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Probiotics for Skin Benefits
Abstract and Figures
Probiotic, as defined by an expert committee, means "living microorganisms, which, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer a health effect on the host." Specific strains of probiotic lactic acid bacteria have been shown to beneficially influence the composition and/or metabolic activity of the endogenous microbiota. Certain probiotic strains or specific bacterial lysates or extracts exert their effects beyond the gut or topically applied directly to the skin and confer benefits at the skin level. There is indeed emerging evidence that such probiotics alive or in extract forms can contribute to the reinforcement of skin barrier function and modulate the skin immune system, leading to the preservation of skin homeostasis. Probiotics can be consumed in various forms of fermented or nonfermented food products. Probiotics can be used as a component of functional foods. The most often used probiotic genera in humans and animals are enterococci, lactobacilli, and bifidobacteria, which are natural residents of the intestinal tract. Different human trials suggest that probiotic supplementation might be useful in the management of atopic dermatitis. Ingested probiotic bacteria can accelerate the recovery of cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure in humans and may therefore play a role in UV-induced skin damage prevention and photoprotection. Another indication for which the probiotics could be beneficial is to improve reactive skin symptoms.
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... S. thermophilus increases ceramide production and improves skin hydration in healthy individuals [101]. In addition, Lactobacillus cultures can improve the efficacy of deodorants, lotions, or foot sprays [102]. Therapies based on probiotics for atopic dermatitis and eczema are intensively researched in dermatology [103]. ...
The diversity of algal species is a rich source of many different bioactive metabolites. The compounds extracted from algal biomass have various beneficial effects on health. Recently, co-culture systems between microalgae and bacteria have emerged as an interesting solution that can reduce the high contamination risk associated with axenic cultures and, consequently, increase biomass yield and synthesis of active compounds. Probiotic microorganisms also have numerous positive effects on various aspects of health and represent potent co-culture partners. Most studies consider algae as prebiotics that serve as enhancers of probiotics performance. However, the extreme diversity of algal organisms and their ability to produce a plethora of metabolites are leading to new experimental designs in which these organisms are cultivated together to derive maximum benefit from their synergistic interactions. The future success of these studies depends on the precise experimental design of these complex systems. In the last decade, the development of high-throughput approaches has enabled a deeper understanding of global changes in response to interspecies interactions. Several studies have shown that the addition of algae, along with probiotics, can influence the microbiota, and improve gut health and overall yield in fish, shrimp, and mussels aquaculture. In the future, such findings can be further explored and implemented for use as dietary supplements for humans.
... He drew a direct correlation between yogurt consumption and postponed aging (Gordon 2008). Eventually, the term "probiotic" was coined by Werner Kollath and got associated with array of health ailments for its therapeutic, theranostic, and cosmeceutical benefits (Gueniche et al. 2009;Danino et al. 2015;Singh et al. 2017a). This circumvents cardiovascular, gastroenteric, pulmonary, and neurodegenerative disorders, cancers, bone health, reproductive system well-being, psychological conditions, lifestyle disorders, and skin diseases. ...
The human microbiome includes microorganisms and their cumulative genetic details that reside in the human body. Skin, the body’s most external organ and exposed to the external environment, is an ecosystem with 1.8 m² area. It has a varying epidermal thickness, folds, and appendages in different areas including along with varying moisture and temperature level on the skin surface. Microbial colonization on the skin surface starts from the time of birth. The mode of delivery affects the colonization process to a considerable extent. The group of microbes colonizing the skin surface is determined by physical and chemical features of it, which applies to microbes inhabiting the gut and other ecological niches in the body as well. There is several common important characteristics shared commonly by gut and skin, where both are (1) heavily vascularized, (2) richly perfused, (3) densely innervated, (4) integrated to the immune system, (5) highly associated with the endocrine system, (6) extensively colonized with recognizable microbiota, and (7) both helps our body to communicate with its external environment. It has variously been reported that a close and bidirectional association within the gut and skin in maintaining the homeostasis and allostasis of skin and also gastrointestinal (GI) health. Therefore, numerous intestinal pathologies have been linked to skin comorbidities. It has been found that skin is directly impacted by the various circumstances that principally affect the intestine. Similarly, various gastrointestinal disorders could be linked to distinct dermatological entities. In the same context, a growing body of proof proposes an association of intestinal dysbiosis with many regular inflammatory skin pathologies including atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, rosacea, and acne vulgaris. And the realization of this interconnected association between skin and gut has resulted in a new concept of the “Gut-Skin Axis.” An intimate bidirectional engagement between the gut and the skin has been well established by growing research evidence in this domain. Recent reports have indicated that the administration of specific Lactobacilli strains to mice can significantly alter the overall skin phenotype. Despite increasing research efforts in this domain, a systematic investigation of the “Gut-Skin Axis” remains ill explored by both gastroenterology as well as dermatology researchers. And in this context, here we are discussing various aspects of the Gut-Skin Axis and its role in the general well-being of individuals.
