived organizational support, and moderating variables like employee psychological empowerment and leadership styles. Practical implications-This research advises SMEs in developing nations to utilize frugal innovation since they cannot afford to spend extensively on technologies that add creativity and innovation to goods and services. Originality/value-This study advances how leadership both directly and indirectly helps organizations strengthen their capacity for frugal innovation through the mediating roles of collaborative culture and organizational commitment.
... See Podsakoff et al. (2012) andPodsakoff et al. (2003). ...
The widespread international concern over the low average wellbeing of university students shows no sign of abating. Neglected in the debate is a recognition that wellbeing itself is multidimensional and not all components respond in the same way to external and internal pressures. We draw on a large sample survey of first year students who enrolled in a New Zealand university in 2019 and measure their wellbeing using the WHO-5 measuring instrument. Instead of modelling the index itself we address its five individual components. We apply the marginal (population-averages) model using the generalised estimating equation (GEE) method. As well as confirming earlier findings that students with poorer physical health and lower financial capacity experience lower levels of wellbeing, we document their uneven influence on the relative frequency with which the five individual components are experienced: being cheerful, calm, active, fresh and interested over the previous two teaching weeks.
... Also, the cross-sectional and descriptive nature of the present research may encourage future research to use longitudinal and qualitative forms of research to investigate cognate areas of entrepreneurship attitudes and motivations of Nigerian students in institutions of higher learning. In addition, the use of selfreporting by respondents in this research might have introduced some bias ( Khuwaja et al., 2020), even though ensuring that respondents' responses were anonymous and confidential, as done in this research, is one of the ways of remedying this kind of bias in research (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Generally, selfreporting research instruments (such as questionnaire) are not always accurate with regard to respondents' assessment or perceptions because they (self-reporting instruments) are associated with traces of bias and distortion (Spicer & Sadler-Smith, 2005;Ding et al., 2020). ...
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the entrepreneurship attitudes and motivations of Nigerian university students. Employing a descriptive research design, this study engaged in an extensive literature review, developed, and validated a tailored questionnaire, and analyzed responses from a diverse sample of students. The research reveals that Nigerian students exhibit a moderately low entrepreneurial attitude. Significantly, it uncovers that the primary motivation driving these students towards entrepreneurship is the allure of independence rather than financial incentives. The paper contributes theoretically by shedding light on the entrepreneurial inclinations within a developing country context, specifically Nigeria. It also extends the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the motivations and attitudes of Nigerian students towards entrepreneurship. These insights not only enrich academic discourse but also provide a basis for policy formulation and educational strategies aimed at nurturing entrepreneurship in Nigerian universities. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research, emphasizing the need to delve deeper into the factors influencing entrepreneurial attitudes in similar environments, especially developing countries. Abstrak: Artikel ini menyajikan investigasi komprehensif terhadap sikap dan motivasi kewirausahaan mahasiswa Nigeria. Dengan menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif, penelitian ini melakukan tinjauan literatur yang luas, mengembangkan dan memvalidasi kuesioner yang disesuaikan, dan menganalisis tanggapan dari beragam sampel siswa. Penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa pelajar Nigeria menunjukkan sikap kewirausahaan yang cukup rendah. Secara signifikan, penelitian ini mengungkap bahwa motivasi utama yang mendorong para siswa untuk berwirausaha adalah daya tarik kemandirian dan bukan insentif finansial. Makalah ini memberikan kontribusi teoritis dengan menjelaskan kecenderungan kewirausahaan dalam konteks negara berkembang, khususnya Nigeria. Hal ini juga memperluas pengetahuan yang ada dengan menyoroti motivasi dan sikap siswa Nigeria terhadap kewirausahaan. Wawasan ini tidak hanya memperkaya wacana akademis tetapi juga memberikan dasar bagi perumusan kebijakan dan strategi pendidikan yang bertujuan untuk membina kewirausahaan di universitas-universitas Nigeria. Makalah ini diakhiri dengan saran untuk penelitian masa depan, menekankan perlunya menggali lebih dalam faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi sikap kewirausahaan di lingkungan serupa, khususnya di negara-negara berkembang.
... We first used a set of mixed questions to prevent respondents from determining which features were related to which variables. 92,93 Additionally, to evaluate the CMV in our study, we used the most well-liked statistical methods, including Harman's single-factor test and partial elimination of the general construct. 89,94 The results of the computed principal component analysis (PCA) revealed 7 different variables that accounted for 64.1% of the overall variation (Table 6). ...
Reverse logistics systems are now acknowledged as being crucial for enterprises to enhance their overall financial and environmental performance, particularly in developing nations where they face more challenges on both fronts. The majority of researchers examined drivers and barriers to implementation in developed nations. This study aims to investigate the main factors that positively influence the practice of reverse logistics in a developing country such as Vietnam. The study employed a sample of 287 managers within 5 industries. According to the findings, 4 key factors influenced the reverse logistics implementation in developing countries: economic drivers, competitive drivers, outsourcing drivers, and environmental drivers. Regulation drivers and reputation drivers have little influence on reverse logistics performance, contrary to predictions. The findings help scholars in understanding the factors influencing reverse logistics operations in emerging nations. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate differences in the drivers of reverse logistics execution in developing and developed countries.
