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Biotechnology and crop breeding for sustainable agriculture
Abstract
The increased sophistication of genetic manipulation of crop species during this century is reviewed, noting the effect on genetic characteristics of modern crop varieties. The values of sustainable agriculture are defined, eg the principle that agriculture is a biological process, that soil should be seen as a living system, and maintenance of complexity and diversity in plant types and cropping systems. The history of the development of the tomato Lycopersicon esculentum variety VF145 illustrates how genetic variability has been reduced. This is contrasted with the increased genetic diversity needed in sustainable agriculture, which facilitates a lowered reliance on synthetic organic chemicals, and relative tolerance to crop pests. The benefits for weed control, insect and disease resistance, fruit quality, quantitative genetic traits and the future prospects for genetic engineering are discussed. -J.W.Cooper
... Volume 19, No. 2, Desember 2001 : 38 -49 dari munculnya kritikan-kritikan dari para pengamat pertanian terhadap sistem pertanian industrial yang dianggap tidak berkelanjutan dan upaya untuk menemukan arah dan bentuk pendekatan yang berkelanjutan (Dahlberg, 1991). Mencermati konsep pengembangan sistem pertanian konvensional menjadi sangat penting selama sistem pertanian berkelanjutan sering ditandingkan dengan pendekatan konvensional tersebut (Lockeretz, 1988;MacRae et al., 1989;Hauptli et al, 1990;Dobbs et al, 1991;Hill and MacRae, 1988). ...
... Keberlanjutan sebagai suatu strategi dalam pengembangan sistem usaha pertanian sering dikaitkan dengan keberlanjutan dalam meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan input eksternal dari bahan kimiawi khususnya pupuk buatan dan pestisida maupun herbisida (Stinner and House, 1987;Lockeretz, 1988;Carter, 1989;Hauptli et a/, 1990;Dobbs et al., 1991). ...
p> English
Agricultural sustainability is still a debatable concept since there is no standard criteria that suitable for agriculture development. Various studies have been conducted regarding the concept but it's just limited to evaluation on the existing agricultural activities. Nevertheless, the issue then is whether the present capital intensive agriculture and heavy imported input is a sustainable agricultural system?. Agricultural development with agribusiness system approach is then believed as one of alternatives that can enhance agricultural development in Indonesia. In respond to this issue, various action research and assessment on agribusiness system of priority commodities have been conducted since 1995. Great variability of research results were found in relation to various factors such as: (1) Economic of scale, (2) Appropriate technology that suitable to the assessment objectives, (3) Characteristics of the agribusiness system, (4) Criteria of success of the assessment, and (5) Management of agribusiness system develompnet. This paper discussed the future outlook of agribusiness development as sustainability approach in agricultural development.
Indonesian
Pertanian terlanjutkan masih merupakan konsep yang terus diperdebatkan selama belum ada kriteria yang baku sesuai dengan dinamika pembangunan pertanian. Telah banyak studi dilakukan tetapi masih terbatas pada evaluasi kegiatan pertanian yang sedang berjalan. Pertanyaan yang kemudian sering muncul, apakah pertanian yang padat modal dan sarana produksi sarat dengan bahan baku impor dapat terlanjutkan? Pendekatan sistem usaha pertanian, kemudian dipercaya dapat mendorong keberlanjutan pembangunan pertanian. Sehubungan dengan pendekatan tersebut, berbagai pengkajian tentang sistem usaha pertanian komoditas telah di lakukan sejak tahun 1995. Namun hasil dari pengkajian tersebut sangat beragam yang terkait dengan berbagai aspek seperti : (1) Skala ekonomi, (2) Teknologi yang tepat guna dan sesuai dengan sasaran pengkajian, (3) karakteristik suatu SUP, (4) Kriteria keberhasilan dan (5) manajemen pengembangan SUP. Tulisan ini mencoba mengajukan konsep tentang pendekatan SUP dalam pembangunan pertanian yang berkelanjutan.</p
... Emerging trends in agricultural biotechnology include the use of genetic engineering, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, somatic hybridization and other technologies to develop novel crop varieties with desired traits. These breakthroughs hold promise for addressing global food security challenges, mitigating the impact of climate change and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices for future generations (Hauptli et al. 2020;Legendre& Demirer, 2023). ...
