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Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of papaya (Carica papaya Linn.)
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) is commonly known for its food and nutritional values throughout the world. The medicinal properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Since, each part of papaya tree possesses economic value, it is grown on commercial scale. During the last few decades considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological activity and medicinal application of papaya and now it is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant. It can be chosen as a source of papain for the development of various industrial and pharmaceutical products. In the present review nutritional value of the fruit and medicinal properties of its various parts have been discussed to provide collective information on this multipurpose commercial fruit crop.
... The high CP might be as a result of the level of concentration of hormone found in the testosterone used. Furthermore, group 4 recorded a higher CP than the group 1 diet this could be as a result of crude protein and papaya oil found in pawpaw seed (Krishna et al., 2008). Group 5 had the highest crude fibre and ash content this might probably be due to high fibre in papaya as reported by Krishna et al., (2008) that Carica papaya has significant level of C. fibre. ...
... Furthermore, group 4 recorded a higher CP than the group 1 diet this could be as a result of crude protein and papaya oil found in pawpaw seed (Krishna et al., 2008). Group 5 had the highest crude fibre and ash content this might probably be due to high fibre in papaya as reported by Krishna et al., (2008) that Carica papaya has significant level of C. fibre. Moisture content was highest in group 4 it might be as a result of the 80:20% ratios of bull and catfish testes present in the composed diet. ...
... Amofo-Yeboah (2013) reported a higher survival rate of 96% using pawpaw seed. This might be due to Krishna et al., 2008 report that pawpaw seed contain some medicinal effect. The least survival of the group 1(MT) in this study is higher compared to Haylor and Pascual, 1991 who reported survival ratio of 44% after 80 days trial of Oreochromis niloticus fry that was fed with 17 alphamethyl testosterone (40mg/kg diet). ...
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of wet testes of bull (Bos. indicus), boar (Sus. domesticus), combination of bull and mud catfish testes (B. indicus / C. gariepinus) and pawpaw seed powder (Carica papaya) on the growth and survival rate of O. niloticus fry in an indoor experimental ponds. Fifty five fry were assigned randomly to five experimental ponds in triplicate. The feed (composed of soyabean , fish meal, wheat bran, cassava flour (garri)) in Pond one (G1), Pond two (G2), Pond three (G3), Pond four (G4), and Pond five (G5) was formulated by adding 17α-methyl-testosterone (0.06g), wet testes from bull (17.47g), boar (25.59g), combination of bull and catfish (20.48g) at a ratio of 80:20 and pawpaw seed powder (20g) respectively per kg of feed. The growth and survival rate of fry in G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5 was (3.59±0.09 c & 72.33±7.22 b , 4.00±0.22 bc & 92.33±5.78 a , 5.12±0.09 a & 95.67±1.45 a , 4.33±0.41 bc & 97.00±2.08 a , 4.70±0.07 ab & 98.07±3.03 a) respectively with significant (p<0.05) difference. From the result, it appears that the feed formulation in G3 was more favourable to the growth of tilapia compared to the formulation in G5, G4, G2 and G1 whereas the feed formulation in G5 had the highest survival rate.
... Nowadays, it has been widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions, including more than 57 countries in the world [20,26]. Carica papaya L. is polygamous [27], short-lived [28], and an evergreen plant [28,29], that is widely distributed in nature [20]. Also, papaya is characterized by an herbaceous nature, where it is an herb in nature but its structure is not like an herb [30][31][32]. ...
... Also, papaya is characterized by an herbaceous nature, where it is an herb in nature but its structure is not like an herb [30][31][32]. The papaya tree is naturally cylindrical, hollow, fast-growing, and grows to a height of 3-10 m [27,28], with spirally arranged leaves attached to the top of the trunks [33,34]. Papaya fruit is a spherical or pearshaped fruit [35], with sweet, attractive striking odors, high fiber content, and high vitamin content (A and C) [36]. ...
A large amount of wastewater is generated, with the rapid increase in the human population, industrialization, and agricultural development, that leads to a decrease in freshwater amount at an alarming rate. Hence, the current research aims to investigate the effect of the mark of natural bio-sorbent on the improvement of the physicochemical properties of sewage wastewater. The obtained powder was characterized by a Fourier transmission infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and zeta potential. The batch adsorption process was carried out to study the effect of adsorbent dose (0.25–1.5 g/mL) and contact time (0–180 min) at a constant temperature of 23 ± 2 °C and a stirring speed of 150 rpm. After treatment with the obtained powder, the physicochemical properties of wastewater were significantly improved, and 77, 79.2, 95, 37.4, 50, and 38.1% reductions of COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, TN, and TP were reached, respectively, at an adsorbent dose of 0.5 g/500 mL and contact time of 180 min. The adsorption equilibrium data were examined, and the adsorption data was well represented by the Langmuir isotherm model, and the most appropriate kinetic model was pseudo-second order. The current research proves that Carica papaya seeds are considered a potential recyclable adsorbent to improve the physicochemical properties of wastewater.
... The consumption of papaya seeds is inexpensive, natural, safe, widely available, and mono-therapeutic and prevents intestinal parasitosis, particularly in tropical populations (Okeniyiet al., 2007). However, normal eating of ripe papaya during pregnancy may not be harmful; unripe or semi-ripe papaya (which has a large quantity of latex, which causes severe uterine contractions) may be harmful during pregnancy (Krishna et al., 2008). ...
... Medical use of different parts of the papaya plant(Krishna et al., 2008) potential of various types and maturity levels of papaya leaves was investigated using different extraction solvents, such as water, methanol, and 70% ethanol. Results revealed that mature leaves extracted with water demonstrated superior antioxidant activity in comparison to other leaf types ...
Fruit waste management has evolved into a multifaceted challenge for the agriculture andfood processing industry, exacerbated by increasingly stringent environmental legislationgoverning waste disposal and sustainability practices. This waste can be transformed andrepurposed as viable sources for food, animal feed, and agricultural fodder, among othervaluable applications. The byproducts derived from food processing operations are rich in awide array of essential resources that hold immense nutritional and industrial significance.These byproducts encompass a diverse spectrum of components, including but not limited todietary fiber, carbohydrates, minerals, organic acids, and a variety of bioactive componentsincluding polyphenols, protein isolates, biofuels, and other useful materials. The advent oftechnologicalinnovations, coupled with scientific advancements, offers promising avenuesfor redefining food waste from a problem to an opportunity.The current review focuses on the use ofbanana and papaya byproducts such as peels, leaves, pseudostem, pseudostem juice, stalk, and inflorescence in various industries as a thickening agent, an alternative source of renewable energy, nutraceuticals, livestock feed, natural fibers, colouring agents, bioactive compounds, and bio-fertilizers.In conclusion, food waste management within food processing industries represents a multifaceted challenge intertwined with environmental, economic, and social factors.Addressing this challenge requires a concerted effort, integrating innovative technologies, sustainable practices, and a shift in the mindset toward waste as a valuable resource.
... The carbohydrate content of the IFTS was greater than the domestic fruits. Especially, the carbohydrates in S. guineense and C. sinensis (26.5 and 26.8 %, respectively) were considerably greater than the value of Carica Papaya at 7.2 % (Krishna et al., 2008) and the value of Mangifera indica at 16.7 % (Yahia et al., 2023). But, they were considerably lower than the value of Musa paradisiaca at 66.7 % (Kabeer et al., 2023). ...
... But, they were considerably lower than the value of Musa paradisiaca at 66.7 % (Kabeer et al., 2023). The average protein (1.64 %) and fat (1.87 %) contents of the IFTS were higher than that of Carica papaya values 0.6 and 0.1 %, respectively (Krishna et al., 2008), Mangifera indica values 0.38 and 0.42 %, respectively (Yahia et al., 2023) and Musa paradisiaca values 1.21 and 0.13 %, respectively (Kabeer et al., 2023). ...
... Daun pepaya mengandung zat-zat seperti alkaloid, karpain, enzim papain, vitamin C dan vitamin E(Anindhita dan Oktaviani, 6 C.E.). Didalamnya juga terdapat kandungan senyawa lain seperti saponin, flavonoid eugenol serta tannin (Krishna, K. L., 2008). Flavonoid yang dihasilkan oleh proses metabolisme sekunder pada tanaman mempunyai sifat racun kontak dan racun perut bagi serangga sampai serangga tersebut berhenti makan. ...
... Analisis bivariat menunjukkan ada pengaruh yang bermakna pada rata-rata jumlah lalat (Musca domestica) yang mati dengan variasi dosis ekstrak daun pepaya dengan nilai p value = 0, 000 (p< 0,05). Kandungan senyawa lain juga ditemukan pada daun pepaya seperti saponin, flavonoid eugenol dan tannin (Krishna, K. L., 2008). Senyawa tersebut merupakan hasil metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkan oleh tanaman. ...
Background: One of the most common types of fly species is the house fly (Musca domestica). An increase in the fly population is associated with increased diarrhea, dysentery, and cholera. Control of flies by chemical means is no longer recommended because it can cause pollution or damage to the environment or is not environmentally friendly. An alternative to controlling house flies can be done by using anti-fly plants, which have a sharp odor. Papaya leaves contain alkaloids, karpain, papain enzymes, vitamins C and E, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins.Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) on the control of the housefly (Musca domestica).Method: This type of quasi-experimental research with Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The research location was carried out at the Laboratory of the Department of Environmental Health Poltekkes Aceh Ministry of Health in August 2022. The doses used were 15%, 25%, and 35%. The research object was papaya extract. Samples for each treatment were 15, repeated three times for each test. The serial concentrations used in this study were 15%, 25%, and 35%. Analysis of Variance analyzed data. (ANOVA) one way with 95% CI.Results: The average number of flies that died from the 35% dose was 6,75, and the 15% dose was only 2,9 flies. There was a significant effect on the average number of dead flies with varying doses of papaya leaf extract (p= 0,000). It is necessary to examine the phytochemicals for the content contained in papaya leaf extract, and it can be made in field trials.Conclusion: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf extract at a dose of 35% can be used in controlling houseflies (Musca domestica) by spraying.
... (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47). (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49). ...
... . (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49). ...
Background: Many nations can no longer afford the ever rising cost of healthcare, governments across the world are in search of alternative and affordable ways of disease control. Clinical studies are revealing hope from herbs. Objectives: A comparative analysis of the nutritional and chemical composition of six fruits used for treating many diseases in West Africa; to examine the composition, concentration and education for easy choice of suitable fruits based on peculiar situations as well as to provide easy access of consensus evidence to busy healthcare practitioners. Also, clinical evidence of plant medicine is not as much as modern medicine and education is necessary. Methods: A systematic review investigation. Theory is a Community approach to intervention services. Search engines were Google scholar, Firefox and Google. Results: Macro and micronutrients were present in the plants. Moisture was high in all but, Tetrapleura tetraptera. Anacardium occidentale, 86.00g/100 g/dry weight showed highest carbohydrates concentration, Annona muricata was lowest, 14.63%. Crude protein was generally low in all the plants, Chrysophyllum albidum scored highest, 7.00%, Annona muricata scored lowest, 1.00%. Fat was generally low in all, highest fat, 4.00% occurred in Tetrapleura tetraptera and least, 0.88% in Annona muricata. Fibre concentration ranges from low to high. The highest fibre occurred in Tetrapleura tetraptera, 45.00% and the least in Mangifera indica, 1.80%. Ash was excessively high, 60.00% in Annona muricata, Mangifera indica came last with a score of 1.95%. Outcome will be beneficial to users. Conclusion: The fruits were rich in nutrients with nutraceutical and pharmacological properties, justifying its use as native medicine.
... From the ancient times, the whole papaya plant including its leaves, seeds ripe and unripe fruits, fruit rind, bark and root is used as a traditional medicine. The prominent medical properties of papaya include anti-plasmodic, anti-trypanosomic, anti-fertility, uterotonic, diuretic, anti-hypertensive, hypolipidemic, anti-helmetic, wound healing, anti-tumour and free radical scavenging activities [7]. ...
