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Abstract
In nutritional sciences there is much interest in dietary modulation of the human gut. The gastrointestinal tract, particularly the colon, is very heavily populated with bacteria. Most bacteria are benign; however, certain gut species are pathogenic and may be involved in the onset of acute and chronic disorders. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are thought to be beneficial and are common targets for dietary intervention. Prebiotic is a non-viable food ingredient selectively metabolized by beneficial intestinal bacteria. Dietary modulation of the gut microflora by prebiotics is designed to improve health by stimulating numbers and/or activities of the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Having an 'optimal' gut microflora can increase resistance to pathogenic bacteria, lower blood ammonia, increase stimulation of the immune response and reduce the risk of cancer. This chapter examines how prebiotics are being applied to the improvement of human health and reviews the scientific evidence behind their use.
... Simultaneously, prebiotics can enable reduction of the population of non-beneficial bacteria favouring microbial competition (Connolly, Lovegrove, & Tuohy, 2010;Jia, Li, Zhao, & Nicholson, 2008;Peshev & Ende, 2014). Several oligosaccharides such as lactosucrose, raffinose and galactooligosaccharides (GOS), which can resist digestion and absorption before reaching the large intestine, are known to behave as prebiotics for bifidobacteria, and thus are specifically termed bifidus factors (Manning & Gibson, 2004;Saad, Delattre, Urdaci, Schmitter, & Bressollier, 2013). Moreover, lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids are the desirable products from the microbial fermentation of these oligosaccharides, as they can contribute to the improvement of colonic and systemic health (Hijova & Chmelarova, 2007;Sarbini et al., 2013;Wong, de Souza, Kendall, Emam, & Jenkins, 2006). ...
... Jia et al., 2008). Thus, the fermentation properties of oligosaccharides may mainly depend on their number or type of monosaccharide moieties, the position and conformation of links between the monosaccharides (Manning & Gibson, 2004;Sanz, Gibson, & Rastall, 2005;Snelders et al., 2014). In this context, we have recently developed a suitable procedure for the synthesis of lactosucrose and its analogues (iso-lactosucrose ...
... 313 Microflora of the gut can be optimised through dietary modulation by prebiotics that stimulates the number and/or activity of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, which can increase host resistance to pathogenic bacteria and stimulation of the immune response. 314 The beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria may be increased by the use of prebiotics, and synbiotics, which are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics. 233,315 They include indigestible fibre that enhances beneficial commensal gut bacteria. ...
With the rapid growth of the aquaculture production since the 1980s, there has been a concomitant increase in disease outbreaks. The injudicious and/or incorrect use of anti-microbial agents against diseases of farmed aquatic species poses a considerable threat to the development and growth of a successful and sustainable aquaculture industry. An increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important consequence, resulting to the difficulty in treating common bacterial diseases in populations of aquatic organisms, combined with the presence of antibiotic residues in food fish and their products, leading to import refusals and negative impacts on international trade. To reduce the frequency of AMR, good aquaculture and effective biosecurity practices should include the prudent and responsible use of antibiotics and also consider the use of alternatives to antibiotics, in addition to disease prevention management. This article reviews the literature discussing the scope of the problem pertaining to antibiotic use, the emergence of AMR in aquaculture and to consider and discuss viable alternatives (e.g., vaccination, bacteriophages, quorum quenching, probiotics and prebiotics, chicken egg yolk antibody and medicinal plant derivative). We also discuss lessons learnt, from specific case studies such as the vaccination of farmed salmon in Norway and the use of 'specific pathogen-free' seed-as primary and essential part of a biosecurity strategy.
... Carbohydrates with a degree of polymerization (DP) between 3 and 10 units are considered oligosaccharides (IUPAC, 1982). However, some authors consider that oligosaccharides are formed by several units ranging from 2 to 20 (Manning et al., 2004). ...
Agri-food waste is a by-product or waste generated from various agriculture processes, post-harvest, and production and processing of different food products in the food industry, restaurants, and households. These by-products or wastes are mostly plant or animal based. Improper disposal of these can lead to harmful effects on the environment. However, they are rich in valuable compounds that exhibit various health-promoting properties. Thus, the utilization of these by-products or wastes to recover nutraceuticals is of great interest for multiple industries. Enzymes are highly valued in various industries due to their high yield, specificity, minimal by-product formation, ease of process, etc. Many microbial enzymes from bacteria and yeast sources have been explored for their importance in recovering nutraceuticals from various sources in a cost-effective and nature-friendly manner. Research in this area has contributed significantly to developing advanced bioprocess methods, particularly to valorize agro-food industry waste to obtain novel functional compounds exhibiting health-promoting properties.
... Carbohydrates with a degree of polymerization (DP) between 3 and 10 units are considered oligosaccharides (IUPAC, 1982). However, some authors consider that oligosaccharides are formed by several units ranging from 2 to 20 (Manning et al., 2004). ...
... On the other hand, prebiotics are non-digestible complex carbohydrates that promotes growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract of the host (Manning and Gibson, 2004). Among prebiotics used in shrimp diets, inulin may promote shrimp growth (Zhou et al., 2020) as well as the immune defense in infected shrimp (Luna-González et al., 2012;Partida-Arangure et al., 2013). ...
Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (1.05 ± 0.1 g) were fed during 4-week with four experimental diets: control (Ctrl), inulin as prebiotic (5 g kg-1) (Pre), Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus sp. as probiotic (1 x 105 CFU g-1) (Pro), and a mix of inulin + B. subtilis and Lactobacillus sp. (5 g kg-1 + 1 x 105 CFU g-1) (Syn). Shrimps fed Syn diet showed significantly better feed utilization and higher growth than those in control diet (P < 0.05). The probiotic employed induced higher intestinal bacterial richness, whereas inulin in feed induced higher bacterial diversity in shrimp intestine. The most dominant bacterial phylum in the shrimp intestine among treatments was Proteobacteria with abundance ranging between 80 and 84 %. Prebiotic diet (Pre) increased relative abundance of Firmicutes in shrimp intestine (2 %) compared to the rest of the treatments (0.6 %). Nevertheless, when probiotics were included in the feed (Pro and Syn), a reduction between 3 and 13 % in the relative abundance of Vibrio sp. in shrimp intestine was observed respect to the control treatment, which represent an advantage to control potential pathogens of this genus.
... These oligomers are considered prebiotics that stimulates the growth of probiotic microorganisms like Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium bifidum and inhibits the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine, such as Clostridium sp. and Escherichia coli. Thus, they are metabolized in the large intestine, stimulate the production of shortchain fatty acids, enabling health and wellness (Aachary & Prapulla, 2011;Gibson, 2004;Kawaguti & Koblitz, 2019;Lachke, 2006). In addition, studies indicate that supplementation of food with xylooligosaccharide improves intestinal function and calcium absorption, providing positive effects on the immune and cardiovascular system, stimulating antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activities (Aachary & Prapulla, 2009;Chung et al., 2007;Grootaert et al., 2007). ...
Enzymes are present in all naturally occurring forms of life, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. Enzymes have been used in the food industry to transform a raw material into a main product, to modify the functional characteristics of a product, and/or to control or improve food processes. The cell wall of plant cells is composed of a complex network of polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin, with interactions between these structures. Selective enzymes for the degradation of cell wall components, such as cellulases, hemicellulases, and pectinases, are used to perform hydrolytic actions on the respective cell wall components. Cellulases and hemicellulases play a predominant role in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates, and pectinolytic enzymes are used to degrade pectic structures. Along with this, cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, and pectinolytic enzymes have been used in the food industry in different processes such as in fruit and vegetable processing industries, wine production, baking process, essential oil recovery, and vegetable oil extraction. This review discusses the major applications of cellulases, hemicellulases, and pectinases and their cleavage characteristics, sources (mainly microbial), and features of the substrates in the food and beverage industries.
