Article

Promoting sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the author.

Abstract

Most programs to foster sustainable behavior continue to be based upon models of behavior change that psychological research has found to be limited. Although psychology has much to contribute to the design of effective programs to foster sustainable behavior, little attention has been paid to ensuring that psychological knowledge is accessible to those who design environmental programs. This article presents a process. community-based social marketing, that attempts to make psychological knowledge relevant and accessible to these individuals. Further, it provides two case studies in which program planners have utilized this approach to deliver their initiatives. Finally, it reflects on the obstacles that exist to incorporating psychological expertise into programs to promote sustainable behavior.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.

... The 'receptive' segment was somewhat willing to install an above-ground rainwater tank. Since more survey respondents fell into this segment than other groups, it would be a priority to target (Kneebone, Smith, and Fielding 2017;McKenzie-Mohr 2011). Members in this profile identified barriers across all COM items. ...
... Written or verbal commitments that are linked to values and outcomes (e.g. environmental identity and improving fresh water biodiversity across urban areas) may provide further motivation (Lokhorst et al. 2013;McKenzie-Mohr 2011). ...
... Finally, members of the 'reluctant' segment are the least willing of the resident groups to install an above-ground rainwater tank. They would be the toughest group to encourage to participate, and considering their relatively small size, the least priority group to attempt to persuade (Kneebone, Smith, and Fielding 2017;McKenzie-Mohr 2011). Members of this profile were not aware of either the personal or environmental benefits of installing an above-ground rainwater tank on their property. ...
Article
Full-text available
Urbanisation poses numerous challenges to fresh water biodiversity, and installation of above-ground rainwater tanks on private properties is one important tool for addressing these challenges. In this paper, we used an online survey targeting a representative sample of 1291 urban residents to investigate their underlying capabilities, opportunities, and motivations for installation of above-ground rainwater tanks on their properties. Only 221 (17%) of the 1,291 respondents already had an above-ground rainwater tank installed on their property. By segmenting on behavioural variables, we found that those urban residents who currently did not have a water tank on their property were not homogeneous. We identified three audience segments, 'Supportive' (19%), 'Receptive' (59%) and 'Reluctant' (22%), each with their own unique driver and barrier combination to rainwater tank installation. Suitable leverage points and behaviour change tools (e.g. education, enablement, incentivisation) and message framing (environ-mental, community, or functional benefits) are identified for each segment. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Environmental communicators can promote active engagement by designing campaigns framed around their audience's motivations [15]. By framing a message specifically for a target audience, it enhances their understanding of the problem and can mobilize them to act-a key marker for communication success [30]. ...
... We conducted two experiments to address this knowledge gap. This study contrasts two theoretical models: the knowledge-deficit model, which predicts that more information on a topic will influence audience behaviors [22], and the community-based social marketing theory, which predicts audiences can be engaged to act with site-specific, emotional, and social messages [15]. Both theories have been found to be useful in guiding conservation messages and promoting strategic action toward desired conservation outcomes, yet the approaches have not been contrasted against each other to evaluate conservation practice. ...
... With other fisheries in decline, many fishers are now targeting this unprotected group of fish; yet, some Bahamian fishers lack understanding about the role of parrotfish in the ecosystem [50], and it is possible that educational and scientific messages may have an impact on their behavior toward parrotfish (e.g., the knowledge deficit model [22]. In contrast, social marketing best practices suggest that behavior-focused messages, irrespective of the amount of information, may have even more of an impact on behavioral intention [15]. This study contrasted these frames via a range of five pieces of content that vary in information size and message content, in addition to a neutral control condition. ...
Article
Full-text available
Strategic communication can motivate target audiences to take conservation action. Yet, whether audiences are motivated by more information or more influential visuals is unclear. Using online surveys, we compared different visual communication strategies using text, graphics, and photographs for encouraging parrotfish-friendly conservation behaviors to see which one yields greater emotion, interest, and intended action. Experiment 1 explored whether a scientific-oriented poster would be more or less effective in promoting conservation behaviors than a graphical poster using social marketing techniques. Experiment 2 contrasted the two posters with a photograph and graphic icons without text against a blank control. Results revealed how engaging visuals can inspire reactions and behavioral intentions. The posters both elicited positive reactions, but with less text and content to process, the social marketing poster more efficiently inspired the desired reactions. This work highlights that conservation communications can strategically use psychology and graphics to efficiently inspire desired actions.
... Behavioral factors that drive stakeholders' decision-making include stakeholder motivations, their ability to perform a task, and whether they have reminders to prompt the desired behavior (Fogg, 2009). Extension staff also need to understand how to identify the sub-actions that make up a desired behavior (McKenzie-Mohr, 2011). For example, the behavior of engaging in sustainable forestry includes the sub-actions of controlled burns, tree thinning, and coppicing, (Ile et al., 2021;Rathfon & Farlee, 2002). ...
... The process of separating a stakeholder's behavioral factors and sub-actions from those of the public is called segmentation. Segmentation enables educators to design initiatives that appeal to stakeholders and offer appropriate prompts to behavior change in their target population (McKenzie-Mohr, 2011). Popular segmentation strategies, such as Claritas's 2023 PRIZM Primer and ESRI's 2023 Tapestry Segmentation, divide populations by demographics, geography, lifestyles, and needs; this allows product marketers to easily tailor campaigns to the correct groups. ...
Article
Full-text available
The article describes a participatory segmentation strategy, called the Actor Diagramming and Tracing Method, that enables Extension agents to tailor education initiatives. Using a case study, the authors demonstrate the method by segmenting North Carolina family forest landowners based on resources needed for sustainable forestry management. Instead of surveying select participants, as previous researchers have, the authors engage a diverse set of stakeholders through interviews, in-situ observations, and diagramming. Three segments emerged with explicit steps to engaging forest owners’ barriers and motivations, as well as a key factor to adoption of sustainable forestry practices: owners’ relationships/social networks.
... This data was then synthesized into a guidance document following a co-production online workshop (see Comber et al., 2021). The guidance document aims to assist conservation practitioners in developing targeted campaigns to change human behavior for the benefit of shorebird conservation, following the community-based social marketing framework by McKenzie-Mohr (2011). Due to staff turnover, new hiring, and changes in roles, only seven members of our CoP were involved in part one. ...
