Content uploaded by Aysen Altiner
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Aysen Altiner on Sep 29, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, and serum non-esterified fatty acids and C-reactive protein levels in rats fed with atherogenic diet
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the improving effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on performance metrics, and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in rats fed with atherogenic diet. Thirty, one-year-old, female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of ten animals each. Control group was fed with basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol), while the diets of groups 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid- and 5% hydrogenated-vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% Garcinia cambogia was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. Performance metrics were significantly lower in group 3 than the other groups. Serum NEFA levels were significantly higher in group 3 than the control group on day 45, and in group 3 compared with the other groups on day 75. Serum CRP levels were not significantly different among all groups in all days. In conclusion, the reduced performance metrics indicate that supplementation with Garcinia cambogia extract is a novel therapeutic tool for weight management. Also, this study indicates that large doses of Garcinia cambogia can lead to a substantial increase in serum NEFA concentrations which may be due to the increased fat degradation.
... cambogia ) is a fruit that is native to Southeast Asia and is currently used as a weight-loss supplement [24]. There are many studies suggesting the antiobesity effect of G. cambogia mediated by an increase in fat oxidation [25], a decrease in de novo lipogenesis [26], and inhibition of mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) in the early stage of adipocyte differentiation [27]. Interestingly, G. cambogia reduced liver weight gain, vacuolization, and lipid droplet numbers in the liver tissues of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, implying a therapeutic effect on NAFLD [28,29]. ...
... The effect of G. cambogia and HCA, its main constituent, on lipogenesis has been reported in several studies in animal models [24,25,63]. It was recently published that the regulatory effect of HCA on lipid accumulation in cultured primary chicken hepatocytes reduces the acetyl-CoA supply, which is mainly achieved via inhibition of ATP-citrate lyase and acceleration of energy metabolism [63]. ...
Excessive free fatty acids (FFAs) causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Garcinia cambogia (G. cambogia ) is used as an anti-obesity supplement, and its protective potential against NAFLD has been investigated. This study aims to present the therapeutic effects of G. cambogia on NAFLD and reveal underlying mechanisms. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were administered G. cambogia for eight weeks, and steatosis, apoptosis, and biochemical parameters were examined in vivo. FFA-induced HepG2 cells were treated with G. cambogia, and lipid accumulation, apoptosis, ROS level, and signal alterations were examined. The results showed that G. cambogia inhibited HFD-induced steatosis and apoptosis and abrogated abnormalities in serum chemistry. G. cambogia increased in NRF2 nuclear expression and activated antioxidant responsive element (ARE), causing induction of antioxidant gene expression. NRF2 activation inhibited FFA-induced ROS production, which suppressed lipogenic transcription factors, C/EBPα and PPARγ. Moreover, the ability of G. cambogia to inhibit ROS production suppressed apoptosis by normalizing the Bcl-2/BAX ratio and PARP cleavage. Lastly, these therapeutic effects of G. cambogia were due to hydroxycitric acid (HCA). These findings provide new insight into the mechanism by which G. cambogia regulates NAFLD progression.
... to have positive effects regarding reducing body weight, lowering glucose levels, and inhibiting fat synthesis (39)(40)(41)(42). Most related studies have shown that G. cambogia/HCA can reduce weight gain (9,(43)(44)(45) and visceral fat accumulation (46,47). However, some studies have shown that HCA has no lasting beneficial effect on weight loss, which may be due to the short duration of the study (48). ...
Background:
Garcinia cambogia is widely used as a weight-loss supplement, and it is reported to be negatively associated with metabolic diseases including insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and dyslipidemia.
Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the effect of G. cambogia water extract (GE) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, IR, and hepatic lipid accumulation.
Design:
C57BL/6 male mice were fed HFD with or without GE, GED and GEP for 16 weeks, and the mice were subjected to insulin tolerance tests and liver histological analysis. The hydroxycitric acid (HCA) levels of GE, GED, and GEP were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results:
The results showed that GE significantly reduced HFD-induced body weight gain (P < 0.001), alleviated IR (P < 0.01), reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) (P < 0.001), and attenuated HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. To investigate the constituent that was responsible for these effects, we separated GE into the component that dissolved in ethanol (GED) and the component that was precipitated by ethanol (GEP). Further mouse experiments showed that both GED and GEP were effective, but GED (which was used at a dose of 4 g/L) was more effective than GEP (which was used at a lower dose of 1 g/L). The HCA levels in GED and GEP were similar, although less than in GE. HCA may be the effective component in GE.