... The importance of plant architecture and its modification through plant breeding has long been recognized, with compact plant architecture being a desirable trait in agriculture and horticulture (Coyne 1980;Hammerschlag and Smigocki 1998;Hauptli et al. 1990;Lütken et al. 2012a). In many crops, such as legume and cereal grains and sugarcane, compactness and branching pattern are important traits in relationship to lodging and productivity (Berry et al. 2004;Heath et al. 1994;Pribil et al. 2007). ...
Compact plant growth is an economically important trait for many crops. In practice, compactness is frequently obtained by applying chemical plant growth regulators. In view of sustainable and environmental-friendly plant production, the search for viable alternatives is a priority for breeders. Co-cultivation and natural transformation using rhizogenic agrobacteria result in morphological alterations which together compose the Ri phenotype. This phenotype is known to exhibit a more compact plant habit, besides other features. In this review, we highlight the use of rhizogenic agrobacteria and the Ri phenotype with regard to sustainable plant production and plant breeding.An overviewof described Ri lines and current breeding applications is presented. The potential of Ri lines as pre-breeding material is discussed from both a practical and legal point of view.
... Transforman los residuos vegetales de los cultivos en alimentos aprovechables por el humano, ya sea en forma de carne o de leche, que de otra manera se podría convertir en un problema de residuos y cuya descomposición natural también implica la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y, al mismo tiempo, regresa al suelo nutrientes que hubieran tenido que ser obtenidos por agroquímicos de no estar presentes los animales (Oltjen y Beckett, 2013). En algunas zonas que son altamente susceptibles a la pérdida de suelo el pastoreo puede ser la única actividad económica viable, pues el cambio de la cubierta vegetal por cultivos pudiera acelerar la pérdida de suelo y al ser generalmente zonas con pendientes pronunciadas, la construcción resulta inviable (Hauptli et al., 1990). ...
Hace 30 años, Laura Esquivel nos regaló su novela, Como agua para chocolate, que aquí celebramos con 15 recetas y 15 ensayos. En este libro, 36 autores nos comparten su amor por la vida, por el planeta y, sobre todo, por la comida.
Esta obra era necesaria y urgente en una época en la que son evidentes los efectos nocivos de las acciones humanas sobre el medio ambiente. Nuestro impacto ha sido tal, que los científicos ya hablan de una nueva época geológica, el Antropoceno, cuyo inicio se remonta a la mitad del siglo 20 y se puede fechar tanto por los rastros de la detonación de bombas nucleares, como por los restos óseos de incontables pollos que yacen en los basureros de todo el planeta.
El conflicto entre la humanidad y la naturaleza surge de nuestra certeza de ser ajenos a ella. Pero eso es una percepción errónea. Los humanos somos parte integral de la naturaleza: de ella surgimos, con ella seguimos evolucionando y gracias a ella y a su biodiversidad, ha sido posible la existencia misma de nuestras diversas civilizaciones y culturas.
Una vía para restablecer el vínculo perdido con la naturaleza es la comida. Después de todo, la comida también es biodiversidad, desde el maíz de las tortillas y las verduras del caldo, hasta la carne asada del fin de semana. Además, todas las personas comemos tres veces al día, o deberíamos poder hacerlo.
Es así que, a través de distintas ensaladas, sopas, platos fuertes y postre, presentamos estas reflexiones sobre el estado del planeta. Y es que al considerar el origen, el uso y la sostenibilidad de ingredientes tan diversos como el nopal y las bellotas silvestres, pasando por verdolagas, zanahorias, papas, chapulines y otros artrópodos (considerados por muchos como el futuro de la alimentación humana), hasta el camarón, el pollo y la res, traemos a la mesa temas tan urgentes como el cambio de uso de suelo y el calentamiento global, ese que tiene al planeta «como agua para chocolate», pero no en el sentido recreativo. Esperamos convencer a los lectores de que replanteando nuestra relación con la comida, podemos contribuir a mejorar al mundo y avanzar hacia un estado en el que la humanidad y la naturaleza vuelvan a ser indistinguibles.
... In fact, there are many applications of biotechnology which seek to minimize the use of chemical inputs as pest, weed, or disease control strategies in developing country agriculture. The relation between these applications and broader concerns of sustainability have been recognized (Hauptli et al., 1990). In this regard, technical solutions to pressing pest or weed management problems are becoming available from biotechnology. ...