Article
Full-text available
Effective conservation practices require addressing the divide between research and implementation. Co‐production, which emphasizes collaboration and diverse knowledge exchange, is increasingly recognized as valuable in conservation to address this challenge, yet empirical insights remain limited. This case study explores using a Community of Practice (CoP) as an avenue for facilitating co‐production in shorebird conservation. Centering researchers and practitioners within implementation initiatives, we evaluate factors enabling a successful CoP and barriers hindering members' experiences. Capacity emerged as the predominant barrier, while the leading factors contributing to CoP success were having a dedicated space to support labor division, relationship building, and informal learning among CoP members. Leveraging our evaluation insights, we offer practical recommendations for structuring a CoP to optimize these benefits and advance the integration of CoPs and co‐production principles in conservation practice.
... This makes the introduction of a sustainable future highly needed in various fields, from the industrial to the managerial. This cannot happen unless many green-oriented graduates are introduced to the marketplace (Mckenzie, 2011). ...
Article
Full-text available
There has been a sudden paradigm shift in the global education system resulting from the immediate shutdown of the schools and universities due to Covid-19. Thus, this research is an attempt to figure out the potential impact of green education on the learning procedures during Covid-19. The participants of this research are 30 instructors from the language institute, university of Sharjah. The research instrument consisted of preparing and distributing a questionnaire on a three-point Likert scale to identify the instructors' awareness of green education and its potential importance in the crisis era. The main research findings revealed that Green education (electronic system) is a solution in the Covid-19 pandemic and it provides a healthy environment to the students and teachers equally. Moreover, Green education enhances students" creative skills and reduces their stress. Also, it improves the performance of students and instructors. The research concluded by providing Interpretations for the results along with the relevant recommendations. ‫على‬ ‫األخضر‬ ‫التعليم‬ ‫أثر‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫كوفيد‬ ‫جائحة‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫م‬ ّ ‫التعل‬-91 ‫العربية‬ ‫باللغة‬ ‫الملخص‬ ‫كىفُذ‬ ‫جبئذت‬ ‫اجخُبح‬ ‫يغ‬-91 ‫نكبفت‬ ‫يخخهف‬ ‫فٍ‬ ‫انخؼهُى‬ ‫أَظًت‬ ‫فٍ‬ ‫يفبجئ‬ ‫َىػٍ‬ ‫حذىل‬ ‫دذد‬ ‫انؼبنى‬ ‫أسجبء‬ ‫نهخؼهُى‬ ‫انًذخًم‬ ‫انخأرُش‬ ‫نًؼشفت‬ ‫انبذذ‬ ‫هزا‬ ‫َسؼً‬ ‫وانجبيؼبث.‬ ‫نهًذاسط‬ ‫انفىسٌ‬ ‫اإلغالق‬ ‫َخُجت‬ ‫انؼبنى‬ ‫بهذاٌ‬ ‫كىفُذ‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫ى‬ ّ ‫انخؼه‬ ‫إجشاءاث‬ ‫ػهً‬ ‫نهبُئت)‬ ‫(انصذَك‬ ‫األخضش‬-91 (‫رالرٍُ‬ ‫ػهً‬ ‫انبذذ‬ ‫ػُُت‬ ‫اشخًهج‬. 03) ‫يذبضش‬ ‫اسخبُبٌ‬ ‫وحىصَغ‬ ‫إػذاد‬ ‫فٍ‬ ‫انبذذ‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫هج‬ ّ ‫حًز‬ ‫انشبسلت.‬ ‫نجبيؼت‬ ‫انخببغ‬ ‫انهغبث‬ ‫يؼهذ‬ ‫نذي‬ ‫َؼًهىٌ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أولبث‬ ‫فٍ‬ ‫انًذخًهت‬ ‫وأهًُخه‬ ‫األخضش‬ ‫ببنخؼهُى‬ ‫انًذبضشٍَ‬ ‫وػٍ‬ ‫نخذذَذ‬ ‫َمبط‬ ‫رالد‬ ‫رو‬ ‫نُكشث‬ ‫يمُبط‬ ‫ػهً‬ ‫األصيبث‬. ‫وانخؼهى‬ ‫(انخؼهُى‬ ‫األخضش‬ ‫انخؼهُى‬ ‫أٌ‬ ‫انشئُسُت‬ ‫انبذذ‬ ‫َخبئج‬ ‫يٍ‬ ‫احضخ‬ ‫هى‬ ‫اإلنكخشوٍَ)‬ ‫انُظبو‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫يٍ‬ ‫كىفُذ‬ ‫جبئذت‬ ‫فٍ‬ ‫األيزم‬ ‫انذم‬-91 ‫ػالوة‬ ‫ونهًذبضشٍَ.‬ ‫نهطالة‬ ‫آيُت‬ ‫صذُت‬ ‫بُئت‬ ‫حىفُش‬ ‫َضًٍ‬ ‫بذُذ‬ ‫أداء‬ ٍّ ‫َذس‬ ‫أَه‬ ‫كًب‬ ‫إجهبدهى،‬ ‫يٍ‬ ‫وَمهم‬ ‫انطالة‬ ‫نذي‬ ‫اإلبذاع‬ ‫يهبساث‬ ‫األخضش‬ ‫انخؼهُى‬ ‫َؼضص‬ ‫رنك،‬ ‫ػهً‬ ‫إنً‬ ‫انبذذ‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫َه‬ ‫وخ‬ ‫سىاء.‬ ٍ ‫دذ‬ ‫ػهً‬ ‫وانًؼهًٍُ‬ ‫انطالة‬ ‫انخىصُبث‬ ‫يغ‬ ‫انًخذصهت‬ ‫نهُخبئج‬ ‫انخفسُشاث‬ ‫حمذَى‬ ‫انصهت.‬ ‫راث
... Consequently, in FSHE, market-based "alternative" food projects (e.g., farmers markets) have been uncritically characterised as civic engagement, without examining their effect on social justice and environmental outcomes (Guthman, 2008;Johnston, 2008). Third, declarative knowledge approaches assume a causal link between knowledge and behaviour change (McKenzie-Mohr, 2000), generating the risk of oversimplifying complex issues and developing "one-size-fits-all" approaches to solve them. ...
Chapter
In undergraduate programs such as Food Systems, collective projects may address issues all along the food chain. Collective action projects acknowledge the limitations of singular, uncoordinated efforts to instigate systemic change to enhance sustainable diets. These projects help students to develop skills to become agents of change in the food system. Collective action requires students to apply a systems approach to identify scales, components, boundaries, stakeholders, and power dynamics of the observed food system. Depending on the educational goal, collective action projects may involve classroom simulations, case studies, and community projects and organising, communication, and project development skills within the student group, class, or between the student group and community stakeholders. In this chapter, we outline the conceptual foundation behind collective action approaches, present successful examples of undergraduate projects, and introduce selected curricular activities that facilitate collective action skill-building.