... It is a berry type fruit with parietal placentation [8]. C. papaya fruits possess anthelmintic, antiprotozoan, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging, antisickling, neuroprotective, diuretic, abortifacient, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, wound healing, antitumor and antifertility activities [3,7,9,[10][11][12][13][14]. The ripe papaya fruits are used as topical ulcer dressings to promote granulation, healing, and reducing odour in chronic skin ulcers. ...
Carica papaya plant is a popular medicinal plant with notable anti-parasitic potentials. This work reports chemometrics of the three solvents [petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol] in the in-vitro screening of Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosome brucei b. The Response Surface Methodology [RSM] method based on a second order and three variables Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to obtain the optimal combination of extraction conditions. The extraction process parameters of the fruit of Carica papaya were optimized by BBD so as to get maximal yield of bio-actives. Different solvent ratios were used to achieve different response optimized by chemometric. For the in-vitro screening of Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosome brucei b., the extracts of Carica papaya fruit were subjected to assay procedures to see their viability. Summarily, the 3D response surface plot and the contour plot derived from the mathematical models were applied to determine the optimal conditions. Under the optimized conditions, the experimental value of 77.97% viability on Plasmodium f. was in close agreement with the value predicted (77.97 ± 0.01 %) by the model and 82.86 ± 1.10%was predicted for Trypanosome brucei b. with an experimented value of 83.48%; showing close correlation between the predicted and experimental values. Considering RSM studies, it was found that the mixture of petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol solvents at a ratio of 55 mL: 27.50 mL: 17.50 mL gave an optimum viability on the in-vitro screening. Hence, the polarity of solvent affects the yield of bioactive compounds in the plant material.
... Fiber slows digestion and prolongs the feeling of fullness, thereby decreasing the likelihood of overeating. Thus, regular consumption of papaya can aid in appetite control and support weight loss [78]. Due to its low glycemic index, papaya is a good option for people controlling their weight. ...
Carica papaya , commonly known as papaya, is a fruit recognized for its substantial medicinal potential, primarily due to its wide range of bioactive compounds. This review thoroughly examines the pharmacological implications of these constituents and highlights their potential applications in drug discovery and therapy. Papaya is abundant in vitamins (A, C, and E), minerals, enzymes, and phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and alkaloids, all of which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. The fruit demonstrates significant activity against diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders. This review also discusses how environmental factors, including temperature, light, soil quality, and rainfall, impact the phytochemical composition of papaya, thereby influencing its medicinal properties. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of papaya-derived compounds in various health conditions, including cancer, diabetes, wound healing, and cardiovascular health. Additionally, we explore papaya's role in promoting gut health and its antimicrobial properties against bacterial and viral pathogens. In conclusion, the diverse pharmacological activities of papaya's bioactive compounds position it as a valuable candidate for further research and development in drug discovery and therapeutic applications.
... Papaya (Carica papaya L., Caricaceae) is a widely cultivated fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions around the world [1] . Papaya that has economic and cultural importance due to its high yield, nutritional value, and medicinal properties [2−4] . ...
... This might be due to the medicinal effect (i.e. saponins) found in pawpaw seed [23]. The high survival rate of Nile tilapia fry obtained in this study using wet testes from animals confirmed the findings of [24] who obtained high survival rates (88-95%) of fry fed with animal testes. ...
The study was conducted to estimate the cost benefit of using wet testes of bull (Bos. indicus), boar (Sus.domesticus), bull/mud catfish testes (B.indicus / C. gariepinus) and pawpaw seed powder (Carica papaya) on masculinization of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry in an indoor experimental pond. The estimates of cost effectiveness of producing phenotypic males were determined after 4months. A total of 825 fry were randomly allocated to 15 experimental ponds. The hormonal diets were formulated by adding 17α-methyl-testosterone (MT) T1, wet testes from bull (T2), boar (T3), bull/catfish testes (T4) and pawpaw seed powder, PSP(T5) at an inclusion of 0.06g, 17.47g, 25.59g 20.48g and 20g respectively to 1000 g of feed. The fish were fed at 20% body weight during the 42 days feeding trials and a gradual reduction of feed from 10% to 5% during the 4months rearing period. The highest percentage (%) weekly survival rate during the 42 days feeding trial was observed in PSP (T5) 98 while MT diet (T1) had the least survival of 80. Result on external examination revealed that Nile tilapia fry fed with MT-treated diet (T1) gave the highest masculinisation of 100% followed by T3, T4, T2 and T5 with masculinization percentage of 93, 92, 89 and 80 respectively. Result on cost benefit showed that the highest gross income (Naira) was recorded in T5 (N4860) and least in T1 (N4050). Total production cost/kg was highest in T4 (N5006) and least in T2 (N3514). Total net return of fry was highest in T5 (N1822) and least in T4 (N-206). Basically, the results suggest that it is more economically viable to use PSP and testes from boar, bull in producing phenotypic male rather than the synthetic MT diet. Farmers should be encouraged to use natural hormone which could be of great relevance to organic tilapia production.
... This is an important prescription since, as I mentioned previously, diarrhea and its ensuing dehydration is the main cause of infant mortality. Another remedy women prepare is derived from the latex of papaya fruits; it is an effective antihelminthic treatment (Krishna et al. 2008) and is readily at hand in the fields that women cultivate on a regular basis. Some plants are preventative or useful for general health and immunity, or as part of daily nutrition. ...
... The seeds, irrespective of its fruit maturity stages have bacteriostatic activity on gram positive and negative organisms which could be useful in treating chronic skin ulcer. The papaya seed macerate has a clinical potential on conjugal R plasmid transfer from Salmonella typhimuriumto Escherichia coli in vitro and in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice [4]. The seed being consumed offers a cheap, natural, harmless, readily available mono therapy and preventive strategy against intestinal Parasitosis . ...
... It is a healthy fruit containing various nutrients that have many beneficial effects on human health [11]. Ripe papaya is consumed fresh as a dessert fruit, while raw or green (unripe) papaya is added to fresh salads [12]. It is consumed worldwide as fresh fruits and vegetables class or used as a processed product. ...
Over the past few decades, nutrition and nutritious care have
added broad clinical and scientific attention, where increased information on clinical nutrition and metabolism for chronic and
acute diseases has led to rapid progress in the advance and clinical application of nutritional care. Currently, increasing demand for functional foods has gained popularity among healthy circles, which play a major role in preventing or reducing some disease risks, besides providing the basic nutritional aspect. As far as we know, this is the first article that produces processed cheese using papaya fruit pulp as a naturally sweet flavor at levels 5, 10, and 15%. Papaya increased the functionality of high-quality and nutritionally processed cheese, improving vitamins (especially K, C A), minerals (K) and antioxidants (b-carotene, TPC). Further, most chemical properties decreased slightly according to papaya ratios, the reductions were greater in Na and Na/K contents, but in contrast, K and total fiber levels increased. The best was 15%, which had the highest overall sensory, flavor properties, easier to spread and more acceptable than other formula samples. In conclusion, adding papaya to processed cheese did not negatively affect its properties and can be presented to consumers as a nutritious functional product with numerous amazing health benefits. Thus, it can be widely recommended for enhancement in other dairy products. This work aims to develop an innovative flavored-processed cheese supplemented with ripe papaya fruit pulp extract and evaluate chemical, nutritional and sensory properties to improve nutrition, and health benefits and provide a solution to nutritional deficiency.
... In Nigeria, the green papaya is used for malaria, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, jaundice, intestinal helminthiasis. The leaves are used for colic, fever, beriberi, abortion, asthma in India, and cancer in Australia [11,12]. The milky juice (latex) is employed as styptic when applied as external applications to burns. ...
... GT, a biopolymer from Astragalus plants, is recognized for its high molecular weight and multifunctional properties, making it valuable in various industries (Eastwood et al., 1984;Chenlo et al., 2010). Natrum sulphuricum (Sodium sulfate), used in homeopathy and known as Glauber's salt in conventional medicine, is utilized for its therapeutic properties in treating liver, digestive and renal conditions (Krishna et al., 2021;Beasley et al., 1872). ...
... Papaya has undergone considerable advancements in its biological activity and therapeutic applications in recent decades, establishing itself as a valuable fruit plant with nutraceutical characteristics. Papain derived from it can be utilized as a valuable resource for the development of various commercial and therapeutic goods aimed at treating diverse disorders [5]. Nevertheless, the utilization of papaya in the realm of food safety has received limited scrutiny. ...
Products made from chicken meat have gained popularity in recent years in both developed and developing countries, and they can help with the scarcity of the red meat. They provide abundant, easily digestible protein and offer essential vitamins and minerals like niacin, thiamine, and riboflavin, crucial for maintaining life, promoting development, and providing various health benefits. Despite having a high biological value, chicken meat products can nevertheless contain various food spoilage and poisoning organisms such as E. coli. This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of E. coli in the retailed chicken meat products in Egypt including chicken luncheon, nuggets, and pane. Besides, the anti-E. coli activities of natural products including papaya and moringa extracts were examined. The obtained results revealed coliform contamination of the examined chicken meat products. In addition, E. coli was isolated from the examined chicken luncheon, nuggets and pane at 35%, 65%, and 50%. E. coli O2:H6, O26:H11, O78, O91:H21, O121:H7, O128:H2, and O146:H21 were the recovered serotypes with E. coli O128:H2 the most predominant serotype. The recovered serotypes harbored Shiga toxin coding genes. Both papaya and moringa extracts could significantly reduce E. coli load in an experimental trial.
... Pawpaw seed contains active ingredients such as caricain, carpasemine, and oleanolic glycoside, which can induce sterility in male rats [8]. Other compounds such as benzyl isothiocyanate, β-sitosterol, and oleanolic glucoside are responsible for the sex reversal and antifertility properties of the plant [7,[9][10][11][12]. ...
Growth stagnation in early-maturing fish is a concern for higher fish productivity and may be regulated with reproductive arrest using phytochemicals. In this line, the study attempts to improve the growth of silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus, through dietary pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed (PS) supplemented diets during a 60-day trial (30-days of feeding PS, followed by a 30-day recovery period). Four levels of PS at 0, 2, 4, and 6 g kg⁻¹ diet were added to a commercial feed (32% crude protein) and fed to advanced fingerlings (19.08 ± 0.02 g) at 3% body weight, which forms the experimental groups, designated as control, T1, T2, and T3. Subsequent alterations in growth (% weight gain and specific growth rate), reproduction (gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gonadal histology), and physiological function (haematology and stress biomarkers, viz., cortisol and glucose) were examined at the end of the experiment. Observations noted at the end of the trial showed significantly (P<0.05) enhanced growth in groups fed 2 g kg⁻¹, but not significantly with control. GSI showed an extreme reduction in all groups as the level of supplementation increased with the lowest being noted in T3. Sex change was observed in T2 and T3, wherein only male populations were noticed. Gonadal histology demonstrates tissue-level generation in T1, compared with control. Tissue alteration (atrophy and necrosis) was noticed in the T2 and T3. The haematological profile indicates a gradual decrease in erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, packed cell volume, and haemoglobin in the T2 and T3 groups, compared with the T1 and control groups (P<0.05). Serum biochemistry followed a similar trend. The levels of blood glucose and cortisol were higher in T2 and T3 (P<0.05) than in the control and T1. The overall findings from this study reveal that dietary PS supplementation at 2 g kg⁻¹ can enhance the growth of silver barb; however, higher doses suppress both growth and reproductive function, resulting in subsequent disturbances in physiology. Further studies regarding the molecular mechanism of such an outcome warrant immediate investigation.
... Carica papaya, commonly identified as papaya, is a tropical fruit utilized for centuries for its medicinal properties (1). The various parts of the papaya plant, including leaves and seeds, have been traditionally employed in folk medicine for their potential health benefits (2). The plant is rich in phytochemicals, including papain, carpaine, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which contribute to its therapeutic properties (3). ...