... In fact, there are many ipplications of biotechnology which seek to minimize the use of chemical inputs is pest, weed, or disease control strategies in developing country agriculture. The elation between these applications and broader concerns of sustainability have been ecognized (Hauptli et al., 1990). In this regard, technical solutions to pressing pest >r weed management problems are becoming available from biotechnology. ...
Providing a meaningful contribution to the topic of agroecosystems, new technology, and diversity poses many challenges. First, it is difficult to obtain agreed-on definitions or standards for “agroecosystem quality.” The second difficulty occurs when considering how new technologies affect agroecosystem quality, including
issues related to biodiversity. These difficulties, and the management and policy issues which they raise, are illustrated by examples of technical and adaptive challenges facing agricultural policy makers, managers, and end users concerned with maintaining levels of biodiversity or enhancing agroecosystem quality.
The objectives of this chapter are to first consider the differences between these technical and adaptive problems, the nature of the situations they each address, and the learning required when facing an adaptive challenge. Second, agroecosystem complexities and the difficulties in determining quality indicators are presented.Applications of biotechnology are presented as derived from international collaborative research using examples compiled by the Intermediary Biotechnology Service.
(IBS), executed by the International Service for National Agricultural Research
(ISNAR). Some of these examples, as used in IBS policy seminars, highlight
emerging policy and management needs which were identified and discussed. It is
hoped that this chapter clarifies adaptive challenges regarding agroecosystem diver-
sity and quality, and prepares stakeholders for the challenges and opportunities of
new technologies.
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... Furthermore, we acknowledge that farming systems are sustainable only if ''they minimize the use of external inputs and maximize the use of internal inputs already present on the farm'' [25], [26]. The strategy most frequently linked to sustainability is reduction or elimination of agrochemicals, particularly chemical fertilizers and pesticides [25], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]. Another key to sustained productivity of agricultural systems is the maintenance of soil functions, such as organic matter and nutrient cycling [32], based on organic inputs [33], above-and below-ground biodiversity [22], and diversifying crop systems with nitrogen-fixing legumes [34]. ...
The aim of this study was to generate an easy to use index to evaluate the ecological state of agricultural land from a sustainability perspective. We selected environmental indicators, such as the use of organic soil amendments (green manure) versus chemical fertilizers, plant biodiversity (including crop associations), variables which characterize soil conservation of conventional agricultural systems, pesticide use, method and frequency of tillage. We monitored the ecological state of 52 agricultural plots to test the performance of the index. The variables were hierarchically aggregated with simple mathematical algorithms, if-then rules, and rule-based fuzzy models, yielding the final multi-criteria index with values from 0 (worst) to 1 (best conditions). We validated the model through independent evaluation by experts, and we obtained a linear regression with an r2 = 0.61 (p = 2.4e-06, d.f. = 49) between index output and the experts' evaluation.
... Current studies on host resistance to crops emphasize the durability of resistance (Ikehashi and Kiyosawa 1981, Ahn 1982, Lee et al. 1989). Polygenic traits rather than absolute resistance would be preferable in sustainable agricultural production (Hauptli et al. 1990). Some breeders believe that resistance to pests or other stresses is linked with low yield and poor grain quality. ...
Current problems of current high-yielding rice varieties are discussed in relation to sus-tainable agriculture, and rice breeding strategies are reviewed. These include heterotic F 1 hy-brids which have a higher output under low inputs, types with staggered heading for a high yield potential, and durable disease resistance. Difficulties in improving the grain quality of high-yielding varieties are discussed.
... Die Stellungnahmen reichen von einer zwingenden Notwendigkeit u.a. auch in den Dokumenten der FAO und der UN, HAUPTLI et al. 1990). Betrachtung, und ein pauschales Urteil ist kaum möglich. ...
Nachhaltige Entwicklung (engl. "sustainable development") ist zum Synonym für die Ver- bindung von Umwelt- und Entwicklungspolitik geworden. Basierend auf Überlegungen, die erstmals im sogenannten Brundtland-Bericht in die breite politische Diskussion getragen wur- den, ist die Frage der Nachhaltigkeit in vielen nationalen und internationalen Konferenzen zum zentralen Begriff geworden (WCED 1987). Nach dem Konzept der nachhaltigen Ent- wicklung sollen die Bedürfnisse der gegenwärtig Lebenden befriedigt werden, ohne zu ge- fährden, daß auch zukünftig lebende Generationen ihre Bedürfnisse befriedigen können. Das wesentliche Element der Nachhaltigkeit ist damit Ausgleich und Gerechtigkeit innerhalb und zwischen den Generationen.
