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Antibacterial and antifungal effects of Nigella sativa extracts against S. aureus, P. aeroginosa and C. albicans
Abstract
Nigella sativa seeds (blackseed; kalonji) have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of diseases including diarrhea and asthma. In this study, the antibacterial and antifungal effects of the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of the seeds against standard and hospital strains of Candida albicans, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus (CPSA) and Pseudomonas aeroginosa were investigated and compared with standard drugs, clotrimazole, cloxacillin and gentamicin respectively. Aqueous and methanol extracts were prepared using reflux device and the chloroform extract was prepared by the wetting method. 50 samples from each microorganism were collected from different biological samples such as wound, blood, urine and CSF and the inhibitory effects of the extracts were assessed using agar dilution, cylinder plate and disk diffusion methods. The aqueous extract did not show any effect, but the other extracts showed high inhibitory effects against all the microorganisms in all the three methods and can be suggested as a subject of more extensive investigations in this field.
... The Gram-negative bacteria have a natural resistance because they contain Lipo Poly Sachrrideshg in the cell wall, which prevents the inhibitors from entering them, As for acquired, it increases rapidly and significantly [10], which limits the use of .The black seed plant (Negill sativa L.) sometimes called black cumin [11], and its seeds contain 40% of its weight, fixed oil and 1.5% volatile oil, which works antidiuretic in keeping blood sugar and as an antioxidant, which helps protect the body from the impact of free radicals that destroy the tissue [12], In addition to being an antifungal [13] and [14]. The black seed is an effective antidote to Gram-the positive and negative bacteria [15]. It strengthens the immune system, antiseptic and anti-worms, in addition to containing tannin, which is a toxic glycoside, and Nigella, which is a bitter glycoside, which is antibodies to Gram-the positive and negative bacteria and fungi [16]. ...
... As for the antiparticle Tetracyclin, the highest inhibition rate was 19 mm when treated with S.epidormidis, while the lowest inhibition diameter was 11 mm with K. pneumonia. As for the rest of the bacteria, it was affected by the antibiotic mentioned between these two numbers (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)mm. As for the Gentacin antibiotic, it achieved the highest average inhibition diameter with S.epidormidis of 25 mm, followed by S. aureus, the inhibition diameter was 24 mm, while S.typhimurium gave the lowest inhibiting diameter, which is the lowest sensitivity of 18 mm. ...
The inhibitory effect of black seed extract, Roselle flowers, cloves, eucalyptus leaves and mashed garlic cloves was studied on five isolated pathogenic bacteria, which included: Salmonella typhimurium, Eschcrichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus epidor, It appeared that the clove flowers extract was significantly excelled its inhibitory effect on the rest of the plant extracts of the studied bacteria, where it gave a general average of the lengths of the inhibitors diameters of 57 mm for S.typhimurium and E. coli were 41 mm, and S.epidermidis was 33 mm, while S. aureus was less. The types of bacteria studied were sensitive to the extract, amounting to 20 mm. The average effect of clove extract was 25.5 mm for all concentrations and for all studied bacteria. Clove extract is followed in the average lengths of inhibitors diameters is garlic and Roselle extract, where they were given an average of (18.11, 17.95) mm for each, respectively, for all concentrations and for all bacteria types, followed by an extract of the black seed which gave an average of 15.2 mm, while eucalyptus extract gave the lowest averages for the length of inhibitors diameter reached 10.5 mm. As for the inhibitory activity of antibiotics, the antibiotic Nalid acid exceeded with a general average of 23 mm, followed by Gentamcin reached 22.40 mm. Ampicillin gave the lowest mean in the inhibition diameters of 10 mm. From the above, we note the difference between the effectiveness of plant extracts and antibiotics. The extracts combined gave a general average inhibition diameter for all types of bacteria amounting to 17.45 mm, while combined antibiotics gave a general average inhibiting diameter for all types of bacteria reached 17 mm.
... [12] In an experimental study by Khan et al. (2003), the aqueous extract of N. sativa seed exhibited an inhibitory effect against candidiasis in mice. [13] Finally, our results agree with Mashhadian & Rakhshandeh (2005), who showed the extract of N. sativa seeds produces antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microbes, especially on multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [14] The agar diffusion test does not distinguish dental materials' microbiostatic and microbicidal properties, nor does it provide any information about the viability of the microorganisms after the test. ...
... [13] Finally, our results agree with Mashhadian & Rakhshandeh (2005), who showed the extract of N. sativa seeds produces antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microbes, especially on multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [14] The agar diffusion test does not distinguish dental materials' microbiostatic and microbicidal properties, nor does it provide any information about the viability of the microorganisms after the test. [15] The bacteria around the inhibition zone might grow back after some days. ...
Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous Nigella sativa against planktonic forms of endodontic pathogens belonging to different categories. Materials & Methods: Following irrigating solutions were employed a. Herbal extracts (Aqueous Nigella sativa and Aqueous Neem leaf extract) b. 3% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) c. 2% Chlorhexidine. An agar culture plate was inoculated with three endodontic pathogens belonging to different categories; Gram-positive cocci Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Gram − ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) bacterial and fungal cells Candida albicans (ATCC 10231); zone of inhibition of microorganism was analyzed using well diffusion method. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, Herbal extracts (Aqueous Nigella sativa and Neem leaf extract) showed better antimicrobial activity.
... [12] In an experimental study by Khan et al. (2003), the aqueous extract of N. sativa seed exhibited an inhibitory effect against candidiasis in mice. [13] Finally, our results agree with Mashhadian & Rakhshandeh (2005), who showed the extract of N. sativa seeds produces antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microbes, especially on multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [14] The agar diffusion test does not distinguish dental materials' microbiostatic and microbicidal properties, nor does it provide any information about the viability of the microorganisms after the test. ...
... [13] Finally, our results agree with Mashhadian & Rakhshandeh (2005), who showed the extract of N. sativa seeds produces antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microbes, especially on multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [14] The agar diffusion test does not distinguish dental materials' microbiostatic and microbicidal properties, nor does it provide any information about the viability of the microorganisms after the test. [15] The bacteria around the inhibition zone might grow back after some days. ...
Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous Nigella sativa against planktonic forms of endodontic pathogens belonging to different categories. Materials & Methods: Following irrigating solutions were employed a. Herbal extracts (Aqueous Nigella sativa and Aqueous Neem leaf extract) b. 3% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) c. 2% Chlorhexidine. An agar culture plate was inoculated with three endodontic pathogens belonging to different categories; Gram-positive cocci Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Gram − ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) bacterial and fungal cells Candida albicans (ATCC 10231); zone of inhibition of microorganism was analyzed using well diffusion method. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, Herbal extracts (Aqueous Nigella sativa and Neem leaf extract) showed better antimicrobial activity.
... The oil proved to be more effective against many bacteria strains, including those known to be highly resistant to drugs. [71] The essential oil has been shown to have activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria both. However, activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae was found to be stronger. ...
... [38] In vitro studies have also revealed its moderate antifungal activity on growth of pathogenic fungi. [71,73] The in vivo studies also supported that the aqueous extract from N. sativa seeds exhibits inhibitory effect against fungal infections. [74] Khan et. ...
Nigella sativa L. (Family: Ranunculaceae; commonly known as black cumin) is an annual herb. N. sativa is cultivated and distributed all over India especially in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Gangetic plains, Bihar, Bengal, Assam and Maharashtra. Among the traditional remedies, prescriptions of Nigella sativa for the treatment of various diseases are well-known since prehistoric era. Therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa are thought to be due to nigellone and thymoquinone contents. The reported pharmacological properties include protection against disease and chemical induced renal and hepatic toxicity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-microbial and antineoplastic activities. The oil decreases blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose and increases respiration, haemoglobin and packed cell volume. In traditional system of medicine, black cumin seeds are effective against cough, bronchitis, asthma, chronic headache, migraine, dizziness, chest congestion, dysmenorrheal, obesity, diabetes, paralysis, hemiplegia, back pain, infection, inflammation, rheumatism, hypertension and gastrointestinal problems such as dyspepsia, flatulence, dysentery, and diarrhea. In this review, we will elaborate about this wonder herb having miraculous effects.
... Thymoquinone (TQ), Dithymoquinone(TQ2), Thymohydroquinone and thymol are the main ingredients in its seed aqueous extracts that have beneficial drug properties (45).Previous studies have mentioned its high anti-inflammatory properties (45,46). The Nigella Sativa implements its anti-inflammatory effect by controlling the reduction of the lipo-oxygenase route material synthesis and therefore inhibits inflammation (47). The probable mechanism of Nigella Sativa extract's anti-inflammatory effect has been investigated. ...
... The Thymoquinone in the extract that strongly prevents the production of Eicosanoids such as Thromboxane B2 and Leukotriene B4 by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. It has been shown that Nigella Sativa oil has more anti eicosanoid and antioxidant effect than Thymoquinone (47). Although the anti-inflammatory effects of Nigella Sativa was not significant in the present study, it should be noted that maybe if the participants were non-athletic or if the interventions duration was longer, probably the results would have been significant, because there were non-significant antiinflammatory effects of Nigella Sativa in the results of the Tai Chi athletes with the same intervention period. ...
Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Nigella Sativa extract with Thai chi exercises on serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α of Tai Chi female athletes.40 female Tai Chi athletes aged 18 to 33 years in Tehran were randomly assigned into 4 groups of placebo, Tai Chi training, Nigella Sativa and Nigella Sativa + Tai Chi training (each group included 10 participants). Interventions were carried out for 8 weeks. Nigella Sativa extract was given daily in the form of 1 gram of Nigella Sativa capsule at doses of 250 milligrams, 4 times per day for 8 weeks. 24 hours before and 48 hours after interventions, 12-hour fasting blood samples were taken from the participants to measure IL-6 and TNF-α. The results of this study showed that Tai Chi exercises reduced the inflammatory factors of IL-6 and TNF-α, and the use of Nigella Sativa extract resulted in a decrease in the inflammatory factors compared to Tai Chi exercises without supplementation, but these changes didn't have any significant difference (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001 for IL-6 and TNF-α respectively). Conclusion: Possibly, because of the fact that the participants were athletic and had regular weekly exercises, they had the optimal levels of inflammatory factors, and so the Tai Chi exercises and the use of Nigella Sativa extract with these exercises did not have significant anti-inflammatory effects.
... One type of plant that has been under consideration among herbalists is Nigella sativa (black cumin) [14]. N. sativa seeds have been traditionally used for centuries in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia as a natural remedy for various diseases [15]. ...
... N. sativa seed extract has active antifungal properties. Several previous studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of these seeds as antifungals; the extracts of N. sativa seeds have been shown to inhibit the growth of several types of Candida fungi such as C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis [15][16][17]. However, the active nature of N. sativa seeds as an antifungal agent and the effect of the seed extract on the viability of C. glabrata is unknown. ...
Objective: Candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by a yeast-like fungus called Candida. Candida glabrata is thesecond most frequently isolated species from this condition, after Candida albicans. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Nigella sativa (blackcumin), known to possess antifungal properties, on the viability of C. glabrata.Methods: C. glabrata was added to a 96-microwell plate that was coated with artificial saliva and exposed to various concentrations (6.25%, 12.5%,25%, and 50%) of N. sativa seed extract; amphotericin B (250 mg/mL) was used as the positive control and 200 μL of yeast nitrogen base medium asthe negative control. The viability percentage of C. glabrata was determined by MTT assay.Results: The results showed that the viability values of C. glabrata were lower after exposure to the N. sativa seed extract when compared with thenegative control.Conclusion: The viability of Candida glabrata was decreased with increasing concentrations of the extract.
... MRSA showed large zone of inhibition for the three dilutions (100, 50 and 25% concentration) and showed resistance for two dilution (12.5 and 6.25%) (Alhaj et al., 2008). Hanafy and Hatem (1991) observed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at high concentration of N. sativa, while Mashhadian and Rakhshandeh (2005) demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus at low concentration. ...
... Black seed seeds are a potent painkiller and carminative [6], and they've been used to treat respiratory illnesses including asthma and whooping cough [7]. There is evidence that feeding chickens a diet supplemented with black seed powder protects the birds from diseases like Newcastle and Gambaro [8]. Zaazaa et al. [9] indicated that adding 2% of black seed powder to the diet, it has an effect as a growth stimulant due to its direct effect on the bile juice, which increases the digestion of fats. ...
Research on the effect of adding powder, oil, aqueous, and alcoholic solutions of black seed (Nigella sativa), individually, on qualitative egg traits of laying hens eggs was conducted at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University from October 15, 2022, to January 7, 2023. There were a total of 75 laying hens (ISA Brown) employed, and they were all split up into 15 groups of 5. Each treatment’s pens were 3 by 3 metres in size, and the pens were divided into thirds such that each third held 5 hens. These are the methods of treatment: T1 (the control group) received their regular diet with no alterations made. T2: 10% powdered Nigella sativa (black seed) was added to the diet. T3: Incorporate ten percent of an alcoholic extract of black seed (Nigella sativa) into the daily ration of water consumed. T4: Incorporate ten percent of a water-based extract of black seed (Nigella sativa) into your daily water intake. T5: Ten percent oil from black seeds (Nigella sativa) was added to the rations. Our research found that compared to the other experimental treatments, adding alcoholic extract to laying hens’ drinking water resulted in statistically significant increases in shell thickness, relative weight of shell and yolk, yolk and albumin index, and Hough unit, and a statistically significant decrease in the relative weight of the albumin.
... The weight of 100 grams of red ginseng roots, to which 600 each of ethyl alcohol 96% was added, using a phosphate buffer with a pH of 7, extraction was done using a Reflux device for 10 hours, filter the extract with filter paper. The resulting extract was completely dried by placing the resulting extract in glass dishes in an incubator at 50 °C for 24 hours, it was observed that there were two layers after drying, an oil layer and a dry layer, the dry extract was skimmed, placed in a special vial, and kept at a temperature of 4 °C until use [10]. ...
