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Rise in amount of total fat and number of calories consumed by Americans
Abstract
Analysis of data from nationally representative surveys conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1994 reveals that Americans have increased their intake of total fat (gm) and calories. The largest increase, 18%, was seen in 31- to 40-year-old men who consumed a daily average 98.6 gm of fat in 1994 as compared with 83.6 gm in 1989. In all men, 21-65, the dietary fat consumption increased by an average 9% between 1989-1994. In women the increase was 3.4%. Only 31- to 40-year-old women maintained their dietary fat intake at the same level. The average daily caloric consumption also increased by 14% in men and 7% in women. The largest increase (20%) in the number of calories consumed occurred in men 31-40, and the smallest (2%) in women 61-65. The reported decreasing trend in percentage of calories from fat appears to be due to increased total caloric consumption. Data indicate that women consume a greater proportion of carbohydrates than do men. For example, the ratio of calories from carbohydrates to fat in 21- to 30-year-old men is 1.3 compared with 1.5 in women. When % of fat calories decreased, the carbohydrate consumption increased, except when alcohol intake was increased. In conclusion, although the percentage of calories from fat appears to be decreasing, the amount of fat in grams consumed each day is on the rise.
... Furthermore, we lack information on whether similar shifts across the age groups have occurred. It is important to examine total energy intake because certain scholars feel that there is a continually increasing amount of energy being consumed by Americans over the past 20 years (13,14). We investigated energy intake trends among much of the American population by looking at the ages broken into broad age categories: children 2 to 18 years old, young adults 19 to 39 years old, middle-aged adults 40 to 59 years old, and older adults (hereafter termed elderly) age 60 and up. ...
... At a time of increased concern about a positive energy imbalance and the resulting increase in obesity, few studies have focused on trends in total energy intake and its sources. If the trends in total energy intake are to be believed, then Americans have increased their energy consumption over the past 20 years (4,(12)(13)(14). Although there are many shortfalls in the methods used to collect dietary data and thus the possibility of measurement error exists, there is still much that can be obtained from the data that has been collected. ...
... Although there are many shortfalls in the methods used to collect dietary data and thus the possibility of measurement error exists, there is still much that can be obtained from the data that has been collected. Although there were major methodological differences in the survey methodologies for collecting dietary data for both the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the USDA's CSFII, there is still some feeling that there has been a real increase in energy intake between 1989 and 1996 (14). This is further supported by the fact that underreporting has increased over time (19). ...
To determine the trends in locations and food sources of Americans stratified by age group for both total energy and the meal and snack subcomponents.
Nationally representative data was taken from the 1977 to 1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and the 1989 to 1991 and 1994 to 1996 (and 1998 for children age 2 through 9) Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals. The sample consisted of 63,380 individuals, age 2 and up. For each survey year, the percentage of total energy intake from meals and snacks was calculated separately for 2- to 18-year-olds, 19- to 39-year-olds, 40- to 59-year-olds, and those 60 years and older. The percentage of energy intake by location (at-home consumption or preparation, vending, store eaten out, restaurant/fast-food, and school) and by specific food group was computed for all age groups separately.
The trends in location and food sources were almost identical for all age groups. Key dietary behavior shifts included greater away-from-home consumption; large increases in total energy from salty snacks, soft drinks, and pizza; and large decreases in energy from low- and medium-fat milk and medium- and high-fat beef and pork.
Total energy intake has increased over the past 20 years, with shifts away from meals to snacks and from at-home to away-from-home consumption. The similarity of changes across all age groups furthers the assertion that broad-based environmental changes are needed to improve the diets of Americans.
... W ithin the last 30 years the obesity rate for adult Americans has more than doubled from 15 to 32% and currently it is estimated that twothirds of Americans are either overweight or obese, a 42% increase since 1980 (1). A primary cause of this obesity epidemic is thought to be gross caloric intake (2,3), which has risen by an estimated 300 calories per day in the past 25 years in the USA (4). This has a strong association with increased consumption of pre-prepared processed foods (PF) (2,5,6) and insufficient consumption of whole foods (WF), such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (7). ...