Für die Ausgestaltung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung ist die Landwirtschaft ganz besonders gefordert, da bei einer weiter rapide wachsenden Erdbevölkerung die Frage der gesicherten Nahrungsversorgung immer wichtiger wird. Lebten am Anfang des Jahrhunderts auf der Erde nur 1.6 Milliarden Menschen, so ist die Zahl bis heute auf mehr als 6 Milliarden angewach- sen. Schätzungen gehen davon aus, daß in den nächsten 25 Jahren die Erdbevölkerung gar bis auf 8.5 Milliarden anwachsen kann. Mehr als 2/3 dieser Menschen wird in den Ländern des Südens leben und so die ohnehin schon schwierige Versorgungssituation in Afrika, Asien und Südamerika weiter verschlechtern (GROOT et al. 1998). Dabei ist eine Steigerung der Nah- rungsproduktion durch die Ausweitung von Anbauflächen nur noch sehr begrenzt möglich. Schon jetzt konkurriert vielerorts die Produktion von Nahrungsmitteln mit dem Erhalt wert- voller Biotope. Aber auch die gegenwärtige Anbaufläche ist gefährdet. Bodenerosion und Versalzung vernichten in den tropischen, subtropischen und ariden Regionen der Erde ehe- mals fruchtbare Ackerböden mit erschreckender Rate. Die weitere Steigerung der Nahrungs- mittelproduktion ist daher auch in den nächsten Jahrzehnten unverzichtbar (BULLOCK 1997). Eine Reihe von wichtigen Indikatoren der Welternährungssituation unterstreichen die drama- tische Entwicklung der letzten Jahre. Die Weltgetreideproduktion wächst nur noch in gerin- gem Ausmaß und kann den steigenden Bedarf einer wachsenden Weltbevölkerung nicht mehr kompensieren. Auch die verfügbare Ackerfläche pro Kopf der Bevölkerung hat in den letzten Jahren abgenommen. Dabei sind in den neunziger Jahren die Getreidevorräte der Welt auf einem historischen Tief angelangt. Teilweise waren Mais, Weizen oder Reis nur noch für we- niger als 50 Tage verfügbar. Seit der sogenannten "Grünen Revolution" ist die Gesamtpro- duktivität vieler landwirtschaftlicher Systeme weltweit kaum noch angestiegen (CASSMAN et al. 1995). Auch andere Nahrungsressourcen versprechen kaum Entlastung. Nachdem seit den
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50iger Jahren die Fangleistung von 8 auf 17 Kilogramm Fisch pro Kopf der Weltbevölkerung gestiegen sind, stagnieren die Fischfänge der internationalen Flotten in den letzten 10 Jahren. Die alte Formel nach der mit immer größerem Aufwand auch die Nahrungsproduktion kon- tinuierlich weiter gesteigert werden kann, gilt nicht mehr (WORLDWATCH 1997). Inwieweit das Bevölkerungswachstum oder die Konsumgewohnheiten sich in Zukunft verändern wer- den, läßt sich nur schwer vorhersagen.
Neben der Produktion von Nahrungsmitteln ist die Landwirtschaft wie kaum ein anderer Sektor der Volkswirtschaft auch direkt von Veränderungen der Umwelt betroffen. Ob Klima- veränderungen oder Schwermetallimmissionen, Versiegelung von Ackerböden oder Ausbau von Deponieflächen; in jedem Fall werden Menge und Qualität landwirtschaftlicher Produkte beeinflußt. Insbesondere die prognostizierten Veränderungen der Zusammensetzung der Erd- atmosphäre und die erwarteten Folgen für das Weltklima stellen in den nächsten Jahrzehnten die größte Herausforderung für die Nahrungsversorgung der Erde. Folgt man den Vorhersa- gen des Intergovernmental Panels of Climate Change (IPCC), so werden gerade in den Län- dern der Dritten Welt höhere Temperaturen und das vermehrte Auftreten von extremen Witte- rungssituationen die Versorgungssituation weiter verschärfen.