... Given that all variables were collected through self-reported questionnaires, assessing the potential for common method bias was necessary. Harman's single-factor test (Podsakoff et al., 2003) revealed nine factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. The largest unrotated common factor accounted for 27.29% of the variance, which falls below the 40% critical threshold (Tang and Wen, 2020). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global shift toward online education, which has increased the use of technology for communication, management, and remote teaching. This study aimed to investigate how primary school teachers in China used technology during the Pandemic and to what extent they experienced Technostress, as well as the impact of Technostress on work–family conflicts and technology-induced health issues. A survey was conducted among 1,172 primary school teachers, and the results revealed that teachers exhibited a moderate to a high level of Technostress during the Pandemic, with differences observed in gender, age, and headteacher duties. Furthermore, Technostress was positively correlated with work–family conflicts and technology-induced health issues. Technology use intensity was found to directly impact work–family conflicts and personal health and indirectly impact them via the agency effects of Technostress. School support moderated the indirect relationship between technology use intensity and work–family conflicts and health issues, with higher levels of school support leading to less apparent impacts of technology intensity on work–family conflicts and personal health via the agency effect of Technostress. These findings provide timely insights for post-pandemic teacher training and technology management and suggest the importance of school support in promoting sustainable educational development.
... Second, this sample cannot be assumed to be representative of all U.S. population in part because participants were drawn from finite pools of individuals and no information is available about the representativeness of the panels used in the study. Third, as with any other survey, we were cognizant of the fact that the study results could be subject to common method biases (Podsakoff et al., 2003); and we attempted to reduce such a bias using a short version of the Marlow-Crow social desirability scale (Strahan & Gerbasi, 1972) to minimize this form of response bias. Thus, results from cross-sectional data should be viewed with extreme caution; they are more useful in falsifying relationships rather than inferring causality (Popper, 1960); and they are useful in suggesting replication and in providing directions for further research using experimental and longitudinal research designs. ...
Many scholars have examined how people implement principles of mindfulness in their day‐to‐day consumption activities. Because buying in most cases precedes consumption, the present research builds a model of antecedents of mindful buying. Based on multi‐theoretical perspectives, the model posits four key variables as antecedents of mindful buying: environmental activism (self‐concept theory and collective interest model), duration of concern about the environment (life course perspective), and media and personal sources as socialization agents. The model proposes that these antecedent variables would have direct effects on mindful buying as well as indirect effect through attitudes toward the environment. The model also posits positive health outcomes of mindful buying. Using a demographically diverse sample ( N = 629, females = 51.7%), regression models were used to test for direct and indirect effects of antecedent variables on mindful buying. Findings of these analyses find support for the model. Implications for theory development, public policy and practice are also discussed.
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... Second, considering the review was cross-sectional, potential normal specialised contrasts cannot be overlooked. The study endeavoured to lighten this issue somewhat by utilising Harman's univariate test (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Be that as it may, from now on, analysts might gather data from different sources or, on the other hand, throughout numerous periods (cross-sectional information) to eliminate any potential inclination related to cross-sectional information. ...
The existing study aims to assess the association between humble leadership and project success by analysing the moderating effect of the project. Cross-sectional data was extracted from 231 project managers, nominated by convenience sampling, working in project organisations in the construction industry in Punjab, Pakistan. By using SPSS and AMOS, the results are verified. The outcome exhibited that humble leadership assists in achieving the project's success, and project complexity plays its role as a moderator. This research shows how the chosen leadership style (humble leadership) deals with the project complexities and helps in the smooth implementation of projects that help achieve a successful project. For the construction projects to be completed successfully, it is essential to identify a leadership style that helps to identify and resolve the complexities of the project. The investigation yields favourable results for the project managers in Pakistan's construction industry. Since a project's success depends on the roles and perspectives of its leader and his leadership style, the recognition and participation of the leader play a part in its achievement. This study also encourages academics to focus on project management by connecting the leadership style and outcomes that should be understood and implemented from the project's initial planning stages.
... Although possible, we argue that it seems unlikely that method variance drove the significant relationships observed in this research. Method variance likely influences passion (or job crafting) to a similar extent at Time n and Time n + 1 (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003). Then, the latent change variable between Time n and Time n + 1 should be free of influences of method variance (McArdle, 2001(McArdle, , 2009. ...
Although the importance of developing and sustaining passion for work over time has long been underscored, how this can be accomplished has yet to be elaborated and substantiated in the literature. Drawing upon the self-concordance model, we proposed a theoretical model in which harmonious work passion (i.e., passion derived from an autonomous internalization of work into one's identity) may develop and be sustained over time through promoting job crafting behaviors that, in turn, spur greater subsequent passion later on. However, obsessive work passion (i.e., passion emanated from a controlled internalization of work with intra-or interper-sonal contingencies attached) is less likely to promote this self-reinforcing cycle. Multivariate Acknowledgments: We are indebted to Susan Ashford for her insightful edits, comments, and suggestions on earlier versions of this article. We are also grateful for for their invaluable suggestions and discussions.