... R. Lee et al., 2023). Social marketing has been used to successfully change important outcomes in several domains, including reducing underage drinking (Jones et al., 2017), increasing HIV testing rates (Solorio et al., 2016), and encouraging sustainability (McKenzie-Mohr, 2011). Recent theorizing suggests that the social marketing approach can and should be applied to develop interventions to improve intergroup relations as well as the well-being and academic performance of individuals from marginalized groups . ...
Article
Despite much research on improving intergroup relations, the evidence for long-term effects in real-world settings is mixed. We used the social marketing approach to create an “Inclusivity Page” that could be added to course syllabi. The page contained three targeted pro-diversity messages based on social norms, personal benefits, and concrete behavioral recommendations. We tested our intervention in a large randomized controlled trial in university classrooms ( N students = 1,799). We obtained students’ course grades and overall college GPAs several years later. A subset of students also completed an outcome survey three months after the intervention. Students from underrepresented racial groups exposed to the intervention early in college had better course grades and GPAs. We also observed an enhanced sense of belonging and better emotional and physical health among students from all marginalized groups. Our research demonstrates the utility of employing a targeted approach to improve experiences of members of marginalized groups.
... This type of communication often focuses on increasing public understanding of the scientific consensus on the basics of climate change or fostering a sense of the problem's urgency and seriousness. The second goal of communication is to inspire social engagement and action, whether through behavioral changes (e.g., altering consumption habits) or political involvement (e.g., supporting specific politicians, policies, or programs) (De Young 1993;McKenzie-Mohr 2011). Unlike the first category, these efforts aim to not only engage people's minds but also encourage active behavioral participation. ...
Article
Full-text available
Climate change has become one of the most pressing problems that can threaten the existence and development of humans around the globe. Almost all climate scientists have agreed that climate change is happening and is caused mainly by greenhouse gas emissions induced by anthropogenic activities. However, some groups still deny this fact or do not believe that climate change results from human activities. This article examines climate change denialism and its skeptical arguments, as well as the roles of scientists and science communication in addressing the issues. Through this article, we call for the active participation of scientists in science communication activities with the public, the initiation of new science communication sectors specified for climate change, and more attention to social sciences and humanities in addressing climate change issues.
... Milbraith's (1989) work on humankind's tragic success as a cause for rethinking civilization and the role of learning in envisioning a sustainable society is an important precursor to these efforts. (Robinson 2003, Friedmann 1987, Friedmann and Abonyi 1976, Heclo 1974, management theory and organizational change (Wegner 1999, McKenzie-Mohr and Smith 1999, Argyris and Schön 1996, human services provision (Goldstein 1981), environmental policy (Fiorino 2001, Webler et al. 1995, environmental and resource management (Keen et al. 2005, Leeuwis and Pyburn 2002a, Lee 1995, or even sustainable development and sustainability science (Siebenhüner 2004, National Research Council Board on Sustainable Development 1999, Parson and Clark 1995. ...
... Unfortunately, dominant media within industrialized societies generally contribute to the problem; on balance, media messaging (advertising in particular) encourages and enhances unsustainable levels of resource consumption, obscures the impacts of this consumption, and does little to promote attitudes and behaviors that promote whole-community sustainability and resilience. It is important to recognize that the marketing of this unsustainable behavior is based on very well-researched and established psychological principles of persuasion [1,2]. Fortunately, these same psychological principles can be harnessed to promote more sustainable behavior. ...
Article
Full-text available
Delivering effective messages is critical to creating a more sustainable and resilient culture. The explosion of social media has enhanced information access but has often reinforced and polarized pre-existing viewpoints and norms. In contrast, digital signs are an “in your face in your space” technology that have the potential to deliver common content to a diverse local audience. Environmental Dashboard (ED) is a communications platform and set of content applications that combines information on current environmental conditions, real-time resource consumption, positive actions being taken by community members, and a community calendar. We conducted a longitudinal study to assess whether ED content delivered via digital signs in public locations would result in desirable psychological changes within a community. Participants completed surveys in six designated signage locations prior to installation (N = 174) and following two years of continuous exposure (N = 133). We observed increases in pro-environmental social norms among people of color (a demographic emphasized); enhanced awareness of and sense of connection with the local community and ecology; increased self-reported electricity conservation; and increased perception of youth engagement (another demographic emphasized). Changes were mediated by exposure to digital signage. These findings support the hypothesis that content delivered through digital signs can strengthen pro-environmental and pro-social culture within communities.
... Strategic communication is essential in legal socialization, beginning with raising awareness and knowledge (Williams, 2019), changing public behavior (McKenzie-Mohr, 2000), building support and public participation (Tazin & Yaakop, 2018), combating misinformation, building trust (European Commission, 2018), and supporting environmental policies and regulations (Karunaratne, 2023). Especially in the context of digital media as a part of strategic communication tools, it is not only needed as an information hub but also proven powerful in changing individual intentions and behaviors (Putri & Oktaviani, 2022;Vardya & Nurhajati, 2022). ...
Article
Full-text available
In JCPR Vol. 3 No. 2, July 2024, we explore the multifaceted role of communication across social, political, and economic dimensions with case studies from countries. This edition includes articles on social media's role in crisis management, the significance of friendship in the Korean music industry, political disinformation in Nigeria, Instagram's impact on shopping behaviors in Jakarta, and comparative environmental communication strategies in Jakarta and Singapore. These insights encourage further discussion and understanding of communication's vital role.
... Indeed, segmenting the audience into meaningful groups using theoretical frameworks makes it more likely to appeal to distinct groups in a relevant way since the specific determinants that are relevant to a subgroup can be addressed in tailored messaging (Silk et al., 2005). Moreover, identifying the segment of the population most receptive to change and the most impactful recommended behavior, optimizes resources and leads to more effective interventions, as underscored by McKenzie-Mohr and Smith (2011). ...
Article
Full-text available
Significant knowledge has been accumulated regarding the detrimental impacts of meat consumption on both personal health and the environment. As a result, online social marketing initiatives aimed at reducing meat consumption have emerged. The purpose of this research is to explore the alignment between theory and practice in such campaigns. Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) is posited as an appropriate model for social marketing communications aiming at decreasing meat consumption. Subsequently, ten on-line communications directed at individuals with the aim at decreasing meat consumption are identified and subjected to a qualitative review. Through content analysis, key themes and messages employed in these campaigns were identified along with an assessment of the integration of PMT principles. The findings offer specific recommendations to enhance existent and future communications strategies. These recommendations focus on targeting current meat consumers, persuading them to reduce their meat consumption for health and environmental reasons, utilizing PMT principles. Effective strategies should heighten individuals perceived vulnerability and severity regarding the health and environmental impacts of meat consumption while offering easily adoptable recommendations. Additionally, the recommended actions should be perceived as leading to the desired outcomes; namely, improving personal health and protecting the environment. This original comprehensive review demonstrates the successful application of PMT in on-line campaigns aimed at reducing meat consumption, providing valuable insights and guidance for future initiatives in social marketing.