Gleichzeitig trägt die Landwirtschaft als wichtigster Flächennutzer eine besondere Verant- wortung für den Schutz begrenzter Ressourcen. Als Teilbereich der gesamten Volkswirtschaft nehmen daher gerade auch im landwirtschaftlichen Sektor Überlegungen zur Gestaltung nachhaltiger Produktionssysteme einen immer größeren Raum ein. Eng damit verknüpft sind Fragen nach der Produktivität und Effizienz landwirtschaftlicher Produktionssysteme auf der einen, sowie der Qualität von Nahrungsmitteln und der Beeinflussung von natürlichen oder naturnahen Ökosystemen auf der anderen Seite.
Die Diskussion um eine nachhaltige landwirtschaftliche Produktion darf dabei nicht regional begrenzt geführt werden. Die Schaffung von Inseln der Glückseligkeit für wenige kann nicht das Ziel einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung oder nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft sein. Im Gegenteil, keine Region, kein einzelner Staat oder Kontinent kann sich der Verantwortung für die glo- bale Ernährungssituation und dem Schutz von Boden, Wasser und Luft entziehen.
In der vorliegenden Studie soll der Versuch unternommen werden, den aktuellen Wissens- stand über das Leitbild einer nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft zusammenzufassen. Nach einem kurzen Abriß zur Entwicklung des Konzeptes und der Begriffsdefinitionen nimmt die Dar- stellung geeigneter Indikatoren einen größeren Raum ein. Abschließend wird versucht, an-
2
bautechnische Möglichkeiten für eine nachhaltige Landwirtschaft aufzuzeigen und Wege zur Etablierung nachhaltiger Systeme darzustellen.
Eine solche Darstellung muß zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt unvollständig bleiben, da der Diskussionsprozeß auf der politischen, aber auch auf der wissenschaftlichen Ebene noch nicht abgeschlossen ist. Trotzdem ist es gerade jetzt sinnvoll, die verschiedenen Ansichten und Strömungen gegenüberzustellen, um eine sachliche Auseinandersetzung zu den Fragen nach- haltiger Produktionssysteme zu fördern.
... Na Europa vários países têm publicado seus resultados de aumento de produtividade com o uso da agricultura de precisão (Blackmore, 1994; Larscheid, 1996; Larscheid, 1997). A pratica da agricultura que leva em conta a variabilidade espacial e temporal das propriedades da cultura, do solo e do clima para viabilizar um adequado processo de gerenciamento da produção, em função de condições metricamente localizadas, é o que se convencionou chamar de Agricultura de Precisão (Coghlan, 1995; Plucknett & Winkelmann, 1995). O termo é recente, porém as pesquisas nessa área começaram a se expandir já em meados da década de 80 com a formulação do problema e a terminologia sobre o assunto ainda não bem definida. ...
... Mankind throughout civilization has depended on the soil and plants for his daily bread, and on animals for food, clothing and trans- portation. Research by Hauptli et al (1990) shows that in sustainable agriculture, soil is the focal point and is deemed a living system, managed for the diversity and the well-being of the organisms living within the soil ecosystem. Organic matter supplies nutrients in a stable, slow-release form. ...
Ruminant grazing, properly managed, can provide an extremely resource-efficient and sustainable supply of protein to the global economy. Ruminants are unique in agro-ecosystems because of their ability to digest and use cellulose. As much as 90% of their diet is composed of roughage that cannot be digested by humans and most other non-ruminants. Ruminant grazing (1) enhances efficient use of solar energy, (2) improves soil nutrient cycling, (3) uses non-competitive renewable resources, (4) conserves soil and water, and (5) adds flexibility to most farming enterprises. Ruminants are an integral part of sustainable agriculture, providing high-quality, economical products with less environmental impact than non-ruminant alternatives. The economic and ecological efficiency of food production using ruminant species can be optimized by intensively managing the relationship between the grazer and the landscape.
... Sod-forming forages protect the soil from erosion. If soil is the focal point for sustainability (Hauptli et al., 1990 ), then minimization of erosion, compaction, and oxidation also helps maintain its organic state. This is better achieved on any soil by keeping some type of continuous cover as much of the year as possible (Ely, 1994). ...