Objective: To assess the impact of Carica papaya leaves and seeds on hepatic and renal function in a controlled rabbit model. Methodology: In a 45-day experimental study at Baqai Medical University, Karachi, 18 healthy adult rabbits were allocated into five groups. All groups received varying doses of papaya seed or leaf extracts. Liver and renal function assessments were performed at 15-day intervals, providing insights into the impact of Carica papaya extracts on these vital physiological functions. Results: The administration of papaya extracts demonstrated a generally favorable safety profile, with no disruption to liver enzymes and renal biochemistries. However, the group receiving papaya seed extract at 500mg exhibited a noteworthy increase in albumin levels. While this may suggest a potential risk of dehydration, it did not impact liver synthetic function. Notably, renal function remained within clinically acceptable ranges across all groups, emphasizing the overall safety of the papaya extracts. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Carica papaya extract, particularly from leaves, holds therapeutic potential for promoting liver and kidney health. Importantly, the observed effects were without significant adverse consequences. These results provide valuable insights into the safety and potential benefits of Carica papaya extracts, laying the foundation for further research and exploration of their applications in supporting hepatic and renal functions.
... The C. papaya originated from area between Mexico and Central America (Menzel, 1994), and is currently grown in all tropical countries and many sub-tropical regions of the world. Carica papaya is nutritionally rich in antioxidants, Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn (Krishnan et al., 2012). In addition, ripe C. papaya fruit is a source of carotenoids, pantothenic acid, water, sugar, protein, ash and vitamins (Adetuyi et al., 2008). ...
Several reports have shown that about 25% of harvested fruits globally are lost to spoilage by microorganisms. The study determined the quantitative metabolites and bioactivities of Aspilia africana extracts on fungi from spoiled Cucumis sativus and Carica papaya fruits. The fungi from spoiled C. sativus and C. papaya fruits were obtained using mycological techniques. The quantitative metabolites and bioactivities of the aqueous (ALEAA) and ethanol (ELEAA) extracts of A. africana were determined using the standard protocol and disc diffusion technique, respectively. The fungal genera obtained were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Fusarium, and Rhizopus. There were variations in percentage yields, physical appearances, and pH of the extracts. The results of quantitative estimation of metabolites showed that ALEAA had mean protein, carbohydrate, and lipid contents of 15.36 ± 0.32%, 60.97 ± 1.14%, and 6.66 ± 0.04%, respectively. Alkaloids showed a positive correlation with protein (r = 0.2028) and carbohydrate (r = 0.421), and a negative correlation with lipid (r = -0.6556) at p < 0.05. The ELEAA exhibited more inhibitory effects on test fungal isolates, with mean zones of inhibition (IZs) ranging from 9.3 ± 0.1 to 18.8 ± 0.3 mm, than the ALEAA, with mean IZs ranging between 9.4 ± 0.4 and 16.0 ± 1.0 mm. The R coefficients of the extracts and IZs as exhibited by the fungi ranged from 0.5985 to 0.9936. The results have revealed quantitative metabolites and antifungal activities of the extract and also provided rationale for its utilization as a preservative for fruits against spoilage by fungi.
... The pulp is the only edible portion of papaya fruit, producing a significant amount of peel and seed by-products during processing [9]. However, each portion contains various vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals [10,11]. Proper processing and utilization of these by-products can contribute to the manufacture of nutritious food additives and the preparation of high-value products [12]. ...
Papaya fruits different edible and non-edible portions are valued for the abundance of numerous nutrients and therapeutic benefits. The study was aimed to examine the physico-chemical properties, bioactive compounds (total phenolics and total flavonoids), antioxidant activity and microstructure analysis of the peel, pulp and seed flour of both ripe and unripe papaya. The results demonstrated the different portions of both ripe and unripe papaya fruit flour differed significantly with respect to almost all quality attributes within them. The physico-chemical variations have been evaluated through evaluation of the pH, moisture content, TSS, and ascorbic acid content of the papaya fruits during both ripening stages. Statistically significant variations (p < 0.05) were observed between two distinct stages of ripening. The concentration of ascorbic acid in the fruit revealed a notable increase as it matured, while the pH, moisture, and TSS all exhibited a substantial decrease (p < 0.05) during the immature stage. The unripe peel showed the most significant level of bulk density, tapped density, swelling capacity, crude fiber, and TFC whereas the unripe seed showed the highest value of ash, crude fat, and TPC. For the rest of the value, ripe pulp and seed flour showed a significantly higher value than others. The total phenolic content in seed flour and the total flavonoid content of peel flour were 196.9 ± 0.03 and 164.9 ± 0.08 mgQE/100 g, respectively, at unripe conditions. An immense amount of antioxidant activity was found in ripe (20.48 ± 0.54%) and unripe (16.05 ± 0.32%) peels flour. The flour granules' diverse morphological forms and particle sizes were identified by SEM analysis. The versatility of papaya and its various components provides opportunities for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries. The papaya fruit flour of different portions have unique functional, nutritional, and morphological characteristics that may contribute to the development of gluten free flour based value added baked products.
... Papaya plants are proven to have chitinase hydrolytic enzymes, which are antifungal. [27][28][29] Combined with the latex of papaya and fluconazole, they can inhibit the growth of C. albicans by degrading partial cell walls. The latex of papaya is able to reduce the polysaccharide layer in the C. albicans biofilm by up to 60%. ...
Introduction: N Photodynamic inactivation has been developed to kill pathogenic microbes. In addition, some techniques have been introduced to minimize the biofilm resistance to antifungal properties in inhibiting cell growth. The principle of photodynamic inactivation different to antifungal drugs therapy which is resistant to biofilms. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that generating in photodynamic inactivation mechanisms can be damaging of biofilm cells and the principle of light transmission that could be penetrating in matrix layers of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) until reaching the target cells at the base layers of biofilm. The present work aims to explore the potential of chlorophyll extract of papaya leaf as an exogenous photosensitizer to kill the Candida albicans biofilms after being activated by the laser. The potential of chlorophyll photosensitizer was evaluated based on the efficacy of inactivation C. albicans biofilm cell through a cell viability test and an organic compound test.
Methods: The treatment of photoinactivation was administered to 12 groups of C. albicans biofilm for four days using the 445 nm laser and the 650 nm laser. The 445 nm and 650 nm lasers activated the chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf (0.5 mg/L) at the same energy density. The energy density variation was determined as 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 J/cm2 with the duration of exposure of each laser adjusted to the absorbance percentage of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf.
Results: The absorbance percentage of chlorophyll extracts of the papaya leaf on wavelengths of 650 nm and 445 nm respectively were 22.26% and 60.29%, respectively. The most effective treated group was a group of the laser with the addition of chlorophyll, done by the 650 nm lasers with inactivation about 32% (P = 0.001), while the 445 nm lasers only 25% (P = 0.061). The maximum malondialdehyde levels by treatment of the laser 650 nm were (0.046±0.004) nmol/mg.
Conclusion: The use of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf as a photosensitizer, resulted in the maximum spectrum of absorption at 414 nm and 668 nm, which produced a maximum reduction effect after photoinactivation up to 32% (with chlorophyll) and 25% (without chlorophyll). The utilization of chlorophyll extract of the papaya leaf would increase the antifungal effects with the activation by the diode laser in the biofilm of C. albicans.
Keywords: Candida albicans biofilms; Chlorophyll extract; Photoinactivation
... 10 Several scientific studies have shown the traditional use of Carica papaya over a wide range of therapeutic activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and antihypertensive. 11 These properties mainly depend on the antioxidant activity of some secondary products, phenolic compounds, vanillic acid and vitamin C present in Carica papaya. 12 Furthermore, the effect of Carica papaya seed in acetaminopheninduced nephrotoxicity. ...
... These results are superior to that of [30] which is 0.82%. Although the amount of protein is low in the pulps of mombin plum fruits, however, it is higher than that of other fruits like mango 0.63% ( [35], papaya 0.60% [36]. Moreover, note that 1 gram of protein is equivalent to an energy of 4 kilocalories. ...
... Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) is a well-known fruit tree in tropical regions. It is also known for its several medicinal uses (Krishna et al. 2008). It is used in particular against fever in traditional Burundian medicine (Ngezahayo et al. 2015), and its leaves are used against malaria (Tor-anyiin et al. 2003;Bertani et al. 2005;Ellena et al. 2012;Suleman et al. 2018). ...
... The fruits have appreciable amounts of protein (0.42g), folate (102.12 µg), fibre (4.69g), copper (0.12mg), potassium (502.32mg), magnesium (57.96mg), pantothenic acid (0.53mg); are high in antioxidants (85.57), total carotene (2,740mg), beta carotene (888mg) and vitamin C (168.08mg) per 100g fruit (Krishna et al, 2008). During storage, in addition to physical loss in fruit weight, considerable losses also occur in essential nutrients notably, vitamins, minerals and compromised fruit quality. ...
Papaya fruits are highly perishable, with over 25% post-harvest losses which further rise during storage. To prevent these losses, we attempted to convert papaya slices into intermediate moisture (IM) slices using a novel combination-technology which included a combination of osmotic removal of water by sugar syrup (60°B) containing various preservatives/additives, and, added use of chemicals such as CaCl2, citric acid, sodium metabisulphite or potassium metabisulphite (KMS), to reduce water activity. The osmosed slices were surfacedried and analyzed for physico-chemical characters and sensory attributes. Further, the product was stored upto six months at LT (Low Temperature) (4±1°C) and assessed for composition, stability and sensory attributes. Steam blanching of papaya slices, followed by osmosis in sugar solution of 60°B syrup containing a combination of preservatives, viz., citric acid 0.5%, CaCl2 0.5%, sodium metabisulphite 75ppm and KMS 350ppm, was superior as a treatment in terms of quality and stability of the product. These findings can help reduce postharvest losses in papaya by providing a technology for preparing a ready-to-eat (RTE), nutrient rich intermediate-moisture product with good taste and flavour.
... Hampir setiap bagian tumbuhan pepaya dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai kebutuhan (Taris, Widodo, & Suketi, 2015). Buah dan daun pepaya dapat dimanfaatkan untuk membuat berbagai makanan yang lezat seperti manisan pepaya, saus pepaya, jeli pepaya, permen pepaya, selai pepaya, dan beraneka ragam masakan lainnya (Sunarti & Turang, 2018 (Krishna, Paridhavi, & Patel, 2008) Konsumsi buah pepaya matang sebanyak 400 g/hari mampu meningkatkan total antioksidan, aktivitas (GSSR) glutathione reduktase dalam darah, mengurangi stres oksidatif dan meninimalisir terjadinya penyakit akibat radikal bebas. Tanaman pepaya (Carica pepaya L.) memproduksi papain dan kimopapain, keduanya merupakan enzim proteolitik yang penting dalam dunia industri, obat-obatan dan medis yang ditemukan dalam getah berwarna putih yang diproduksi oleh buahnya. ...
Jatimulyo Village is one of the villages in Yogyakarta Special Region that will be submitted to Cultural Village establishment. Prima Jati MSME is community organization that processes the local potential of papaya fruit cultivated in Jatimulyo Kapanewon Dlingo Village, Bantul Regency. One of the problems faced is the high level of papaya fruit production with limited processed products and sales. The alternative solution is to diversify papaya into brownies and shredded papaya. The program was conducted through training and mentoring practices for Prima Jati. Both products have been successfully made continuously and have been packaged with plastic standing pouches and jars. There is an increase in community knowledge and understanding of processing papaya fruit into dried products, so as to increase the shelf life of the product. Prima Jati MSMEs have also sold offline at tourist attractions in Jatimulyo and online through social media accounts and marketplaces.
... B2), thiamine (Vit. B1), fibre and mineral elements such as calcium, potassium and iron (Krishna et al., 2008). ...
... Botanical classification of papaya(Krishna et al., 2008) ...
... Papaya is rich in Vitamin C, A and D, which are considered to be the powerful antioxidant. There is almost no fat in papaya [7] . ...
... Botanical classification of papaya(Krishna et al., 2008) ...
