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Physical activity, anxiety and anxiety disorders
Abstract and Figures
The purpose of this paper is to present a selective overview of recent research concerning physical activity, anxiety disorders. Introductory information about anxiety and anxiety disorders is presented in the first section. Background information about neurobiology has been emphasized in the first section because of the recent growth in knowledge about neurobiology of anxiety, its potential heuristic value for learning about the extent to which physical activity influences anxiety, and the fact that psychobiology contructs such as anxiety ultimately reflect functioning of the brain. The second section reviews and attempts to integrate into the extant literature selected, recently published investigations concerning the influence of physical activity on anxiety and anxiety disorders. Major conclusions include: (1) that most of the research concerning physical activity and clinical anxiety disordres has involved patients with panic disorder; accordingly, it is recommended that future studies be conducted examining the effects of exercise training on other anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, (2) that not all panic disorder patients phobically avoid physical activity; however, methodological weakness of this work lead to the recommendation that large scale studies with better methods be conducted to provide a conclusive answer as to whether individuals with panic disorder are more sedentary than normal, (3) that acute and chronic exercise is safe for panic disorder patients, (4) that exercise training is associated with a reduction of anxiety symptoms in patients with panic disorder, and (5) that when groups without a clinical anxiety disorder perform an acute exercise bout, post-exercise anxiety reductions are larger than usual if methods are used to minimize the problem of low pre-exercise anxiety scores.
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... Moreover, significant advancements have been made in assessing mental health within the sporting context. Ströhle (2009) introduced the Sports Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 (SMHAT-1) and the Sports Mental Health Recognition Tool 1 (SMHRT-1), which have significantly improved the recognition and understanding of mental health issues among athletes. These tools provided structured instruments tailored specifically for evaluating mental health aspects in athletes. ...
This paper attempts to test and analyze students' mental health status through the reform of physical education curriculum setting mode, reveal the changes and characteristics of individual mental health status, and then promote reasonable and effective physical education reform and the integration of psychological education. Furthermore, this article investigates people's mental health using the Apriori algorithm and the BP algorithm, and accurately presents the current condition using data graphs and other approaches, and its accuracy has grown by 20.32%. It also concludes that we should pursue the aims of social adaption and mental health, as well as support improved implementation of the new physical education curriculum. Physical education instruction must be engaging, but it cannot be done in isolation from sports and practice. As part of the new curriculum reform, physical education should be linked with psychological education.
... The beneficial effects of regular exercise are well-established [30][31]. It has been consistently proven that physical activity has a positive effect on psychological well-being, while also reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, mental health problems as well as mor-tality and morbidity [30][31][32][33]. In our study, the higher HGS seen in participants who exercise may suggest lower stress levels. ...
... From the point of view of educational professionals, our findings indicated the importance of using new methodologies, as in the study conducted by Grenier et al. (2022), which reported the importance of pedagogical innovation to meet the needs of all students. Specifically, our PE teachers stated that one of the strategies to favour the inclusion of students with autism spectrum disorder was the use of methodologies that gave prominence to the students, since, as indicated by O'Connor et al. (2000), they need to feel that they have control within their environment to prevent their anxiety. In addition, it has also been observed (Hutzler et al., 2007;Reina et al., 2011) that peer education programmes could have a positive influence on the behaviours and acceptance of students with SEN, aspects that coincide with the opinions of the teachers interviewed in our study. ...
The views, opinions and experiences of students with special educational needs (SEN) in physical education classes (PE) must be considered when inclusion in PE is understood as subjective experience of sense of belonging. For this, the goal of this qualitative study was to determine the perceptions and experiences of students with SEN and educational professionals, in order to define the necessary changes to achieve effective inclusion of those students in physical education. Qualitative methodology was used, and two discussion groups were held with sixteen participating students (average age 13 years old), and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five educational professionals (average age 35 years old). The results, generated using thematic analysis, were organised based on the question: What is needed to promote inclusion in PE classes? The emerging themes of the analysis were PE as a curricular area, teacher–student interaction and interaction between students. This study concluded that students felt included by their peers, although educational professionals had different opinions. The changes necessary to promote inclusion during PE classes, according to all the participants of the study, should be the use of new methodologies, understanding and individualised attention to students.