Ruminants have served and will continue to serve a valuable role in sustainable agricultural systems. They are particularly useful in converting vast renewable resources from rangeland, pasture, and crop residues or other by-products into food edible for humans. With ruminants, land that is too poor or too erodable to cultivate becomes productive. Also, nutrients in by-products are utilized and do not become a waste-disposal problem. The need to maintain ruminants to utilize these humanly inedible foodstuffs and convert them into high-quality foods for human consumption has been a characteristic of advanced societies for several thousand years. Further, ruminant livestock production is entirely consistent with proper agronomy practices in which forages are grown on 25% of arable land to minimize water and soil erosion. Questions have been asked, however, about the use of humanly edible foodstuffs (grains, protein sources, etc.) in ruminant diets. Does their use create a net loss of nutrients for human consumption? What level of their use is necessary or desirable? Does the use of some of these improve the nutrient (e.g. protein) quality or product value? Too often the opponents of animal agriculture evaluate the desirability of animal production on gross calorie or protein intake/output values. However, in many cases the feeds used in animal production are not consumable by humans, and in order to properly evaluate animal production, humanly consumable energy and protein intake should be used for efficiency comparisons. Analysis of the costs/returns of humanly edible energy and protein for a variety of dairy and beef cattle production systems shows that food value is increased with ruminant products, and that net returns of humanly edible nutrients are dependent on the production system used. The efficiency with which ruminants convert humanly edible energy and protein into meat or milk is highly dependent on diet, and hence, on regional production practices. Previous studies suggest that in the United States, dairy production efficiency ranges from 96 to 276% on a humanly consumable protein basis. Beef production efficiency is very dependent on the time spent in the feedlot and digestible energy and protein efficiencies range from 28 to 59% and 52 to 104%, respectively. However, beef production can add to the humanly consumable protein pool depending on the feeding schedule. In addition, the protein resulting from ruminant livestock production is of higher quality with a greater biological value than protein in the substrate feeds. The evidence that ruminant livestock belong in sustainable livestock production systems is convincing.
... In fact, there are many ipplications of biotechnology which seek to minimize the use of chemical inputs is pest, weed, or disease control strategies in developing country agriculture. The elation between these applications and broader concerns of sustainability have been ecognized (Hauptli et al., 1990). In this regard, technical solutions to pressing pest >r weed management problems are becoming available from biotechnology. ...
India is an agricultural country, 70% people depend on agriculture, because the only major means of farmer’s income is agriculture. Intensive agriculture practiced without observance to the scientific principles and ecological aspects has led to loss of soil health, and reduction of freshwater resources and agrobiodiversity. With progressive diversion of arable land for non-agricultural purposes, the challenge of feeding the growing population without, at the same time, annexing more forestland and depleting the rest of life is indeed daunting. Additional, even with food availability through production, millions of marginal farming and landless rural families have very low or no access to food due to lack of income-generating livelihoods. Approximately 200 million rural women, children and men in India fall in this category. Under these circumstances, the evergreen revolution such as pro-nature, pro-poor, pro-women and pro-employment/livelihood oriented ecoagriculture under varied terms are proposed for achieving productivity in perpetuity. Indian farmers are becoming poor due to the daily deterioration in agriculture, the main reasons for this, not receiving quality based seeds, delay water irrigation, reduced soil fertility and excessive use of chemical fertilizers. In order to remove these problems, we have been to develop a new strategy which will double the income of the farmers and make the soil fertile without the use of chemical fertilizers. Our government is constantly trying for it, which help farmers to get maximum benefit and improve our agriculture from launch new schemes for water, seed, nutrients and insurance the crops are started and organizing time to time a mega fair for providing basic knowledge for the farmers. So that more and more farmers are aware of it and use good machinery, seeds, and biofertilizers in their agriculture, so that their income accompanied, soil fertility can also be increased. Agricultural research are constantly probing fertile seeds, improve nutrition and organic fertilizers which will help us to grow agriculture. Fifty decades before came green revolution, which improved crops yield and productivity, while today need to be evergreen revolution for agricultural improvement, for doubling farmers income, enhance crop productivity and also improve soil fertility. The principles, strategies, models for sustainable agriculture and pathways for doubling farmers income are described in this book chapter.