The plant world is the gold mine of contemporary medicine because of the abundance of bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites it contains. In fact, it is a therapeutic and preventative dietary supplement that helps the body resist disease and age more gracefully. The papaya (Carica papaya L.), featured above, is an associate of the Caricaceae family and is widely regarded for its useful nutritional and therapeutic benefits around the world. Papaya's nutritional and medicinal value comes from its many parts, including its leaves, roots, skin, fruit, and seeds. It thrives in warm, humid climates and is widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. This review aims to synthesize, by the end of 2022, data on papaya's functional activity culled from electronic sources, including Dimensions, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Science Direct. Papaya is a good dietary supplement because of the wealth of research detailing the plant's utilization of many medicinal chemicals. Numerous vitamins, minerals, and enzymes, including papain, glycylendopeptidase, chymopapain, and caricain, can be found in plant extracts, notably those made from the fruits and leaves. These chemicals have anticancer actions; reduce inflammation, hyperglycemia, infertility, hypertension problems, and more thanks to their intriguing nutraceutical qualities. Papaya seeds peel, and leave have medical promise, but additional study is needed to determine dosage, mechanism of action, and safety profile. Therefore, this review urges the implementation of public health awareness initiatives to encourage the consumption of papaya so that the general public can reap the fruit's full potential in preventing and treating disease. Keywords : Nutraceuticals, Carica papaya, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Phytochemicals, Traditional medical system, Bio-pharmacological potency
The global demand for natural dyes has surged, propelled by a growing awareness of the therapeutic properties inherent in these dyes. Derived from a variety of sources such as plants, insects, animals, and minerals, natural dyes have garnered attention as safer alternatives to synthetic colorants, many of which have been banned due to their potential to cause allergy-like symptoms or pose carcinogenic risks. Notably, plant-based pigments among natural dyes exhibit a diverse array of medicinal values. This review provides an in-depth exploration of various types of dyes, highlighting the distinctions between natural and synthetic counterparts and delvloping into their wide-ranging applications. The adverse effects associated with synthetic dyes are discussed, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. The paper also offers a compilation of information on synonyms, biological sources, chemical constituents, and uses found in naturally occurring dye-yielding plants, aiming to contribute to the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical formulations. This comprehensive review amalgamates the realms of natural dyes and culinary herbs, offering valuable insights into their medicinal and culinary significance.
Papaya seeds (PSs) are healthy, delicious, and rarely used. Moderate consumption of these tiny, spherical seeds is beneficial for menstruation pain, cancer, and weight loss. Heart-friendly too. PSs cleanse, hydrate, reduce inflammation, and improve digestion. PSs contain fiber, protein, and fat. Minerals and vitamins abound. Carotenoids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and tocopherol are extensively studied as antiproliferative agents against cancerous cells and for modifying cell signaling, preventing proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and preventing migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Papaya seed chemicals initially boost Th1-type cytokine production. Papaya suppresses hematopoietic cells such as Jurkat, ARH77, Raji, Karpas-299, and HL-60. Papaya decreases renal cell cancer. Papaya extracts affect cancer cells. PSs inhibit IL-6, TNF-α, PC-3, and MCF-7 cancer cells. PSs were effective against colon, leukemia, lung, liver, breast, and prostate cancer.. Papaya extract destroys cancer cells in vitro. This chapter highlights PSs’ plant-based compounds and antiproliferative properties on cancer cell lines.
Endophytic fungi can be used as a source of herbal antioxidants to overcome the limitations of low yield and lengthy growth cycles associated with using plants as raw materials for antioxidant production. Papaya fruit is often susceptible to infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides after harvest, leading to postharvest rot. Endophytic fungi were extracted with ethyl acetate, and the initial screening concentration was 100 mg/L. Seven strains were identified, with scavenging rates exceeding 50% and strong antioxidant activity. The IC50 values in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays ranged from 19.72 to 84.06 mg/L and from 14.34 to 64.63 mg/L, respectively. Strain Y17 exhibited robust antioxidant activity (IC50 < 20 mg/L) and was identified as Penicillium rolfsii (MT729953) through ITS sequencing. Treatment of papaya fruit wounds with a fermentation broth of strain Y17 significantly inhibited the infection and colonization of anthracnose pathogens, resulting in a slowed disease incidence rate. This promoted the activity of protective enzymes, such as CAT, POD, and SOD, in the papaya fruit and slowed down the rate of MDA accumulation. This strain, which was found to have antioxidant activity in this study, has the potential to control anthracnose in papaya and has value in terms of further development and utilization.
Tharu is a tribal community residing tropical region of Nepal, growing crops, and practicing diverse natural remedies for curing human and livestock diseases since long. They have firm belief in the use of medicinal plants to treat ailments such as cough, common cold, fever, burn, wound, fracture, stomach-ache, headache, gastritis, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dysentery, and so on. The present study focused to document their traditional knowledge on the use of medicinal plants. Information was collected via survey and the focus group discussion (FGD). A detailed structured questionnaire was used for interview in order to document medicinal practices. A total of 44 local people aged between 20-80 years old were participated including 23 farmers, five local health workers, nine teachers, and one community head. Plant specimen was collected from nearby forest and agroecosystem with the help of local guide. Specimen were identified in laboratory with the help of experts, digital herbarium images and published literatures. Frequency of citation (FC) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) were calculated for each plant species. Altogether 30 plant species including wild and cultivated species, belonging to 24 families were documented. The Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) was highest for Ocimum tenuiflorum (0.91) followed by Citrus aurantiifolia (0.89), and Zingiber officinale (0.77). The people in Tharu community are practicing their ethnic traditional practices for curing different ailments with the help of locally available plants. Their ethnic knowledge differed slightly than that of other ethnic community and such practices seems less familiar among youngers which may indicate the possible threat to these knowledges in near future.
Tharu is a tribal community residing tropical region of Nepal, growing crops, and practicing diverse natural remedies for curing human and livestock diseases since long. They have firm belief in the use of medicinal plants to treat ailments such as cough, common cold, fever, burn, wound, fracture, stomach-ache, headache, gastritis, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dysentery, and so on. The present study focused to document their traditional knowledge on the use of medicinal plants. Information was collected via survey and the focus group discussion (FGD). A detailed structured questionnaire was used for interview in order to document medicinal practices. A total of 44 local people aged between 20-80 years old were participated including 23 farmers, five local health workers, nine teachers, and one community head. Plant specimen was collected from nearby forest and agroecosystem with the help of local guide. Specimen were identified in laboratory with the help of experts, digital herbarium images and published literatures. Frequency of citation (FC) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) were calculated for each plant species. Altogether 30 plant species including wild and cultivated species, belonging to 24 families were documented. The Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) was highest for Ocimum tenuiflorum (0.91) followed by Citrus aurantiifolia (0.89), and Zingiber officinale (0.77). The people in Tharu community are practicing their ethnic traditional practices for curing different ailments with the help of locally available plants. Their ethnic knowledge differed slightly than that of other ethnic community and such practices seems less familiar among youngers which may indicate the possible threat to these knowledges in near future.
Since prehistoric times, medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) have been employed for various therapeutic purposes due to their varied array of pharmaceutically relevant bioactive compounds, i.e. secondary metabolites. However, when secondary metabolites are isolated directly from MAPs, there is occasionally very poor yield and limited synthesis of secondary metabolites from particular tissues and certain developmental stages. Moreover, many MAPs species are in danger of extinction, especially those used in pharmaceuticals, as their natural populations are under pressure from overharvesting due to the excess demand for plant‐based herbal remedies. The extensive use of these metabolites in a number of industrial and pharmaceutical industries has prompted a call for more research into increasing the output via optimization of large‐scale production using plant tissue culture techniques. The potential of plant cells as sources of secondary metabolites can be exploited through a combination of product recovery technology research, targeted metabolite production, and in vitro culture establishment. The plant tissue culture approach provides low‐cost, sustainable, continuous, and viable secondary metabolite production that is not affected by geographic or climatic factors. This study covers recent advancements in the induction of medicinally relevant metabolites, as well as the conservation and propagation of plants by advanced tissue culture technologies.
Cancer is a fatal disease where uncontrolled multiplication of cells occurs in the body. Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, and medications are some of the procedures for treating cancer infections, but they are expensive, and the cure is ineffective. Usage of plants for the treatment of cancer can be one of the effective processes as the phytochemical compounds in these plants have the potential of alleviating various malignancies that includes cancer. The phytochemical compounds found in the plants have the medicinal properties like anti-inflammation, apoptotic, anti-oxidative to treat various disease include the cancer. The following chapter will be about the Indian medicinal plants such as Carica papaya, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, Psidium guajava, and Annona reticulate, in treating the cancer and its future perspectives.
ABSTRAK Ikan maskoki termasuk ikan hias dengan banyak penggemar karena strain yang beragam. Jenis parasit yang sering menyerang ikan air tawar adalah Trichodina sp. Dactylogyrus sp. Gyrodactylus sp. Ichtyopthirius mulrifilis sp. Lernaea sp. Argulus sp. dan Myxobolus sp. Kelebihan biji pepaya sebagai obat adalah tidak menimbulkan efek samping, mudah didapat dan harga terjangkau. Pemanfaatan biji pepaya yaitu dengan membuat perasan biji pepaya karena mudah, murah dan cepat. Biji pepaya mengandung alkaloid karpain yang bersifat sebagai insektisida nabati. Perlakuan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dimana Argulus yang menempel dengan persentase paling sedikit dan ikan dapat bertahan hidup dengan metode dipping perasan biji papaya. Metode pengambilan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan : A Media uji tanpa perasan biji papaya konsentrasi 0 ml/l air, B Media uji dengan perasan biji pepaya konsentrasi 20 ml/l air, C Media uji dengan perasan biji pepaya konsentrasi 40 ml/l air, D Media uji dengan perasan biji pepaya konsentrasi 60 ml/l air. Perlakuan D dosis yang paling baik diantara perlakuan lainnya karena karpain bekerja menekan sistem saraf pusat. Karpain memiliki aktivitas menekan Central Nervous system dengan mengikat ion Na+ pada saraf. Ion Na+ berfungsi mengantarkan impuls saraf hingga terjadi aksi. Saraf Argulus berhubungan dengan sucker yang berfungsi untuk menempel. Saraf yang ditekan tidak dapat mengantar impuls saraf sampai ke sucker mengakibatkan Argulus tidak dapat menginfestasi ikan maskoki. Perasan biji papaya dengan konsentrasi berbeda berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap parasit Argulus, Pemeberian 60 ml/l (perlakuan D) dapat menekan Argulus yang sangat tinggi yaitu 30,56%, Pemeberian 40 ml/l (perlakuan C) dapat menekan Argulus yaitu 25% Pemeberian 20 ml/l (perlakuan B) dapat menekan Argulus yaitu 11,11% Pemeberian 0 ml (perlakuan A) tidak dapat menekan pertumbuhan Argulus atau sama halnya 0%. Kata kunci : Perasan Biji Pepaya, Obat Herbal, Parasit Argulus indicus, Ikan Maskoki Carassius auratus ABSRACT Goldfish are ornamental fish with many fans because of their diverse strains. The type of parasite that often attacks freshwater fish is Trichodina sp. Dactylogyrus sp. Gyrodactylus sp. Ichtyopthirius mulrifilis sp. Lernaea sp. Argulus sp. and Myxobolus sp. The advantages of papaya seeds as medicine are that they do not cause side effects, are easy to obtain and are affordable. The use of papaya seeds is by making papaya seed juice because it is easy, cheap and fast. Papaya seeds contain carpain alkaloids which act as a botanical insecticide. The treatment used in this research was that Argulus was attached in the smallest percentage and the fish could survive using the papaya seed juice dipping method. The data collection method used in this research was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments: A Test media without papaya seed juice with a concentration of 0 ml/l water, B Test media with papaya seed juice with a concentration of 20 ml/l water, C Test media with papaya seed juice with a concentration of 40 ml/l water, D Test media with papaya seed juice with a concentration of 60 ml/l water. Treatment D is the best dose among other treatments because carpain works to suppress the central nervous system. Karpain has the activity of suppressing the Central Nervous system by binding Na+ ions to the nerves. Na+ ions function to deliver nerve impulses until action occurs. The Argulus nerve is connected to the sucker which functions to attach. The compressed nerve cannot transmit nerve impulses to the sucker, resulting in Argulus being unable to infest the goldfish. Papaya seed juice with different concentrations has a very significant effect on Argulus parasites. Giving 60 ml/l (treatment D) can suppress Argulus which is very high, namely 30.56%, giving 40 ml/l (treatment C) can suppress Argulus, namely 25%. 20 ml/l (treatment B) can suppress Argulus, namely 11.11%. Giving 0 ml (treatment A) cannot suppress the growth of Argulus or the same as 0%. Keywords : Papaya Seed Juice, Herbal Medicine, Argulus indicus Parasite, Goldfish Carassius auratus
Papaya, renowned for its delectable fruit, conceals hidden treasures within its plant. The papaya's fruit, with its high vitamin C content and nutritional richness, supports overall health, while its often-overlooked seeds harbor antimicrobial and digestive benefits. Papaya leaves, steeped in traditional medicine, offer antioxidants and potential remedies for various health issues. Surprisingly, papaya skin contains enzymes with skin-rejuvenating properties. The less-studied papaya roots hint at digestive health and anti-inflammatory potential. Papaya flowers bring unique flavors to culinary delights and offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory possibilities. Lastly, papaya enzymes, particularly papain, facilitate digestion, find use in dietary supplements, and serve as natural meat tenderizers or skincare agents. These diverse facets of the papaya plant highlight its holistic significance, transcending its famed fruit's sweetness, encouraging a deeper appreciation of this tropical treasure's multifaceted contributions to health and well-being.