... Empirical evidence has highlighted the beneficial impact of physical activity on mental health, encompassing improvements in self-perception, social skills, and cognitive functioning, as well as a reduction in anxiety symptoms [4]. Furthermore, moderate and positive effects of physical activity on generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, panic attacks, and stress-related disorders have been observed [5]. As investigations have progressively deconstructed the components of physical activity, Ai et al. and Stubbs et al. have determined that both intensive and frequent physical activity positively contribute to enhancing mental health in adolescents [6,7]. ...
As adolescent mental health problems are becoming a more serious issue globally, this paper explores the relationship of physical activity in adolescents and its frequency on mental health as well as examines the mediating effects of life satisfaction and self-rated health in order to provide a reference for the promotion of mental health in adolescents. A sample of 3578 Chinese high school students completed questionnaires assessing their mental health, physical activity frequency, life satisfaction, and self-rated health. The mean SCL-90 value for adolescents was found to be 1.629%, and 24.73% of adolescents had varying degrees of mental health issue. Increased physical activity frequency is positively associated with improved mental health (p < 0.001). Additionally, life satisfaction and self-rated health were found to play significant mediating roles in the relationship between physical activity frequency and mental health. Specifically, low-frequency physical activity had the most pronounced mediating effect on mental health through life satisfaction, while high-frequency physical activity exerted the most significant mediating effect on mental health through self-rated health. These findings underscore the importance of promoting physical activity among adolescents and highlight the distinct pathways through which physical activity frequency can influence mental health outcomes. Further research is needed to explore these relationships in diverse populations and settings, as well as to develop targeted intervention.
... Our results showed a decrease in somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety in the COMB-G but not the CON-G, who did not practice aerobic and speed training. A large body of evidence demonstrated that anxiety symptoms are transiently reduced by approximately ¼ to ½ standard deviations in response to an acute bout of exercise [46][47][48]. Gaudlitz, Plag [49] demonstrated that aerobic exercise associated with cognitive behavioral therapy promotes additional benefits in terms of decreasing anxiety levels in 47 patients with panic disorder. It has also been shown that the performance of aerobic exercise, preceding a provocative test of CO 2 inhalation, results in a significant reduction in the anxiogenic responses compared with participants who rested before the test [50]. ...
Abstract Background While there is ample evidence on the effects of single-mode aerobic and speed training on physical fitness in soccer players, less is known on the combined effects of these exercise regimens on physical and psychological factors. Aim This study aimed to compare the effects of aerobic and speed training with soccer-specific training versus soccer-specific training only on aerobic performance during the YOYO intermittent fitness test level 1 (final velocity, total distance [TD], maximal oxygen consumption [VO2max]), repeated sprint ability (best, total sprint time [RSABT, RSATT], sprint decrement [RSA dec]) performance and somatic anxiety (SA), cognitive anxiety (CA), and self-confidence (SC) adaptations in soccer players. Methods Thirty-eight highly trained male athletes aged 18.9 ± 0.5 years were randomly assigned to an aerobic and speed training group (COMB-G; n = 20) or an active control group (CON-G; n = 18). Aerobic training comprised intermittent exercises at 110–120% of the final velocity achieved at the end of the YOYO IL1 test. Speed training involved maximal sprints over 15–20-m with 5–6 sets per session. Aerobic or speed training lasted 20 min per session and replaced parts of the soccer-specific training. CON-G performed the soccer-specific training including technical, tactical drills and small-sided games. Training volume was similar between groups. Pre, post intervention, all participants performed a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test, the YO-YO IL1 test and the players completed a Competitive Scale Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2). Results A two (group: COMB-G, CON-G) by two (time: pre, post) mixed ANOVA (group-by-time) was computed. Significant group-by-time interactions were found for RSATT (F = 117.3; p
... 16 A conceivable reason for this may be a supportive environment and the positive effect of the sport regarding mental health. 29 Furthermore, the network of coaches, trainers, medical staff, and sports psychologists is extensive in the highest-level athletes. However, accurate epidemiological data are lacking on the potential beneficial effects on mental health of participating in professional Paralympic sports. ...
Introduction:
Despite the increasing amount of research regarding mental health in elite athletes in recent years, athletes with impairments are hardly represented. Due to this lack of data and the significant need of athlete specific mental health screening tools, a continuous mental health monitoring within elite Para athletes was implemented.