... Probiotics are active microorganisms beneficial to the host through colonization and adjusting the microbiota composition in intestine, which can regulate the immunity, intestinal microbiota community, maintain intestinal health, and promote nutrient absorption of shrimp [4]. The probiotics used in aquaculture mainly include yeast, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium butyricum, Bifidobacterium and Actinomycetes, etc. Prebiotics are organic substances that are not digestible to the host but can selectively promote the metabolism and proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the body, thus improving the health of the host [10]. At present, the commonly used prebiotics are oligosaccharides, including fructo-oligosaccharide, mannose oligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharide, etc. Synbiotics refers to a biological preparation of probiotics and prebiotics, which combines the advantages of both [11]. ...
The present study aims to investigate the effects of dietary synbiotics supplementation methods on growth, feed utilization, hepatopancreas and intestinal histology, non-specific immunity and microbiota community of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A control diet was designed to contain 18% fish meal (CON), and then 3 g kg⁻¹ synbiotics (Bioture, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, β-glucan and mannan oligosaccharide, etc) was supplemented to the control diet with three methods, directly adding in diets for pelleting (DAP), spraying diets after pelleting at once (SDA), spraying diets before feeding every day (SDE). Shrimp with initial body weight of 1.5 ± 0.12 g were fed one of the four diets for 56 days. The results showed that dietary synbiotics significantly increased the weight gain (WG), apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM), hepatopancreatic protease activity and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). Among the three synbiotics-added diets, SDE group showed the best growth with significantly higher WG than DAP group (P < 0.05). Serum activities of total superoxide dismutase, catalase, acid phosphatase, lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase of synbiotics-added groups were significantly higher, and serum malondialdehyde level was significantly lower than those of the control (P < 0.05). The intestinal villus width and villus number were also increased by the supplementation of synbiotics. The cumulative mortality was reduced in the three synbiotics-added groups after challenging with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (P < 0.05), and SDE group showed a significantly lower mortality than the control and DAP groups (P < 0.05). In intestinal microbiota composition, the abundance of Lactococcus tended to increase and Vibro tended to decreased in SDA and SDE groups. In conclusion, dietary synbiotics improved the growth, feed utilization, intestine health and non-specific immunity of Pacific white shrimp, and spraying synbiotics on diet presented better performance than adding synbiotics in diet for pelleting.
... Prebiotic is a non-digestible food ingredient selectively metabolized by beneficial intestinal bacteria, which can improve health by stimulating the proliferation of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli (Manning and Gibson 2004). As one type of prebiotics, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have attracted much attention in recent years for its wide usage in infant formula, infant foods, livestock feed, and pet food industries (Torres et al. 2010). ...
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), which can be produced by enzymatic transgalactosylation of lactose with β-galactosidases, have attracted much attention in recent years because of their prebiotic functions and wide uses in infant formula, infant foods, livestock feed, and pet food industries. In this study, a novel β-galactosidase-producing Klebsiella oxytoca ZJUH1705, identified by its 16S rRNA sequence (GenBank accession no. MH981243), was isolated. Two β-galactosidase genes, bga 1 encoding a 2058-bp fragment (GenBank accession no. MH986613) and bga 2 encoding a 3108-bp fragment (GenBank accession no. MN182756), were cloned from K. oxytoca ZJUH1705 and expressed in E. coli. The purified β-gal 1 and β-gal 2 had the specific activity of 217.56 U mg⁻¹ and 57.9 U mg⁻¹, respectively, at the optimal pH of 7.0. The reaction kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, and Kcat with oNPG as the substrate at 40 °C were 5.62 mM, 167.1 μmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹, and 218.1 s⁻¹, respectively, for β-gal 1 and 3.91 mM, 14.6 μmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹, and 28.9 s⁻¹, respectively, for β-gal 2. Although β-gal 1 had a higher enzyme activity for lactose hydrolysis, only β-gal 2 had a high transgalactosylation capacity. Using β-gal 2 with the addition ratio of ~ 2.5 U g⁻¹ lactose, a high GOS yield of 45.5 ± 2.3% (w/w⁻¹) was obtained from lactose (40% w/w⁻¹ or 480 g L⁻¹) in a phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at 40 °C in 48 h. Thus, the β-gal 2 from K. oxytoca ZJUH1705 would be a promising biocatalyst for GOS production from lactose.Key Points
• A novel bacterial β-galactosidase producer was isolated and identified.
• β-Galactosidases were cloned and expressed in heterologous strain and characterized.
• Both enzymes have hydrolytic activity but only one have transglycosilation activity.
• The developed process with β-gal 2 could provide an alternative for GOS production.
... On the other hand, prebiotics are non-digestible compounds that are metabolized by common bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium that promote health. These bacteria are considered beneficial to the health and development of the host by reducing the existence of intestinal pathogens and/or altering the production of bacterial metabolites related to health (Roberfroid 1993;Gibson & Roberfroid 1995;Manning & Gibson 2004). Prebiotics are carbohydrates, which categorized into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides or polysaccharides by their molecular size or polymerization. ...
Fish gut microbiome confers various effects to the host fish; this includes overall size, metabolism, feeding behaviour and immune response in the fish. The emergence of antimicrobial‐resistant (AMR) bacteria and hard to cure fish diseases warrant the possible utilization of gut microbes that exhibits a positive effect on the fish and thus lead to the usage of these microbes as probiotics. The widespread and systematic use of antibiotics has led to severe biological and ecological problems, especially the development of antibiotic resistance that affects the gut microbiota of aquatic organisms. Probiotics are proposed as an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to antibiotics, known as beneficial microbes. At the same time, prebiotics are considered beneficial to the host's health and growth by decreasing the prevalence of intestinal pathogens and/or changing the development of bacterial metabolites related to health. Uprise of sequencing technology and the development of intricate bioinformatics tools has provided a way to study these gut microbes through metagenomic analysis. From various metagenomic studies, ample of information was obtained; such information includes the effect of the gut microbiome on the physiology of fish, gut microbe composition of different fish, factors affecting the gut microbial composition of the fish and the immunological effect of gut microbes in fish; such this information related to the fish gut microbiome, their function and their importance in aquaculture is discussed in this review.
... Prebiotics are defined as nondigestible food ingredients that profitably affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth of and/or activating the metabolism of one or a limited number of health-promoting bacteria such as Lactobacillus and bifidobacter spp. in the intestinal tract (Gibson and Roberfroid 1995). At the same time, prebiotics have been shown to reduce potentially pathogenic bacteria (Manning and Gibson 2004) and confer beneficial effects to fish. In aquaculture, the application of prebiotics is still in its early stages compared with the progress that has been reached in the development of prebiotics for poultry, but holds immense potential (Burr et al. 2005). ...