Carica papaya (C. papaya) leaves have been used in folk medicine for centuries. Several reports are available for use of Carica papaya leaves in increasing blood platelet count in dengue hemorrhagic fever. Recent studies also reported that Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. Papaya leaf extract is reported to contain carbohydrates, amino acids, sterols, saponin glycosides, iridoids, flavonoids, phenolics, anthraquionones, triterpenes and alkaloids. The present investigation demonstrates the concentration of secondary metabolites in the hydroalcoholic extract of Carica papaya leaves. The total phenolics, total alkaloid and total flavonoid content were calculated by Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method, Bromocresol green colorimetric method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method respectively.
Carotenoids are pigments that produce bright yellow, red, orange, and purple colors in some vegetables and fruits. These compounds play major roles in various critical functions of plants. Carotenoids are also indispensable for humans, exerting antioxidant effects and sustaining both low-light and color vision. The more than 700 different types of carotenoids can be divided into two classes: the carotenes (e.g., β-carotene and lycopene) which do not contain oxygen, and the xanthophylls (e.g., lutein and zeaxanthin) which contain oxygen. In addition, some carotenoids such as β-carotene and α-carotene can be converted by the human body into vitamins A; lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene are non-provitamin A carotenoids. The Republic of Suriname (South America) is renowned for its relatively high plant diversity which comprises about 5100 species of higher plants. Several of these plants have a relatively high content of carotenoids and are widely consumed and used as traditional medicines. In this chapter, the traditional uses of eight Surinamese fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids have been addressed, and the pharmacological support for their traditional uses has comprehensively been dealt with. The chapter concludes with the scientific evidence to justify the traditional uses of the carotenoids in these plants.
Carica papaya L. is an economically significant crop in tropical and subtropical regions, with a gross production value of $6.2 × 109 in 2020. However, various biotic and abiotic stresses threaten crop productivity. To enhance stress resistance, genetic engineering and traditional breeding have been employed. Unfortunately, these methods are limited by the scarcity of innate disease resistance genes in the genome and the poor fertility of interspecific hybrids. Therefore, to circumvent these limitations, we developed a papaya protoplast-based gene editing system. By optimizing protoplast isolation, 28% higher yields were achieved from older (≥75 d) plants at 1.11 × 108 ± 0.069 protoplasts per gram-fresh-weight. Protoplast viability was 89.87 ± 2.02%,. We established an efficient genetic transfection method and verified proper expression, cellular function and localization of GFP and PDI-mCherry fusions in the protoplasts. Using preassembled CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes, we successfully edited a mutant GFP transgene, resulting in a frame-shift restoration efficiency of 27.88 ± 1.65%. Next, the CpPDS and CpMLO6 genes were targeted, creating knockouts in three different papaya cultivars. The average CpPDS mutant frequency obtained was 42.31 ± 1.90%, of which 31.25 ± 1.46% were frame-shift knockouts, while 11.05 ± 1.37% were in-frame protein variants. The average CpMLO6 mutant frequency was 16.20 ± 1.53%, of which 13.71 ± 1.67% were frame-shift knockouts and 2.50 ± 0.26% were in-frame variants. Taken together, a DNA-free CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system was successfully demonstrated in papaya protoplasts on multiple target genes for use in papaya crop improvement.
Melatonin, a well-known mammalian hormone is not just regulate circadian rhythm, and
promote sleep in humans and animals but is also involved in multiple physiological actions in
plants. Regulating melatonin production in plants could be a promising strategy for improving
crops' resilience to stress in the era of climate change.
Chymopapain (EC 3.4.22.6) was purified from commercially available spray-dried latex of papaya (Carica papaya) fruit by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and fast protein chromatography on the Mono S cation-exchange column. Multiple forms of chymopapain separated chromatographically were shown to be immunologically identical. A major form was isolated and found to be homogeneous by several criteria, and fully active, and its N-terminal amino acid was identified as tyrosine. Latex from fresh unripe papaya fruit contained predominantly one form of chymopapain, and it is concluded that chymopapain is a single enzyme distinct from the other cysteine proteinases of C. papaya latex.
1. The chemical composition of dried papaya (Carica papaya) skin (DPS) was determined and the effect of diets containing different concentrations of this ingredient (0, 30, 60 and 90 g/kg) was studied using growing pullets as experimental animals. 2. Crude protein concentration was determined to be 229 g/kg and metabolisable energy content was estimated to be 6.4 MJ/kg. 3. Use of DPS in the diet up to 90 g/kg did not produce any significant difference in weight gain, food intake, food conversion and protein efficiency when compared with birds that received the control diet. 4. Survivability of growing pullets fed on DPS was 100%, as in the control group. 5. It was concluded that DPS can safely be used up to 90 g/kg in the diet of growing pullets.
The contraceptive evaluation and toxicological effects of the aqueous extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in adult male rabbits have been reported. Thirty adult male rabbits were divided into five groups of six animals each; Group I, control; Groups II-V were administered orally with aqueous extract of the seeds of C. papaya at doses of 20, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg per day for 150 days, respectively. The body weight, reproductive organs weight, semen analysis, semen biochemistry, toxicological profiles and the fertility status have been recorded. The aqueous extract failed to exhibit contraceptive effects at any of the dose regimens tested, contrary to the observations made in the previous studies. Unaltered toxicological profiles indicated that the drug was free of side effects. The results suggest that the failure of contraceptive effects may be due to species specificity, relative resistance of the animals to the drug or lack of potency of the extract due to factors generally affect biological activity of the plant preparations.
This paper documents ethnoveterinary medicines used to treat dogs in Trinidad and Tobago. In 1995, a 4-stage process was used to conduct the research and document the ethnoveterinary practices. Twenty-eight ethnoveterinary respondents were identified using the school-essay method, which is a modified rapid rural appraisal (RRA) technique. Semi-structured interviews were held with these respondents as well as with 30 veterinarians, 27 extension officers and 19 animal-health assistants and/or agricultural officers, and the seven key respondents that they identified. The final step involved hosting four participatory workshops with 55 of the respondents interviewed to discuss the ethnoveterinary data generated from the interviews and to determine dosages for some of the plants mentioned. Supplementary interviews were conducted in 1997 and 1998. Seeds of Carica papaya, and leaves of Cassia alata, Azadirachta indica, Gossypium spp., Cajanus cajan and Chenopodium ambrosiodes are used as anthelmintics. The anthelmintics Gossypium spp. and Chenopodium ambrosiodes are the most frequently used species. Crescentia cujete pulp, Musa spp. stem exudate, the inside of the pods of Bixa orellana, leaves of Cordia curassavica and Eclipta alba plant tops are used for skin diseases. Musa spp. stem exudate, seeds of Manilkara zapota, Pouteria sapota and Mammea americana and leaves of Cordia curassavica, Scoparia dulcis and Nicotiana tabacum are used to control ectoparasites. Dogs are groomed with the leaves of Cordia curassavica, Bambusa vulgaris and Scoparia dulcis. Psidium guajava buds and leaves and the bark of Anacardium occidentale are used for diarrhoea. Owners attempt to achieve milk let-down with a decoction of the leaves of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis. The plant uses parallel those practised in human folk medicine in other Caribbean countries and in other tropical countries.
It has been shown that alcohol impairs erythrocyte (red blood cell) membrane fluidity and lipid composition. The aim of this study was to test the effect of a novel acid-resistant antioxidant on the hemorrheology in alcoholics.
Thirty alcoholics (25 males, 5 females; mean age: 42 years; range: 31-54; 150 g ethanol/day for 3-5 years) were enrolled into the study. Patients were randomly and double-blindly allocated into 2 groups which were given, for a 2 week period, 18 g/day of Bionormalizer (obtained from biofermentation of carica papaya, pennisetum purpureum, sechium edule, Osato Res. Foundation, Gifu, Japan) dissolved in 5 mL of water at bedtime and 3 hours prior to examination. Placebo consisted of flavored sugar. Healthy teetotalers served as control. On the examination day, blood samples were taken for testing: routine tests, plasma glutathione, ascorbic acid, selenium, plasma lipid hydroperoxides and alpha-tocopherol. Erythrocytes were separated and tested for red blood cell malonyldialdehyde and glutathione content. The hemorheological studies were as follows: blood and plasma viscosity, whole blood filterability, red blood cell membrane fluidity by electron spin resonance, red blood cell aggregation index by photometric rheoscopy and red blood cell deformability by ektacytometry.
As compared to healthy controls, alcoholics on placebo treatment showed no change of plasma viscosity but a significantly higher red blood cell malonyldialdehyde, blood viscosity (P < 0.05) and lower plasma glutathione, whole blood filterability and red blood cell fluidity (P < 0.01). No relationship appeared between biochemical tests and red blood cell membrane fluidity. Bionormalizer group showed a significant recovery to control values of either blood viscosity and whole blood filterability (P < 0.01) and a partial, although significant, improvement of red blood cell membrane fluidity, red blood cell malonyldialdehyde and plasma glutathione (P < 0.05). As compared to healthy control, red blood cell aggregation decreased in alcoholics (P < 0.05) and was not affected by Bionormalizer. However, Bionormalizer significantly improved the reduced red blood cell deformability (P < 0.05 vs. alcoholics) and this parameter correlated with red blood cell malonyldialdehyde (r: 0.62. P < 0.05).
These preliminary data suggest that an effective antioxidant supplementation is able to improve the hemorrheology in alcoholics either by directly affecting the ethanol-related lipoperoxidation and xanthine oxidase system activation and/or by modifying red blood cell membrane characteristics.
Carica papaya seed extract is currently being marketed as a nutritional supplement with purported ability "to rejuvenate the body condition and to increase energy". The product claims to improve immunity against common infection and body functioning. The present study was initiated to analyze the chemical constituents of the Carica Seed Extract and determine the potential immunomodulatory properties of the different bioactive fractions. These immunomodulatory activities of crude Carica Seed Extract and its bioactive fractions were examined in vitro using lymphocyte proliferation assays and complement-mediated hemolytic assay. Three major observations were made in this study: (1) the crude Carica Seed Extract and two other bioactive fractions significantly enhanced the phytohemagglutinin responsiveness of lymphocytes; (2) none of the Carica Seed Extract (at the concentrations used in this study) was able to protect the lymphocytes from the toxic effects of chromium; and (3) some of the bioactive fractions of Carica Seed Extract were able to significantly inhibit the classical complement-mediated hemolytic pathway. These findings provide evidence for immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory actions of Carica Seed Extract. No single compound is likely responsible for these activities. Further purification, isolation and characterization of the active components are needed.
The benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya at a dose of 10 mg/rat/day for 150 days, which has shown a total inhibition of motility, reduced sperm count and infertility, was tested to de fi ne the mode of action at the subcellular level in the testis and epididymis. The ultrastructure of the testis of the treated animals revealed no appreciable changes in the subcellular characteristics. The mechanism of protein synthesis as well as steroidogenesis were evident in the Sertoli cells while the spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids, both round and elongated, depicted a prominent nucleus, distinct nuclear membrane and cytoplasmic characteristics indicating normal germ cell differentiation. The principal cells of the cauda epididymis were characterized by the presence of well-de fi ned rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi bodies and secretary granules, suggesting active secretory functions. The absorptive function of the cauda epididymis was evidenced by the presence of numerous vesicles and multivesicular bodies adjacent to stereocilia. It is concluded that the inhibition of sperm motility by the drug could be due to other epididymal factors rather than the subcellular characteristics of testis and epididymis.
Twelve (12) healthy elderly subjects were divided into two groups: (a) those given an antioxidant/NO-modulating fermented papaya preparation (FPP) 9 g/day for 4 weeks, and (b) a placebo group. No protein/lipid distribution in erythrocytes (RBC) membranes was noted among different ages and treatments. Higher RBC concentration of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide synthase were found in the elderly (p < 0.05 versus "young" controls), whereas superoxide dismutase was unaltered. Such abnormalities were prevented by FPP supplementation (p < 0.01). RBC and RBC ghosts showed an enhanced susceptibility to lipid peroxidation by using cumene hydroperoxide (p < 0.01 versus young) but FPP supplementation significantly protected intact RBC (p < 0.05). These preliminary data suggest that nutraceuticals with antioxidant/NO-regulating properties significantly protect from RBC oxidative damage, and are potential weapons for the aging process and chronic and degenerative diseases.
Macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase is able to generate massive amounts of nitric oxide (NO) which contributes to the host immune defense against viruses and bacteria. Monocyte-macrophages stimulated with the bacterial wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) express the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is one of the central regulatory cytokines in macrophage antimicrobial activity and synergizes with IFN-γ in the induction of NO synthesis. Because of its pivotal role in both antimicrobial and tumoricidal activities of macrophages, a significant effort has focused on developing therapeutic agents that regulate NO production. In the present study fermented papaya preparation (FPP) is shown to exert both immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity in the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Interestingly, a low and a high molecular weight fraction (LMF and HMF, respectively) of FPP exhibited different activity patterns. FPP fractions alone did not affect NO production. However in the presence of IFN-γ, both LMF and HMF significantly increased iNOS activity and nitrite as well as nitrate accumulation. NO radical formation measured in real-time by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was higher in the presence of LMF and IFN-γ. On the contrary, iNOS mRNA levels were enhanced further with HMF than with LMF. Moreover, LMF displayed a stronger superoxide anion scavenging activity than HMF. In the presence of IFN-γ, both FPP fractions stimulated TNF-α secretion. However in non-stimulated macrophages, TNF-α secretion was enhanced by HMF only. Since water-soluble FPP fractions contained no lipid A, present data indicate that FPP is a macrophage activator which augments nitric oxide synthesis and TNF-α secretion independently of lipopolysaccharides.
Bio-catalyzer α·ϱ No. 11 (Bio-normalyzer) and its by-product are natural health products made by yeast fermentation of glucose, Carica papaya Linn., Pennisetum pupureum Schum., and Sechium edule Swartz. Their effects on free radicals were examined by electron spin resonance spectrometry using spin trapping agents 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO). It was observed that both Bio-catalyzer and its by-product scavenged 95% of DMPO-OH spin adducts (89 × 1015 spins/ml) generated by FeSO4-H2O2-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid system at 45.45 mg/ml each. Five percent of DMPO-O2− spin adducts (27 × 1015 spins/ml) generated by hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system and 11% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (7 × 1015 spins/ml) were quenched using 25 mg/ml of Bio-catalyzer while 5% of superoxide and nil DPPH radicals were scavenged by its by-product. Vivo tests showed that oral administration of 1-g/kg body weight of Bio-catalyzer significantly inhibited thiobarbituric acid reactive substances formation, which is an index of lipid peroxidation, in the FeCl3-induced epileptic focus of rats. These findings suggest that Bio-catalyzer or its by-product may be useful health foods against neural lipid peroxidation, traumatic epilepsy and aging.
Crude chloroform extract of C. papaya seeds (5 mg/animal/day, po, for 20, 40 and 60 days) was investigated for contraceptive efficacy and related side effects in male albino rats. The crude extract reduced fertility to zero per cent by 40 to 60 days of treatment. Suppression of cauda epididymal sperm motility was the most pronounced effect of the drug administration. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed treatment induced abnormalities in sperms. Cauda epididymal and testicular sperm counts decreased following treatment. Clinical parameters did not show any alterations. Results suggest that the contraceptive effects of chloroform extract of papaya seeds are mainly post-testicular in nature without influencing toxicological profile and libido of the animals.
Carica papaya latex inhibits the growth of Candida albicans. Latex proteins appear to be responsible for this antifungal effect. The minimum protein concentration for producing a complete inhibition was estimated to be about 138 micrograms ml-1. Exploration of different glycosidic activities shows that only alpha-D-mannosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were present in latex in important levels and they were partially purified. The two enzymes show a limited inhibitory effect on yeast growth, alpha-D-mannosidase being more efficient than N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. A mixture of the two enzymes showed a synergistic action on the inhibition of the yeast growth. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations showed a lack of polysaccharidic content on outermost layers of yeast cell walls when alpha-D-mannosidase was added to the culture medium. When C. albicans was cultured in medium supplemented with N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase a lack of polysaccharides was noted not only in the outermost layers of fungal cell wall but also in the inner layers. The potential utilization of latex glycosidases in combination with antifungals such as polyenes and azoles involving the formation of protoplasts is discussed.
Some indigenous plants reputedly possess antifertility properties when orally administered. Various extracts of some of these plants were used in an investigation to determine antifertility activity using a method which would ultimately detect anti-zygotic, blastocystoxic, anti-implantation or early abortifacient activity in adult female albino rats of proven fertility following successful mating. The rats were laparotomized on Day 10 of pregnancy and the number recorded of implantation sites in both horns of the uterus. Results of the investigation showed that: 1) None of the extracts from stems and leaves of Argemine mexicana Linn, from the seeds of Carica papaya, and from the petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of Mentha arvenis Linn showed encouraging antifertility activity; 2) The alcoholic extracts of Mentha arvenis leaves, Sapindus trifoliatus seeds and the methanol fraction of the alcoholic extract of Sapindus trifoliatus showed 100%, 100% and 80% antifertility activity respectively; 3) the alcoholic extract of Mentha arvenis inhibited implantation in 80% of rats when administered on Days 1-3 of pregnancy suggesting that it mainly acts as an anti-zygotic agent; 4) Thhe Garica papaya seed extracts did not exhibit anti-zygotic, anti-implantation, early abortifacient or antifertility activity; 5) when the methanol fraction of Sapindus trifoliatus was administered orally in rats on pregnancy Day 4-5, it inhibited implantation on 100% of the rats suggesting that it acts mainly as a blastocystoxic agent.
The result revealed that a short term administration of an aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed manifested an androgen deprived effect on the target organs and thereby caused antifertility effect in adult male albino rats. The complete loss of fertility is attributed to decline in sperm motility and alteration in their morphology as well as to reduced contractile response of the vas deferens. The androgen deprived effect of the extract led to slight alteration in the histoarchitecture and weight of the reproductive organs, mainly cauda and distal vas deferens which has been related to their greater androgen sensitivity in comparison to the other target organs and or their greatly diminished target organ response to testosterone or its metabolites. The data revealed that functional sterility could be induced in male rats by papaya extract treatment, which promises to be a potential male contraceptive.
The physiology of vas deferens after administrating papaya seed extract (1 mg/0.2 ml/day/rat) for 7 and 15 days was studied with reference to organ weights, fertility rate, some biochemical parameters and contractile pattern of isolated right and left vas deferens. Studies on combined extract + ascorbic acid feeding and discontinuation of treatment for 1 and 2 1/2 months were also carried out. The results revealed that the treatment altered the biochemical parameters except cholesterol levels and the contractile pattern was reduced in comparison to control. However, significant recovery occurred by withdrawal of treatment in all parameters studied. AA feeding was efficaceous in restoring the androgenicity of vas deferens under treated conditions. On the whole, the distal vas deferens was affected more by the seed extract treatment than proximal vas and recovery was slower probably due to its higher threshold requirement for androgen. The results are discussed in the light of recent work.
The effect of an aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds (5 mg/kg body/day im and 20 mg/kg body wt/day oral) were investigated in male mice treated for 60 days. Reversibility studies were also carried out to elucidate if any induced effects were transient. The aqueous extract did not manifest any estrogenic effects in male mice, and LD50 studies indicated its nontoxic nature. The body weight or the weights of reproductive organs, kidney, and adrenal were not affected, indicating that the extract did not promote body weight gain through obesity or water retention. The serum SGOT, SGPT, protein, and cholesterol levels were also within the normal range in the extract-treated mice, suggesting that the extract does not influence liver function or cholesterol and protein metabolism. These data suggest that the aqueous extracts of papaya seeds is safe and could serve as an effective male contraceptive in rodents.
Bio-normalizer, a natural Japanese health food prepared by the fermentation of Carica papaya, exhibits therapeutic properties against various pathologies including tumors and immunodeficiency. To understand the mechanism of bio-normalizer's therapeutic effects, we studied its action on the production of active oxygen species in cell-free systems (the Fenton reaction, the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, and the hydrogen peroxide-hypochloride or hydrogen peroxide-horseradish peroxidase systems) and by human blood neutrophils and erythrocytes and rat peritoneal macrophages. Bio-normalizer efficiently inhibited the formation of oxygen radicals in cell-free systems and partly decreased spontaneous and menadione-stimulated superoxide production by erythrocytes, but manifested both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on oxygen radical release by dormant and activated phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages). We suggest that bio-normalizer is able to enhance the intracellular production of innocuous superoxide ion and, at the same time, to diminish the formation of reactive hydroxyl radicals, perhaps by the inactivation of ferrous ions, the catalysts of the superoxide-driven Fenton reaction. We also propose that the normalization of an organism's superoxide level is one of the molecular mechanisms of bio-normalizer activity.
Carica papaya latex sap inhibits the growth of Candida albicans when added to a culture during the exponential growth phase. Approximately 60% was achieved. This fungistatic effect is the result of cell wall degradation due to a lack of polysaccharidic constituents in the outermost layers of the fungal cell wall and release of cell debris into the culture medium. When C. albicans was cultured on medium supplemented with d(+)-glucosamine, an inhibitor of N-acetyl-ß-d-glucosaminidase, growth was inhibited (34%) in a similar manner. Addition of d(+)-glucosamine during the exponential growth phase also had a fungistatic effect (26%). The modes of action of C. papaya latex and of d(+)-glucosamine in cell wall breakdown are discussed.
Zusammenfassung. Carica papaya-Milchsaft hemmt das Wachstum von Candida albicans in der Exponentialphase. Der Hemmeffekt erreichte 60%. Die fungistatische Wirkung beruht auf einer Zell-wand-Degradierung, verursacht durch den Mangel eines Polysaccharid-Bausteins in den äußersten Schichten der Pilzzellwand und der Freisetzung von Zelldetritus in das Kulturmedium. Wurde C. albicans auf einem d-(+)Glucosamin-haltigen Medium kultiviert, einem N-Acetyl-ß-d-Glucosaminidase-Hemmer, wurde das Wachstum in ähnlicher Weise (bis zu 34%) gehemmt. Auch der Zusatz von d(+)Glucosamin während der Exponentialphase resultierte in einem fungistatischen Effekt (26%). Der Wirkungsmechanismus von Carica papaya-Milchsaft und von d(+)Glucosamin im Zeliwand-abbau wird diskutiert.
