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Spatial comparison of recent growth in postlarval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off southwestern Nova Scotia: inferior growth in a presumed nursery area
Abstract
Observations are consistent with retention of cod in the Browns Bank gyre, coupled with episodic leakage and northerly advection in the residual current. Recent growth determined from otolith increment widths was significantly less for those cod sampled at nearshore stations than for cod offshore and on the Bank. Recent growth was significantly correlated with zooplankton biomass in a size range suitable for postlarval cod, while sea temperature was correlated in only one cruise. Nearshore areas had on average 25% of the zooplankton biomass found on the Bank. Recent growth indices of the 3rd and 4th week precapture were not significantly different between the nearshore and offshore, implying that the cod had shared a common environment, and common origin such as Browns Bank. -from Authors
... While fish age is the usual objective of otolith microstructure examination, individual increments can also be interpreted in terms of date of formation, through knowledge of the date of sampling (=date of formation of the marginal, or last-formed, increment). Dated increments are proving to be of increasing value to analyses cross-correlating environmental factors to the otolith growth sequence (e.g., Methot 1981;Campana and Hurley 1989;Suthers et al. 1989). ...
... Given exact proportionality between fish and otolith growth, the width of the most recently formed daily increments should provide a measure of recent growth. Such measures are difficult to obtain through other means, thus explaining the widespread interest in this approach by workers studying the environmental conditions which promote the survival of young fish (Methot 1981;Thomas 1986;Bailey 1989;Suthers et al. 1989;Powell et al. 1990;Hovenkamp and Witte 1991). The assumptions underlying the use of increment width measurements as a proxy for instantaneous growth rate are the same as those presented earlier for general growth backcalculation. ...
... All are valid growth indices, but the means by which they can be interpreted differ widely. For instance, indices of recent growth have often been related to environmental variables (e.g., Methot 1981;Thomas 1986;Bailey 1989;KaraIdri et al. 1989;Suthers et al. 1989;Hovenkamp and Witte 1991), either in a relative sense or through correlation (e.g., both temperature and recent backcalculated growth, as indicated by the mean 10-d outer increment width, at Site A was larger than that of Site B). The advantage of this approach is associated with the independence of the observations; that is, each fish provides a single estimate of recent growth rate, thus avoiding the statistical problems of autocorrelated otolith growth. ...
STEVENSON, D. K., AND S.E. CAMPANA [ED.]. 1992. Otolith microstructure examination and analysis. Can.
Spec.Pub!. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 117: 126 p.
The field of otolith microstructure research has experienced phenomenal growth since the early 1970's and
now forms the basis for hundreds of studies of early life history, age, growth, recruitment, migration, mortality,
and stock structure. While the field continues to grow and evolve, there is no question that otolith
microstructure examination is now an important and accepted technology in fisheries biology.
This book represents the first effort to compile and summarize the many techniques and procedures associated with studies of otolith microstructure. The complete sequence of events, from sample collection to
data analysis, is covered comprehensively, so as to be applicable to most species and situations. The various
chapters include both published and unpublished procedures, making the book valuable to beginning
and experienced investigators alike.
... Although correlations were found between physical variables and some biological variables, other studies suggest that it is unlikely that the body constituents measured will be directly dependant on temperature and/or salinity at time of capture (Suthers et al., 1989;McCormick and Molony, 1993). This is due to the likelihood of time-lags existing between changes in physical parameters and significant changes in body constitution and condition (Gutiérrez and Morales-Nin, 1986;Suthers et al., 1989;May and Jenkins, 1992). ...
... Although correlations were found between physical variables and some biological variables, other studies suggest that it is unlikely that the body constituents measured will be directly dependant on temperature and/or salinity at time of capture (Suthers et al., 1989;McCormick and Molony, 1993). This is due to the likelihood of time-lags existing between changes in physical parameters and significant changes in body constitution and condition (Gutiérrez and Morales-Nin, 1986;Suthers et al., 1989;May and Jenkins, 1992). Nonetheless, as A. vachelli in the current study are only several weeks old (Molony 1993(Molony , 1996, and levels of temperature and salinity exist for extended periods of time, it is likely that the changes in body constitution and condition are likely to be due directly to changes in physical parameters. ...
... lipid abundances). Therefore, the effects of physical parameters, measured as points in time, are likely to be weakly correlated with fish condition, an observation made in previous studies (Suthers et al., 1989(Suthers et al., , 1992. In the present study, however, relatively strong semi-partial correlations were found between physical and biological variables (e.g. ...