... Their objective was to shift invasive species efforts from basic awareness about the issue to specific actions recreational water users and pet hobbyists can take to prevent the spread of AIS. These campaigns align with communitybased social marketing principles that identify sustainable behaviors, locate barriers to performing those behaviors, and offer wide implementation and evaluation programs (McKenzie-Mohr, 1999). These programs provide reminders and prompts for people to perform actions and use social norms to help influence behaviors. ...
Article
Full-text available
The NOAA Sea Grant College Program is well suited to address aquatic invasive species issues based on the roles Sea Grant institutions play within their communities and the resources available to them through university systems. The three primary areas of a Sea Grant program—research, education, and outreach—can be used to limit and prevent the impacts of invasive species. Specifically, Sea Grant has expertise in natural science, social science, education, communication, legal support, and community science, all of which can help communities and aquatic invasive species management programs address these problematic species. This article shares examples of Sea Grant work as well as tips designed to inspire new communities and aquatic invasive species management programs to partner with Sea Grant to address these issues.
... This figure represents a Behaviour Prioritisation Matrix using the experts' ratings, the likelihood of behaviour, and current adoption data following the method described byMcKenzie-Mohr (2011). ...
Book
Full-text available
This is a research brief, one of three market research reports we have created to enable greater participation in the protection and restoration of freshwater biodiversity across urban areas in Aotearoa New Zealand. These research briefs are primarily for communications professionals and campaign managers working in urban freshwater management, but we believe they will also be interesting to a broader audience.
Article
Full-text available
Multidisciplinary environmental psychology studies the dynamic link between humans and their natural and manmade settings. This thorough study synthesises 443 works from 1963 to 2024 on topics such as physical surroundings’ effects on behaviour, environmental stressors, pro-environmental behaviour, and applying psychological theories to environmental interactions. This literature is synthesised to identify patterns, themes, and future directions. Growing environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development have changed the profession. Green areas have been demonstrated to boost mental health and reduce stress. Nature helps mental exhaustion recuperation. Hospitals and workplaces’ design and structure affect health and productivity. Walkable, green urban development improves citizens’ well-being and promotes sustainable living. Environmental stresses including noise, pollution, and overpopulation harm mental and physical health. Children exposed to noise pollution are more likely to develop cardiovascular illness and cognitive deficits. Anxiety and despair caused by climate change are also becoming more apparent. Pro-environmental behaviour is emphasised, with notions like planned behaviour and community-based social marketing working. Behaviour interventions using social norms and feedback have decreased energy and waste. Personal values-driven intrinsic motivation promotes long-term behavioural change better than extrinsic incentive. Environmental psychology uses surveys, experiments, and mixed-methods research. Virtual and augmented reality provide for environmental simulations and psychological studies. Good health and well-being, excellent education, sustainable cities, responsible consumerism, climate action, and living on land are among the field’s major contributions to the UNSDGs. Environmental psychology will help establish sustainable and healthy settings that correspond with the UNSDGs as environmental issues grow.
Article
This study explores the environmental friendliness of Holland's RIASEC personality types (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional). It investigates how each type correlates with pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Findings suggest that Investigative and Artistic types exhibit strong environmental concern due to their analytical and creative natures, respectively. Social types engage in environmentally friendly activities through community involvement, while Enterprising and Conventional types participate when environmental actions align with personal or economic goals. The study highlights the need for tailored environmental education based on personality profiles to enhance pro-environmental behaviors.
Book
Full-text available
Wastes are generated as a result of anthropogenic activities. The rapid industrialization of human society in the twenty-first century has led to an increase in the generation of industrial wastes that have negatively impacted humans and the environment. While industrial operations and techniques have improved globally, leading to a higher standard of living, economic prosperity, and healthcare delivery, industries have continued to produce waste on a scale never before seen. This chapter discussed industrial wastes, waste generation, and industries involved, waste disposal, landfilling as a disposal method, effects of waste disposal, modern techniques in industrial waste management, landfill sustainability, and regulations. Keywords: industrial waste, waste generation, waste disposal, effect of disposal, waste management, landfill sustainability and regulations
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The main objectives of this research are: i) to analyze the spatial structure and connectivity of the operational bases of Ryanair, the largest European low-cost carrier, in Europe and North Africa; ii) to investigate the impact of the carriers’ operating base opening or closure of passenger traffic (and, as a result, on airport hierarchy).
Preprint
Full-text available
The report "Best Practices in Organics Diversion in Multi-Residential Buildings" provides a comprehensive review of strategies to improve organic waste diversion in high-density living environments such as apartment complexes and condominiums. The report identifies key challenges, including space constraints, resident education, and infrastructure limitations, which hinder efficient waste separation. Through a detailed analysis, it presents best practices in education, infrastructure, community engagement, and policy frameworks. Key recommendations emphasize the importance of resident education through workshops, clear signage, and the distribution of welcome kits. The report also advocates for infrastructure improvements, such as convenient bin placements, appropriate bin sizes, and space optimization. Additionally, community engagement is highlighted, with the formation of resident committees and the use of recognition and reward programs as effective methods to increase participation.
Article
In today’s dynamic world, social marketing has become an effective means for inspiring behaviour change, supporting social causes and solving pressing societal concerns. In the past 10 years (2013–2022), research in social marketing has gained momentum owing to its growing popularity among scholars and practitioners. Using bibliometric analysis, this study provides insights into the influential aspects of social marketing in terms of prominent authors, leading journals and countries. We used VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software packages to conduct bibliometric research of 718 articles in social marketing retrieved from the Scopus database. The results indicate a considerable emphasis on social marketing campaigns geared towards adults, focusing on blood donation, health promotion, female-centric interventions and public health issues. Furthermore, Australia and the United States emerged as the leading countries in social marketing research. Also, the findings help us identify scientific collaborations of countries, which might assist future researchers in establishing partnerships with authors with similar research interests.
