... The Karoo Basin is one of a system of related depositional basins extending through southern and eastern Africa that preserve varying amounts of Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata (Catuneanu et al., 2005). Many of these basins preserve some fossils (e.g., Lepper et al., 2000;Jacobs et al., 2005;Abdala et al., 2013;Castanhinha et al., 2013;Sidor et al., 2014;Kruger et al., 2015), but the Luangwa Basin of Zambia and the Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania have extensive records of Permo-Triassic vertebrates that have been studied for nearly a century (e.g., Haughton, 1932;Stockley, 1932;Nowack, 1937;Boonstra, 1938;von Huene, 1938von Huene, , 1939von Huene, , 1942von Huene, , 1950Charig, 1956;Cox, 1959Cox, , 1969Cox, , 1972Cox, , 1991Panchen, 1959;Brink, 1963;Drysdall and Kitching, 1963;Cruickshank, 1965;Crozier, 1970;Howie, 1970;Crompton, 1972;Chernin, 1974;Kemp, 1975;Cox and Li, 1983;King and Jenkins, 1997;Lee et al., 1997;Gay and Cruickshank, 1999;Damiani, 2001;Angielczyk, 2002Angielczyk, , 2007Maisch, 2002Maisch, , 2005Maisch and Gebauer, 2005;Butler et al., 2009;Nesbitt et al., 2010Nesbitt et al., , 2013aNesbitt et al., , 2013bNesbitt et al., , 2014Nesbitt et al., , 2017Sidor et al., 2010;Simon et al., 2010;Nesbitt and Butler, 2013;Peecook et al., 2013;Tsuji et al., 2013;Angielczyk et al., 2014aAngielczyk et al., , 2014bEzcurra et al., 2014;Gebauer, 2014;Hopson, 2014;Cox and Angielczyk, 2015). Because the Luangwa and Ruhuhu basins do not preserve an Early Triassic fossil assemblage comparable to the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin (Groenewald and Kitching, 1995; also see Smith and Botha-Brink, 2014;Viglietti et al., 2016), they have received little attention in the context of the Permo-Triassic extinction. ...