For 12 weeks, from October 15, 2022, to January 7, 2023, researchers at Al-Muthanna University’s Agricultural Research and Experiment Station examined the impact of different methods for administering red ginseng root on a selection of laying hens’ blood parameters. Sixty 43-week-old ISA Brown laying hens were split into four treatments, each with fifteen hens. Each treatment’s pens were three metres by three metres, and each pen was divided into thirds so that each third included five hens. The following procedures were used: In T1 (the placebo group), the regular diet was served without any alterations. T2: Combine 1 gramme of alcoholic extract with 1 litre of water. T3: The diet included 1 gramme of powdered red ginseng root per kilogramme of feed. T4: Ten millilitres of red ginseng root aqueous extract per one litre of water was added to the supply. The results show that compared to the control treatment, all treatments in which ginseng root powder was administered significantly increased the egg production ratio, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion factor of the laying hens tested. The best outcomes, by a wide margin, were achieved with the addition of alcoholic extract to drinking water.
... Nigella sativa (NS) seeds, referred to as black cumin, have shown a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects such as hepatoprotective [2], analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antipyretic [3], antitumor [4], antibacterial, antifungal [5], antiviral [6], immune stimulation [7]. Due to the distinctive features of N. sativa, it has been applied in treating many types of wounds and trauma [8]. ...
Microbial skin infections, antibiotic resistance, and poor wound healing are major problems, and new treatments are needed. Our study targeted solving this problem with Nigella sativa (NS) oil and photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue (MB-PDT). Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined via agar well diffusion assay and broth microdilution, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) proved deformations in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identified useful compounds that were suggested to be responsible for the potency of the oil. NS oil was tested as an antivirus against low pathogenic coronavirus (229E). Therapies examined, MB-PDT, NS, and MB-PDT + NS oil, to accelerate wound healing. The antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus was promising, with a MIC of 12.5% and TEM showing injured cells treated with NS oil. This oil inhibited 229E virus up to 42.85% and 32.14%. All tested therapies were successful in accelerating wound healing. The most successful was combined therapy (MB-PDT + NS oil), with a faster healing time. The combined therapy (MB-PDT + NS oil) reduced bacterial counts, which may be a key factor in accelerating wound healing. Skin wound histology was investigated; blood hematology and biochemical analysis did not change significantly after the safe combination treatment. A combination treatment could facilitate healing in a simple and inexpensive way in the future. Based on the results of the in vitro and in vivo studies, it was determined that NS oil had antibacterial and anti-corona virus activity when used in conjunction with photodynamic treatment based on methylene blue to treat wound infections.
... However, the use of these chemicals is always associated with health problems. Therefore, our second goal is to find another safe and friendly alternative antibacterial agent using plant extracts (Burt, 2004;Vági et al., 2004;Agatemor, 2009) or oils (Vahdati-Mashhadian and Rakhshandeh, 2005;Matos et al., 2006) to prevent microbial contamination. Several authors have used both plant extracts (Meena and Mariappan, 1993;Singh et al., 1994;El-Korashy, 1997) or oils (Ramesh et al., 2006;Hajlaoui et al., 2009) as natural bactericidal products. ...
Sugar beet is one of the greatest sources for producing sugar worldwide. However, a group of bacteria grows on beets during the storage process, leading to a reduction in sucrose yield. Our study focused on identifying common bacterial species that grow on beets during manufacturing and contribute to sucrose loss. The ultimate goal was to find a potential antibacterial agent from various plant extracts and oils to inhibit the growth of these harmful bacteria and reduce sucrose losses. The screening of bacterial species that grow on beet revealed that a large group of mesophilic bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus xylosus, Enterobacter amnigenus, and Aeromonas species, in addition to a dominant thermophilic species called Bacillus thermophilus, were found to be present during the manufacturing of beets. The application of 20 plant extracts and 13 different oils indicated that the extracts of Geranium gruinum, Datura stramonium, and Mentha spicata were the best antibacterials to reduce the growth of B. thermophilus with inhibition zones equal to 40, 39, and 35 mm, respectively. In contrast, the best active oils for inhibiting the growth of B. thermophilus were Mentha spicata and Ocimum bacilicum, with an inhibitory effect of 50 and 45 mm, respectively. RAPD-PCR with different primers indicated that treating sugar juice with the most effective oils against bacteria resulted in new recombinant microorganisms, confirming their roles as strong antibacterial products. The characterization of Mentha spicata and Ocimum bacilicum oils using GC/MS analysis identified cis-iso pulegone and hexadecanoic acid as the two main bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial activity. An analysis of five genes using DD-PCR that have been affected due to antibacterial activity from the highly effective oil from Mentha spicata concluded that all belonged to the family of protein defense. Our findings indicate that the application of these pure antibacterial plant extracts and oils would minimize the reduction of sucrose during sugar production.