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of mannan oligosacharide (MOS) as dietary supplement on haematological parameters, immune response and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878) juveniles. Triplicate groups of juvenile striped catfish (initial weight 20.41 ± 1.64 g) were fed twice per day at 2.5% of body weight for 12 weeks, with 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8% MOS diets. At the end of the feeding trial, fish were intraperitoneally challenged with 1 × 10⁶ CFU ml⁻¹of A. hydrophila and mortalities were recorded over 21 days. The haematological and immunological parameters were assessed both in pre- and post-challenged fish groups. Dietary inclusion of MOS did not show any significant influence on the majority of the haematological parameters of striped catfish when they were not infected. But it showed a significant positive influence on some of the most important parameters, namely RBC, WBC, lymphocyte, granulocyte and lysozyme activity and survival, after a 2-week challenge with A. hydrophila. After 2-week infection with A. hydrophila, a better concentration of red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), granulocyte, total Ig content, lysozyme activity and survival were observed when striped catfish were fed with MOS at 0.4% and above, with significantly highest at 0.6% MOS diet than the control diet. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that supplementation of MOS at least 0.4% is sufficient to activate the immune response and makes the striped catfish more resistant to A. hydrophila infection.
... It is therefore of critical importance to find and adopt strategies to minimize the impact of such aquaculture-related practices on fish health. A significant effort is being made to find compounds that display immune-enhancing properties, such as pro-and prebiotics, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, etc. (Manning and Gibson, 2004;Li et al., 2009;Nayak, 2010). Given their versatility in terms of biological roles they play, amino acids dietary supplementation is becoming an important research topic in fish immunonutrition. ...
High rearing densities are typical conditions of both inland and onshore intensive aquaculture units. Despite obvious drawbacks, this strategy is nonetheless used to increase production profits. Such conditions inflict stress on fish, reducing their ability to cope with disease, bringing producers to adopt therapeutic strategies. In an attempt to overcome deleterious effects of chronic stress, Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, held at low (LD) or high density (HD) were fed tryptophan-supplemented diets with final tryptophan content at two (TRP2) or four times (TRP4) the requirement level, as well as a control and non-supplemented diet (CTRL) for 38 days. Fish were sampled at the end of the feeding trial for evaluation of their immune status, and mortalities were recorded following intra-peritoneal infection with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. Blood was collected for analysis of the hematological profile and innate immune parameters in plasma. Pituitary and hypothalamus were sampled for the assessment of neuro-endocrine-related gene expression. During the feeding trial, fish fed TRP4 and held at LD conditions presented higher mortalities, whereas fish kept at HD seemed to benefit from this dietary treatment, as disease resistance increased over that of CTRL-fed fish. In accordance, cortisol level tended to be higher in fish fed both supplemented diets at LD compared to fish fed CTRL, but was lower in fish fed TRP4 than in those fed TRP2 under HD condition. Together with lower mRNA levels of proopiomelanocortin observed with both supplementation levels, these results suggest that higher levels of tryptophan might counteract stress-induced cortisol production, thereby rendering fish better prepared to cope with disease. Data regarding sole immune status showed no clear effects of tryptophan on leucocyte numbers, but TRP4-fed fish displayed inhibited alternative complement activity (ACH50) when held at LD, as opposed to their HD counterparts whose ACH50 was higher than that of CTRL-fed fish. In conclusion, while dietary tryptophan supplementation might have harmful effects in control fish, it might prove to be a promising strategy to overcome chronic stress-induced disease susceptibility in farmed Senegalese sole.
... Prebiotics are also incorporated into the feeds but are the indigestible component of the diet that are metabolized by specific microorganisms that are helpful for the growth and health of the host (cultured fish) (Manning and Gibson 2004). The prebiotic should be resistant to gastric acids, breakdown by digestive enzymes in the gut, and gastrointestinal absorption and fermentation by intestinal microflora (Ringo et al. 2010). ...
... Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski", 24 Tzar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria Abbreviations: DP, degree of polymerization; GH70, glycoside hydrolase family 70; GOSs, glucooligosaccharides; M/S, maltose / sucrose; L/S, lactose / sucrose; R/S, raffinose / sucrose; L., Leuconostoc; Lb., Lactobacillus; LAB, lactic acid bacteria; μ, specific growth rate; mMRS, modified medium of de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe supplements [1]. In this regard, the concept of prebiotics is gaining an ever wider realization in the practice of producing healthy foods [2,3]. On the basis of the scientific knowledge that has accumulated up to now, it is clear that oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of microbial origin have proven prebiotic properties, and are particularly desirable sweeteners in the low-calorie foods [4,5]. ...
In the present work, we report an efficient synthesis of glucooligosaccharides (GOSs) with prebiotic potential by novel glucansucrase URE 13–300 from Leuconostoc mesenteroides URE 13 strain. The highest total yield of GOSs with degree of polymerization (DP) from 3 to 6 was obtained with maltose as an acceptor and maltose/sucrose (M/S) ratio 1 – 136 g/L. An efficient modulation of GOSs composition is achieved by varying the M/S ratio. At M/S = 1, 2, 4 and 7 the content of DP3 products gradually increase from 54.50% to 91.70%. When the M/S ratio was decreased the synthesis of DP>3 GOSs is predominant and reaches 75.60% (M/S = 0.25). In addition, the maltose derived GOSs with DP>3, as well as raffinose and lactose glucosylation products have a branched structure which is prerequisite for increased prebiotic potential. The synthesized GOSs were efficiently metabolized by probiotic strains of Lb. plantarum S26, Lb. brevis S27 and Lb. sakei S16, and the calculated values of specific growth rate (μ) were nearly identical to this on glucose media, when maltose derived GOSs were used as a carbohydrate source. Strain specific features were observed in the utilization of the synthesized GOSs, as well as in the production of lactic acid and acetic acid.
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... The juvenile crayfish fed the EGOS-and EMOS-diets showed the highest values of hemolymph indices (THC, HC, SGC and LGC), immunity (LYZ) and antioxidant enzymes (PO, SOD and NOS) after a 126-day feeding trial and also, a 48-hr bacterial exposure challenge. Dietary manipulations using feed additives (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics) can increase the animal resistance through pathogen inhibition pathways in GIT such as competition for territory in GIT, reduction in pH and release of natural antibiotics from beneficial microbial populations (Li et al., 2007;Manning & Gibson, 2004). Feeding black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon fed the diet containing a probiont bacterium increased the innate immune system (Rengpipat, Rukpratanporn, Piyatiratitivorakul, & Menasaveta, 2000). ...
The aim of this study was to determine the best synbiotic combination (based on growth and short chain fatty acids production) between Enterococcus faecalis and eight prebiotics. Based on the results of in vitro studies, E. faecalis + galactooligosaccharide (EGOS) and E. faecalis + mannanoligosaccharide (EMOS) were selected as synbiotics. A 126-day feeding trial was conducted to compare the effects of prebiotics, probiotic and synbiotics on the growth indices, In vivo ADC of nutrients, digestive enzymes, hemolymph indices and finally, biological responses against 48-hr Aeromonas hydrophila exposure challenges of juvenile (4.13±0.12 g) crayfish. The highest values of SGR (2.19% day-1), VFI (2.75% body weight day-1), survival rate (96.67%) and the lowest FCR (2.33) were observed in the juvenile crayfish fed the EGOS- diet. The significantly (p<0.05) highest means of in vivo ADCOM, in vivo ADCCP, in vivo ADCCF and in vivo ADCGE were measured in crayfish fed the EGOS-diet. The mean survival rate of Aeromonas hydrophila injected crayfish fed the EGOS- diet (56%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of fed the control (8.67%) and other diets (22.67-35.32%). At the levels tested, 7.86 log CFU E. faecalis g-1 + 10 g kg-1 GOS in the diet was considered optimum.