... The results of Harman's one-factor test indicated that the first common factor explained 17.98% of the total variance, which was far below 40% [54]. Taking suicide risk as dependent variable, and childhood trauma, resilience, and mental distress as independent variables, the results of collinearity test showed that the variance inflation factors (VIFs) ranged from 1.115 to 1.334, which were close to 1 [55]. ...
Background
Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death among young people aged 15–29 years. A large number of studies have found that mental disorder in adulthood is closely related to childhood trauma, and the relationship between childhood trauma and suicide risk is influenced by resilience and mental distress. This study aimed to explore the effects of childhood trauma on suicide risk among young people and the potential roles of resilience and mental distress in the relationship between childhood trauma on suicide risk.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 742 young adults who were in graduate school stage from multiple provinces and cities in China. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-Short Form), Connor-Davison Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Suicide Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) were used to measure young adults’ childhood trauma, resilience and suicide risk, respectively. 9-items Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and 7-items self-report Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) were used together to measure mental distress. Correlation analysis was performed to explore the initial relationships among the main variables. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to examine the chain mediating effects of resilience and mental distress in the relationship between childhood trauma and suicide risk.
Results
The structural equation modeling produced goodness of fit indices (χ² /df = 3.668, p < 0.001, RMSEA = 0.060, NFI = 0.959, CFI = 0.969, GFI = 0.969, TLI = 0.955). Childhood trauma significantly predicted suicide risk (β = 0.232, p < 0.001) and mental distress (β = 0.181, p < 0.001), which had negative effect on resilience (β = -0.233, p < 0.001). Resilience negatively affected mental distress (β = -0.483, p < 0.001) and suicide risk (β = -0.142, p = 0.001), while mental distress positively associated with suicide risk (β = 0.219, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The current study revealed that resilience and mental distress played chain-mediating roles in the relationship between childhood trauma and suicide risk. This suggests that we should view the suicide risk of graduate students from a comprehensive perspective.
... The leadership scale included in the Time II instrument managed three dimensions: self-efficacy, cross-boundary belief, and leadership support. According to Podsakoff et al. (2003), such techniques should be implemented to mitigate the risk of common method bias. Two subject-matter expert academicians proficient in both languages translated the instruments from English to Chinese and back to English (Sperber, 2004). ...
... However, given that the second-order measures had a superior measurement model fit, along with the common practice of prior studies using the scales as second-order measures, we retained this practice in our following analysis. Additionally, varying scaling anchors were used following the instruction from Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, and Podsakoff (2003) to minimize common method variances. Results from Harman's singlefactor analysis further suggested that common method variances were not an issue for the current research (χ 2 /df = 7.97). ...
Meditation has largely been associated with its religious connotation in the tourism literature. The present research steers away from that tradition to focus on meditative practices as a leisure activity. It addresses the literature void by conducting a survey study on meditation tourists who participated in a 7-day meditation excursion. Based on attention restoration theory and the two-factor theory of emotion, this research contributes to the literature by underscoring a theoretical synthesis of the transformative potential of meditation on tourists' psychological and emotional wellness. It moves beyond the religiously grounded meditation retreat to offer a more generalizable travel phenomenon for body–soul self-improvement. It opens a new avenue for meditation travel by attention restoration through an arousal–cognition perspective. This wellness-related tourism has great potential to gain further popularity for those who have suffered mental and physical stress from the pandemic and other life adversities.
... The 34 items were entered into principal factor analysis as one unrotated factor. Common method variance is typically assumed to be present when a single factor accounts for more than 50% of the total variance in the indicators (Podskoff et al., 2003). However, the total variance explained by the unrotated factor was 23%, which suggests a possible absence of common method bias. ...
Purpose
Keeping happy and committed workers is an imperative goal for organisations in any field, including higher education. Institutions must, however, have a thorough understanding of the elements that influence various organisational commitment levels before they can develop human resource management guidelines and procedures that work. Hence, by using social exchange theory, this study aimed to investigate the connection between work–life balance (WLB), job satisfaction and organisational commitment among a sample of Zimbabwean higher education institutions. These factors have received relatively minimal attention in academic institutions, particularly in developing nations.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional survey was conducted, using convenience sampling, to examine 224 members of the teaching staff from two universities in western Zimbabwe. The collected data were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling.
Findings
The results revealed that WLB significantly predicted job satisfaction. Furthermore, the relationship between WLB and affective and normative commitment was found to be indirect and mediated by job satisfaction.
Research limitations/implications
The results of this study suggest that WLB and job satisfaction are crucial factors for higher education institutions that aim to secure their talented faculty's affective and normative commitment. Therefore, universities should implement firm policies and practices that encourage academic staff to maintain a healthy WLB and enhance job satisfaction.
Originality/value
The study's main contribution is the development of a conceptual model that contributes to the ongoing scholarly discourse on how to enhance organisational commitment among academic staff in under-resourced higher education institutions, as well as the concomitant implications for human resource policies within these institutions.