... N. sativa is an expectorant and stimulates body to recover fatigue. The seed oil is used as a soothing agent for stomach (Mashhadian and Rakhshandeh, 2005). ...
... The BSO is useful as its seeds contain a number of components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential oils, amino acids, tannins, resins, alkaloids, steroids, saponin, vitamins-minerals that help to proper functioning of the reproductive system (Hannan et al., 2021) and prevention of obesity. The black cumin seed is reported to have anti-diabetic, anthelmintic, antihyperlipidemic, laxative, carminative, diuretic, bronchodilator, analgesic, immunomodulation, hypotensive, histamine release inhibitor and antioxidative effects and is used in the treatment of mild cases of puerperal fever (Mashhadian and Rakhshadeh, 2005) and also has anti-fungal (Rogozhin et al., 2011), antibacterial (Halamova et al., 2010), anti-cancer and antiinflammatory activities (Ayed and Talal, 2011). The use of 1 ml/kg/day of BSO triggered the secretion of the reproductive hormone, resulting in increased synthesis of protein, white blood cell count and a decrease in total cholesterol levels in blood (Juma and Abdulrahman, 2011). ...
Background: The high saturated fatty acid content of beef has been linked to obesity and cardiovascular diseases. The study investigated the impact of black seed oil (BSO) on beef fat-altered hemato-biochemical and pathophysiological alterations in albino mice. Methods: Twenty four Swiss Albino mice (Mus musculus) of 25-28 days old were equally divided into three groups (n=8) namely A, B and C. Mice of group A was designated as the untreated control group. Groups B and C were fed pellets containing 10% beef fat and 10% BSO, respectively for 9 weeks. Result: The results revealed that beef fat-fed mice gained weight and BSO normalized the weight gain. The hematological values of beef fat supplemented mice improved after being supplemented with 10% BSO. LDL-c, Triglycerides and total cholesterol levels were all significantly lower in mice fed BSO plus beef fat. HDL-c levels were significantly higher in BSO plus beef fat-fed mice. Spleens in BSO plus beef fat-fed mice were slightly enlarged without gross abnormalities. 10% beef fat caused minor changes in the histostructures of the kidney, heart and liver. There were significant changes in cardiac muscle and massive fatty changes in kidney tissue. This study concluded that BSO has beneficial effects on the body and can prevent beef fat-induced abnormalities.
... After an hour, the solvent was exited and the whole process was repeated thrice. The solvent was then separated by the method of vacuum distillation [16] . ...
Female genital tract infections are major public health problems, with considerable economic consequences. Drugs like metronidazole and clindamycin are unable to control the growth of vaginal infection completely, which requires alternate novel treatment strategies. Some herbal antimicrobial agents are reported to inhibit the growth of vaginal infection. Boerhaavia diffusa andAzadirachta indica are such herbs with antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, vaginal fluid samples from infected patients were collected and cultured using different media. Isolated pathogens were identified using 16S rRNA sequence. Four bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified. The pathogens identified were Aeromonas cavia, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumomiae. Anti-vaginalis activity of the two herbs were analysed in an isolated pathogen. Maximum zone of inhibition was observed against S. aureus and Aeromonas caviae. The present investigation confirmed that, Boerhaavia diffusa andAzadirachta indica herbal extracts were able to control the vaginal pathogens without any side-effects
... Some differences in the quality of oil composition can explained by environmental factors known to strongly influence the chemical composition of essential oils. In a conducted study, it was reported that N. sativa has an antifungal effect against C. albicans [34]. It has been stated that eucalyptol, the main component of the essential oil of N. sativa, completely inhibits the growth of various fungal species [35]. ...
... Antidiarrheal activity analgesic activity immunological activity reduce danger of cancer Antioxidant activity it used as laxative reduce danger cancer. [11]. ...
Research was done in Laboratories of biology department-collage of check antibacterial activity of hot water extract of flax seed (Linum usitalissimum) and fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) against bacteria that isolated from mouth by using holes method on nutrient agar. Extracts was prepared of seeds of plants that studying in stoke then bacteria that isolated from mouth of different people in different age categories and do different habits such as (drinking wine ,un brush teeth regularly ). Some species of bacteria were diagnosis in this experiment which were (pseudomonas spp. Staphelococcus and Streptococcus spp.) this experiment were measured the diameter of inhibition zone around the holes in petri dishes. Both extracts of Linum and Trigonella seed showed an antibacterial activity against bacteria in study, also the Trigonella seed extract present more effective than Linum seed extract on bacteria.
... In this case, we believe that, apart from the size and agglomeration of NPs, the antibacterial properties of the resulting Ag NPs also depend on the intrinsic bactericidal properties of the plant extracts. Various reports have suggested that aqueous ginger extract demonstrated much better antibacterial properties when compared to aqueous extract of black seeds, which often did not show any effects on the studied bacteria [39,40]. Therefore, the high antibacterial activity of Ag NPs obtained from GE can be attributed to the higher intrinsic bactericidal effect of aqueous ginger extract. ...