Preprint
Full-text available
This chapter explores strategies for overcoming psychological distance in sustainability communication, addressing the challenge of making abstract, global environmental issues feel immediate and personally relevant. Grounded in Construal Level Theory, the chapter examines six key approaches: localization of global issues, temporal framing, personal narratives and testimonials, visual communication tools, leveraging social connections, and action-oriented communication. The chapter provides theoretical foundations, empirical evidence, and practical applications for each strategy. It discusses how localization can make global issues tangible by focusing on local impacts and solutions. Temporal framing is explored as a means to make future scenarios more immediate and connect current actions to future outcomes. The power of personal narratives and testimonials in creating emotional connections and increasing engagement is analyzed through various case studies. Visual communication tools are presented as effective means to transform complex concepts into relatable imagery. The chapter also examines how leveraging social connections can make environmental challenges feel more actionable on a personal level. Finally, action-oriented communication is discussed as a way to provide clear, achievable steps for individuals and communities. Throughout, the chapter emphasizes the importance of balancing scientific accuracy with relatability, addressing diverse audience needs, and integrating multiple strategies for maximum impact. By providing a comprehensive overview of these approaches, the chapter offers a roadmap for sustainability communicators to create more impactful, memorable, and transformative messages that inspire action and drive meaningful change in addressing pressing environmental challenges.
Article
Full-text available
Given the urgency of climate change action and the significant climate impact of household emissions, understanding the drivers of individuals’ sustainable behavior patterns is more important than ever. Consequently, we investigate whether different clusters of individual users can be distinguished regarding sustainability-related values, attitudes, and intentions. If these diverse clusters exist, we can explore tailored approaches to promote sustainable behavior patterns among them based on their unique needs and targets. For this purpose, we employ a mixed-method approach combining qualitative interviews with a quantitative survey. The obtained insights help us identify core factors that drive sustainable behavior, develop representations of different user groups, and suggest individualized interventions for supporting sustainable behavior patterns. The qualitative part comprised interviews with ten participants, resulting in the development of qualitative personas. Emerging differences could subsequently be used to select validated psychological scales for the quantitative part to confirm the differences. Applying data-driven clustering, we identify five intention-based clusters that vary regarding factors such as belief in climate change, collaboration, or skepticism concerning sustainability. Building on both qualitative and quantitative insights, five validated personas are created for research and practical use. These personas include Socially Sustainable, Responsible Savers, Unconcerned Spenders, Comfort-Oriented, and Skeptical Consumers. Individuals corresponding to the selected persona may, for example, respond positively to sustainability benefits, while others may be more receptive to hedonistic benefits. Addressing related varying motivational factors raises the demand for individualized interventions. These could be achieved by incorporating the personas’ needs with more individualized products and services to promote sustainable behavior.
Article
Full-text available
National government programmes tackling complex social problems have adopted a macro-social marketing approach, with resultant campaigns increasingly containing a partnerships element. However, a lack of academic literature regarding partnerships in macro-social marketing exists, particularly the 'why' of partnerships in national behaviour change interventions. Using a case study methodology, data were collected through three methods (participant observation, document analysis and semi-structured interviews) and analysed using thematic analysis. This paper offers a greater theoretical understanding of why partnerships are used in national social marketing programmes. The findings uncover a new way of conceptualising partnerships in macro-social marketing: holistically as a strategic concept that supports system-wide behaviour change. The findings further reveal that, as a concept, partnerships can play a strategic role in the long-term development and delivery of solutions to tackle complex social problems. Two types of partnerships-strategic partnerships and signposting (tactical) partnerships-are identified and defined.
Article
Full-text available
This research investigates the complex dynamics of sustainable consumer behavior through a comprehensive analysis of sustainable media campaigns. The purpose is to contribute to the understanding of the impact of sustainable media campaigns on consumer behavior, drawing upon insights from previous studies. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the research employs surveys and statistical analyses to unravel the complexities surrounding sustainable consumer behavior. The methodology includes a reliability analysis to confirm the internal consistency of the survey instrument, factor analysis to reveal distinct components, and regression analysis to identify significant predictors. A sample size of 424 was collected using Convenience sampling method selecting employed individuals who were most conveniently accessible but possessed knowledge of sustainability, marketing, consumer behavior, and media campaign functions in their respective organizations. The findings showcase the nuanced factors influencing sustainable consumer behavior, encompassing sustainable positioning, psychological factors, and promotional strategies. Regression analysis identifies significant predictors (SP1, PF1, PS1), collectively explaining approximately 64.9% of the variance in sustainable consumer behavior. The originality lies in the integration of past research findings, providing a comprehensive perspective on sustainable media campaigns' impact. The value lies in offering practical insights for marketers, policymakers, and organizations to optimize sustainable media campaigns and foster positive changes in consumer behavior towards sustainability.
Article
Increasing individual recycling rates is critical to achieving expected recycling targets. According to the social marketing approach promoting individual recycling behavior requires exploring, measuring, and managing the barriers that may deter individuals from recycling in a specific region. Although previous studies list some barriers, these barriers are likely to vary across studies, and clear conceptualizations are mostly missing. This study aims to explore and conceptualize the barriers to set a basis for future operationalization and systematic measurement. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with municipality authorities, representatives of leading environmental NGOs, and consumers in Türkiye. A total of 54 different first-level barriers were identified, and then first-level barriers were grouped thematically, revealing 20 second-level barriers, which are considered as personal, structural, social, or mediating barriers. Conceptual definitions for 20 second-level barriers are provided. The study also includes basic statistics regarding prominent barriers for different target groups.
Chapter
Full-text available
Most instances of detrimental environmental conditions are caused by human behaviour, and the amphibian decline crisis is not an exception. Although some species can be highly popular, amphibians are in general among the least preferred animals by people. This situation represents a source of direct and indirect threats to amphibians. In this chapter we review key research on the human dimensions of amphibian conservation. The first section looks at human attitudes and behaviours that act as threats to amphibians. The second section offers a review of the factors that have been identified as drivers of amphibian-focused human cognition. In the third section we provide an overview of different conservation education and outreach techniques that can be used to change human behaviours and improve public support for amphibians, as well as the role of communication in the co-production of usable science in amphibian conservation. We conclude this chapter by discussing some knowledge and methodological gaps that need to be addressed in order to better inform effective and strategic conservation education and communication actions to support amphibian conservation. Communications and education can increase stakeholder engagement and the success of amphibian conservation actions. Communicating the value of amphibian conservation using carefully designed messages, for instance by highlighting evidence about amphibians' relevance for ecosystem functioning and human well-being, or about the imperilled status of these animals, might provide a good starting point to increase the willingness to protect amphibians in decision makers and the public.