Conclusion:
This study provides evidence that G. cambogia can be used as a natural supplement to alleviate IR and hepatic lipid accumulation.
... The reports on the effect of Garcinia on weight loss in animals and human studies are conflicting and inconsistent. [46] supporting the reports of Hayamizu et al. [47] who observed low body weight in the Garcinia cambogia group than the placebo group at both 12 and 16 weeks at a dose of 1000 mg/kg and this has been attributed to the leptin like activity of Garcinia [48]. This human dose of 1000 mg/kg translates to almost 1.5 g/rat, which is way above the dose that we have used (120 mg/rat) in this study. ...
... One potential explanation for this result may be that, elevation of hs-CRP had strong association with development of metabolic syndrome and that in the development of NAFLD, a finding supported by previous research. Previous study reported that G. cambogia extract did not cause any significant difference in serum CRP level of rats [22], and our study came up with similar results in humans. A previous study reported that hs-CRP is the only independent predictor of NASH and can be used as the follow up indicator 10 years after people had bariatric surgery and liver biopsy [23]. ...
Objective
This study aimed to investigate effects of hydroxy citric acid (HCA) extracts from Garcinia Cambogia on weight and serum hepcidin level in women with non- alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD).
Design
Clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
Methods
This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 40 obese women aged 18–50 years with NAFLD, which were randomly allocated into two groups: “HCA group” (who received low-calorie diet plus six HCA tablets per day) and “Control group" (who received a low-calorie diet only), for eight weeks. Anthropometric parameters, dietary intake, physical activity level, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), high sensivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as well as, plasma level of hepcidin were measured at baseline and at the end of the study.
Results
There was a significant reduction in dietary intakes in both groups (p < 0.05). Weight and body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly in HCA group (p < 0.05), but the differences between two groups were not significant. Serum hepcidin level and hs-CRP increased slightly, but not significantly in both groups. Liver enzymes increased in the HCA group but decreased in the control group and there were significant differences between two groups (p = 0.004 for both of ALT and AST).
Conclusion
HCA can improve weight loss in NAFLD patients, while it may not have favorable effects on liver enzymes, hs-CRP and serum hepcidin level.
IRCT number: 201503273320N11
... According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the recommended dietary allowance for Zn is 11 mg per day for men and 8 mg per day for women, where the corresponding burden of Zn is approximately 0.16 mg kg −1 per day for men and 0.13 mg kg −1 per day for women (Roney et al., 2006) . Various studies have revealed the negative consequences of an overdose of Zn intake on growth, development and health (Gürsel et al., 2012;Kiilerich et al., 1980;Lastra et al., 2001; Weigand and Boesch-Saadatmandi, 2012) . It has been shown that the divalent metal can also lead to neurological disorders (Brandão-Neto et al., 1995;Fosmire, 1990). ...
... According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the recommended dietary allowance for Zn is 11 mg per day for men and 8 mg per day for women, where the corresponding burden of Zn is approximately 0.16 mg kg −1 per day for men and 0.13 mg kg −1 per day for women (Roney et al., 2006) . Various studies have revealed the negative consequences of an overdose of Zn intake on growth, development and health (Gürsel et al., 2012;Kiilerich et al., 1980;Lastra et al., 2001; Weigand and Boesch-Saadatmandi, 2012) . It has been shown that the divalent metal can also lead to neurological disorders (Brandão-Neto et al., 1995;Fosmire, 1990). ...