... Recently, lysates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) carrying a Generally Recognized As Safe classification (GRAS) have been commonly used as a raw material in various health and skin care products. Some studies have reported that the application of some LAB extracts (e.g., Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacil-lus plantarum, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) have antimicrobial and anti-adhesive effects on cutaneous and mucosal surfaces [1]. This antimicrobial effect is thought to occur due to a peptide known as bacteriocin [1−3]. ...
Background
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic Gram-positive bacterium that can form biofilm and become resistant to many types of antibiotics. The treatment of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) infection is difficult since it possesses multiple antibiotic-resistant mechanisms. Endolysin and virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolases (VAPGH) enzymes from bacteriophage have been identified as potential alternative antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to assess the ability of Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 secreting endolysin and VAPGH from S. aureus bacteriophage 88 to inhibit the growth of S. aureus PS 88, a MDRSA.
Method
Endolysin and VAPGH genes were cloned and expressed in L. lactis NZ9000 after fusion with the SPK1 signal peptide for secretion. The recombinant proteins were expressed and purified, then analyzed for antimicrobial activity using plate assay and turbidity reduction assay. In addition, the spent media of the recombinant lactococcal culture was analyzed for its ability to inhibit the growth of the S. aureus PS 88.
Results
Extracellular recombinant endolysin (Endo88) and VAPGH (VAH88) was successfully expressed and secreted from L. lactis which was able to inhibit S. aureus PS 88, as shown by halozone formation on plate assays as well as inhibition of growth in the turbidity reduction assay. Moreover, it was observed that the spent media from L. lactis NZ9000 expressing Endo88 and VAH88 reduced the viability of PS 88 by up to 3.5-log reduction with Endo88 being more efficacious than VAH88. In addition, Endo88 was able to lyse all MRSA strains tested and Staphylococcus epidermidis but not the other bacteria while VAH88 could only lyse S. aureus PS 88.
Conclusion
Recombinant L. lactis NZ9000 expressing phage 88 endolysin may be potentially developed into a new antimicrobial agent for the treatment of MDRSA infection.
Probiotics are well known to act upon intestinal dysbiosis. Their effect on skin health is not as disclosed as on the intestinal front, but through oral administration the indirect effect on skin has been reported. Recently, the topical probiotic application has received more attention under the premise that applying probiotics directly to the skin will positively affect the local skin microbiome. While to date there have not been many clinical trials looking at topical probiotics for skin conditions, research so far suggests that they may prevent growth of harmful bacteria through competitive exclusion, production of chemical substances such as bacteriocins, organic acids and hydrogen peroxide, promotion of mucins secretion leading to the improvement of barrier function, stimulation of defensins release from the host cells, production of growth substances (vitamins) and competition for nutrients. In this chapter, we look at the skin structure and its microbiome and evaluate the role of probiotics on the normal function of healthy skin as well as their role in the prevention and therapy of skin disease.