Article
Full-text available
As evidence regarding the toxicity of lead (Pb) amassed, the heavy metal became banned from several products, such as automotive gasoline and paint. However, Pb bullets are still used for hunting big game animals in most of the world. Although regulatory bans of Pb bullets may appear optimal solutions, stakeholders have reasons to oppose them, favor them, or lie somewhere in between. As the problem has transformed from biophysical to socioecological, we employed a wicked problem lens to dissect the discourse and help inspire targeted solutions. Herein, we identified and critically analyzed 4 relevant traits of a wicked problem: multiple stakeholders are involved, disagreement on a definition, unique nature, and being a symptom of a larger problem. To minimize the impact of these traits, our analysis suggests that voluntary Pb free ammunition programs are more likely to soothe conflict among stakeholders, enable collaborative action upon agreeing on common values, and promote programs tailored to the local landscape of sociopolitical power and values.
Article
Purpose This paper aims to describe a case study of a formative study for the development of a social marketing campaign for increased biowaste sorting. In following the social marketing principles, it provides insights for practitioners willing to implement behaviour change interventions. Design/methodology/approach The case study describes the scoping review, expert interviews, online survey and focus groups, which were integrated to comprehend the specificities of biowaste sorting in the South Suburbs of Athens. This mixed-method research design enabled a comprehensive understanding of biowaste sorting practices that would not have been attainable through a single method. Findings This study found that the “descriptive norm” and “perceived controllability” significantly influenced biowaste sorting. Differential challenges of at-home and out-of-home sorting were also identified. The demand for more information was also highlighted. The tailored intervention comprises of a mix of behavioural modelling, persuasive communication, education and enablement. Originality/value By concretely showcasing how the integration of multiple research methods through the application of social marketing principles can guide the design of a tailored behaviour change intervention, this paper offers an outline for informed decision-making and strategic planning in the realm of (environmental) behaviour change.
Article
Full-text available
This study investigated the environmental awareness of volunteers during beach cleaning activities in Estoril, Beira, Mozambique. The research involved 150 volunteers, of whom 42 were interviewed. Structured questionnaires were administered after the activities to assess knowledge about marine pollution. Additionally, participant observations were conducted to record volunteer involvement and the efficiency of the cleaning activities. Quantitative analysis of the questionnaire data revealed a significant increase in environmental awareness among volunteers after participating in the activities. Qualitative analysis identified factors influencing volunteer engagement, highlighting the importance of environmental education and awareness campaigns. The main limitations of the study included the sample size and the limited observation period. The study followed strict ethical principles, ensuring informed consent from participants and confidentiality of collected data. This work contributes to the understanding of the effects of beach cleaning activities on environmental civic awareness and underscores the need for ongoing environmental education programs to promote marine conservation.
Chapter
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge negative influence on the world’s waste management systems. Due to the pandemic, there has been an increase in the production of medical waste, including disposable masks, personal protective equipment (PPE), and other trash associated with healthcare. These items’ improper disposal has sparked worries about potential dangers to the environment and public health. Moreover, a significant increase in home trash has been brought on by the increased usage of single-use items like food packaging and online shopping packing. These changes in waste composition have put a burden on the infrastructure and processes for waste management, necessitating quick adaptation and novel ideas. The difficulties in managing garbage during the epidemic have spurred researchers to investigate alternative waste treatment techniques, like sophisticated recycling technologies and waste-to-energy systems. The pandemic has also brought attention to the significance of educating and raising public knowledge about proper garbage disposal, recycling, and segregation techniques. Although the pandemic has created many difficulties, it has also provided chances to create more robust waste management systems. To address both the immediate problems and long-term sustainability objectives, effective waste management planning, infrastructure, and policies are now more important than ever. The pandemic has also highlighted the necessity of a comprehensive and integrated response by highlighting the interdependencies between public health, environmental protection, and waste management. The necessity of sustainable waste management techniques is emphasized in this chapter, which provides insights into the difficulties encountered and the perspectives acquired.
Article
Full-text available
This study explores the communication strategies of Indonesia and Singapore in enforcing environmental law, particularly in the context of the Awyu and Moi tribes' refusal to give up their customary forests for palm oil plantations. Using a descriptive-comparative qualitative method, it highlights the differences in the two countries' environmental legal frameworks and communication approaches. With a low Environmental Performance Index (EPI) rating, Indonesia struggles with bureaucratic challenges in implementing its environmental laws, based on the 1945 Constitution and the 2009 Law on Environmental Protection and Management (UUPPLH). In contrast, Singapore ranked fourth globally for environmental quality, uses a common law system and specific legislation, such as the Environmental Protection and Management Act, with specialized regulatory agencies ensuring effective law enforcement and communication. Based on the WHO Strategic Communications Framework, the analysis reveals that Indonesia faces infrastructure and internet access issues and a lack of coordination between community initiatives and the central government. Conversely, Singapore effectively uses technology and media to spread environmental information, supported by well-structured community programs and strong government support. The study emphasizes the crucial role of strategic communication in enforcing environmental law and the need for Indonesia to streamline its law enforcement and improve its communication strategies for better environmental protection.
Article
Full-text available
هدفت الدراسة التعرف على تأثير كفاءة التعليم العالي من خلال ثلاثة إبعاد وهي ( مخرجات التعلم, الدعم المؤسسي و دعم المجتمع ) كمتغير تفسيري , في السلوك المستدام كمتغير استجابي, وكان مجال الدراسة في بعض كليات جامعة الكوفة ( الادارة والاقتصاد ، الاداب و كلية علوم الحاسوب والرياضيات) . وتكون مجتمع البحث من الاساتذة والعاملين في الكليات المذكورة, إما عينة البحث فقد كانت عينة عشوائية , تم توزيع الاستبان الالكترونيا وتم استرجاع (217) استبانة احصائية صالحة للتحليل الاحصائي .وتضمن البحث فرضيتين رئيسيتين للأختبار علاقة الارتباط والتأثير بين متغيرات الدراسة . واستخرجت النتائج باستخدام البرنامج الإحصائي (SPSS), وتوصلت الدراسة الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات كان من أهمها تبني كفاءة التعليم العالي بما يحقق تمايزاُ واضحاً ويساعد في ايجاد عمليات وخدمات جديدة ويدعم سمعة الجامعة ويحقق منافع للمجتمع . وخرج البحث بمجموعة من التوصيات كان أهمها العمل على تطوير مناهج تعنى بالسلوك المستدام واتباع إجراءات لمواجهة هذه المشكلات لفهم استيعاب السلوك المؤيد للبيئة.