... Prebiotics appear as an alternative that similarly allows to improve fish health status by modulating the host gut microbiota. Prebiotics are nondigestible fibres that can selectively improve growth and/or activity of gut microbiota bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium [16]. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), mannanoligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, XOS and other related carbohydrates have all received considerable attention due to their health benefits to fish [17]. ...
Inclusion of prebiotics in aqua feeds, though a costly strategy, has increased as a means to improve growth. Still, its effects on health improvement are not fully disclosed. Regarding their immunestimulatory properties, research has focused on carbohydrates such as fructooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides demonstrating their modulatory effects on immune defences in higher vertebrates but few studies have been done on their impact on fish immunity. Replacing fish meal (FM) by plant protein (PP) sources is a current practice in the aquaculture business but their content in antinutrients is still a drawback in terms of gut well-functioning. This work intends to evaluate the short-term effect (7 or 15 days feeding the experimental diets) on juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) immune status of dietary i) replacement of FM by PP sources; ii) prebiotics supplementation. Six isoproteic (46%) and isolipidic (15%) diets were tested including a FM control diet (FMCTRL), a PP control diet (PPCTRL, 30 F M:70 PP) and four other diets based on either FM or PP to which short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) or xylooligosaccharides (XOS) were added at 1% (FMFOS, PPFOS, FMXOS, PPXOS).
... Recently, mushroom with abundances of chitins, hemicelluloses, and glucans (Manning and Gibson 2004) has attracted much attentions as potential sources of prebiotics (Aida et al. 2009). The prebiotics are termed as "nondigestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improves host health", and intakes of prebiotics can significantly modulate the colonic microbiota by increasing the number of specific bacteria and thus changing the composition of the microbiota (Gibson and Roberfroid 1995). ...
Large amounts of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) commercial products are provided in the worldwide market such as powders, tea bags, or capsules as dietary supplements which contained triterpenoids and/or polysaccharides. Therefore, it was estimated that several thousand tons of GL residues (GLR) are produced and discarded. For recycling uses, the aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of two hot-water extracts from GLR (HWP_GLR) and solid-state fermentation GLR inoculated with GL mycelia (HWP_GLRF) on the growths of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum. The RAW264.7 cells were used to investigate the effects of HWP_GLR and HWP_GLRF on nitric oxide productions, phagocytic activities against FITC-labeled E. coli, and to lower lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding capacities. The powders of GLR and GLRF were used as additives in the commercial feeds for feeding broiler chicks in vivo to evaluate the immune-stimulatory and prebiotic activities.
HWP_GLR and HWP_GLRF with molecular size 5 to 8 kDa were showed to stimulate growths of L. rhamnosus and B. longum. It was found that in the presence of polymyxin B HWP_GLR and HWP_GLRF could stimulate nitric oxide productions, elevate phagocytic activities against FITC-labeled E. coli, and to lower lipopolysaccharide-binding capacities in RAW264.7 cells. The broiler chicks were selected for feedings in vivo. The 1-day-old chicks were fed commercial feeds for 1 week, and then were fed without or with 4 or 8 % of GLR and GLRF additives for 3 weeks. There was no significant weight difference among feeding groups. However, the phagocytosis and natural killer cytotoxicity in the peripheral bloods, and prebiotic activities of bifidobacteria in feces of GLR and/or GLRF groups were significantly different compared to the control (P < 0.05).
The GLR, GLRF, and their hot-water extracts with beneficial activities could be processed as feed additives which could increase the waste-recycling.
A novel probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici AS185, isolated from traditional Chinese fermented foods, was used as an adjunct culture for probiotic cheddar cheese production. The physicochemical composition, textural, free amino acids (FAAs), short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles, sensory properties, and microbial survival, was evaluated during the 90‐day ripening period. The addition of P. acidilactici AS185 did not influence the physicochemical composition of cheddar cheese but significantly decreased the hardness without affecting its textural profile. During ripening, P. acidilactici AS185 was able to grow and promote the generation of FAAs and SCFAs, but did not alter the overall sensory properties; it rather improved the flavor and taste of cheese. In addition, the cheese matrix protected strain P. acidilactici AS185 during transit throughout the simulated gastrointestinal system. These results demonstrated that P. acidilactici AS185 adjunct cultures might be useful for producing high‐quality probiotic cheddar cheese. Pediococcus acidilactici AS185 promote the generation of FAAs and SCFAs during ripening of cheddar cheese. P. acidilactici AS185 did not alter the overall sensory properties rather improved the flavor and taste of cheese.
Purpose of review:
Gut health is an increasingly popular topic of discussion among scientists and the general population alike. As interest surrounding the gut microbiome grows, the accessibility to misinformation and unfounded gut health trends to youth is likely to emerge as a public health concern. The purpose of this review is to provide paediatricians with current information about the gut microbiome, as well as explanations and possible risks of the multitude of gut health trends that adolescents may be exposed to.
Recent findings:
The gut microbiome is implicated in overall health by playing roles in digestion, immunity and mental health. Novel microbiome-related therapies, such as faecal microbiota transplants, and the gut-brain link show the therapeutic potential of the gut microbiome. However, unproven dietary fads and trends on social media are rampant as well, such as ginger juice shots. In addition, paediatric supplements meant to target gut health are unregulated, yet are highly marketed. Improperly applying these trends and diets may result in risks of malnutrition and body image issues for impressionable children.
Summary:
Increased familiarity regarding the types of gut health trends and diets among young people will allow paediatricians to more effectively advise their patients about potential risks and good gut health practices. Paediatricians and caregivers serve as role models and educators with regard to children's perceptions and management of their gut and overall health.
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB)‐supplemented diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. For this purpose, three experimental diets were prepared to contain 0, 2, and 5% PHB; and each diet was tested in a completely randomized design for 60 days in quadruple groups of 22 fish per tank. The results showed that the inclusion of PHB in the diets did not affect the growth parameters such as mean weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio among treatments. There was also no effect of the PHB on chemical composition, PCR‐DGGE profile of the intestinal bacterial communities, total bacterial count, lactic acid bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria as well as the intestine and the liver histopathology of fish. However, the supplementation of 2 and 5% PHB in the diet significantly reduced total coliform counts, while 5% PHB diet additionally decreased Enterobacteriaceae counts. Both inclusion ratios resulted in significantly higher intestinal villus length and width at the end of the experiment. Considering the positive effects of dietary PHB on intestinal bacterial flora and villus sizes of rainbow trout fingerlings, it can be used as an alternative microbial control agent.
Significance Statement
PHB is a biopolymer that has previously been reported to have positive effects on fish health, and no literature has been encountered investigating the effects of PHB on rainbow trout fry. The findings obtained in this study show that PHB has positive effects on the intestinal tissues of rainbow trout fry and provides an increase in the number of beneficial bacteria in the gut flora.
Plant breeding aims to create new varieties that outperform the parents by combining valuable traits. The breeding cycle of selection–recombination–selection–testing requires resources, time, and experience to deliver improved varieties with appropriate phenology, efficient plant type, higher yield, and better nutritional quality. Pulse breeders have used classical plant breeding methods with modest success, in terms of crop duration, grain yield, and disease resistance, to develop more than 3700 improved varieties of different pulse crops globally. However, these efforts have not achieved the large genetic gains needed to close the gap between demand and supply. Studies have identified a narrow genetic base and high proportion of variance due to environment (E) and genotype × environment (GE) interactions in the total phenotypic variance of pulse crops in multilocation environment trials (MET) as significant factors for reduced selection efficiency, as well as the lengthy breeding cycle. This chapter reviews the present status of pulse crops, production trends, past breeding progress, and the means to accelerate genetic gain. The application of modern tools and techniques of phenotyping, genotyping, experimental design, data management, statistical analysis, and digitalization and mechanization of breeding and testing pipelines is the way forward for accelerating genetic gains in pulse crops to meet the future demands of the increasing population.