Our paper examines the relationship between State Bank of Vietnam's implementation of monetary policies, Foreign direct investment inflows, and the country's move toward a circular economy. By using the PLS-SEM method with 330 observations, the study demonstrated that the positive impacts of the State Bank of Vietnam's monetary policies will aid in promoting Vietnam's transition to the circular economy, either when the State Bank offers a contractionary or expansionary or sustainable monetary policy. Moreover, when a country receives foreign direct investment, it tends to encourage companies' ability to create green, environmentally friendly products. Foreign direct investment inflows also stimulate a country to the transition to circular economy. Our research highlights the regulatory factor of Foreign Direct Investment capital that will increase 0.204 and 0.07 levels of impact between stable and expansionary monetary policy on the shift to circular economy. The results of this study contribute new factors in the theory of circular economy as well as policy implications for the State Bank of Vietnam, thereby aiding in the State Bank's development of an appropriate monetary policy to encourage foreign direct investment and the transition to the circular economy.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm of connectivity and networks for devices with electronics, sensors, and software connected to cyberphysical systems anytime and anywhere. As an innovation, the IoT aids consumers in multiple ways in the retail sector, satisfying utilitarian and hedonic shopping motivations, and as a result, exploring their shopping motivation is necessary. This study deploys the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) embedded in perceived enjoyment, trust, and risk to estimate Malaysian consumers' attitude toward the IoT for online fashion shopping, eventually leading to utilitarian and hedonic shopping motivations. Quantitative survey data collected from Malaysian IoT shoppers were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The outcomes revealed that IoT performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and perceived enjoyment significantly and positively affected attitude toward the IoT. However, the impact of social influence, perceived risk, and perceived trust on attitudes toward the IoT appeared to be insignificant. Attitude toward the IoT significantly influenced utilitarian shopping motivation, followed by value-and adventure-related shopping motivations. This assimilated study model highlights how attitude toward the IoT mediates the relationships among IoT performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and perception of enjoyment regarding shopping motivations. The current study adds to the literature by enhancing UTAUT3 and exposing allied shopping motivations toward IoT-facilitated fashion shopping. This study offers practical implications for developing trust and reducing risk to harness positive attitudes toward the IoT to enhance fashion shopping. Related shortcomings and practical implications are outlined at the end of this paper.
Scholars found factors contributing to competitive advantages, including dynamic capabilities and distinctive competencies. However, these factors are occasionally fail to perform optimally due to turbulent situations, current global pandemic. Hence, this situation makes it increasingly difficult to sustain a competitive advantage. As a result, this study aims to develop a new root of competitive advantage for the pandemic period. This study hypothesizes that pandemic leadership and resilience system will strengthen the intercourse between distinctive competencies and competitive advantage. This study provides a powerful method by including curvilinear into the moderate effect of pandemic resilience management, a new term created by combining pandemic leadership with resilience system. We use structural equation modelling to evaluate our proposed model on a sample of 200 Indonesia multinational firms. Additionally, a robustness test was performed to evaluate results and demonstrate the model application simulated under a variety of different scenarios. The findings show a positive relationship between dynamic capabilities and competitive advantage through distinctive competencies. furthermore, pandemic leadership and resilience system moderate the relationship between distinctive competencies and competitive advantage in a beneficial way. Pandemic resilience management was confirmed to have moderate role in the relationship between distinctive competencies and competitive advantage with the -shape curvilinear model.
Prior studies have demonstrated that HIV-related stigma (e.g., internalized HIV stigma) is detrimental to the physical and mental health (e.g., sleep impairment and depressive symptoms) of people living with HIV (PLWH). However, follow-up data are limited regarding the longitudinal relationships between internalized HIV stigma, future orientation, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and sleep impairment. The present study attempted to examine a mediation model involving these variables among Chinese PLWH. A two-wave follow-up design (6 months intervals) was employed in a final sample of 1,140 Chinese PLWH (Mage = 41.63, SD = 9.29, age range: 21-67 years; 64.6% men). Participants completed Internalized HIV Stigma Scale, Optimism About the Future Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and an adapted version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results revealed that internalized HIV stigma at baseline had a significant direct relationship with sleep impairment over time, and a significant indirect relationship with increased sleep impairment over time via future orientation and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the linkage between internalized HIV stigma and sleep impairment was serially mediated via self-esteem and depressive symptoms. This study highlights the deleterious effects of internalized HIV stigma on the physical and psychological health of PLWH. The findings suggest that interventions targeting internalized HIV stigma and related factors such as future orientation, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms may facilitate improvements in sleep quality and overall well-being among PLWH.
Values refer to stable beliefs and principles held by individuals, which guide their attitudes, behaviours, and judgments, and play a crucial role in shaping their identities and interactions with others. Studying values in social psychology is important as it provides insights into the motivational forces that drive individuals' behaviour and decision-making, shaping the dynamics of interpersonal relationships and societal interactions. The aim of this paper is to test the possibility of measuring basic values in the archive and text materials. Based on the Schwartz's theory of values and earlier work on the value lexicon in English, the Serbian lexicon of values was developed and preliminarily validated on a large-scale Internet-based survey. The lexical co-occurrence of words in the natural language use on the Internet was analysed in order to assess the convergent, discriminant and predictive validity of the lexicon. Lexical co-occurrence analysis showed that the words representing the same values co-occurred significantly more in comparison to the words denoting different values. The pattern of correlations between the values measured in the archive material on the Internet using the value lexicon showed high convergence with the pattern of correlations between the values assessed by the self-reported measures used in the European Social Survey in 2018. The relative prominence of the specific values on the official websites of the exemplar societal institutions and organizations identified by the value lexicon was in line with the expectations and preliminarily confirmed the criterion validity of the lexicon of values. Possible applications of the lexicon of values, as well as some methodological issues pertaining to its future use, are discussed in the final part.