Article
n the past few decades, there has been surging growth in Academic Social Networking Sites (ASNSs). Each site has peculiar features and compatibility to support research publication, communication, sharing common ideas and networking. Collaboration in research requires networking. Networking is an inseparable part of the ASNS. The main goal of research is to advance communication, collaboration and information gathering for the benefit of society. As there is more flexibility in the exchange of ideas through ASNS platforms, it provides a one stop solution for researcher’s query. The essential motto of research is to accelerate the growth of society by adding new knowledge through the development of contemporary ideas, explorations and innovative research. With the occurrence of web 3.0 tools, advanced techniques have emerged for scientific communication and dissemination of knowledge. ASNS are one of the crucial platforms for researchers to exhibit their published and working research projects. With a paradigm shift in information-seeking behaviour of researchers, ASNS provides new gateways for communication, collaborating and to spread knowledge. It gives immense flexibility to research scholars in exchanging ideas, share pieces of research, which opens new avenues for researchers. This paper provides insight about how ASNS is playing a crucial role in disseminating research ideas. The study also shows that academicians and researchers are utilizing such networks optimistically for their research work.
Book
Full-text available
Unless New Zealanders are inspired to act and work together for a common goal, the response to our biodiversity crisis will be disjointed, ad-hoc, and potentially counterproductive. Our research focuses on addressing this dilemma. It is about helping New Zealanders take charge of caring for the environment by understanding the values and motivations that drive some people to actively protect our natural heritage. It is also about understanding the reciprocal relationships between people in the landscape-some of whom actively intervene on behalf of the environment-and the ecosystems in which they live. We wish to thank the Fairfield Project for partnering with us on the case study. We could not have done this research without their incredible gift of time and expertise. Our collaborative research and participants benefited tremendously from their incredible kaupapa.
Article
Full-text available
In the modern world one of the most present problems is the state of living environment and its protection and preservation. In this context, forming of ecological identity is highly important in the aim of creating the basis for pro-ecological behaviors which could allow to present and future generations quality survival on the Earth. Ecological identity is related to the relation of human beeing to the nature, his/her connection with the nature as to cognitive, affective and behavioral elements by which we are acquiring knoledge about nature, developing emotional relation to it which is manifested in behavioral segment. Development of stronger or weaker ecological identity determines our motivation for pro-ecological behaviors. We can find the basis of ecological identity in two basic orientation to the nature, anthropocentric and eco-centric orientations where both of them include high evaluation of the importance of the nature for human kind but where anthropocentric orientation puts emphasis on human being and the need for preservation of nature for human wellbeing and improving of the quality of human life while eco-centric orientation puts emphasis on intrinsic value of the nature that should be preserved for its own. Development of ecological identity begins in the early childhood and educational process and the process of socialization take part in it and that is the way in which pro-ecological norms and values, later attitudes are instilling in the child. As facts of a high importance, in literature it is stressed staying and activities in nature where children make direct connection with the bounties of nature gradually realizing its values and developing habits which will contribute to its preservation. Such influences begin in the family but, it is very important that preschool institutions and early grades of primary school have developed programs of ecological education and adequate methods for its implementation. Development of ecological identity is continuing further through later scooloing and through organizational ecological identity which should be the part of organizational culture. The aim of this work is elucidation of meaning of ecological identity, about which there has not been many discussions in our country, analysis of the factors which are participating in its development and of the role of educational process in forming and further development of ecological identity as the foundation of the pro-ecological behavior.
Article
Full-text available
There are many concerns at the global level about environmental performance. The United Nations has created a framework for measuring national development goals that enable environmental sustainability. This paper examines the relationships between technological and social factors as enablers of environmental performance and draws from technological determinism and human agency paradigms. It fills an important gap in the literature by empirically examining the hypothesized relationships. The specific examined factors are online service (maturity and quality), IT infrastructure, e-participation, corruption-free, and human capital. Environmental performance is the dependent variable. These factors are relevant to ten of the seventeen goals that the United Nations set in their SDG framework. The hypotheses are tested and validated using secondary data collected by reputable global institutions and PLS-SEM analytical procedures. The results indicate that technology can enable environmental performance directly and indirectly through e-participation. We also found that e-participation influences corruption-free and human capital that positively impact environmental performance. This paper provides significant implications for research and practice.
Article
Full-text available
Environmental stewardship is a term describing both the philosophy and the actions required to protect, restore, and sustainably use natural resources for the future benefit of the environment and society. In this paper, we review the environmental science literature to map the types of practical actions that are identified as ‘environmental stewardship’ using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for scoping reviews. We specifically mapped: 1) the type of actions and outcomes targeting the natural environment that have been categorized as environmental stewardship, 2) the main actors, and the underlying factors influencing their environmental stewardship actions, and 3) the methods used to mobilize environmental stewardship actions once these factors are known. From the 77 selected articles, we found the term environmental stewardship encompassed a multitude of different actions, undertaken by a range of actors and addressing an array of issues that impact biodiversity on the land and in the water. These stewardship actions were conducted on both privately-owned and publicly managed lands and waterways, and across rural and urban landscapes. Despite many studies identifying characteristics and underlying behavioral factors that predicted actors’ participation in stewardship actions, there were few studies formally evaluating interventions to increase stewardship. Our review highlighted the term environmental stewardship is not embraced by all and is viewed by some as being inconsistent with aspects of indigenous worldviews. A better understanding of the concept of environmental stewardship and continued practical research into its practice is fundamental to empowering people to demand and enact environmental stewardship as well as for evaluating the success of their actions.
Chapter
Full-text available
Solid waste management (SWM) is a municipality function in developing and emerging economies. Sustainable development can be achieved by efficiently using solid waste as a renewable energy source. The Covid-19 epidemic has put additional strain on the waste management sector due to the increased amount of waste created by domestic and medical waste. Efforts to handle growing amounts of Municipal Solid Waste and Solid Medical Waste, and to stop the spread of illness, are now underway through waste containment and recycling programmes driving the development of several biodegradable/compostable alternatives. During a crisis, it is especially important to minimise the harm that municipal solid waste and small municipal waste cause to the environment by sorting trash at the source into contaminated and noncontaminated categories and then applying recycling and appropriate waste management practices. Municipal solid waste management entails collecting, transporting, and disposing of trash properly, including medical waste generated by hospitals and other facilities, should be a top priority nationwide. The scientific community must develop effective ways to manage urban garbage during the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly in developing nations. Global environmental and health problems might become far more complex and long-lasting if the Covid-19 epidemic effects on human behaviour and waste management were disregarded; the situation would seem very different now. This article examines the issues, alternatives, and solutions for handling municipal and solid waste during and after COVID 19 outbreak. The strategy must be maintained even after the pandemic has ended to lessen long-term environmental and health risks. This will ensure that waste management systems are resilient in future disasters.