Fish condition (Fulton's K) and the abundance of biochemical constituents (water, protein, lipid and carbohydrate) of juveniles of the tropical estuarine fish, Ambassis vachelli, were monitored over a 15 month period. Fulton's K and biochemical constituents of juveniles recruiting into the adult habitat varied significantly throughout the study. Correlations between Fulton's K and all biochemical measures were weak, with a maximum correlation of 0.1379 (with protein abundance). Significant differences in condition and body constitution of individuals suggest that juveniles recruiting into the adult habitat are not in equal condition and therefore survivorship and success may vary within and among cohorts. Temperature (and salinity) display greater variation in tropical estuarine waters than in other tropical waters and are likely to play a role in determining recruit condition and body constitution. However, the exact role of physical parameters in determining condition and body constitution of fishes is still unknown.
... Additionally, material losses during the preparation of transverse sections of cod specimens measuring from 40 to 153 mm SL can be as high as 70% (Fey and Linkowski, 2006). Sometimes lapilli from larger cod specimens require preparation, but polishing alone is usually sufficient to provide satisfactory results (Suthers et al., 1989(Suthers et al., , 1999Suthers and Sundby, 1993;Marteinsdottir et al., 2000). ...
Otolith microstructure and otolith size analyses have been important research tools in the study of the early life history of cod, Gadus morhua L., since 1980. This review of the literature covers 41 years (1980–2021) of publications in this research category. Most articles were published in the 1990s and 2000s, while in the past ten years, only four articles were published, and most focused on juvenile specimens. As this review indicates, during the larval period, the lapillus was used more often in age analyses than was the sagitta, while in studies on juvenile specimens, the sagitta was used more frequently. Age estimated from otolith microstructures most frequently served as basic data for analyses of somatic growth, otolith growth, and hatch dates, while it was used less commonly for analyses of age validation, age prediction, and juvenile settlement. Since the otoliths of cod are relatively difficult to read, it is worth noting that the topic of the effect of reader experience on the accuracy and precision of age determination was addressed in one of the articles. The purpose of the otolith microstructure analysis of larval and juvenile cod did not change significantly among the years reviewed with regard to these main categories, and only age validation was conducted notably more frequently in the first 20 years of the period analyzed than in the last 20 years, which seems logical. Undoubtedly, otolith size and microstructure analyses have contributed significantly to the knowledge of larval and juvenile cod ecology, and this review could be a good starting point for any researcher interested in using otolith techniques to explore the early life history of cod.
... Within a population, larval growth can vary spatially (e.g. Suthers et al., 1989;Sponaugle et al., 2010) and interannually (e.g. Olafsdottir and Anderson, 2010;Murphy et al., 2013;Rodríguez-Valentino et al., 2015;Takahashi et al., 2016). ...
We examined larval capelin density and growth dynamics in two relatively unstudied northern coastal embayments of Newfoundland (White Bay and Notre Dame Bay), comparing these larval characteristics to those measured in the annually-surveyed Trinity Bay in order to assess the spatiotemporal variability in larval dynamics and its potential implications on subsequent recruitment. We conducted ichthyoplankton surveys in August of 2015 and 2016, assessing larval density and using otolith microstructure analyses to estimate larval age and growth rates. Size of larvae captured over the two years ranged between 4 and 17 mm, corresponding to an estimated age of 1–33 d. Our results indicated substantial spatial and interannual variability in both density and growth. Larval density was similar between bays in 2015 but drastically different in 2016, where the northern bays were characterized by an order of magnitude less larvae than Trinity Bay. Larval growth was significantly higher in the northern bays in 2015, but lower in 2016, relative to Trinity Bay. This spatiotemporal variability in growth, abundance, and survival potential of larval capelin indicates that the proportion of recruits originating from these key spawning areas fluctuates interannually, with potential implications for the assessment and management of the stock.
... This type of method has already been reported (i.e. Hovenkamp & Witte 1991, Suthers et al. 1989). Stevenson & Campana (1992) pointed out the danger of this approach when the analyses do not explicitly test for the possibility of a faster growth rate in larger larvae. ...
Growth rates of the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus, sampled at various stations along the Kuroshio Current, were estimated from otolith increments. Hatch date composition varied among stations along the Kuroshio Current. Growth trajectories of individual larvae were estimated by the Biological Intercept
Method and the recent growth rate calculated from the 5 day outer increment widths on the otolith. Estimated recent growth rates of standard length decreased with age. Larval growth rates were positively correlated to nauplii density in the early larval period. No significant relationship was observed between the growth rate and surface temperature, phosphate and Chlorophyll-a concentration. This suggests that the growth of the younger sardine larvae (3-10 days old) mainly depends upon copepod nauplii density, whereas the growth of the older larvae is not dependent on the nauplii density alone.