Applications of chemical synthetic methods for the preparation of metal nanoparticles involve toxic reagents, which are hazardous to both humans and the environment. On the other hand, ecofriendly plant-based techniques offer rapid, non-toxic, and suitable alternatives to the traditional methods. Herein, we report an eco-friendly method for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using two different aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Nigella sativa L. seeds (black cumin). Successful preparation of Ag NPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that Nigella sativa L. seed extract (NSE) produced a smaller size of NPs (~8 nm), whereas the ginger extract (GE) led to the formation of slightly larger Ag NPs (~12 nm). In addition, to study the effect of concentration of the extract on the quality of resulting NPs, two different samples were prepared from each extract by increasing the concentrations of the extracts while using a fixed amount of precursor (AgNO3). In both cases, a high concentration of extract delivered less agglomerated and smaller-sized Ag NPs. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of as-prepared Ag NPs were tested against different bacterial strains. Notably, despite the slightly better quality of Ag NPs obtained from NSE (NSE-Ag), NPs prepared by using GE (GE-Ag) demonstrated superior antibacterial properties. In case of the plant-extract-based synthesis of nanoparticles, it is widely reported that during the preparation, the residual phytomolecules remain on the surface of resulting NPs as stabilizing agents. Therefore, in this case, the high antibacterial properties of GE-Ag can be attributed to the contributing or synergetic effect of residual phytomolecules of GE extract on the surface of Ag NPs, since the aqueous extract of GE has been known to possess higher intrinsic bactericidal properties when compared to the aqueous NSE extract.
... Ahmad et al. P. aeruginosa (Mashhadian and Rakhshandeh, 2005;Morsi, 2000;Salman et al., 2008). Honey, together with N. sativa possesses synergistic antibacterial effects in treatment of P. aeruginosa infection. ...
N. sativa (N. sativa) has been used since ancient times, when a scientific concept about the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of human illnesses and alleviation of their sufferings was yet to be developed. It has a strong religious significance as it is mentioned in the religious books of Islam and Christianity. In addition to its historical and religious significance, it is also mentioned in ancient medicine. It is widely used in traditional systems of medicine for a number of diseases including asthma, fever, bronchitis, cough, chest congestion, dizziness, paralysis, chronic headache, back pain and inflammation. The importance of this plant led the scientific community to carry out extensive phytochemical and biological investigations on N. sativa. Pharmacological studies on N. sativa have confirmed its antidiabetic, antitussive, anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuro-protective, gastroprotective, immunomodulator, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, and bronchodilator activity. The present review is an effort to explore the reported chemical composition and pharmacological activity of this plant. It will help as a reference for scientists, researchers, and other health professionals who are working with this plant and who need up to date knowledge about it.
... Ahmad et al. P. aeruginosa (Mashhadian and Rakhshandeh, 2005;Morsi, 2000;Salman et al., 2008). Honey, together with N. sativa possesses synergistic antibacterial effects in treatment of P. aeruginosa infection. ...
Nigella sativa (N. sativa) has been used since ancient times, when a scientific concept about the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of human illnesses and alleviation of their sufferings was yet to be developed. It has a strong religious significance as it is mentioned in the religious books of Islam and Christianity. In addition to its historical and religious significance, it is also mentioned in ancient medicine. It is widely used in traditional systems of medicine for a number of diseases including asthma, fever, bronchitis, cough, chest congestion, dizziness, paralysis, chronic headache, back pain and inflammation. The importance of this plant led the scientific community to carry out extensive phytochemical and biological investigations on N. sativa. Pharmacological studies on N. sativa have confirmed its antidiabetic, antitussive, anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuro-protective, gastroprotective, immunomodulator, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, and bronchodilator activity. The present review is an effort to explore the reported chemical composition and pharmacological activity of this plant. It will help as a reference for scientists, researchers, and other health professionals who are working with this plant and who need up to date knowledge about it
... The antibacterial activities of total extracts and essential oils of Nigella sativa seeds have been studied in mice [82,83]. Negilla sativa crude extract had a positive impact on the candida albicans fungus [84].The Nigella sativa seeds aqueous extract displays an inhibitory activity against candidiasis and the research validates the plant 's traditional use in fungal infections [85]. Eight dermatophytes were screened against antifungul activities of Nigella sativa extract and its active thymoquinone concept: four species of Trichophyton rubrum and one species of Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophytonfloccosum and Microsporumcanis [86]. ...