Biomaterials in the form of implants (sutures, bone plates, joint replacements, etc.) and medical devices (pacemakers, artificial hearts, blood tubes, etc.) are widely used to replace and/or restore the function of traumatized or degenerated tissues or organs, and thus improve the quality of life of the patients. The first and foremost requirement for the choice of the biomaterial is its acceptability by the human body. To ensure its long-term usage in the body without any rejection, it is essential for the biomaterial to possess certain significant properties. The most common classes of materials used for biomedical applications are metals, polymers, ceramics and composites. These four classes are either used alone or in combination in most of the implantation devices that are available today. This article focuses on the biocompatibility of various metal matrix composites used for biomedical applications.
... Результатом блокади АТФ-цитратліази та активації карнітинацилтрансферази є зниження ліпогенезу. ГЛК справляє також регулюючий вплив на апетит, що полягає в її опосередкованому впливі на активність нейронів гіпоталамуса, які контролюють відчуття голоду й насичення шляхом блокади зворотного захвату серотоніну, що призводить до збільшення його концентрації в синапсах, справляючи, отже, ефект, подібний до такого в антидепресантів (інгібіторів зворотного захвату серотоніну) [10]. Характерною особливістю дії ГЛК у пацієнтів, які отримували ГЛК, було зниження потягу до вживання в їжу продуктів з великим вмістом легкозасвоюваних вуглеводів. ...
Background. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of treatment with a fixed combination of extract of Garcinia cambogia, chromium picolinate, L-tyrosine, L-carnitine and dry extract of brown algae on anthropometric parameters, as well as the amount of adipose tissue (AT) and its distribution revealed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in patients with type 2 diabetes with obesity and arterial hypertension. Materials and methods. 53 patients (25 men) aged 55.90 ± 2.15 years with type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension and obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2) were recruited in the study. Results. After 12 weeks of treatment with above-mentioned fixed combination at a dose of 1 capsule 3 times a day, a statistically significant reduction in body weight was observed — by 4.5 ± 0.6 % (P1 = 0.0001) and in BMI — by 4.60 ± 0.59 % (P1 = 0.0001), as well as a decrease in the total amount of AT by 4.16 ± 1.33 % (P1 = 0.003). Reduction in body weight occurred predominantly due to abdominal AT, as evidenced by a statistically significant decrease in the amount of AT in the abdominal compartment by 6.02 ± 10.15 % (P1 = 0.0003), as well as reduced waist circumference in both men and women by 6.73 ± 1.24 % (P1 = 0.0001) and 4.06 ± 0.77 % (P1 = 0.0009), respectively. Conclusions. Therapy with a fixed combination of Garcinia cambogia extract, chromium picolinate, L-tyrosine, L-carnitine and dry extract of brown algae has led to a decrease in body weight, mainly due to decrease of abdominal fat.
... When G. cambogia extract was supplemented with atherogenic diet, it improves the effect on performance metrics, and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in 1 year old, female Sprague-Dawley rats. Large doses of G. cambogia can lead to a substantial increase in serum NEFA concentrations which may be due to the increased fat degradation [92]. When Altiner et al. studied the effect on serum lipoprotein (a), apolipoproteins A1 (apo A1) and B (apo B), and total cholesterol levels, they concluded that, diet containing 65% HCA was insufficient to lower atherosclerotic lipoprotein levels [93]. ...
Obesity is a complex disorder of appetite regulation and energy metabolism controlled by specific biological factors. Whenever prevention fails, medicinal treatment of obesity may become an obligation and it is more fruitful when we can acquire the medicinal treatment directly from nature, which is more preferred and healthier rather than going for chemical and surgical treatment. Alternatively, inhibition of carbohydrate to fatty acid conversion reaction can lead to obesity control. This can be done by assay of Hydroxycitric acid [(-)-HCA], which inhibits the formation of ATP-citrate lyase, responsible for lipogenesis. HCA is a derivative of citric acid and found in Garcinia fruit as the principal acid. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that (-)-HCA suppresses the de novo fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis. However, results from clinical studies showed both negative and positive anti obesity effects of (-)-HCA. In this review paper an attempt has been made to explore and give an insight of (-)-HCA taking account of the literature coverage on speckled topics: Its discovery, properties, extraction and estimation and its significance of role in anti-obesity activity.