Prebiotics and probiotics improve growth and immune responses in fish. However, their inclusion affects fish when combined with plant proteins is not well studied. The effects of diets with plant concentrates supplemented with yeast Saccharomyces sp. (Y) and/or fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on growth and nonspecific immune responses were determined in rainbow trout. A basal diet (soy, rice protein concentrates, and corn gluten—200, 200, and150 g/kg, respectively) was supplemented with Y (15 g/kg), FOS (5 g/kg), or Y + FOS (15 and 5 g/kg). The basal diet corresponded to the control. Triplicate tanks with 20 fingerlings (initial weight of 1.3 ± 0.1 g; mean ± SE) were fed for 70 days. Higher values of weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in fingerlings fed with Diet Y; the lowest values were observed in the control group. Leucocytes were higher in fish fed with the FOS diet, whereas the burst activity of macrophages was higher in Y‐fed fish. Lysozyme activity in the serum did not show differences among the experimental groups, but significantly higher values were observed in the skin mucus of fish fed Diet Y. The present research shows that the inclusion of yeast with plant protein concentrates improved the growth and burst activity of macrophages in the fingerlings.
The aim of this work was to study the use of commercial pectin (CP) and pectin extracted from passion fruit from Caatinga peel (PE), as well as the use of the pulp of this fruit in the development of probiotic beverages, fermented and non-fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469. Sucrose and commercial pectin (CP) or pectin extracted from passion fruit peel from Caatinga (PE) were added to beverages. Beverages without addition of sucrose or pectin were also prepared. High gravimetric yield of PE (54.93% w/w) was obtained and there was no gel formation in the beverages containing PE. Sucrose increased survival of L. rhamnosus under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (GI) in non-fermented beverages. PE increased GI survival in non-fermented and fermented beverages. After 28 days of refrigerated storage, the fermented beverages had the same lactic acid concentrations as at the initial time of storage (~1.3 g/L) and the consumption of sucrose was similar in all probiotic beverages (30%). Viabilities in the final time of storage were higher for non-fermented beverages (9 Log), regardless of type of pectin. The GI survival for all probiotic beverages had increased by the final time of storage and higher values were found when PE was added, regardless of fermentation. The low methylation degree pectin probably has stimulated the growth of L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469 during the simulation of gastrointestinal conditions. Pulp of passion fruit from Caatinga and pectin extracted from its peel can be considered excellent probiotic food carriers in non-fermented or fermented beverages.
In the present study, a 126-day experiment was carried out under controlled conditions to compare the effects of prebiotic (galactooligosaccharide), probiotics (Enterococcus faecalis and Pediococcus acidilactici), and synbiotics (galactooligosaccharide + Enterococcus faecalis and galactooligosaccharide + Pediococcus acidilactici) on the growth performance, indices of nutritional efficiency, in vivo apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients, digestive enzymes, hemolymph indices, and biological responses of juvenile crayfish Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus (6.18 ± 0.31 g) against 48-h Aeromonas hydrophila exposure challenge. The maximum specific growth rate (2.32% day− 1), voluntary feed intake (2.68% body weight day− 1), and survival rate (93.67%) as well as the minimum feed conversion ratio (2.07) were observed in the juvenile crayfish fed with the galactooligosaccharide + Enterococcus faecalis diet. The highest means of in vivo apparent digestibility coefficients of organic matter (85.33%), crude protein (91.67%), crude fat (82.33%), and gross energy (83.67%) were measured in the crayfish fed with the galactooligosaccharide + Enterococcus faecalis diet (p < 0.05). Moreover, the highest ratios of presumptive autochthonous lactic acid bacteria to total viable aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were observed in the crayfish fed with the synbiotic diets (p < 0.05). It was found that feeding crayfish with the galactooligosaccharide + Enterococcus faecalis diet indicated the highest activities of phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, and nitric oxide synthase (p < 0.05). The mean survival rate of Aeromonas hydrophila injected crayfish fed with the galactooligosaccharide + Enterococcus faecalis diet (77.67%) was higher than that of the crayfish fed with the control (8.33%) and other diets (58.33–72.33%) (p < 0.05). Finally, considering all the tested levels, 7.53 log CFU E. faecalis g− 1 + 10 g kg− 1 galactooligosaccharide used in the diet was observed to be the optimum diet.
HIV infection induces alterations in almost all immune cell populations,
mainly in CD4+ T cells, leading to the development of opportunistic infections.
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) constitutes the most important site
for viral replication, because the main target cells, memory T-cells, reside in this
tissue. It is currently known that alterations in GALT are critical during the
course of the infection, as HIV-1 induces loss of tissue integrity and promotes
translocation of microbial products from the intestinal lumen to the systemic
circulation, leading to a persistent immune activation state and immune exhaus-
tion. Although antiretroviral treatment decreases viral load and substantially
improves the prognosis of the infection, the alterations in GALT remains, ha-
ving a great impact on the ability to establish effective immune responses. This
emphasizes the importance of developing new therapeutic alternatives that may
promote structural and functional integrity of this tissue. In this regard, therapy
with probiotics/prebiotics has beneficial effects in GALT, mainly in syndromes
characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, including the HIV-1 infection. In these
patients, the consumption of probiotics/prebiotics decreased microbial products
in plasma and CD4+ T cell activation, increased CD4+ T cell frequency, in
particular Th17, and improved the intestinal flora. In this review, the most
important findings on the potential impact of the probiotics/prebiotics therapy
are discussed.
The present study was aimed to select gut adhesive Lactobacillus strains and evaluate the combined effects with scFOS on the growth performance, gut adhesive bacteria and disease resistance of juvenile hybrid tilapia. Firstly, the adhesive property of Lactobacillus strains in the gut of tilapia, and effect of scFOS on the adhesion of Lactobacillus were determined by rpoB PCR-DGGE. Fish were fed with diet supplemented with seven probiotic Lactobacillus strains at equal amounts (2.0 × 10⁷ cells/g basal diet) for 2 weeks, followed by basal or scFOS supplemented diet for 4 weeks. Results showed that strain JCM 1170 and JCM1149 was the most highly-adhesive strains and scFOS increased their relative abundance. In another experiment, fish were fed a diet containing 10⁸ cells/g feed of JCM1170 OR JCM1149 with or without scFOS for 5 weeks. No significant differences in survival rate, weight gain, or feed conversion were observed in the different treatments. 10 predominant phyla were identified from gut samples by 454 pyrosequencing, and Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most predominant group. The composition of gut adherent microbiota was affected by probiotics/synbiotics. The challenge test showed that synbiotics of JCM 1149 and scFOS protected fish against A. hydrophila (P < 0.05). In conclusion, L. plantarum JCM 1149 at 10⁸ cell/g feed and scFOS at 1 mg/g may be recommended as a synbiotics formulation for tilapia.