Article
Full-text available
Given the constraints agricultural land, the use of agricultural greenhouses is suggested as a fundamental approach to ensure food provision; nevertheless, the substantial energy consumption associated with greenhouse production, coupled with the constraints and finite nature of energy resources, provide significant difficulties for the human. Hence, to enhance the efficiency of each input in production, the management of agricultural input consumption and decision-making is of paramount significance. The present study was conducted to determine and validate efficient factors for energy consumption in cucumber greenhouses in Iran. This study, by analyzing the energy inputs and outputs, as well as the factors that influence that, assessed the energy efficiency of greenhouse production. The study was conducted in Kerman Province which is known as the center of greenhouse cucumber production center in Iran. A total of 356 greenhouse owners were selected using two-stage cluster sampling method. The study, using a theoretical framework, assessed the influence of technical knowledge, environmental values, environmental beliefs, environmental norms, education levels, Greenhouse’s work experience, educational-extension services, cost-effectiveness, and technical management on energy consumption efficiency. The research findings indicated that a substantial percentage (79%) of the variability in the energy consumption efficiency variable could be accurately anticipated by these factors. Furthermore, the analysis of the effective factors on the sustainability of energy consumption have indicated the large influence of educational-extension services on the greenhouse owners in line with optimal energy consumption. Overall, the findings of the present study contribute to the development of more integrated and more comprehensive models in the area of energy consumption sustainability in greenhouse cropping systems.
Article
This paper aims to expand fisheries managers' understanding of how the science of communication can facilitate effective fisheries management. We offer context‐specific definitions of four communication approaches that are commonly performed by fisheries managers but poorly defined and can easily be confused or conflated. These are as follows: Outreach, Education, Social Marketing, and Engagement. Further, we explain key evidence‐based principles that support each communication approach and offer practical examples of their application. Finally, we highlight different communication research fields that produce social science for communication practitioners to use in the context of fisheries management. These explanations support our claim that effective communication is required to meet the professional needs of fisheries managers and encompasses meeting the needs of their audiences.
Article
Full-text available
The design of air pollution control policies is a complex decision-making process. Public participation can enhance the legitimacy and effectiveness of environmental urban regulations but does not always occur naturally. This article presents the experience of the use of role-playing in six mid-sized cities in southern Chile to evaluate how residents affected by high concentrations of fine particulate matter perceive the problem and debate possible solutions. For this, the participants were asked to assume the role of advisors. On that premise, they had to prioritize between a series of mitigation measures and reach a consensus with other advisors. The results show the potential of role-playing games, on the one hand, to promote critical thinking and argument skills among the general public and, on the other, to help policymakers in the design of more operative and fair plans of action.
Book
Full-text available
This handbook presents a must-read, comprehensive and state of the art overview of sustainable diets, an issue critical to the environment and the health and well-being of society. Sustainable diets seek to minimise and mitigate the significant negative impact food production has on the environment. Simultaneously they aim to address worrying health trends in food consumption through the promotion of healthy diets that reduce premature disability, disease and death. Within the Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Diets, creative, compassionate, critical, and collaborative solutions are called for across nations, across disciplines and sectors. In order to address these wide-ranging issues the volume is split into sections dealing with environmental strategies, health and well-being, education and public engagement, social policies and food environments, transformations and food movements, economics and trade, design and measurement mechanisms and food sovereignty. Comprising of contributions from up and coming and established academics, the handbook provides a global, multi-disciplinary assessment of sustainable diets, drawing on case studies from regions across the world. The handbook concludes with a call to action, which provides readers with a comprehensive map of strategies that could dramatically increase sustainability and help to reverse global warming, diet related non-communicable diseases, and oppression and racism. This decisive collection is essential reading for students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers concerned with promoting sustainable diets and thus establishing a sustainable food system to ensure access to healthy and nutritious food for all.
Chapter
Full-text available
Inspiring sustainable diets and cultivating diets that are inspiring are the ambitious endeavours of this collection. This introductory chapter lays out a framework for sustainable diets and the complex issues, diversity of stakeholders, and diversity of levels of privilege (or the obvious, and not so obvious, ways injustices intersect with food systems) that are involved. This chapter offers a definition of sustainable diets and touches on strategies for increasing healthy food for all while preserving and rebuilding local, regional, and international food systems inspired by principles of rejuvenation, justice, vitality, and optimising resources for the betterment of all life forms, in current and future generations.
Article
A telephone survey of ninety-six randomly selected adults of a Southern California community asked about their participation in ecologically responsible behaviors. Fifteen different behaviors were analyzed in terms of: the extent of individual participation in each; the extent to which behaviors within conceptual categories were related; the extent to which all of the behaviors were related; and the extent to which participation in each was related to attitudes about energy conservations. The extent of participation in most of the behaviors was low; only recycling and consuming behaviors were significantly correlated within their respective categories. Implications for further research and conservation efforts are discussed.
Article
Most electric and gas utilities provide free or low-cost energy audits to their residential customers, usually as part of the federal Residential Conservations Service (RCS). RCS programs in the few states where competent evaluations were done show incremental energy savings for participants of approximately 3.5 percent. Assessing the economic worth of RCS programs is particularly difficult (and very site-specific) because of factors such as future fuel prices, differences between marginal and average fuel prices, discount rates, and differences in how programs are implemented. The meager evidence on RCS program cost-effectiveness suggests that the economic benefits are generally small. 28 references, 2 figures, 3 tables.
Article
Using a design that also permitted an assessment of the extent to which any increase in grass-cycling behavior diffused to the neighbors of treated participants, two types of commitment strategies for promoting residential grass cycling (i.e., not bagging grass clippings) were investigated. Baseline data were collected over a period of 4 weeks to determine which residents in each of three homogeneous neighborhoods bagged grass clippings for curbside pickup. A total of 558 houses observed to bag grass clippings during this period were included as participants in the experiment. Following baseline, the neighborhoods were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Results indicated that participants who made a commitment to grass cycle and to talk to their neighbors had grass bags present significantly less often than either the commitment-only or control participants. This effect was present during the 4-week intervention period and also was sustained during an immediate 4-week follow-up period and a delayed 4-week follow-up period 12 months later. There also was a diffusion effect in which the neighbors of targeted participants showed significantly more grass cycling than controls, and this effect continued to increase through the 1-year follow-up measure. On the other hand, neither commitment-only participants nor their neighbors differed from controls during any period of the experiment.
Article
Evaluation efforts of utilities with active home energy audit programs were reviewed to provide insights into the operations and effectiveness of existing utility home energy audit programs. About half the utilities contacted had little or no evaluation activity. Of those with evaluation activity, most conducted only informal evaluations for in-house use. A few utilities had conducted fully documented formal evaluations. On the basis mainly of written reports received from the utilities, findings about customer response to programs are summarized. The topics discussed include: determinants of program participation rates, use of financing, attitudes toward programs, actions taken, characteristics of participants and energy savings due to programs.