The overexpansion of adipose tissues leads to obesity and eventually results in metabolic disorders. Garcinia cambogia (G. cambogia) has been used as an antiobesity supplement. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of G. cambogia on cellular processes have yet to be fully understood. Here, we discovered that G. cambogia attenuated the expression of CEBPB (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), beta), an important adipogenic factor, suppressing its transcription in differentiated cells. In addition, G. cambogia inhibited macroautophagic/autophagic flux by decreasing autophagy-related gene expression and autophagosome formation. Notably, G. cambogia markedly elevated the expression of KLF3 (Kruppel-like factor 3 (basic)), a negative regulator of adipogenesis, by reducing SQSTM1/p62-mediated selective autophagic degradation. Furthermore, increased KLF3 induced by G. cambogia interacted with CTBP2 (C-terminal binding protein 2) to form a transcriptional repressor complex and inhibited Cebpa and Pparg transcription. Importantly, we found that RPS6KA1 and STAT3 were involved in the G. cambogia-mediated regulation of CEBPB and autophagic flux. In an obese animal model, G. cambogia reduced high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity by suppressing epididymal and inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size, which were attributed to the regulation of targets that had been consistently identified in vitro. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism of G. cambogia-mediated regulation of adipogenesis and suggest molecular links to therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity.
Obesity is associated with an increase in adipose tissue, which is mediated by hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Therefore, inhibiting cell proliferation during mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) is one of the major strategies for preventing obesity. The antagonistic effects of Garcinia cambogia (G . cambogia ) on obesity have been studied in animal experimental models. However, the effects of G . cambogia extract on MCE, and the underlying molecular mechanisms, are poorly understood. In this study, 3T3‐L1 cells were used to investigate whether G . cambogia extract affected cell proliferation during MCE and to identify target molecules for any anti‐adipogenic activity. G . cambogia extract suppressed isobutylmethylxanthine and dexamethasone‐and‐insulin (MDI)‐induced adipogenesis at an early stage by attenuating MCE. In G . cambogia extract‐treated preadipocytes, MDI‐induced cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were inhibited by G0/G1 arrest due to an increase in p21 and p27 expression, and inhibition of cyclin‐dependent kinase 2, cyclin E1 expression, and retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation. In addition, the MDI‐induced phosphorylation and subsequent translocation into the nucleus of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 were suppressed. Specific inhibitors of p90RSK (FMK) and Stat3 (stattic) regulated cell proliferation and adipogenesis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that G . cambogia extract inhibited MCE by regulating p90RSK, Stat3, and cell cycle proteins, leading to G0/G1 arrest. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism by which G . cambogia suppresses adipocyte differentiation and show that p90RSK is critical for adipogenesis as a new molecular target.
Forty eight 8-month-old male goats were divided into three groups. In each group, eight goats were feed-restricted for 45, 60 or 75 days, and eight goats served as the control. Restricted groups were fed with a maintenance ration, and the control goats were fed with a ration supporting 50 g of daily weight gain. At the end of restriction period, the restricted goats were offered the same ration as the control goats. When the average weight of the 75-day restricted goats approached that of the control, the goats were slaughtered. The carcass, several organs, carcass cuts and dissectible (trimmed) fat were weighed, and the chemical composition of the meat was determined. Feed restriction decreased the proportion in live weight of the dissectible fat, internal fat, liver and testis weight, meat dry matter and fat content, but the proportion of intestinal and splenic weights, and meat protein content were increased. Re-alimentation after 75 days of restriction was associated with a greater daily gain and less internal fat. Other measurements were not different from the control. Data showed that 8-month-old native kids are capable of considerable compensatory growth after 75 days of feed restriction without any deleterious effect on carcass composition.
Administration of flavonoids from Garcinia cambogia, at a dose of 1 mg 100 g−1 body weight day−1, significantly lowered lipid levels in rats fed normal and cholesterol-containing diets. β-Hydroxy β-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase showed significant reduction in normocholesterolemic rats. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were reduced significantly. Highly stimulated activities of the enzymes lipoprotein lipase and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase were noted in flavonoid-administered animals. Hepatic and fecal bile acids and fecal neutral sterols were elevated substantially, indicating a higher rate of degradation of cholesterol. Thus hypolipidemic activity of these flavonoids may be due to a lower rate of lipogenesis and higher rate of degradation.