The exposome has an impact on skin from life-long exposure. Acute short-term exposure to exposome stressors can also alter skin functions such as skin physical barrier and immune defenses, leading to skin dryness, sensitivity, flares of inflammatory skin conditions, or viral reactivations. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. An extract produced by lysing Vitreoscilla filiformis (VfeV) cultured in Vichy volcanic mineralizing water (VVMW) has properties of probiotic fractions. In this review, we present in vivo and ex vivo studies with a dermocosmetic formulation containing 80% VVMW, 5% VfeV, 4% niacinamide (vitamin B3), 0.4% hyaluronic acid, and 0.2% vitamin E (M89PF) to evaluate the clinical efficacy in preventing and repairing stressed skin. Skin barrier benefits of M89PF were shown in studies after the skin was exposed to sudden thermal changes, after skin irritation by tape stripping, and in sleep-deprived women. M89PF significantly accelerated skin renewal compared to untreated skin. Skin antioxidant defense activity of M89PF was shown after exposure to stress from UVA plus cigarette smoke aggression. Skin microbiome recovery after acute stress from a harsh cleanser was significantly better in M89PF-treated skin compared to bare skin. Clinical benefits of M89PF on correcting clinical signs of stressed skin were shown in both Caucasian and Asian women exposed to a stressful lifestyle and various external (pollution, tobacco smoking, solar radiation) and internal (poor sleep, stressful work, unbalanced diet, and alcohol consumption) exposome factors. M89PF also showed depigmenting properties on dark spots in Asian women. Further clinical studies are now warranted to evaluate the efficacy of M89PF as adjuvant care to prevent and repair skin barrier disruption and reinforce skin defenses in skin exposed to acute stresses.
Probiotics are live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Semiactive, non-replicating bacteria or extracts used in dermocosmetics have interesting properties for skin quality. Vitreoscilla filiformis is cultured by a fermentation process to obtain an extract. It is considered as a probiotic fraction and topical application of this extract has shown activity to strengthen the skin physical barrier function and maintain good homeostasis of skin defenses. Vichy volcanic mineralizing water (VVMW) is a pure, highly mineralized water that has been shown to strengthen the skin against exposome aggressions. This manuscript reviews properties of probiotic fractions used in skin care, especially studies on an extract of V. filiformis grown in a medium containing VVMW (VfeV) and evaluated in combination with VVMW. Skin barrier function: In normal human epidermal keratinocyte cultures, the combination of 10% VVMW and 0.002% VfeV significantly increased transglutaminase, filaggrin, involucrin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1 in comparison with the controls. Antimicrobial peptide defenses: The combination of 16.7% VVMW and 0.1% VfeV increased the expression of β-defensin-4A and S100A7. Skin immune defense functions: In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the combination of 16.7% VVMW and 0.1% VfeV down-regulated IL-8, TNF-α, IL-12/IL-23p40, and increased IL10 and IL-10/IL-12 ratio compared to the control. Additionally, the combination of 79% VVMW plus 5% VfeV protected Langerhans cells in skin explants exposed to ultraviolet radiation. In conclusion, the combination of VfeV plus VVMW has properties to strengthen the skin barrier by stimulating skin differentiation and tight junctions, biochemical defenses by stimulating antimicrobial peptides, and cellular immune defenses by increasing the IL-10/IL-12 ratio and by protecting Langerhans cells challenged by ultraviolet radiation.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory disorder associated with dry, scaly, and extremely itchy skin having complex pathophysiology. Mostly, symptomatic treatments are offered to AD that include skin moisturizers, antihistaminic, topical steroids, etc. Although exact pathophysiology of AD is not clear, it was reported that along with genetic factors, epidermis dysfunction, and immune system abnormalities, microbiome in the gut-skin axis also contributes for the progression of AD. The alteration in gut flora results in dysbiosis, an imbalance within natural microbiota which causes many health complications including AD. Probiotics are live microorganisms which support gut microbiota and elicit several health benefits when consumed. However, viability and stability of probiotics are the major concerns for their effective usage. Probiotics are available in various conventional dosage forms like tablet, capsules, sachets, oral liquids, etc. Additionally, they are also incorporated into controlled delivery systems using microencapsulation and lyophilization techniques which not only deliver required amount of probiotic at a targeted site but also significantly improve their sustainability. At present, several clinical trials are ongoing for different strains of probiotics and their relevance to microbiota. In the future, new routes and dosage forms can be explored for effective delivery of probiotics in management of AD.