Objectives:
Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) as a suitable tool for continuous mental health evaluation in elite Para athletes.
Design:
A 43-week prospective observational cohort study SETTING: Online questionnaire, provided weekly via web browser and mobile app PARTICIPANTS: 78 Para athletes preparing for Paralympic Summer and Winter Games INTERVENTION: Not applicable MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weekly PHQ-4 scores, stress level and mood.
Results:
With a mean weekly response rate of 82.7% (SD=8.0), 2149 PHQ-4, 2159 stress level and 2153 mood assessments were completed. Mean PHQ-4 score among all participating athletes was 1.2 (SD=1.8; 95% CI [1.1-1.3]). Individual weekly scores ranged from zero to 12 and showed significant floor effects, with 54% of the scores being zero. PHQ-4 scores were significantly higher among female athletes and team sport members (p<.001). Internal consistency of the PHQ-4 was satisfying, Cronbach's α being 0.839. There were significant cross-sectional as well as longitudinal correlations of PHQ-4 and stress level as well as mood values (p<.001). 39.7% of all athletes (n=31) had at least one positive screen for mental health symptoms.
Conclusion:
The PHQ-4 turned out to be a valid tool for mental health surveillance in elite Para athletes. Significant correlations of the PHQ-4 and stress level as well as mood were shown. High weekly response rates among participating athletes indicated good acceptance of the program. The weekly monitoring allowed for the identification of individual fluctuations and could identify potential athletes at risk for mental health problems when combined with clinical follow-up. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Objective
Physical activity (PA) is beneficial to the body and effective in promoting mental health and social relationships, which is one of the most important ways to enhance the quality of life. This review investigated the effects of PA in intensity, duration, and exercise modality on young people’s mood.
Methods
Adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this study conducted a meticulous search across the Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus from May to July 2024, and participants aged between 13 and 28 were specified for inclusion in the study. The search yielded 942 titles and abstracts, and subsequent screening according to the criteria led to the inclusion of 20 studies, with 11 focusing on exercise intensity, four on duration, and five on exercise modality.
Results
Exercise of different intensities and durations had different effects on mood, with moderate intensity having the most significant effect on mood. In terms of duration, exercise lasting 10–30 min was more effective in improving positive mood. In addition, the effects of different modalities of exercise on mood also vary, with current research focusing more on the effects of aerobic exercise on mood.
Conclusion
PA can have a positive impact on mental health that varies by intensity, duration, and modality of exercise; moderate intensity and 30 min of exercise tend to result in the most positive emotions. More research could be conducted in the future in different anaerobic exercises.
Objectives
To examine whether the amount and timing of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was associated with sleep quality and duration in the general population.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional analysis of data of a Dutch cohort collected between 2008 and 2012. Timing of physical activity (measured using an accelerometer) was categorized as performing most MVPA in morning (06:00–12:00), afternoon (12:00–18:00), evening (18:00–00:00), or even distribution of MVPA over the day (reference). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). We estimated OR with 95 % CI of a poor score on individual PSQI components and global PSQI score using logistic regression while adjusting for relevant covariates.
Results
We analyzed 736 participants, of whom 57 % women, aged 56 (6) years, BMI 26.1 (4.2) kg/m²). Amount of MVPA (hours/day) was associated with lower odds of fatigue-related dysfunction during daytime (OR: 0.54 0.32–0.94), but not with global PSQI score. Participants who performed most MVPA in the morning were less likely to report sleep disturbances (OR: 0.23, 95 % CI: 0.09–0.60), compared to participants with an even distribution of. Timing of MVPA was not associated with global PSQI score nor other components and CI were large.
Conclusions
Differences in sleep quality are unlikely to be biological mechanisms underlying the previously shown associations between timing of physical activity and metabolic health.