For decades, Nigella sativa has been used as herbal medicine. Thymoquinone is a main ingredient isolated from Nigella sativa and has wide range of pharmacological activities, such as protection from oxidative stress, inflammation and infections. This is also suggested that most of the therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa are because of the presence of thymoquinone that's the most bioactive constituent of the Nigella sativa. The crude and thymoquinone extracted from its seeds and oil are effective against non-communicable diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, etc.) and communicable diseases (malaria, AIDS, hepatitis C virus, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections etc.). The literature studies were preliminary and scanty; however the results revealed that Nigella sativa (black seed) plants have a possible therapeutic impact for wide range diseases. Such results are encouraging for the incorporation of those plants in treatment of both communicable and non-communicable diseases.
... The hot methanolic extract has high inhibition ability against Staphylococcus aureus as shown in figure 1 and table 2 that may be due to present high percent (20-21%) of protein with other active materials other studies showed similar results of Ali et al. (2014) from this study we conclude the extraction method effects on the active materials. Also, we recommended using the hot methanolic extract of Nigella sativa as the pharmaceutical form to treat the diseases caused by a microorganism, a hot methanolic extract shows high antibacterial activity against grampositive bacteria, these result agreement with other studies (Anwar and Farooqi, 2005;Salem, 2005). ...
The study about the preparation of hot methanol extract (70%) of Nigella sativa seeds. The diagnosis of perpetrated two extractions by the used preliminary qualitative reagent. The antimicrobial activity of these two extracts on Staphylococcus aureus. which plays two roles; as antimicrobial and a stimulator to tissue repair. In this experiment, we used a twelve male mature rabbits. Divided of these rabbits into three groups, four rabbits in each group. In group1 treated the wounds with 500 mg concentration of Cefotaxime. Wounds of the two groups were treated with hot methanol extract (70%) of Nigella sativa seeds. Wounds of the three groups were treated with Cefotaxime with Nigella sativa seeds. Clinically, the clinical signs of wounds were recorded throw 10 days post induce wound. The results of this study indicated that using hot methanolic extract (70%) obtained a similar results to those antibiotic used (same bacterial reduction rates). Moreover, combination used of apple cider hot methanol extract (70%) and the antibiotic in equal amounts will get to more better and rapid healing than using one alone of them. histopathological indicated that the hot methanol extract (70%) with Cefotaxime accelerates the healing. Additionally, there are differences in healing response among groups.
... It is known also for its valuable content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, phytosterols, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and some volatile compounds (Çakır and Çakmakçı, 2018). The oil extract of Nigella sativa showed in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial effect against broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria (Mashhadian and Rakhshandeh, 2005). It has been used in many food applications as antibacterial and antifungal and also due to its health benefits (Tarakciet al., 2005;Cakir et al., 2016 andGeorgescu et al., 2018). ...
EDAM cheese samples were prepared with the addition of different concentrations of black cumin (Nigella sativa L) oil (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 % v/w). Significant differences (P≤0.05) in chemical composition and ripening indices among treated cheese sample (0.6 % oil) and control was observed in all examined parameters. The added black cumin oil increased cheese acidity from 0.79 % in control to 1.13 % in cheese with 0.6 % oil at fresh time, with continuously increase in all cheese samples during ripening. Soluble nitrogen/Total Nitrogen reached 15.91 % in cheese with higher level of black cumin oil at the end of ripening. Free amino acids recorded1.21 g leucine/g cheese in Edam cheese with 0.6 % oil at end of ripening times. Free fatty acids increased with increasing level of oil in Edam cheese samples. Incorporation of black cumin oil in Edam cheese reduced the total viable count (5.97 log cfu/g), yeast & molds (1.00 log cfu/g)at the end of ripening and inhibited the growth of coliform groups. Proteolytic bacteria recorded higher counts (3.19 log cfu/g), while lipolytic bacteria recorded lower counts (2.59 log cfu/g) in Edam cheese with 0.6 % oil comparing to other cheese samples at 60 days of ripening. Panelists accepted the taste of Edam cheese with higher concentration of black cumin oil (0.6 %) with no complains on appearance and smell, while they favored the texture of Edam cheese with higher percentage of oil, then overall acceptability went to 0.6 % oil treated cheese.
... According to Sitara and Hassan (2011) Asafoetida powder at concentration of 0.25% showed strong fungicidal activity towards Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. candidus, Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, Drechslera hawaiiensis, Trichoderma sp., Phoma beta and Fusarium moniliforme. The oil extract of Nigella sativa has been reported to show antimicrobial effect against Candida albicans in both in vitro and in vivo tests (Khan et al., 2003;Mashhadian and Rakhshandeh, 2005;Erdogrul et al., 2009;Haloci et al., 2012). Whereas garlic oil possesess fungistatic activity against Candidus utilis (Chung et al., 2007). ...