Candidiasis (e.g., oral, gastrointestinal, vaginal, urinary tract, systemic) is a worldwide growing problem, since antifungal resistance and immunosuppression states are rising. To address this problem, very few drugs are available for the treatment of Candida spp. infections. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently required. Probiotics have been proposed for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections due to their safety record and efficacy, however, little is still known about their potential role regarding fungal infections. The purpose of this review is to present an updated summary of the evidence of the antifungal effects of probiotics along with a discussion of their potential use as an alternative/complementary therapy against Candida spp. infections. Thus, we performed a literature search using appropriate keywords ("Probiotic þ Candida", "Candidiasis treatment", and "Probiotic þ candidiasis") to retrieve relevant studies (both preclinical and clinical) with special emphasis on the works published in the last 5 years. An increasing amount of evidence has shown the potential usefulness of probiotics in the management of oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis in recent years. Among other results, we found that, as for bacterial infections, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces are the most studied and effective genus for this purpose. However, in other areas, particularly in skincandidiai-sis, studies are low or lacking. Thus, further investigation is necessary including in vitro and in vivo studies to establish the usefulness of probiotics in the management of candidiasis.
In recent years, probiotics have gained interest owing to their beneficial effects on skin health, such as inhibiting atopic dermatitis and improving skin immunity or preventing inflammation. However, little is known about the effects of probiotics on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced reduction in skin hydration. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 on skin hydration in human dermal fibroblasts and in hairless mice. In Hs68 cells, L. plantarum HY7714 not only increased serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) mRNA level, but also decreased ceramidase mRNA level. In order to confirm the hydrating effects of L. plantarum HY7714 in vivo, we orally administered vehicle or L. plantarum HY7714 at a dose of 1 × 109 CFU/day to hairless mice for 8 weeks. In hairless mice, L. plantarum HY7714 significantly decreased UVB-induced epidermal thickness. In addition, we found that L. plantarum HY7714 administration significantly suppressed the increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and decrease in skin hydration, which reflects barrier function fluctuations following UV irradiation. In particular, L. plantarum HY7714 administration significantly increased the ceramide level compared to that in the UVB group. In the experiment on SPT and ceramidase mRNA expressions, L. plantarum HY7714 administration significantly improved the reduction in SPT mRNA levels and suppressed the increase in ceramidase mRNA levels caused by UVB in the hairless mice skins. Collectively, these results provide further insight that L. plantarum HY7714 can be a potential candidate for preserving skin hydration levels against UV irradiation.
Résumé
Les peaux sensibles (ou peaux réactives) se définissent comme un syndrome se manifestant par la survenue de sensations déplaisantes (picotements, brûlures, douleurs, prurit, fourmillements) en réponse à des stimulus qui, normalement, ne devraient pas provoquer de telles sensations. Ces sensations déplaisantes ne peuvent pas être expliquées par des lésions attribuables à une maladie cutanée spécifique. La peau peut apparaître normale ou être accompagnée d’un érythème. Les peaux sensibles peuvent atteindre toute localisation cutanée mais en particulier le visage. Les peaux sensibles sont très fréquentes puisqu’elles concernent environ la moitié de la population, avec une intensité variable. Le diagnostic se fait essentiellement par l’entretien avec le (la) patient(e). La physiopathologie commence à être mieux comprise : il s’agirait d’une hyperréactivité du système nerveux cutané, liée en particulier à l’activation de protéines sensorielles présentes sur les kératinocytes et les terminaisons nerveuses. La prise en charge reste encore assez spéculative.
The primary cause of non-melanoma skin cancer, the most prevalent form of human neoplasia, is the ultraviolet (UV) radiation found in sunlight. Exposing mice to UV radiation induces skin cancers that are highly antigenic. Upon transfer of an UV-induced skin cancer to a normal syngeneic mouse, the tumor cells are recognized and rapidly destroyed by the immune system of the recipient. This raises the question of how these cancers avoided immune destruction during their development in the UV-irradiated host. This question was answered when it was discovered that in addition to being carcinogenic, UV radiation was also immunosuppressive. Studies with immune suppressed transplantation recipients, and biopsy proven skin cancer patients have confirmed that UV-induced immune suppression is a risk factor for skin cancer development in humans. It is of great importance, therefore, to understand the mechanisms underlying UV-induced immune suppression. The focus of this manuscript will be to use some examples from the more recent scientific literature to review the mechanisms by which UV radiation suppresses the immune response and allows for the progressive outgrowth of antigenic skin tumors.