In the present study, probiotic sour milk was produced by freeze-dried L. casei ATCC 393 cells, free or immobilized on wheat bran. Wheat bran was used with and without lignin removal. The aim was to evaluate the possibility to produce sour milk using immobilized probiotic biocatalysts that could be removed after the end of fermentation and be used in a next fermentation batch. The effect of the biocatalysts on product quality was also evaluated during 30 days of storage at 4 °C. The aroma profile, organic acids production, residual sugar content and culture viability were monitored during that period. The immobilized bacteria on wheat bran were better protected in the acidic environment of the sour milk fermentations, compared to free cells. The microbial populations ( > 7.5 log cfu g⁻¹) were significantly higher in sour milks produced with the immobilized biocatalysts during the 30 day storage, while no growth of pathogenic microorganisms was observed. The microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of the sour milks produced using the immobilized biocatalysts, indicated high commercialization potential of these products.
Prebiotics are selectively fermented by the gastrointestinal microflora, resulting in benefits to human health. The seed mucilage of Hyptis suaveolens contains neutral and acidic polysaccharides in a ratio of 1:1. The neutral polysaccharides consist of galactose, glucose and mannose whereas the acidic polysaccharides contain fucose, xylose and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid -residues. The growth of probiotics in the presence of total, acidic or neutral polysaccharides and oligosaccharides was tested using turbidity measurements. The majority (11 out of 14) of the tested probiotic strains significantly grew in the neutral fraction. Growth occurred with some time delay, but may be longer lasting than with other lower molecular prebiotics. The extent of growth increased with neutral polysaccharides from H. suaveolens corresponding to the externally available galactose units (20%). In conclusion, neutral poly- and oligosaccharides from H. suaveolens have a prebiotic potential characterized by a delayed but long lasting effect.
Synbiotic ice cream was produced by adding probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis) and inulin as prebiotic compound. Three samples of synbiotic ice cream were produced: the first and second samples were prepared by addition of probiotic culture accompanied with and without fermentation of ice cream mixture, respectively. The third was prepared by adding fermented milk to ice cream formulation. The sample produced by fermented milk had the highest over run. The lowest acidity was related to nonfermented sample. Adding fermented milk can increased probiotic bacterial number in synbiotic ice cream so that in this treatment, probiotic bacterial count after one day of preparation was equaled to 6/94 log cfu/mL which reached to 6/851 log cfu/mL after 16 weeks of storage. Moreover, adding fermented milk improved sensory properties of synbiotic ice cream.
Practical Application
Nowadays, synbiotic dairy products such as symbiotic ice cream are considered by consumers. Ice cream could be used as a carrier for intake of probiotics and prebiotics if freezing and thawing do not cause damage to the probiotic bacterial cells and the final product properties are preserved. In this study, three treatments (two fermented treatments and one nonfermented treatment) were compared for production of synbiotic ice cream. We found that adding fermented milk to ice cream formulation increased viability of probiotic bacteria and improved organoleptic quality of synbiotic ice cream. Therefore, it is possible to produce functional ice cream in favor of customers especially children.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 2 plant leaf extracts on fermentation mechanisms and health-promoting activities and their potential as a nutraceutical prebiotics ingredient for application in dairy products. The individual active phenolic compounds in the plant extract-supplemented milk and yogurts were also identified. Compared with control fermentation, the plant extracts significantly increased the growth and acidification rate of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. In particular, plant extract components, including monosaccharides, formic acid, and hydroxycinnamic acid, such as neo-chlorogenic, chlorogenic, and caffeic acid, together play a stimulatory role and cause this beneficial effect on the growth of yogurt culture bacteria through fermentation. In addition, supplementation with the plant extracts enhanced antioxidant activities with increased total phenolic contents, especially the highest antioxidant activity was observed in yogurt supplemented with Cudrania tricuspidata leaf extract.
Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of diff erent dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics (inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations (13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics (combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme (total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control (28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.
Highlights:
Fermentation of the dietary fiber by intestinal microflora results in production of butyrate.Butyrate possesses anticarcinogenic effect at the colonic level.Three transporters (MCT1, SMCT1 and BCRP) regulate the intracellular concentration of BT in colonic epithelial cells.Changes in the expression of these transporters occur in colorectal cancer.
Abstract:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common solid tumors worldwide. Consumption of dietary fiber is associated with a low risk of developing CRC. The fermentation of the dietary fiber by intestinal microflora results in production of butyrate (BT). This short-chain fatty acid is an important metabolic substrate in normal colonic epithelial cells and has important homeostatic functions at the colonic level. Because the cellular effects of BT (e.g. inhibition of histone deacetylases) are dependent on its intracellular concentration, knowledge on the mechanisms involved in BT membrane transport and its regulation seems particularly relevant. In this review, we will present the carrier-mediated mechanisms involved in BT membrane transport at the colonic epithelial level and their regulation, with an emphasis on CRC. Several xenobiotics known to modulate the risk for developing CRC are able to interfere with BT transport at the intestinal level. Thus, interference with BT transport certainly contributes to the anticarcinogenic or procarcinogenic effect of these compounds and these compounds may interfere with the anticarcinogenic effect of BT. Finally, we suggest that differences in BT transport between normal colonocytes and tumoral cells contribute to the "BT paradox" (the apparent opposing effect of BT in CRC cells and normal colonocytes).
Polymers materials have been proposed as potential biodegradable ingredients for colon-specific release of drugs. Oligosaccharide such as alpha-glucooligosaccharides (Bioecolians (R)/(alpha-GOS), which are susceptible to fermentation by the colonic microflora, were incorporated to an Eudragit (R) RS30D aqueous dispersion for film preparation by casting. The physicochemical properties of the free films have been investigated studying their swelling index (Is%) and water vapour transmission (WVT). The incorporation of the alpha-GOS in the combination 90:10 registered statistically significant increase in the hydration degree of the films. These studies indicate that there are some possibilities for using such blend in forming films as pharmaceutical site-specificity coating material.
The effect of selected nutritional factors on intestinal microflora was determined in two experiments with fatteners (experiment II - 18 animals, classified into three groups and experiment II - 14 fatteners, divided into two groups). In experiment I, the addition of a feed antibiotic - flavomycin, probiotic additive, containing bacterial strain Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M - and a prebiotic additive, containing cellular walls of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026, were employed. In experiment II, a low or high fiber level in the mixture was the experimental factor. Based on the performed post-mortem examination of intestinal contents, a favorable influence of Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026 and of the high fiber level in the mixture on the quantitative and qualitative composition of intestinal microflora of fatteners was determined. The number of acidifying bacteria, including the potentially probiotic bacteria, increased and the number of bacteria from Enterobacteriaceae genus and potential pathogens decreased, which is a favorable phenomenon.
The specific bacteria-host interaction occurring at the gut wall level implies the capacity of the bacteria to adhere to the mucosal layer and the subsequent modulation of the gut-wall functioning. The modulation of this process due to prebiotic and probiotic administration may be one of the determining factors leading to health effects. Despite the importance of such interactions, investigating them remains highly difficult due to limited accessibility of the site of action. Here, we propose a new in vitro technology platform as an innovative solution to study the mechanism of action of specific products on host-microbiota interactions in the gastrointestinal tract: a combination of the Mucosal-Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (M-SHIME (R)) with co-cultures of enterocytes and macrophages or with the recently-developed Host-Microbiota Interaction (HMITM) module.