The current epidemic of obesity is caused largely by an environment that promotes excessive food intake and discourages physical
activity. Although humans have evolved excellent physiological mechanisms to defend against body weight loss, they have only
weak physiological mechanisms to defend against body weight gain when food is abundant. Control of portion size, consumption
of a diet low in fat and energy density, and regular physical activity are behaviors that protect against obesity, but it
is becoming difficult to adopt and maintain these behaviors in the current environment. Because obesity is difficult to treat,
public health efforts need to be directed toward prevention.
Background:
(-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is an active ingredient extracted from the rind of the Indian fruit Garcinia cambogia. It inhibits adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase and has been used in the treatment of obesity.
Objective:
The primary end point of this study was the effects of 12 weeks of G cambogia extract administration on visceral fat accumulation. The secondary end points were body indices (including height, body weight, body mass index [BMI], waist and hip circumference, and waist-hip ratio) and laboratory values (including total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and free fatty acid).
Methods:
This study was performed according to a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design. Subjects aged 20 to 65 years with a visceral fat area >90 cm(2) were enrolled. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive treatment for 12 weeks with G cambogia (containing 1000 mg of HCA per day) or placebo. At the end of the treatment period, both groups were administered placebo for 4 weeks to assess any rebound effect. Each subject underwent a computed tomography scan at the umbilical level at -2, 0, 12, and 16 weeks.
Results:
Forty-four subjects were randomized at baseline, and 39 completed the study (G cambogia group, n = 18; placebo group, n = 21). At 16 weeks, the G cambogia group had significantly reduced visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat areas compared with the placebo group (all indices P<0.001). No severe adverse effect was observed at any time in the test period. There were no significant differences in BMI or body weight at week 12, but there were slight numeric decreases in body weight and BMI in men. There were no signs of a rebound effect from week 12 to week 16.
Conclusion:
G cambogia reduced abdominal fat accumulation in subjects, regardless of sex, who had the visceral fat accumulation type of obesity. No rebound effect was observed. It is therefore expected that G cambogia may be useful for the prevention and reduction of accumulation of visceral fat.
This study examined whether guar gum (Guar) and/or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) modifies the long-term effect of hydroxycitrate (HCA) on food intake and body weight regain as well as on different blood and liver variables after substantial body weight loss. A total of 63 rats were fed restrictively for 10 days, then divided into seven groups and switched to ad libitum consumption. The diet contained 70% (w/w) carbohydrates, 9% protein, and 12% fat. HCA (3%) significantly suppressed food intake and body weight regain and neither CLA (1%) nor Guar (3%) increased the effect of HCA on these parameters. Also, CLA and Guar alone had no effect on food intake and body weight regain. The liver fat content of the combined HCA/CLA groups was significantly lower compared to that of the control group. All in all, this study confirms the robustness of the HCA effectiveness to reduce food intake and body weight regain after a period of restrictive feeding.
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 2 weeks of supplementation with (−)-hydroxycitrate (HCA) and HCA combined with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on satiety and energy intake. The experimental design consisted of three intervention periods of 2 weeks separated by washout periods of 2 or 6 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, and crossover design. Seven male and 14 female normal to moderately obese subjects (mean±S.D.; age, 43±10 years; body mass index, 27.6±2.0 kg/m2) participated in this study. Subjects consumed three self-selected meals and four isoenergetic snacks daily with either no supplementation (PLA), with 500 mg HCA (HCA), or 500 mg HCA and 3 g MCT (HCA+MCT). Each intervention period ended with a test day, consisting of a standardized breakfast and ad libitum a lunch and a dinner. There was a significant body weight (BW) loss during the 2 weeks of intervention (PLA, −0.5±0.3 kg, P<.05; HCA, −0.4±0.2 kg, P<.05; HCA+MCT, −0.7±0.2 kg, P<.01), but this reduction was not different between treatments. Twenty-four-hour energy intake (PLA, 8.1±0.3 MJ; HCA, 8.3±0.3 MJ; HCA+MCT, 8.4±0.3 MJ) and the area under the curve of the appetite-related parameters during the test day were similar for all treatments. Two weeks of supplementation with HCA and HCA combined with MCT did not result in increased satiety or decreased energy intake compared to placebo in subjects losing BW.