Consumers have demonstrated new ways of engaging with fashion retailers and experiencing their brand values. This research aims to understand better how fashion consumers form their purchase intentions, by exploring how their expectations about corporate social responsibility influence consumer brand engagement and purchase intention. The research comprises two studies, using different methodologies. The first study is quantitative; it involved 1296 individuals and the results were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The second study is qualitative and utilizes expert opinions from the fashion industry; it seeks to derive managerial and practical implications from the findings of the first study. The results show that corporate social responsibility influences the purchase intention of fashion consumers, but mainly through brand engagement. Consequently, fashion companies should focus on building consumer trust in the sustainability initiatives of brands, including by utilizing local suppliers.
Trust and creativity are focal topics of psychological study. In recent years, researchers in psychology, pedagogy and management have developed a series of theoretical and empirical studies about how trust affects creativity in group settings. There are three hypotheses on the whole: activation, inhibition and the inverted U model. The activation hypothesis means that trust can promote creativity generally. The inhibition hypothesis shows that under certain conditions, trust will hamper creativity. The inverted U model means that with the effects of conflict and other variables, trust may create a “sweet spot effect” for creativity. The three hypotheses all can be supported by theory and empirical analysis, but there still appears to be some problems. In the future the research should be developed from the angle of selecting the measurement methods properly, clarifying the influence of trust on creativity and deepening understandings of the mechanism of how trust influences creativity.
The study focus on motivational factors on organic food consumption with the work is to observe the attitudes' mediation effect in relationship among environ concerns, Health perception and price conscious towards buying organic food and its direct effect between the hypothesized variables are also observed. The collected data is based on convenience sampling from the consumers at different organic food stores by using a structured questionnaire. SEM by AMOS 21 is utilized to evaluate the proposed relationship, the findings confirmed that the motivational factors towards organic food (Price conscious, environmental concern and health perception) impacts the buy intent of organic food indirectly through attitude. The novelty of the examination is for revealing the mediation effect (in terms of negative) under the relationship among the price conscious as well as purchase intention among Indian consumers.
We investigate the role of gender and culture on the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and entre-preneurial intentions, using social cognitive theory as the underlying theoretical framework. We place our research in two culturally different nations, namely, the United Kingdom, which belongs to the Anglo cluster and Greece, which belongs to the Mediterranean cluster. Our results demonstrate the direct (positive) effect of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurial intentions, but also unveil that despite the correlational relationship between passion and gender suggesting that women have greater passion than men, it is men's passion that is a marginally stronger predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. We also find that cultural context plays an important moderating role in the relationship between passion and entrepreneurial intentions. But contrary to our expectations , we find that Greece compared to the UK is more conducive to the entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial intentions relationship. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
This book examines the phenomenon of knowledge celebrities, an emerging group of social media influencers who produce and sell knowledge products online. Its primary goal is to investigate the reasons and strategies behind their ability to attract users and persuade them to purchase knowledge products on digital platforms.
With the increasing demand for high-quality content from online users, various platforms have emerged as pay-for-knowledge platforms, allowing knowledge celebrities to monetize their expertise. This book draws on theoretical frameworks from information science, communication and management to provide insights into this phenomenon and to examine the practices and individuals involved. Building on existing scholarship and analyzing case studies in China, this book presents the background, basic concepts and understanding of knowledge celebrities. It then explores the three key factors that contribute to the attractiveness of knowledge celebrities, as well as the motivations and mechanisms behind pay-for-knowledge practices. Finally, the book offers a glimpse into the future landscape of knowledge celebrities and pay-for-knowledge platforms.
The book will be valuable to scholars, students, and practitioners in information, communication and media studies. In particular, it will appeal to those interested in topics such as knowledge celebrities, the creator economy and knowledge management.
In the current study, the structural and external validity of data derived from two shorter versions of the Multidimensional Assessment of Teamwork in Sport (MATS) were examined using multilevel analyses. Evidence of model–data fit was shown for both a 5-factor model comprising 19 items (with subscales assessing teamwork preparation, execution, evaluation, adjustments, and management of team maintenance) and a single-factor model comprising five items (providing a global estimate of teamwork). In general, data from both versions were positively and significantly correlated with (and distinct from) athletes’ perceptions of team cohesion, collective efficacy, performance satisfaction, enjoyment in their sport, and commitment to their team and their coaches’ transformational leadership. The measures appear well suited to detect between-teams differences, as evidenced by intraclass correlation coefficients and acceptable reliability estimates of team-level scores. In summary, the 19-item Multidimensional Assessment of Teamwork in Sport-Short and five-item Multidimensional Assessment of Teamwork in Sport-Global provide conceptually and psychometrically sound questionnaires to briefly measure teamwork in sport.