While the contribution of small-scale aquaculture (SSA) to rural development is generally recognized, until now there has been no systematic assessment to clearly measures its contribution. The FAO Expert Workshop on Methods and Indicators for Evaluating the Contribution of Small-scale Aquaculture to Sustainable Rural Development held in Nha Trang, Viet Nam, from 24 to 28 November 2009, attempted to develop an indicator system to measure the contribution of SSA. The workshop used a number of processes and steps in the developping the indicator system, including: (i) understanding the subject of measurements; (ii) identifying an analytical framework and ratting criteria (iii) developing a list of SSA contributions; (iv) categorizing the contributions; (v) devising and organizing the indicators of contribution; and (vi) measuring the indicators. The major outcome was the development, through an iterative process, of an indicator system which can provide a good measure of the contribution of SSA based on agreed criteria (accuracy, measurability and efficiency) and the sustainable livelihood approach analytical framework which consists of five capital assets (human, financial, physical, social and natural) and can be used for various livelihoods options.
Crop rotation has been used for thousands of years. During the 1950s and early 1960s, it was felt that synthetic fertilizers and pesticides could forever replace crop rotation without loss of yield, but that opinion has changed. The current consensus is that crop rotation increases yield and profit and allows for sustained production. For example, maize, in a 2‐year rotation with soybean, yields 5 to 20% more than continuous maize, and no amount of fertilizer or pesticide can compensate completely for that difference. It is not well understood what causes the rotation effect, but improvements in soil physical properties and soil organic matter probably play a beneficial role in rotations that include multiple years of sod, pasture, or hay. Short rotations such as maize‐soybean actually result in a degradation in those same factors, yet the rotation effect still is realized. Recent information suggests that soilborne pathogens may be responsible for the yield depression seen with continuous monoculture.
RESUMEN. Durante el Siglo Veinte, tanto la agricultura mundial como la chilena, han sido muy exitosas en producir alimentos debido principalmente a tres razones: el mejoramiento genético, el desarrollo de nuevas prácticas de manejo agronómico, y la apertura de los mercados internacionales. En la actualidad, entre las principales tareas que debe encarar la agricultura chilena están el continuo desarrollo de la Biotecnología y la utilización de sus productos; la incorporación de la Agricultura de Precisión; el uso de métodos de Labranza de Conservación; y la adopción de Sistemas de Apoyo para la Toma de Decisiones. Estas tecnologías, junto con los ajustes curriculares correspondientes en la educación agrícola superior, permitirán enfrentar con mejores posibilidades de éxito los desafíos agrícolas de las primeras décadas del nuevo milenio.
ABSTRACT. In the Twentieth Century, world and Chilean agriculture have been highly successful in food production. The main reasons for this success are: crops genetic improvement, the development of new crop management practices, and the opening of international markets. At present, the main Chilean agricultural tasks include the further development of Biotechnology and the utilization of its products; the incorporation of Precision Agricultural methods; the use of Conservation Tillage; and the adoption of Decision Support Systems. These technologies, along with appropiete adjustments in the agricultural education curricula, will meet the challenge of agriculture for the first decades of the new Millenium. PALABRAS CLAVES:
"Sustainable agriculture" has emerged as the most agreed-upon term to synthesize a variety of concepts and perspectives associated with agricultural practices that differ from those of conventional production. Definitions of sustainable agriculture contain three equally important components: environmental quality and ecological soundness, plant and animal productivity, and socioeconomic viability. The Agroecosystem component of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program is developing a systems-level approach to the long-term monitoring of agroecosystem sustainabilily. Measurements will be made for a suite of indicators at sites selected from a probability sampling frame. Associations between indicator values over time will be used to assess agroecosystem condition and status on a regional and/or national scale. One or more measures of sustainabilily will be developed by organizing indicators and assessment endpoints into a framework based upon the three components of sustainable agriculture.
This paper reviews the environmental effects of organic farming, with particular reference to Australia but using some international experience as well as findings from other ‘alternative’ farming systems where appropriate. Beneficial environmental effects include positive changes to soil physical, biological and chemical properties in comparison with some adverse effects associated with conventional agriculture. Other benefits are linked to the opportunities provided to recycle organic wastes, the reduced use of synthetic chemicals, improvements to plant and animal quality, reductions in erosion and runoff, and potential improvements to the serious problems of soil and water salinity and the loss and deterioration of ecosystems.However, there are also some adverse environmental effects which may accompany organic farming methods. They include diminishing soil fertility through the run-down of some soil nutrients, possible increases in soil acidity, contaminants associated with the use of some municipal and industrial soil amendments, and certain pollutants. Difficulties are also encountered by organic farmers when farming areas previously farmed by conventional methods. Suggestions are made for overcoming these and some other problems, such as the control of pests and weeds.Whilst it is considered that the beneficial effects of organic farming outweigh the adverse, there is a clear need for further scientific research into the complex relationships between organic farming and the environment in order to provide sound advice to agronomists and farmers.