The influence of the supplementation of 9 commercially available oligosaccharides on the growth of 5 strains of bacteria (Bifidobacterium longum, B. breve, B. bifidum, B. infantis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) was studied during 48 h of incubation. The growth of the tested strains was monitored every 6 h during incubation by measuring optical density (O.D) at 620 nm. The results showed synergistic and antagonistic combinatory effects of oligosaccharide supplementation on the growth of specific Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains. However, different oligosaccharides varied in their effects on Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth. The results of this study showed that not all tested oligosaccharides acted as prebiotics for all strains of probiotic bacteria. Consequently, the proper selection of oligosaccharides as supplements for specific probiotic strains is necessary for the optimal enhancement of growth.
This study focused on the characterization of mannanase from Bacillus circulans NT 6.7 for mannooligosaccharides (MOS) production. The enzyme from B. circulans NT 6.7 was produced using defatted copra meal as a carbon source. The mannanase was purified by ultrafiltration and column chromatography of Q-Sepharose. The purified protein (M1) was a dimeric protein with a 40 kDa subunit. The purified M1 exhibited optimum pH and temperature at pH 6.0 and 60 °C, respectively. It was activated by Mn 2+, Mg 2+, and Cu 2+ , and as inhibited by EDTA (45–65 %). The purified enzyme exhibited high specificity to beta-mannan: konjac (glucomannan), locust bean gum (galactomannan), ivory nut (mannan), guar gum (galactomannan) and defatted copra meal (galactomannan). The defatted copra meal could be hydrolyzed by purified M1 into mannooligosaccharides which promoted beneficial bacteria, especially Lactobacillus group, and inhibited pathogenic bacteria; Shigella dysenteria DMST 1511, Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 029, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis DMST 17368. Therefore, the mannanase from B. circulans NT 6.7 would be a novel source of enzymes for the mannooligosaccharides production as prebiotics.
Inulin is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that belongs to a class of carbohydrates known as fructans. Shorter-chain inulin, also called oligofructose or fructo-oligosaccharide, is produced by the partial enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin. The uniqueness of fructans is related to the attractive combination of their nutritional properties with the technical aspects. The nutritional characteristics include fibre properties, the prebiotic aspect, the possibility to reduce calorie intake, and positive effects on calcium absorption. At the same time, the technical aspects of fructans make them applicable in food products that are fat and/or sugar-reduced and at the same time enriched with fibre. The addition of inulin contributes to texture, creaminess and mouthfeel while oligofructose results in a pleasant and balanced taste, providing volume and bulk in food products. All food categories such as baby food, dairy, bakery, cereals, and even meat and convenience products benefit from this unique combination.
Natural bioactive supplements have been extensively studied as preventive agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of inulin enriched with oligofructose and Hyppocastani extractum siccum as preventive agents of experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Colon carcinogenesis was induced by N,N dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in a dose of 21mg/kg body weight s.c., five times at weekly intervals. Sprague Dawley rats (n = 45) were divided into a control group without DMH; control group with injected DMH; group receiving inulin and injected DMH; group receiving Hyppocastani extractum siccum and injected DMH; group receiving inulin and Hyppocastani extractum siccum and injected DMH. The beneficial effects of natural compounds were determined by analysis of caecal parameters such as pH, composition of microflora, activity of bacterial glycolytic enzymes and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The counts of coliforms were decreased in the groups receiving inulin enriched with oligofructose (P < 0.01), Hyppocastani extractum siccum (P < 0.001) and the combination of these supplements (P < 0.001). The counts of lactobacilli were significantly increased in all experimental groups receiving natural compounds (P < 0.01; P < 0.001). Experimental groups receiving natural compound alone and in combination resulted in a significant decrease in the activity of β-glucuronidase (P < 0.01; P < 0.001). Administration of inulin and Hyppocastani extractum siccum separately significantly increased the concentration of SCFA compared to the control group with DMH. The achieved results indicate the beneficial effect of prebiotics and plant extracts on metabolic processes in the colon and suggest that they could exert a preventive effect on colon carcinogenesis induced by DMH.
Six commercially available infant formulas (IF) without added prebiotic, were investigated as substrates for the growth of bifidobacteria isolated from the feces of 3 day old babies. This investigation tracked, during 48 h, the microbiological and biochemical changes in prepared infant formula meals, caused by the action of bifidobacteria, isolated from babies' feces. Pancreatin digestion preceded inoculation of the bifidobacteria biomass. The reference substrate was mature breast milk. This investigation showed important differences in bifidogenic effect between individual infant formulas and mature breast milk. In relation to dry biomass from the mature breast milk, dry biomass obtained in individual infant formulas ranged from 71.4% (IF-1) to 34.6% (IF-6). The results showed that, with the similar declared nutritive and biological characteristics, there are important differences between individual infant formulas. The results obtained showed that, an in vitro bifidogenic index test which covers tracking of microbiological and biochemical changes should be developed as a usefull tool in determining the suitability of infant formulas and it should be one of the first steps before clinical investigations.
Mushrooms seem to be a potential source for prebiotics as they contain different polysaccharides such as chitin, hemicellulose, α- and β-glucans, mannans, xylans and galactans. Among mushroom polysaccharides, β-(1→3)-D-glucans, and their peptide/protein derivates (polysaccharide-peptide/protein complexes), proteoglycans are essential prebiotics and found to play vital role in immunomodulating and antitumor activities. These prebiotic compounds display immunomodulating and antitumor activity similar to those effected by immune effector cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, hematopoietic stem cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells that play essential roles in innate and adaptive immunity, resulting in production of biologic response modifiers. Several glucans and heteroglycans were found with their significant immunoenhancing properties which could stimulate the macrophages, splenocytes and thymocytes. Thus this review aims to summarize and explore the potential of mushroom polysaccharides as prebiotics with their antitumor and immunomodulating properties for the development of nutraceutical foods and drugs.
Immunostimulants, also called immunomodulators, adjuvants, or biological response modifiers, stimulate the immune system. They can be administered in the form of drugs or nutrients. Probiotics are organisms or substances that improve the intestinal microbial balance of a host animal. Prebiotics are indigestible components in a diet that are metabolized by specific microorganisms and prove helpful for the growth and health of the host. When provided as dietary supplements in feeds, even in small quantities, immunostimulants, probiotics, and prebiotics usually improve immunity, feed efficiency, and growth performance of crustaceans and fishes. The use of immunostimulants, probiotics, and prebiotics in aquaculture are presented in this review.
This study investigated the effects of diet supplementation with poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, lipid metabolism, mineral uptake and bacterial challenge of the rainbow trout fry (initial weight: 111.3 ± 13.7 mg) during a 6-week experimental period. In the experimental set-up, the commercial diet of rainbow trout fry was replaced with 0.5%, 1% and 2% PHB. The results of our work showed that the replacing of diets with PHB in experimental treatments decreases the weight of rainbow trout fry during the first 2 weeks before significantly increasing final weight at the end of the 6-week period. PHB also improved digestive enzyme activity in experimental treatments. The highest total protease, pepsin activity and pancreatic enzyme secretion were observed with the 0.5% PHB treatment. A higher concentration of Na and K was observed in the whole body of the fry fed on 1% and 2% PHB-supplemented diets. Enhanced survival rates occurred in all groups of fry after bath exposure to Yersinia ruckeri compared to rates in those fed the control diet. Our results suggest that the diet supplemented with PHB may improve growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and the functioning of the immune system. These positive effects could be considered for new applications in aquaculture.