A high-fat diet can increase adiposity, leptin secretion, and plasma fatty acid concentration. In hypertension, this scenario may accelerate cardiac hypertrophy and development of heart failure but could be protective by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and expression of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes. We assessed the effects of a high-fat diet on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, remodeling, contractile dysfunction, and the activity of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes. Mice (n = 10-12/group) underwent transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham surgery and were fed either a low-fat diet (10% of energy intake as fat) or a high-fat diet (45% fat) for 6 wk. The high-fat diet increased adipose tissue mass and plasma leptin and insulin. Left ventricular mass and chamber size were unaffected by diet in sham animals. TAC increased left ventricular mass (approximately 70%) and end-systolic and end-diastolic areas (approximately 100% and approximately 45%, respectively) to the same extent in both dietary groups. The high-fat diet increased plasma free fatty acid concentration and prevented the decline in the activity of the mitochondrial enzymes medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) and citrate synthase that was observed with TAC animals on a low-fat diet. In conclusion, a high-fat diet did not worsen cardiac hypertrophy or left ventricular chamber enlargement despite increases in fat mass and insulin and leptin concentrations. Furthermore, a high-fat diet preserved MCAD and citrate synthase activities during pressure overload, suggesting that it may help maintain mitochondrial oxidative capacity in failing myocardium.
(-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) reportedly promotes weight loss, in part, through suppression of hunger. However, this mechanism has never been evaluated in humans in a controlled study. Eighty-nine mildly overweight females were prescribed 5020-kJ diets for 12 weeks as part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study. Forty-two participants ingested 400-mg caplets of Garcinia cambogia 30-60 min prior to meals for a total dose of 2.4 g/day (1.2 g/day HCA). Forty-seven participants ingested matched placebos. Weight and body composition were assessed at baseline and every other week for 12 weeks. Food intake and appetitive variables were assessed at baseline and monthly for 12 weeks. Both groups lost body weight with the active group achieving a significantly greater reduction (3. 7+/-3.1 kg versus 2.4+/-2.9 kg). No effects of the HCA were observed on appetitive variables. The active treatment group did not exhibit better dietary compliance or significant correlations between appetitive variables and energy intake or weight change. This study does not support a satiety effect of HCA.
The efficacy of optimal doses of highly bioavailable (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) alone and in combination with niacin-bound chromium (NBC) and a standardized Gymnema sylvestre extract (GSE) on weight loss in moderately obese subjects was evaluated by monitoring changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI), appetite, lipid profiles, serum leptin and excretion of urinary fat metabolites. HCA-SX has been shown to reduce appetite, inhibit fat synthesis and decrease body weight without stimulating the central nervous system. NBC has demonstrated its ability to maintain healthy insulin levels, while GSE has been shown to regulate weight loss and blood sugar levels.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human study was conducted in Elluru, India for 8 weeks in 60 moderately obese subjects (ages 21-50, BMI >26 kg/m(2)). Subjects were randomly divided into three groups. Group A was administered HCA-SX 4667 mg, group B was administered a combination of HCA-SX 4667 mg, NBC 4 mg and GSE 400 mg, while group C was given placebo daily in three equally divided doses 30-60 min before meals. All subjects received a 2000 kcal diet/day and participated in supervised walking.
At the end of 8 weeks, body weight and BMI decreased by 5-6% in both groups A and B. Food intake, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides and serum leptin levels were significantly reduced in both groups, while high-density lipoprotein levels and excretion of urinary fat metabolites increased in both groups. A marginal or non-significant effect was observed in all parameters in group C.
The present study shows that optimal doses of HCA-SX and, to a greater degree, the combination of HCA-SX, NBC and GSE can serve as an effective and safe weight-loss formula that can facilitate a reduction in excess body weight and BMI, while promoting healthy blood lipid levels.