Le monde de l’entreprise est un monde assez complexe. Plusieurs facteurs entrent en jeux et rendent le travail comme une source de souffrance et de mal-être. Ceci est visible au niveau des plaintes et protestations quotidiennes des travailleurs à l’égard de leur hiérarchie, leurs collègues voire à l’égard même de leur activité professionnelle. Un ressenti négatif s’accumule et alimente l’usure psychologique. Il s’agit de risques au travail qui sont en rapport étroit avec le fonctionnement de l’organisation appelés risques psychosociaux (RPS). Certes, l’entreprise a une responsabilité morale et juridique pour préserver le bien-être de ses salariés mais des manquements et des négligences font partie de la réalité même de ce monde professionnel. Nous nous sommes intéressés lors de cette étude à vérifier le rapport qui pourrait exister entre le fait qu’un salarié se fasse plaisir grâce à la pratique régulière d’une activité physique et sportive et sa perception et son adaptation aux situations de stress professionnel. Cette étude a concerné 149 managers. La méthodologie choisie fait appel à deux types d’études. Une étude exploratoire qualitative et une étude confirmatoire quantitative. Les résultats obtenus confirment l’apport bénéfique d’une pratique physique régulière sur le niveau de perception du stress professionnel et la nature même des stratégies de coping ce qui alimente par conséquent un état de bien-être au travail positif. The business world is a complex one. Several factors come into play to make work a source of suffering and malaise. This can be seen in the daily complaints and protests from workers towards their superiors, their colleagues and even towards their professional activity itself. Negative feelings accumulate and fuel psychological wear and tear. These are workplace risks that are closely linked to the way the organisation functions, known as psychosocial risks (PSR). Of course, companies have a moral and legal responsibility to safeguard the well-being of their employees, but failings and negligence are part and parcel of the very reality of this professional world. In this study, we were interested in verifying the relationship that might exist between the fact that an employee takes pleasure in regular physical activity and sport and his or her perception of and adaptation to situations of work-related stress. The study involved 149 managers. The methodology used involved two types of study. A qualitative exploratory study and a quantitative confirmatory study. The results confirm the beneficial impact of regular physical exercise on the perception of work-related stress and the very nature of coping strategies, which in turn contributes to a positive state of well-being at work.
This crossover randomized controlled trial examined the acute psychological effects of a bout of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise (MICE) and a bout of high-intensity functional exercise (HIFE), relative to a no-exercise sedentary control (SED), in participants (N = 21; 15 f; 24.7 ± 9.3 years) with subsyndromal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Affective state (Energy, Tiredness, Tension, Calmness) was assessed before (Pre), immediately after (Post 0), 20-min after (Post 20), and 40-min after (Post 40) each condition. Affective valence was assessed during each condition, and exercise enjoyment was assessed at Post 0. Enjoyment was significantly greater following HIFE and MICE relative to SED. Energy was significantly increased Post 0 HIFE and MICE but decreased Post 0 SED. Tension was reduced following all conditions and was significantly lower at Post 40 relative to Pre for HIFE, MICE, and SED. Tiredness was significantly reduced at Post 40 relative to Pre following MICE only, while Calmness was significantly lower at Post 40 relative to Pre following MICE and SED. Overall, both exercise conditions were enjoyed to a greater extent than the control, but MICE may provide greater psychological benefits with respect to Calmness and Tiredness. This study is among the first to assess acute changes in affective states relative to various exercise modes in individuals living with subsyndromal PTSD.
The purpose of this review is to define physiological indices of overtraining, examine psychological factors involved with youth sports, and suggest corrective alternatives for coaches to avoid overtraining of youth athletes. Overtraining is common among athletes. Incremental stages of overtraining of youth athletes include (a) overreaching, (b) overtraining, (c) staleness, (d) burnout, and (e) injury/withdrawal. The body of literature which addressed overtraining has been primarily physiological. Physiological systems affected by overtraining have been both parasympathetic and sympathetic processes. However. the consistency of these findings have been suspect and difficult to differentiate from normal training response. Identification of psychological factors, however, have been more consistent with a large body of investigation using psychometric instruments such as the Profile of Mood States. Psychological factors which effect overtraining include stressand susceptible personality characteristics. Overtraining may be avoided by providing a clear system of rewards and scheduling. Periodization training schedules, implementing psychological testing, and monitoring dietary intake can reduce the potential for overtraining. These suggestions require careful consideration by coaches for useful applications within their own sport situation. Often coaches have limited time and/or finances to implement elaborate screening and prevention programs. However, the syndromes associated with chronic training can cause lack of enjoyment for the participants and a failure to achieve desired effects for coaches. With increased awareness of these issues, a coach can provide a structured sport program that enhances the total sports experience of young athletes.