La presencia de oligoquetos en los ecosistemas puede indicar fertilidad del suelo, ya que estos organismos transportan, mezclan y entierran los residuos vegetales de la superficie al interior del suelo. Se caracterizó la comunidad de oligoquetos bajo sitios con diferentes periodos de establecimiento y manejo de plantaciones de Eucalyptus grandis, sin vegetación (SV), con cinco años en producción (Euc) y vegetación secundaria con 15 años (Acah) que han pasado por el proceso de tumba y quema en suelos de Acri- sol en Huimanguillo, Tabasco; y se analizaron las propiedades físicoquímicas del suelo (D.A., humedad, textura, pH, Ntot, MO, P, K, CIC). La recolecta de lombrices se realizó al finalizar las lluvias (agosto-octubre 2007). Se muestreó en tres parcelas con seis réplicas en cada una. Se encontró que los suelos tenían pH de 3.0-4.5 en los primeros 30cm de profundidad. Los contenidos de materia orgánica (MO) y nitrógeno total (Ntot) fueron significativamente menores en los sitios SV (6-8% y 0.19-0.22% respectivamente) que en Euc y Acah (MO=9-11%; el Ntot=0.27-0.33%). La especie Pontoscolex corethrurus domino en toda el área, presentando mayores densidades y biomasas en Euc (164.4ind/m2 y 36.8g/m2 respectivamente) y Acah (138.7ind/m2 y 19.1g/m2 respectivamente), mientras que en SV sus poblaciones fueron reducidas en un 80%. Se encontró que el sistema Acah sigue presentando rasgos de un sistema perturbado, al no recuperar fácilmente la diver- sidad de oligoquetos y las concentraciones de nutrientes disponibles en el suelo
Transgenic crops currently available foruse potentially provide environmental benefits, suchas reduction in insecticide use and substitution ofless toxic for more toxic herbicides. These benefitsare contingent on a host of factors, such as thepotential for development of resistant pests,out-crossing to weedy relatives, and transgenic cropmanagement regimes. Three scenarios are used toexamine the potential sustainability of transgeniccrop technologies. These scenarios demonstrate thatexisting transgenic varieties, while potentiallyimproving the sustainability of agriculture relativeto existing chemical based production systems, fail inenabling a fully sustainable agriculture. Genetictraits that have a higher potential for promoting asustainable agriculture have been precluded fromdevelopment for a number of reasons. These include thelack of EPA and USDA regulatory policies thatexplicitly promote sustainable traits; the structureof the agricultural biotechnology industry, which isdominated by agricultural chemical companies; andpatent law and industry policies that proscribe farmhouseholds from saving transgenic seed and tailoringtransgenic crops to their local environmentalconditions – ecological, social, and economic.
This paper examines conceptual and methodological barriers to using sustainability as a criterion for guiding change in agriculture and proposes elements necessary for approaches to characterizing sustainability to be generally useful. Two broad interpretations of agricultural sustainability have emerged with different underlying goals: sustainability interpreted as an approach to agriculture developed in response to concerns about impacts of agriculture, with motivating adherence to sustainable ideologies and practices as its goal; and sustainability interpreted as a property of agriculture developed in response to concerns about threats to agriculture, with the goal of using it as a criterion for guiding agriculture as it responds to change. Interpreting sustainability as an approach has been useful for motivating change. However, usefulness of this interpretation as a criterion for guiding change is hindered by a lack of generality of prescribed approaches, a distorted view of conventional agriculture and circular logic. Although interpreting sustainability as a system property is logically more consistent, conceptual and practical problems with its characterization have limited its usefulness as a criterion for guiding change. In order for sustainability to be a useful criterion for guiding change in agriculture, its characterization should be literal, system-oriented, quantiative, predictive, stochastic and diagnostic.
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