A mixture of Carica papaya latex (0.41 mg protein ml ‐1 ) and fluconazole (2 μg ml ‐1 ) showed a synergistic action on the inhibition of Candida albicans growth. Thus, with this mixture an equivalent inhibition rate was observed to that obtained when C. albicans was cultured in a medium supplemented with a two‐fold concentration (4 μg ml ‐1 ) of fluconazole alone. This synergistic effect resulted in partial cell wall degradation as indicated by transimission electron microscopy observations. An increase of fluconazole concentration from 2 μg ml ‐1 to 4 μg ml ‐1 involved a small decrease of MIC 80% from latex (150 to 130 μg protein ml ‐1 ). Measure of MIC 80% from fluconazole mixed with latex in a subinhibitory concentration (85 μg protein ml ‐1 ) allows the determination of an effective fluconazole concentration (4 μg ml ‐1 ) inferior to mean plasmatic dose observed in human therapy. The potential therapeutic use of latex in combination with a synthetic antifungal is discussed.
Zusammenfassung. Ein Gemisch von Carica papaya ‐Milchsaft (0,41 mg Protein/ml) und Fluconazol (2 μg/ml) zeigte eine synergistische Hemmwirkung auf das Wachstum von Candida albicans . Die Hemmwirkung entsprach der doppelten Fluconazol‐Konzentration (4 μg/ml) in Einzelanwendung. Die synergistische Wirkung resultierte in einer partiellen Zellwanddegradierung, wie transmissions‐elektronenmikroskopisch nachgewiesen wird. Die höhere Fluconazol‐Konzentration von 4 μg/ml führte zu einer Verminderung der MIC 80 des Carica ‐Milchsaftes (150–130 μg Protein/ml). Die Bestimmung der MIC 80 des Fluconazol‐Milchsaftgemisches in subhibitorischer Konzentration (85 μg Protein/ml) erlaubt diejenige effektive Fluconazol‐Konzentration festzulegen (4 μg/ml), die unter dem mittleren Plasmaspiegel bei Therapie am Menschen liegt. Der potentielle therapeutische Nutzen von Carica papaya ‐Milchsaft in Kombination mit einem synthetischen Antimykotikum wird diskutiert.
Fermented papaya preparation is a natural health food that has been commercially sold in Japan for 2 years. It is made by yeast fermentation of Carica Papaya Linn. We examined the antioxidant action of the fermented papaya preparation on free radicals and lipid peroxidation. Free radicals have been related with aging and diseases, such as cancer, diabetes and especially in neurological disorders, for example, Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. A diet including variable antioxidant foods may therefore help to prevent these illnesses.
The free radical scavenging activity of the fermented papaya preparation was examined using an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. Fermented papaya preparation (50mg/ml) scavenged 80% of hydroxyl radicals, (·OH) as spin adducts of spin trap, 5,5‐dimethyl‐l‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide (DMPO) (5.27×1015 spins/ml) generated by Fenton reagents. The value of IC50 was 12.5mg/ml. The oral administration of the fermented papaya preparation for 4 weeks decreased the elevated of lipid peroxide levels in the ipsilateral 30 min after injection of iron solution by iron into the left cortex of rats. The fermented papaya preparation also increased superoxide dismutase activity in the cortex and hippocampus of them. These results suggest that the fermented papaya preparation has antioxidant actions and that it may be prophylactic food against the age related and neurological diseases associated with free radicals.
Carica papaya (CP) trees are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas; however, CP pollen allergy has not been previously described.
To study patients with CP pollen hypersensitivity.
A CP pollen extract was elaborated. Skin prick tests (SPTs) with this extract, as well as with commercial papaya fruit and papain extracts, were performed. Specific IgE levels to CP pollen, papaya fruit, and papain were determined. Specific conjunctival challenge tests to the CP pollen extract were also performed. RAST inhibition studies among CP pollen, papaya fruit, and papain were carried out. Twenty atopic patients were used as a control group for in vivo and in vitro tests.
Six patients with clinical histories of seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis or bronchial asthma in relation to CP trees exposure, suggestive of IgE-mediated respiratory allergy, were studied. Commercial SPT and specific serum IgE to papaya fruit and papain were positive in our patients. An IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to a CP pollen extract was demonstrated in all patients, by means of SPTs, specific serum IgE determinations, and conjunctival challenge tests. Control atopic subjects showed negative SPTs, specific IgE, and conjunctival challenge tests to the CP pollen extract. On RAST inhibition studies using CP pollen extract in solid phase, a significant crossreactivity was found among CP pollen, papaya fruit, and papain.
Our study suggests that papaya flower pollen is able to induce respiratory IgE-mediated allergy. The existence of common allergens among papaya flower pollen, papaya fruit, and papain has been demonstrated by RAST inhibition.
The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of the use of the fruit (papaya) of Carica papaya as topical ulcer dressings by registered nurses in the Spanish Town Hospital (STH), Kingston Public Hospital (KPH) and the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Jamaica. A ten-item pretested self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 285 randomly selected registered nurses at the UHWI, KPH and STH. There was a 72% response rate. The prevalence of topical papaya use among the respondents was 75%. Comments from the users of papaya suggested that topical application of the unripe fruit promoted desloughing, granulation and healing and reduced odour in chronic skin ulcers. It was cost effective. Papaya was considered to be more effective than other topical applications in the treatment of chronic ulcers. There was some difficulty in preparation of the fruit and occasionally a sensation of burning was reported by the patients. There was concern about the use of a non-sterile, non-standardised procedure but there were no reports of wound infection from its use. Papaya is widely used by nurses as a form of dressing for chronic ulcers and there is need for standardisation of its preparation and application.
In search of uterotonic principles, papaya (Carica papaya, Caricaceae) latex extract (PLE) was tested on rat uterine preparations in vitro at various stages of the estrous cycle and gestation periods. Rat uterine contractile activity was remarkably increased by different doses of PLE in proestrus and estrus stages compared to metestrus and diestrus stages of the estrous cycles. The maximum contractile activity of the uterus was observed at the later stages of pregnancy which correspond with the peak level of estrogen in the plasma. A direct dose-dependent spasmodic action with increased frequency and amplitude was observed with PLE in all non-gravid uterine preparations. Pretreatment of the tissue with phenoxybenzamine (PB) non-competitively blocked the effect of PLE. Blocking of the 5-HT receptors with methysergide partially blocked the excitatory response to PLE. Pretreating the tissue with Indomethacin, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, had no effect on the response to PLE. The release of PLE induced mast cell degranulation and subsequent release of heparin, biogenic amines or prostaglandins (PGs) was ruled out by pretreating the tissue with sodium cromoglycate, a mast cell stabilizer. Pure papain induced uterine contractions were not sustained for a longer period and at higher concentrations the receptor proteins were affected by the enzymatic action of papain. From this study it is evident that the crude papaya latex contain a uterotonic principle which might be a combination of enzymes, alkaloids and other substances which can evoke sustained contraction of the uterus acting mainly on the alpha adrenergic receptor population of the uterus at different stages.
A crude ethanol extract was prepared from the unripened fruit of Carica papaya. Lethality studies showed a dose-mortality relationship with an LD(50) of 325.2 mg/kg in mice administered i.p. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into three batches (15 rats per batch)-renal, DOCA-salt hypertensives and normotensives. Each batch was further divided into three groups-the untreated, hydrallazine and extract treated groups. The mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and the heart rate were measured in all groups. From the results, the basal (control) MAP were 93.8 +/- 4.5, 175.2 +/- 5. 1 and 181.3 +/- 6.2 mmHg in the normotensive, renal and DOCA-salt hypertensives, respectively. Both hydrallazine (200 microg/100 g i. v) and extract (20 mg/kg.i.v) produced a significant depression of MAP in all groups (p < 0.01 vs controls), but the extract produced about 28% more depression of MAP than hydrallazine in the hypertensive groups. In another group of rats, the extract failed to depress the MAP in rats pretreated with propranolol, but atropine and noradrenaline pretreatment did not prevent the action of the extract on blood pressure. In vitro studies using isolated rabbit arterial (aorta, renal and vertebral) strips showed that the extract (10 microg/mL) produced relaxation of vascular muscle tone which was, however, attenuated by phentolamine (0.5-1.5 microg/mL). It is concluded that the fruit juice of C. papaya probably contains antihypertensive agent(s) which exhibits mainly alpha-adrenoceptor activity.
Contraceptive efficacy, reversibility and toxicity, if any, of the benzene, chloroform and ethyl acetate chromatographic fractions of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya have been investigated in adult male rabbits at a dose regimen of 50 mg/animal/day for 150 days of treatment. Body weight, semen analysis, hematology, serum clinical biochemistry and the fertility status of control and treated animals were evaluated. Chloroform and ethyl acetate chromatographic fractions did not produce appreciable changes in these parameters. However, the benzene chromatographic fraction resulted in uniform azoospermia after 15 days of treatment, which was maintained for the remainder of the 150-day observation period. The levels of fructose, glycerophosphocholine, acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in the seminal plasma were within the control range. Hematology and the serum clinical parameters showed no appreciable changes, indicating lack of toxicity. The libido of the treated animals was normal and the fertility rate was zero. Complete normalcy of altered parameters was observed 60 days following withdrawal of treatment. It is concluded that the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya possesses reversible male contraceptive potential and the effects appear to be mediated through the testis.
In the present investigation, we attempted to study the modulation of morphological changes of endometrial surface epithelium by Scanning Electron Microscope (SCEM) in the adult albino rat after oral administration of roots extract. The origin of this experiment lies in the fact that the dry powdered roots of five plants, i.e., Plumbago rosea, Borassus flabellifer, Carica papaya (male), Dolichos lablab, and Shorea robusta in mixed form, has been traditionally used by the folk women of this region through oral route during the first seven days of a menstrual cycle to prevent conception. Ethanolic crude extract of these roots in composite form which has been referred to here as composite root extract (CRE) was administered to the adult female albino rat in a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight/day through oral route continuously for 12 days starting from proestrous. The observations under SCEM showed that administration of the CRE induced morphological changes of the endometrial surface epithelium in albino rat uterus. The characteristic smooth regular pattern of normal epithelium appears to have been changed at places by haphazardly oriented groups of cells and loss of microvilli indicating a disorganized picture. This structural disparity has been thought to affect the smooth functioning of nidatory preparation in the endometrium.
To evaluate the effect of aqueous Carica papaya seed extract on microenvironment of cauda epididymis.
Adult male albino rats were intramuscularly administered with 0 (control) or 0.5 mg papaya seed extract/kg body weight for 7 days. Cauda epididymal tubular content was collected by micropuncture technique; epididymal luminal fluid and sperm pellets were separately analyzed.
The results revealed that the extract treatment caused significant reduction, as compared with control, in total protein and sialic acid contents in both epididymal fluid and sperm pellet. As compared with control, significantly lowered acid phosphatase activity was recorded in sperm pellet but was higher in epididymal fluid after the treatment. The extract treatment also caused significant reduction in level of inorganic phosphorus in the epididymal fluid.
It is concluded that the aqueous papaya seed extract alters cauda epididymal microenvironment.
Extracts from different parts of the papaya have been reported to decrease the testicular weight of Wistar rats when administered orally for 8 weeks. It was however reported that suppression of spermatogenesis was observed in these rats following the administration of papaya seed extract. No histological abnormality was observed in these animals. In this experiment, water extract of papaya seeds, was administered orally to Sprague Dawley rats ad libitum for 8 weeks. Results showed that 3 weeks after commencement of this administration, the lumina of the seminiferous tubules were more prominent and empty in the experimental animals with no evidence of spermatids and spermatozoa. It also showed that the lateral walls of adjacent Sertolil cells lost contact with each other.