Empirical evidence has shown that rising obesity rates closely parallel the increased consumption of processed foods (PF) consumption in USA. Differences in postprandial thermogenic responses to a whole-food (WF) meal vs. a PF meal may be a key factor in explaining obesity trends, but currently there is limited research exploring this potential link.
The goal was to determine if a particular PF meal has a greater thermodynamic efficiency than a comparable WF meal, thereby conferring a greater net-energy intake.
Subjective satiation scores and postprandial energy expenditure were measured for 5-6 h after isoenergetic meals were ingested. The meals were either 'whole' or 'processed' cheese sandwiches; multi-grain bread and cheddar cheese were deemed whole, while white bread and processed cheese product were considered processed. Meals were comparable in terms of protein (15-20%), carbohydrate (40-50%), and fat (33-39%) composition. Subjects were healthy women (n=12) and men (n=5) studied in a crossover design.
There were no significant differences in satiety ratings after the two meals. Average energy expenditure for the WF meal (137+/-14.1 kcal, 19.9% of meal energy) was significantly larger than for the PF meal (73.1+/-10.2 kcal, 10.7% of meal energy).
Ingestion of the particular PF meal tested in this study decreases postprandial energy expenditure by nearly 50% compared with the isoenergetic WF meal. This reduction in daily energy expenditure has potential implications for diets comprised heavily of PFs and their associations with obesity.
... Selected scholars have asserted that total energy intake has increased in the past decade [6] while others suggest that this might relate to improved measurement as both sets of major national surveys-the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII)-have had their methodology for collecting dietary data changed [7,8]. In addition, there is the likelihood that overweight persons will have underreported their energy intake [7][8][9][10][11] and that the extent of underreporting has increased over time [12]. ...
The aim of this study was to determine overall trends of total energy intake by food location and food type in diets of adolescents and young adults.
This study used a nationally representative sample of 16,810 individuals, ages 12-29 from the 1977 to 1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and the 1989-1991 and 1994-1996 Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals. For each survey year, the percentage of total energy intake from meals and snacks was calculated for adolescents ages 12-18 and young adults ages 19-29. The percentage of energy intake by location and for specific food group was computed for both age groups, separately.
Both adolescents and young adults are obtaining less of their energy intake at home and more at restaurants and fast food places. This is predominantly seen among calories from snacking occasions for adolescents and both meals and snacks among the older age group. Significant increases in consumption of pizza, cheeseburgers, and salty snacks and decreases in consumption of desserts and certain milk and meat products by both age groups are shown.
To improve the diets of adolescents and young adults, healthy food choices outside the home need to be as readily available as the foods which have increased in popularity over the past 20 years.
Background. The aim of this study was to determine overall trends of total energy intake by food location and food type in diets of adolescents and young adults.
The objectives of this study were to determine changes in fat and energy intakes in the United States between 1989-1991 and 1994-1996, and to examine the implications of expressing fat intake in grams vs as a percent of total energy intake. The source of data was the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. The results suggest that intake of energy rose between the 2 time periods, primarily due to higher carbohydrate intake. There was also a modest increase in fat intake. However fat intake, as a percent of total energy, declined. The higher energy intakes were primarily from beverages, especially soft drinks, food mixtures, grain snacks, and pastries. The primary sources of higher fat intakes were meat mixtures, vegetables, and some categories of the grain group. Similar trends in the Food Supply Series suggested that the changes observed were not entirely due to changes in survey methodology. Because the increase in fat intake was masked by the increase in energy intake, we conclude that assessing trends in fat intake as a percent of energy consumption can be misleading, unless information on total energy and fat intake, in grams, is also provided. These preliminary findings should be interpreted cautiously until they are confirmed by formal secular trend analyses.
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