Cross-sectional studies of attitude-behavior relationships are vulnerable to the inflation of correlations by common method variance (CMV). Here, a model is presented that allows partial correlation analysis to adjust the observed correlations for CMV contamination and determine if conclusions about the statistical and practical significance of a predictor have been influenced by the presence of CMV. This method also suggests procedures for designing questionnaires to increase the precision of this adjustment.
The correlated trait-correlated method (CT-CM) and correlated uniqueness (CU) confirmatory factor analysis models for multitrait-multimethod data are critiqued. Although the CU model often returns convergent and admissible factor solutions when the CT-CM model does not, the CU model is shown to have theoretical and substantive shortcomings. On the basis of this critique, the authors recommend that the CT-CM model be regarded as the generally preferred model and that the CU model be invoked only when the CT-CM model fails.
The leader-member exchange (LMX) literature is reviewed using meta-analysis. Relationships between LMX and its correlates are examined, as are issues related to the LMX construct, including measurement and leader-member agreement. Results suggest significant relationships between LMX and job performance, satisfaction with supervision, overall satisfaction, commitment, role conflict, role clarity, member competence, and turnover intentions. The relationship between LMX and actual turnover was not significant. Leader and member LMX perceptions were only moderately related. Partial support was found for measurement instrument and perspective (i.e., leader vs. member) as moderators of the relationships between LMX and its correlates. Meta-analysis showed that the LMX7 (7-item LMX) measure has the soundest psychometric properties of all instruments and that LMX is congruent with numerous empirical relationships associated with transformational leadership.
The central goal of asking questions in a survey is to obtain reliable information about characteristics of the respondent. Asking, and consequently answering questions, however, never occurs in a vacuum. Rather, it occurs in a specific social and cognitive context that may influence responses in undesired ways (e.g., Schuman & Presser, 1981). Thus, a change in the answer to a particular question may not necessarily reflect an attitude change on the part of the respondent but simply may be the influence of a different context. Schuman, Presser, and Ludwig (1981), for example, found that divergent responses toward abortion, as measured in two consecutive surveys, were caused not by a change of opinion over time but by the presence or absence of a particular question before the target question.
Describes experiments in which happy or sad moods were induced in Ss by hypnotic suggestion to investigate the influence of emotions on memory and thinking. Results show that (a) Ss exhibited mood-state-dependent memory in recall of word lists, personal experiences recorded in a daily diary, and childhood experiences; (b) Ss recalled a greater percentage of those experiences that were affectively congruent with the mood they were in during recall; (c) emotion powerfully influenced such cognitive processes as free associations, imaginative fantasies, social perceptions, and snap judgments about others' personalities; (d) when the feeling-tone of a narrative agreed with the reader's emotion, the salience and memorability of events in that narrative were increased. An associative network theory is proposed to account for these results. In this theory, an emotion serves as a memory unit that can enter into associations with coincident events. Activation of this emotion unit aids retrieval of events associated with it; it also primes emotional themata for use in free association, fantasies, and perceptual categorization. (54 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Three models are developed for the effects of social desirability (SD) on organizational behavior research results. SD can act as (a) an unmeasured variable that produces spurious correlations between study variables, (b) a suppressor variable that hides relationships, or (c) a moderator variable that conditions the relationship between two other variable.
The dimensionality of the original Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) and a revision were investigated. Factor analyses of two data sets identified six dimensions underlying the original JDS. Five of the factors correspond to the pattern expected for the JDS items; the sixth was identified as a measurement artifact. Five of the JDS items were subsequently rewritten to eliminate the artifact. The revised survey was administered to employees of a printing company (N = 134) and the a priori five-factor solution was obtained with no artifact factor. Scale–factor correlations were also computed. The resulting coefficients suggest that the revised JDS scales are measuring their underlying constructs with reasonable accuracy. As a result of the measurement artifact in the original JDS, it is recommended that the revised JDS should be used in future research concerned with task characteristics. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
P. Spector (see record 1987-33304-001) concluded that there was little evidence of method variance in multitrait–multimethod data from 10 studies of self-reported affect and perceptions at work, but L. J. Williams et al (see record 1989-31744-001) concluded that method variance was prevalent. These studies were extended by examining several important but often neglected issues in assessing method variance. A direct-product model is described that can represent multiplicative method effects and propose that model assumptions, individual parameters, and diagnostic indicators, as well as overall model fits, be carefully examined. Reanalyses indicate that method variance in these studies is more prevalent than Spector concluded but less prevalent than Williams et al asserted. The methods can have multiplicative effects, supporting the claim made by D. T. Campbell and E. J. O'Connell (1967, 1982). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Though research has addressed relationships between social power bases and several work-related variables, processes that may underlie such relationships have generally not been examined. The present study considered relationships between bases of social power and subordinates' affective work reactions, hypothesizing that procedural justice would mediate such relationships. Two samples, one drawn from two service-oriented companies and one collected from a hospital, were used to test a mediational model reflecting this hypothesis. Using theoretically grounded measures of social power and procedural justice, support was found for full mediation effects in connection with subordinates' affective work reactions. Implications regarding the development of social power bases are discussed.