... Studies of the three pairs of otoliths (sagitta, asteriscus and lapillus) have been done on larvae of different species by Barkman (1978), Victor & Brothers (1982), Brothers et al. (1983, Solomon et al. (1985), Bolz & Lough (1983, 1988, Lagardere (1989), Suthers et al. (1989) and David et al. (1994), describing its parts and daily growth rings. ...
... Reviewing the literature, it has been common practice to describe the relationship between otolith (lapillus and sagitta) size and fish length of both the larval and early juvenile stages of cod, by a single linear equation (e.g. Campana and Hurley, 1989;Suthers et al., 1989;Meekan and Fortier, 1996). However, cod larvae typically grow at variable rates, and otolith and somatic growth may become disassociated (e.g. ...
The otolith (lapillus) size–fish size relationship was examined for offspring of two Atlantic cod stocks, reared at different
temperatures. Larvae and early juveniles reared at high temperatures (fast growing), had larger otoliths at a given length
than fish reared at low temperatures (slow growing). Within a given temperature group, however, faster growing cod tended
to have proportionally smaller otoliths, although the difference was not always significant. Moreover, the otolith radius
of Norwegian coastal cod was larger, at given fish lengths, compared to that of the northeast Arctic cod. An ontogenetic shift
in the allometric otolith size–fish size relationship occurred at onset of metamorphosis (12 mm). Mean daily otolith growth
of the lapillus radius increased with increasing temperature from 4 to 14°C and was size dependent and peaked at a larval
length of about 25 mm. The radius of the lapillus at hatching was poorly correlated with larval length at day 56 for both
stocks, suggesting that the potential for fast growth may not necessarily be reflected in traits present at hatching. The
effects of temperature, stock and ontogeny are discussed with regard to the assumption of constant proportionality between
otolith growth and fish growth.
... Studies of the three pairs of otoliths (sagitta, asteriscus and lapillus) have been done on larvae of different species by Barkman (1978), Victor & Brothers (1982), Brothers et al. (1983, Solomon et al. (1985), Bolz & Lough (1983, 1988, Lagardere (1989), Suthers et al. (1989) and David et al. (1994), describing its parts and daily growth rings. ...
Morphology, morphometry and growth rings of the otoliths: sagitta, asteriscus and lapillus of Diapterus brevirostris from Cuyutlán Lagoon in Colima, Mexico were studied. The samples were obtained from the commercial catch from April 2010 to July 2012. Right and left and sex differences of the three pairs of otoliths were analyzed. Relations between total length of the fish and length and width of the otolith showed that these structures can be used to determine age in fish. Growth in otoliths is eccentric according to the core in all cases. Six growth rings were identified in sagittae and asterisci. These marks could not be seen in lapilli because of the thickness of this structure. Growth of sagittae and lapilli is faster in males than females of 160 to 320 mm total length. Nonetheless, it was observed that growth in asterisci is faster in females than in males of 160 to 320 mm.
... The daily growth increments in larval sagittae or lapillae can be used to back-calculate growth trajectories (e.g. Jones 1986, Suthers et al. 1989, Jenkins and Davis 1990, Jordan 1994, Jones 2002. The recent daily growth increments (1-3 days prior to capture) can be compared with the RNA:DNA ratio (Clemmesen and Doan 1992), and with environmental conditions at capture (Suthers 1996 (Campana and Hurley 1989, Suthers and Sundby 1993, Meekan et al. 2003, water temperature and light intensity (Tandler and Mason 1983, Batty 1987, Suthers and Sundby 1996, Saka et al. 2002, genetic characteristic (Sogard 1991, dissolved oxygen (Sepulveda 1994), food densities (Wyatt 1972, Houde 1975, Tandler and Mason 1983, Suthers 1996, and upwelling (Peterson 1996). ...
Morphology, morphometry and growth rings of the otoliths: sagitta, asteriscus and lapillus of Mugil cephalus from Central Mexican Pacific were analyzed. The three pairs of otoliths (sagitta, asteriscus and lapillus), right and left and sex differences were studied. The samples were obtained from the commercial catch in the months of August to December 2007, January to March 2008 and July 2011. In all cases it was observed that growth in otoliths is eccentric with respect to the core. The distance from the core to each age growth ring was measured. Relations between total length of the fish and length and width of the otolith showed that these structures can be used to determine the age in fish. Ten growth rings were identified in sagittae and asterisci. Due to its thickness, these marks could not be seen in lapilli. During the first stages of development, female sagittae and lapilli have larger size but once they reach sexual maturity, males' otoliths reach larger sizes.
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