This article aims to introduce exercise psychologists to a psychobiological approach to the study of human emotion and to stimulate research concerning the effects of exercise on the emotions. Distinctions are made between the measurement of emotional responses and the measurement of emotion-related constructs, such as mood. A contemporary view of the motivational basis of emotion is described which has characterized all emotions as variations in orthogonal dimensions of affective valence and arousal. Techniques employed to measure emotional responses, such as electroencephalographic and electromyographic indices of emotion, as well as measures of facial expression, are briefly discussed. Early research is then described that has examined provoked aggressive responses after brief moderately intense cycling exercise, as well as more recent studies that have employed psychophysiological indices of emotion-related constructs before and after sustained bouts of exercise. Researchers are urged to make clear distinctions regarding the perception of emotional stimuli, the experience of emotion, the expression of emotion, and most importantly, to distinguish these features of emotion from other emotion-related constructs such as mood.
Ninety-two nonpsychotic inpatients took part in an exploratory study to assess the therapeutic effect of aerobic exercise intervention. All patients were hospitalized for 8 weeks and took part in aerobic exercise for at least 1 h five times a week. Degree of general mental distress was measured by the Symptom Rating Test (SRT); physical work capacity (PWC) was calculated from a submaximal bicycle ergometer test. Three patients dropped out. In every diagnostic category there was significant increase in PWC. Patients with alcohol abuse or dependence had the greatest reductions in symptom scores at the hospital, followed by those with unipolar depressive and anxiety disorders. Eighty-four per cent responded to a 1-year follow-up investigation by mailed questionnaires. The best long-term outcome was found in patients with alcohol abuse and dependence and unipolar depressive disorders. Sixty-five per cent of respondents exercised regularly, and regular exercise habits were most strongly associated with low SRT scores at follow-up. Patients retrospectively ranked physical exercise as the most important component in the treatment programme. Two admission variables seemed particularly well suited to predict long-term treatment response: no previous psychiatric treatment and previous adult experience with exercise or sports. Patients with at least one of these variables were on the average doing well at follow-up.
Several clinical studies suggest antidepressive and anxiolytic effects of regular aerobic exercise. To study the effects of exercise on central serotonergic receptor sensitivity, we performed neuroendocrine challenges using oral doses of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP, 0.4 mg/kg), ipsapirone (0.3 mg/kg) and placebo in 12 marathon runners and 12 healthy controls not practicing regular exercise. After administration of the nonselective serotonergic agonist m-CPP, which exerts a number of well-reproducible effects mainly by means of its action on 5-HT2C receptors, marathon runners showed a significantly reduced cortisol response in comparison to the control group. There was also a statistical trend toward a blunted prolactin response after m-CPP in the athlete group. In contrast, the increase of cortisol and the hypothermia observed after administration of the 5-HT1A agonist ipsapirone were of the same magnitude in both groups. The behavioral response to m-CPP or ipsapirone and the mean maximal increases of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline did not differ between the marathon and the control group. In conclusion, exercise-induced downregulation of 5-HT2C receptors could play an important role in mediating the anxiolytic and antidepressive effects of exercise.
Reviews research evidence on the effect of acute exercise on anxiety level and concludes that vigorous physical activity is clearly associated with a reduction of anxiety as measured by psychometric, biochemical, and neurophysiological means. However, association must not be equated to causation; research findings are reviewed that indicate that deep-rest-only groups manifest a quantitatively similar degree of anxiety amelioration. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examines the nature, causes, and consequences of burnout within a cognitive-affective model of stress and describes the parallel situational, cognitive, physiologic, and behavioral components of stress and burnout. J. W. Thibaut and H. H. Kelley's (1959) social exchange model is used to define the conditions under which withdrawal from a sport can be attributed to burnout. Empirical findings concerning the causes and consequences of burnout derived from nonathletic populations are incorporated within the athletic burnout model, and its implications for preventing and coping with burnout are discussed. Conceptual and methodological issues are discussed, including operationalizing and measuring athletic burnout, the need for epidemiological research, and the assessment of causal and moderator variables. Based on the literature on burnout in nonsport environments and the literature on sources and consequences of athletic stress, some testable hypotheses are advanced. (47 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)