Interpretation of observed relations between job stressors and job strains in cross-sectional surveys is often ambiguous because of possible 3rd variables (both stable background factors, such as personality, and transitory occasion factors, such as mood). In this longitudinal study, negative affectivity (NA) and strains were assessed both in college and later on the job. Stressors were assessed only on the job. Evidence was found that some background factors affected measures of job stressors and job strains in that college measures were significantly related to subsequent measures on the job. Relations between job stressors and job strains, however, were in most cases not affected significantly when prior strains and NA were controlled for. Furthermore, the results suggested that NA measures are subject to occasion factors.
Attitudes can be seen as object evaluations stored in memory. Accordingly, attitude structure may be seen as a memory structure with dynamic implications for information processing. In this article, an associative network model for the representation of stored attitudes was assumed, and 2 manifestations of the notion of spreading activation within the confines of such a model were examined. Study 1 demonstrated that giving one attitude response could facilitate a 2nd attitude response if the 2 shared a structural link in long-term memory. Studies 2 and 3 showed that spreading activation could also result in polarization of attitude responses, so that answering questions on 1 attitude issue might result in more extreme responses to a 2nd linked attitude issue. These results have implications not only for theories about attitudes but also for measurement issues in political survey research.
Examines the psychological processes involved in answering different types of survey questions. The book proposes a theory about how respondents answer questions in surveys, reviews the relevant psychological and survey literatures, and traces out the implications of the theories and findings for survey practice. Individual chapters cover the comprehension of questions, recall of autobiographical memories, event dating, questions about behavioral frequency, retrieval and judgment for attitude questions, the translation of judgments into responses, special processes relevant to the questions about sensitive topics, and models of data collection. The text is intended for: (1) social psychologists, political scientists, and others who study public opinion or who use data from public opinion surveys; (2) cognitive psychologists and other researchers who are interested in everyday memory and judgment processes; and (3) survey researchers, methodologists, and statisticians who are involved in designing and carrying out surveys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
We examined the effects of computerized interviewing on applicant responses within the context of a laboratory simulation in which subjects were interviewed for either a low- or high-status position (clerk or management trainee) under one of four interview conditions: computerized, paper-and-pencil, or face-to-face with a warm or a cold behaving interviewer. The results indicated that subjects in nonsocial (computer or paper-and-pencil) interview conditions both scored lower on the Marlowe-Crowne measure of socially desirable responding (SDR) and reported their grade point averages and scholastic aptitude scores more accurately (with less inflation) than those in the face-to-face interview conditions. However, the use of nonsocial screening interviews for the high-status position engendered significantly higher levels of applicant resentment about the interview, relative to the conditions in which the interview procedure was appropriate (or more than appropriate) for the position level. This unintended behavioral consequence suggests one of the bounds that may influence the effectiveness of computerized interviewing. Contrary to expectations, we did not find the interpersonal style of the interviewer to significantly affect applicant resentment or SDR.
Recent research in the area of organizational behavior on social desirability and negative affectivity as potential sources of artifactual covariance is reviewed. Next, an example of a latent-variable structural equation approach is presented as a more appropriate strategy for analyzing method effects that circumvents problems associated with prior statistical techniques. This example illustrates the specification of a structural equation model with and without method effects and describes the sequence of model comparisons that provides direct tests for the presence of method effects and for the impact of these effects on estimates of substantive relationships. Finally, this latent-variable approach is discussed with regard to other potential applications involving method effects.
The rapid growth of research on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) has resulted in some conceptual confusion about the nature of the construct, and made it difficult for all but the most avid readers to keep up with developments in this domain. This paper critically examines the literature on organizational citizenship behavior and other, related constructs. More specifically, it: (a) explores the conceptual similarities and differences between the various forms of "citizenship" behavior constructs identified in the literature; (b) summarizes the empirical findings of both the antecedents and consequences of OCBs; and (c) identifies several interesting directions for future research.
The extent to which negative affectivity (NA), the tendency to experience a wide range of negative emotions, inflated correlations between chronic job stressors and strains was examined in this study. NA was found to account for a large proportion of shared variance between stressors and physical strains (as indicated by absence, doctor visits, and physical symptoms). Contrary to the results of Brief, Burke, George, Robinson, and Webster (1988), NA did not account for much of the variance shared by stressors and affective strains (job satisfaction, anger, and feelings of stress and frustration). Reasons for the failure of this and several earlier studies to successfully replicate Brief et al.'s results are explored.
1. Introduction. 2. Methods for Determining Cognitive Processes and Questionnaire Problems. 3. Answering a Survey Question: Cognitive and Communicative Processes. 4. Psychological Sources of Context Effects in Survey Measurement. 5. The Direction of Context Effects: What Determines Assimilation or Contrast in Attitude Measurement. 6. Order Effects Within a Question: Presenting Categorical Response Alternatives. 7. Autobiographical Memory. 8. Event Dating. 9. Counting and Estimation. 10. Proxy Reporting. 11. Implications for Questionnaire Design and the Conceptualization of the Survey Interview.
This study examined the role of subordinate voice in creating positive attitudes in the performance appraisal context. Two aspects of voice, instrumental and non-instrumental, were assessed. Both aspects of voice were related to satisfaction with the appraisal, while only non-instrumental voice had an impact on attitudes toward the manager. Implications for procedural justice and performance appraisal are discussed.