Orange juice is a well-accepted fruit juice, and is a natural source of various vitamins, especially vitamin C, as well as sugar, potassium, thiamine, folate, flavonoids and antioxidants. The respective fructose, glucose, and sucrose concentrations were 9.3, 22.9, and 48.1 g/L in the original orange juice used in this study, and 183.4, 170.1, and 142.8 g/L after concentration. Over 97% of the sucrose in the juice was enzymatically converted to glucooligosaccharides upon addition of 3 U/mL dextransucrase, prepared from Leuconostoc mesenteroides 512FMCM, at 16°C. The synthesized oligosaccharides comprised 35.0% of the total saccharides in the concentrated juice and 31.7% in the original juice. The optimum conditions for oligosaccharide synthesis using the concentrated juice were 35.2 × 10−1 U/mL dextransucrase and 1% Ca(OH)2. The calories in the original and modified concentrated orange juices were 325.4 and 246.7 kcal/L, respectively. Compared to the original concentrated juice, the enzyme-modified concentrated juice prevented the formation of 62.7% of the insoluble glucan resulting from addition of mutansucrase, produced by Streptococcus mutans. © 2015, The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
The prevalence of constipation and its impact on quality of life are high among elderly people, with a incidence of 26% in men and 34% in women aged 65 or more. The current standard treatment consists of laxatives administration, lifestyle modifications such as regular physical activity and increased fluids and fibers intake. Several studies have demonstrated that modifications in the intestinal microflora of elderly could alter the metabolic environment of the colon with important changes in the concentration of physiologically active substances that may alter the motor and secretory functions of the bowel. Probiotics are live microorganisms (such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli), which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. Studies examining the effects of probiotics on constipation in elderly are limited, and different strains have been used so far. The aim of this review is to summarize the best available data and indications regarding probiotics as a tool for the management of constipation in the elderly.
Addition of prebiotic compounds into fermented milk including probiotic fermented milk products stimulates intestinal viability of probiotics. Added prebiotics might also affect viability of probiotics in fermented milks. In this research the influence of adding lactulose and Hi-maize (1 and 3% w/w) as prebiotic compounds on the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 in the presence of traditional yogurt bacteria in freshly made Iranian fermented milk drink (Doogh) was studied. Greatest viability of bifidobacteria was obtained in treatment with 3% of Hi-maize, while the lowest viability was observed in control treatment (no prebiotics). Viability of L. acidophilus was highest in control treatment and the lowest in treatment with 3% of Hi-maize. The control treatment showed the longest incubation time (up to pH 4.2), while the lowest fermentation duration was related to the treatments containing 3% of prebiotics. The mean rate of acidity increase was highest and lowest in control treatment and in treatments with 3% of prebiotics, respectively. The control treatment had the highest final acidity immediately after fermentation (up to pH 4.2), the lowest was found in treatment with 3% of Hi-maize.
The effects of inulin HPX and maltodextrins, and also the potentially probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 14 strain, used separately and in combination in white cheese production, on the gastrointestinal microflora of Wistar rats was investigated. The prebiotic addition to the cheese was 2.5%, whereas probiotic and synbiotic cheeses contained at least 107CFU/g of live L. plantarum cells. The counts of Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus, coliforms, and the most probable number of anaerobic proteolytic bacteria were evaluated. After a 10-day feeding experiment, significant changes (P < 0.05) were noted in the most probable number of anaerobic proteolytic bacteria spores, which was the highest in the group receiving a diet with the cheese containing the potentially probiotic strain and inulin HPX. A short-time ingestion of low doses of prebiotics or synbiotics did not alter the counts of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and coliforms in healthy rats.
This study evaluated the prebiotic effects of dietary inulin and Jerusalem artichoke tuber (JA) on juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Five dietary treatments (each diet in four replicates) were formulated to incorporate inulin at 0 (control), 2.5, and 5 g kg−1 and JA at 5 and 10 g kg−1. Fish were reared in concrete ponds for 8 weeks. Fish fed the inulin diets exhibited better growth performance than fish fed the control diet, and fish fed the JA diets had the best growth performances among all diets tested. Dietary inulin and JA increased red blood cell number. Among the fourteen blood chemicals examined, dietary inulin or JA led to increased glucose, albumin, protein, magnesium, calcium, and iron content (P < 0.05). Inulin supplementation at 5 g kg−1 improved lysozyme activity and alternative complement haemolytic 50 (ACH50) activity. Dietary JA increased total immunoglobulin content, lysozyme activity, and ACH50 activity. Dietary inulin or JA increased the height of intestinal villi and goblet cell number. These findings indicate that inulin at 5 g kg−1 had beneficial prebiotic effects on juvenile Nile tilapia and that direct supplementation with JA at 10 g kg−1 had positive effects on growth and health. Thus, both inulin and JA have great potential for use as prebiotics in fish feed.
No satisfactory hypothesis has been put forward to explain the association internationally of high meat protein intakes with tlie high incidence of large bowel cancer. Since current evidence suggests that the development of colonic cancer is related to high fecal bile acid levels, low fecal weight, and slow transit through the gut we have measured these in four healthy subjects taking metabolically controlled diets of different protein and fiber content through three successive 3-week periods. The diets were low protein (LP) (62.7 g protein per day), high protein (HP) (136 g protein per day) meat being the main source ofthe extra protein, and high protein with added wheat fiber (HP + F). The change in protein intake was without significant effect on bowel habit (fecal frequency LP: 3.5 ± 0.7 HP 4.3 ± 0.8 stools per week; fecal weight LP 79.7 ± 10, HP 80.5 ± 1 1 g/day), mean transit time (MTT: LP 75 ± 1 1 hr, HP 70 ± 6 hr); or fecal bile acid excretion(LP 196 ± 13, HP 221 ± 19 mg/day). By contrast, adding 31 g dietary fiber from wheat to the HP diet significantly increased fecal weight to 210 ± 9 g/day, diluted 3-fold an inert marker in the stool, shortened MTT (50 ± 3 hr) and increased fecal bile acid excretion to 444 ± 27 mg/ day. The change from LP to HP diet altered the route of calcium excretion, more appearing in the urine, while overall balance was maintained. When fiber was added to the HP diet all the subjects went into negative calcium balance although the period of observation was only 3 weeks. Meat proteincannot be relatedtothe etiologyof bowel cancer through an effecton stool weight, transit time, or total fecal bile acid excretion. The epidemiological associations either need reexamining or alternatively current theories of the cause of large bowel cancer should be revised. Am. J. Clin. Nut,. 32: 2086-2093, 1979.
Although dietary lipids have been implicated in colon cancer causation, the underlying mechanisms are not known. This paper indicates that when bacteria obtained from normal human feces are incubated with 14C-labeled phosphatidylcholine there is appreciable production of diacylglycerol (DAG), monoacylglycerol, and free fatty acid. Curiously, the production of DAG and monoacylglycerol, but not fatty acid, is strictly dependent on addition of certain bile acids to the incubation system. Among the bile acids tested deoxycholic acid is the most active. Assays of fecal specimens from 10 normal individuals demonstrate a 27-fold interindividual variation in the production of DAG in the in vitro assay system, and also in the absolute levels of DAG present in the same fecal samples. On the other hand, both parameters of DAG are quite constant in repeated fecal samples obtained from the same individual over a period of about 4 months. DAG is a normal physiological activator of protein kinase C, an enzyme that plays a key role in growth control and tumor promotion. We speculate, therefore, that DAG produced by the intestinal microflora might stimulate growth of colonic epithelial cells. Thus an interaction between dietary lipids, bile acids, and specific bacteria in the intestinal lumen could contribute to the risk of colon cancer development in humans.