To investigate their potentially toxic effects on mammalian vascular smooth muscle, pentane extracts of papaya seeds and the chief active ingredient in the extracts, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), were tested for their effects on the contraction of strips of dog carotid artery. BITC and the papaya seed extract caused relaxation when added to tissue strips that had been pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PE). Incubation of the tissue with papaya seed extract or BITC caused inhibition of contraction when the strips were subsequently contracted with KCl or PE. This relaxation and inhibition of contraction did not appear to be endothelium-dependent, as endothelium-denuded rings showed the same degree of relaxation or inhibition of contraction in response to the preparations/drugs as those with the endothelium intact. The effects of both BITC and the extract were irreversible, i.e., the tissue did not recover to normal contractile ability after extensive washing. Exposure of the tissue to the papaya seed extract caused slower relaxation of the tissue, compared to controls, both after contraction with PE and subsequent addition of carbachol (CCh), and after contraction with KCl and then washing. Calcium imaging studies using cultured endothelial cells showed strong influxes of Ca2+ into the cells in response to addition of the papaya seed extract. We conclude that these extracts, when present in high concentration, are cytotoxic by increasing the membrane permeability to Ca2+, and that the vascular effects of papaya seed extracts are consistent with the notion that BITC is the chief bio-active ingredient.
To evaluate the effects of herbal extracts derived from plants commonly prescribed by traditional practitioners for the treatment of typhoid fever.
A cross sectional study.
Departments of Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Buea, Cameroon.
Methanol extracts of plant parts commonly used in Cameroon for the treatment of typhoid fever.
Antimicrobial activity was tested using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays.
Methanol extracts of plant parts commonly used in Cameroon for the treatment of typhoid fever were tested for antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi and S. typhimurium. The formulations used were: 1) Formulation A comprising Cymbogogon citratus leaves, Carica papaya leaves, and Zea mays silk. 2) Formulation B comprising C. papaya roots, Mangifera indica leaves, Citrus limon fruit and C. citratus leaves. 3) C. papaya leaves. 4) Emilia coccinea whole plant. 5) Comelina bengalensis leaves. 6) Telfaria occidentalis leaves. 7) Gossypium arboreum whole plant. Antimicrobial activity was tested using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Generally, Formulation A elicited inhibitory activity at a lower range of 0.02 to 0.06 mg/ml. Similarly, Formulation B elicited bacterial activity at the lowest range of 0.06 to 0.25 mg/ml. C. bengalensis leaves on the other hand, showed the lowest activity with a concentration range of 0.132 to 2.0 mg/ml and 1 to 4 mg/ml in MIC and MBC assays respectively. S. paratyphi was most sensitive to the formulations (concentration range of 0.02 to 1 mg/ml in both MIC and MBC assays) while S. typhimurium was the least sensitive and concentrations of up to 4 mg/ml were required to be bactericidal.
It is concluded that plant extracts with low MIC and MBC values (1 mg/ml and lower) may contain compounds with therapeutic activity.
PIP
The author collected folklore information on herbal treatments to control fertility from different parts of Assam, India. Temporary methods of birth control include Cissampelos pareira L. in combination with Piper nigrum L., root of Mimosa pudica L. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Plants used for permanent sterilization include Plumbago zeylanica L., Heliotropium indicum L., Salmalia malabrica, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Plumeria rubra L., Bambusa rundinacea. Abortion is achieved through use of Osbeckia nepalensis or Carica papaya L. in combination with resin from Ferula narthex Boiss. It is concluded that there is tremendous scope for the collection of folklore about medicine, family planning agents, and other treatments from Assam and surrounding areas. Such a project requires proper understanding between the survey team and local people, tactful behavior, and a significant amount of time. Monetary rewards can also be helpful for obtaining information from potential respondents.
The antioxidant cocktail EM-X derived from ferment of unpolished rice, papaya and sea weeds with effective microorganisms (EM) of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and photosynthetic bacteria is widely available in South-East Asia. Oral administration of a EM-X to rats for 7 days inhibited the ferric-nitrilotriacetic acid (Fe-NTA)-dependent oxidation of fatty acids with protections directed towards docosahexanoic, arachidonic, docosapentanenoic acids, oleic, linoleic and eicosadieonoic acids in the liver and kidney. But only the protections of oxidation to docosahexanoic, arachidonic acid in the kidney were statistically significant. Treatment of rats with EM-X prior to the intraperitoneal administration of Fe-NTA led to a reduction in the overall levels of conjugated dienes (CD) measured in the kidney by 27% and in the liver by 19% suggesting inhibition of lipid peroxidation in these organs. The levels of glutathione and alpha-tocopherol were largely unaffected suggesting that the protection by the regular strength of EM-X was confined to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in vivo, a point dependent on the concentrations of bioactive flavonoids.
The contraceptive potential of an aqueous crude extract of the bark of Carica papaya administered orally is reported at the dose regime of 5 and 10 ml/animal/day for 4 weeks. Although the body weight or the weights of reproductive organs, kidneys, adrenals remained unaltered during the course of treatment, there was significant alteration in the histology of the testis and semen analysis when compared to the intact control group. The seminiferous tubules of rats treated with low doses of Carica papaya for 4 weeks showed no significant histological changes compared with the control. At the high dose concentration of the extract there was disorganisation in some of the seminiferous tubules with arrest of spermatogenesis beyond the level of spermatocytes. There was also widening of the lumen of the tubules. Seminal analysis showed some of the motile spermatozoa with abnormal feature in all the experimental groups. There was a dose-dependent suppression of sperm progressive forward motility which coincided with a decrease in sperm count, viability and a dose-dependent increase in percentage abnormal spermatozoa during the 14-28 days experimental period. Taken together, the present experiment showed that complete loss of fertility is attributed to decline in sperm motility and alteration in their morphology and suggest that the aqueous extracts of Carica papaya bark is safe and could serve as an effective male contraceptive in animals.
Carica papaya L. seeds extracted with 80% ethanol (EEPS) caused concentration-dependent tocolysis of uterine strips isolated from gravid and non-gravid rats. Prostaglandin F2alpha and oxytocin-induced contractions of the isolated rat uterus were also inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion by EEPS. Recoveries of the uterine activity after EEPS-induced uterine quiescence were very weak. Higher concentration of EEPS caused prompt uterine quiescence, which was also significantly irreversible. Pre-incubation of the rat uterus in Ringer Locke solution containing 10 mg/ml of EEPS for 1 hour prior to suspension in tissue baths led to significant depression of the spontaneous and KCl (60 mM)-induced uterine contractions relative to the solvent control (P<0.05). Cross sections of EEPS-pretreated non-gravid rat uterus (stained with hematoxyline and eosin) examined under light microscope revealed degeneration of the endometrium and myometrium with obvious cytoplasmic vacuolation indicating that EEPS could have direct toxic effect on the uterine tissues. Previous workers have reported benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) as the main bioactive and anthelmintic compound in different extracts of papaya seeds. Using electron impact ionization methods, the presence of BITC in EEPS was also shown in this study. Mass spectra of both EEPS and standard BITC showed a base peak of benzyl/tropylium ion at m/z 91 (indicative of an aromatic compound) and the molecular ion peak of BITC (m/z 149). Our earlier studies have demonstrated BITC-induced functional and morphological derangement of isolated uterus. We thus conclude that at high concentration, EEPS is capable of causing irreversible uterine tocolysis probably due to the damaging effect of BITC (its chief phytochemical) on the myometrium.
In the present study, we investigated the effect of the crude latex of Carica papaya L. (CPX) on isolated guinea pig ileal strips. CPX (0.5-512 microg/ml) caused concentration-dependent contraction of ileal strips suspended in Tyrode solution. The concentration of atropine (0.69 microM) that significantly blocked the contractile effect of acetylcholine on the isolated guinea pig ileum showed no significant effect on CPX- and histamine-induced contractions of the ileal strips. Mepyramine (87.6 nM) significantly blocked the contractile effect of histamine and CPX on the ileum. The same concentration of mepyramine, however, had no significant effect on acetylcholine-induced contraction of the isolated ileal strips. Removal of Ca2+ from the bathing medium abolished ileal contractions induced by acetylcholine, histamine and CPX. All the test substances were able to provoke ileal contractions after replacement of the Ca(2+)-free solution with Tyrode solution. Furthermore, 10(-5) M of nifedipine, a Ca(2+)-entry antagonist, reversibly inhibited the contractile effect of all the test substances on the ileal strips. Results of this study together appear to show that CPX-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum is mediated via H1-receptors and dependent on extracellular Ca2+ influx.
The in vitro effects of extracts of four tropical plants (Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Newbouldia laevis, Morinda lucida and Carica papaya) on the egg, infective larvae and adult worms of Trichostrongylus colubriformis were screened for potential anthelmintic properties. Significant effects were observed with the four plants on T. colubriformis but they differed depending on the stage of the parasite. Extracts of each plant induced a dose-dependent inhibition of egg hatching. Using a larval inhibition migration test, the effects on the infective larvae were also detected with the four plant extracts. In contrast, for adult worms, the effects were statistically significant only for N. laevis and C. papaya. No significant activity was shown for M. lucida and Z. zanthoxyloides. These in vitro results suggest the presence of some anthelmintic properties associated with these four plants, which are traditionally used by small farmers in western Africa. These effects need to be studied under in vivo conditions.
In this study, the effect of Carica papaya seed macerate on conjugal R plasmid transfer from Salmonella typhimurium to Escherichia coli was investigated in vitro and in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice. Twenty-five micrograms per milliliter and 430 mg (administered intragastrically twice a day) of papaya seed macerate concentrations were used during conjugation for in vitro and in vivo assays, respectively. High frequency of conjugation inhibition by macerate was observed for both in vitro and in vivo experiments, independently of bacterial growth and mating conditions. Papaya seed macerate caused a reduction of the transconjugant population ranging from 71% to about 100%. There was no lethal effect of the seed macerate on donor or recipient cells in the concentrations used. Once the mechanisms and magnitude of resistance gene transfer are clearly understood, strategies to reduce or minimize the dissemination of these genes could be relevant. The data here obtained show a clinical potential use of papaya seed macerate on this transfer.
The chemical composition of dried papaya (Carica papaya) skin (DPS) was determined and its potential as a dietary ingredient for broiler chickens was investigated at dietary concentrations of 0, 40, 80 and 120g/kg. DPS was found to give similar food consumption, food conversion efficiency, survivability and meat yields (except male liver weight) to a control diet when used up to 120 g/kg of diet. Weight gain tended to increase with dietary concentration of DPS up to 80 g/kg. It was concluded that DPS could safely be used up to 120 g/kg in the diet of broiler chickens.
Carica papaya L. (papaya) seed preparations are used in traditional medicine to expel intestinal worms in human and ruminants. In the present study, an ethanol extract of papaya seeds (EEPS; 0.1-6.4 mg/mL) caused concentration-dependent inhibition of jejunal contractions in contrast to corresponding concentrations of DMSO (solvent control). The inhibitory effect of EEPS on jejunal contractions was significantly irreversible. Previous studies have indicated that benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is the main bioactive compound responsible for the anthelmintic activity of papaya seeds. In the present study, standard BITC (0.01-0.64 mmol/L) also caused significant irreversible inhibition of jejunal contractions. Recovery of jejunal contractions after BITC-induced inhibition was weaker than recovery after EEPS-induced inhibition (BITC versus EEPS: 19 +/- 7% vs 38 +/- 13%). Cryosections of the jejunum showed marked morphological damage of the segments treated with BITC in contrast to DMSO-treated segments. EEPS-induced jejunal damage was, however, less marked. These results indicate that papaya seed extract and BITC, its principal bioactive constituent are capable of weakening the contractile capability of rabbit isolated jejunum. It is thus envisaged that at the toxic level that will be needed to kill and expel intestinal worms in vivo, BITC may also cause impairment of intestinal functions.