First-order confirmatory factor analytic models have had widespread use in the analysis of multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data. In contrast to the usual first-order confirmatory factor analytic model for the analysis of MTMM data, other covariance structure models have recently been proposed and advocated. Two such models are Wothke's covariance component analysis model and Browne's direct product model. The authors provide a conceptual and analytic discussion of those alternative procedures and compare them with the conventional first-order confirmatory factor analytic model. They consider the relationship between method factors and trait factors assumed under each model specification. General remarks about the nature of method factors and the likely reasons for lack of fit and ill-defined solutions frequently encountered with use of first-order factor models are presented. The authors also attempt to integrate the various approaches to modeling MTMM data and in so doing provide some perspective on selection of a particular covariance structure model for use in applied research.
The research objective was to examine the relative impact of "organizational citizenship behaviors" (OCBs) and objective sales productivity on sales managers' evaluations of the performance of their sales personnel. Objective measures of sales productivity were obtained for three diverse sales samples: (1) 261 multiline insurance agents, (2) 204 petrochemical sales representatives, and (3) 108 district sales managers working for a large pharmaceutical company. Managerial evaluations of organizational citizenship behavior and overall performance were also obtained for each of these people. The results indicate that (1) managers do recognize several different dimensions of "citizenship" behavior, and these OCBs are distinct from objective sales productivity, (2) the combination of OCBs and objective sales productivity accounts for substantially more variance in managers' overall evaluations than typically is accounted for by sales productivity alone, and (3) the OCBs (taken as a group) consistently account for a larger portion of the variance in managerial evaluations than does sales productivity. The implications of these findings for salesforce motivation and evaluation are discussed.
Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) are defined as discretionary, extra-role behaviors on the part of a salesperson that have been shown to influence managers' evaluations of performance. It has been suggested that one reason managers value OCBs is that they believe OCBs contribute to organizational success. The authors' purpose is to investigate the impact of OCBs on objective unit performance and compare this effect with the impact that OCBs have on managerial evaluations. First, the impact of OCBs on overall performance evaluations is examined. Second, the aggregate effects of unit-level OCBs on agency performance are examined using objective performance data for 116 agencies in a major insurance company. The results show that OCBs make an important contribution to overall agency performance; however, some citizenship behaviors appear to help and others hinder agency performance. Finally, a comparison of the results of the two studies suggests that managers tend to overvalue some citizenship behaviors and undervalue others.
A need-satisfaction theoretical model has been ubiquitous in studies and writings on job attitudes and, by extension, motivation, job design, and other organizational performance improvement issues. An examination of such need models indicates that they are frequently formulated so as to be almost impossible to refute, and the research testing them has been beset with consistency and priming artifacts. Furthermore, available empirical data fails to support many of the crucial elements of need-satisfaction theories. An examination of the components of need-satisfaction models-needs, job characteristics, and job attitudes-indicates that all three have been incompletely considered. Need models may have persisted in part because of perceptual biases, their consistency with other theories of rational choice behavior, and because of what they seem to imply about human behavior. The models appear to deny, however, that people have the capacity to provide their own satisfactions by cognitively reconstructing situations.
A persistent theme in discussions of professionals in organizations concerns the alienating effect of formalization. It is traditionally argued that structural formalization arouses conflict between administrative imperatives and professional norms. A case is presented for possible compensatory effects, and thus a more benign view, of formalization. Path analysis of data from 247 engineers and scientists in three organizations supported this notion. The effects of formalization in reducing role ambiguity and in enhancing identification with the organization offset the effect of inducing role conflict: the net effect of formalization was to reduce alienation.
This study of the relationship of the received role (that is, a person's perceptions of what other organization members expect of him) to satisfaction with one's job presents four plausible models based on four variables: role accuracy, compliance, performance evaluation, satisfaction. These models are evaluated by the Simon-Blalock technique according to how well they fit correlational data from a field study. Compliance and performance evaluation are shown to be important variables mediating the relationship between role accuracy and satisfaction. A revised model is presented that treats rewards and performance separately.
Contradictory forces of dissent and consensus building attend the strategic decision process. Taking an information-processing perspective, we argue that two factors that affect perceptions of trustworthiness within strategic decision-making teams - loyalty and competence - play different roles in enabling dissent to enhance decision quality and build decision commitment. Results from a sample of 86 strategic decision-making teams in U.S. hospitals indicate that perceptions of loyalty within teams strengthen the relationship between dissent and decision quality. Perceptions of within-team competence strengthen the relationship between dissent and decision commitment.
This study is a meta-analysis of the effects of four situational moderators on relationships between participation and five outcomes. Results based on 118 correlation coefficients indicate that, with the influence of percept-percept research procedures controlled, group size, task interdppendence, task complexity, and performance standards exert a few statistically significant moderating effects, and that participation typically has only modest influence on task performance, decision performance, motivation, satisfaction, and acceptance. Combined with evidence from another recent meta-analysis by Miller and Monge, the results suggest that methodological artifacts explain many of the noteworthy positive findings published in research on relationships between participation and its outcomes.