... It has been used since antiquity for culinary, seasoning and pharmacological purposes [6]. Many medical properties have been attributed to the Nigella sativa L. seeds and its oil, including carminatives, diuretics, antineoplastic (antitumour),antifungal, anti-helminthic, while their oil has protective action against histamine induced bronchospasm, cough and bronchal asthma [7,8], antidiabetics [9,10], spasmolytic and bronchodilator [11], anti-inflammatory [12], antibacterial [13], galactogogue, antioxidant [14,15] and insect repellent effects [16]. Additionally, black seed is a valuable source of protein, carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, vitamins as well as minerals such as calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, selenium, manganese and zinc. ...
Seventeen land races of Nigella along with one released variety (Rajendra Shyama) as a check; collected at farmer's field from different parts of Bihar were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications at Seed production Farm, TCA, Dholi, Bihar during Rabi 2015-16 to identify Original Research Article Singh et al.; CJAST, 36(3): 1-11, 2019; Article no.CJAST.49130 2 diverse Nigella genotypes. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that first three PCs had >1.00 Eigen value and accounted to 84.71% of total variation. Rotated component matrix for various traits revealed that PC1 was strongly associated with secondary branches/plant followed by yield/plant, length of fruit, fruit per plant, primary branches/plant, height of the plant, days to 50% flowering and grains/plant. The traits that mostly contributed to PC2 were grains/plant followed by height of the plant and width of fruit whereas, days to maturity followed by width of fruit, height of the plant, days to 50% flowering and length of fruit contributed mostly to the PC3. The characters that contributed most to the PC4 were height of the plant, fruit/plant and length of fruit. Therefore, intensive selection procedures can be adopted to bring about rapid improvement of above mentioned traits. The k-mean of different clusters indicated that genotype falling in cluster III possess high values for all the traits under study indicating their potentiality as a parent in hybridization programmes for further improvement of Nigella. Highest inter-cluster distance was noted between cluster III and V indicating the genetic diversity among genotypes of these two clusters. Therefore, genotypes from these two clusters are recommended to use in hybridization programmes for further improvement.
... Pada Tabel 2, rata-rata diameter zona hambat berkisar antara 0 -4,0 cm. Kandungan biji jintan hitam adalah minyak volatil, terdiri dari timokuinon, timohidrokuinon, ditimokuinon, timol, dan tannin terbukti mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri dan fungi (Mashhadian dan Rakhshandeh, 2005;Al- Jabre et al., 2003). Aktivitas antibakterisidal dari ekstrak etanol biji jintan hitam tidak lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kontrol positifnya, yaitu antibiotik kloramfenikol sebesar 30 ppm. ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pemanfaatan ekstrak etanol biji jintan hitam untuk pencegahan bakteri Vibrio harveyi penyebab penyakit pada udang vaname(Litopenaeus vannamei) sebagai penghambat tumbuh bakteri V. harveyi secara in vitro. Hasil yang diperoleh pada uji in vitro menunukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol biji jintan hitam mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri V. harveyi dan bersifat antibakterial terutama pada konsentrasi 2500, 5000, 7500 ppm. Kata Kunci : ektrak jintan hitam, Vibrio harveyi, in vitro, udang vaname
... The plant extracts and essential oil showed a broad range of pharmacological effects such as antidiabetic (Farah et al., 2002;Benhaddou-Andaloussi et al., 2010), spasmolytic and bronchodilator (Gilani et al., 2001;Boskabady et al., 2008), hepatoprotective (Al-Ghamdi, 2003;Coban et al., 2010), analgesic and anti-inflammatory (Hajhashemi et al., 2004;Bashir andQureshi, 2010), antitumor (Khan et al., 2003;Majdalawieh et al., 2010) and gastroprotective (El-Dakhakhny et al., 2000;Kanter et al., 2006) effects in various studies. The extracts also showed in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial (Mashhadian and Rakhshandeh, 2005;Salem et al., 2010), and anticestodal effects (Akhtar and Riffat, 1991). It is used traditionally in Iran as laxative, carminative and intestinal antiprotozoal drug (Amin, 1990). ...
Affections related to udder are to be given paramount importance as these affect economic conditions of farmers. Among different conditions, affecting mammary system mastitis and udder edema is one of the most important venerable conditions, which clinically appears as an excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces. It results in decreased milk production and makes calves difficulty while suckling. Farmers also feel difficulty while milking. Tridax procumbens Linn is a tropically distributed medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of this plant was investigated by agar disc and well-diffusion method against bovine mastitis causing Staphylococcus aureus strains. The plant extracts shows the inhibitory activity against the tested organisms. Phytochemical screening of the plant revealed that the presence of phytochemicals like tannins, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids. The present investigation is aimed to validate, study scientifically that the use of this plant in traditional and ethno veterinary medicine.
... The dried leaves, stems, and seeds were crushed with mortar and pestle or electric mill. Thirty grams of each dry powdered plant material was extracted with 300ml of 80% methanol for 10hrs by using soxhlet equipment [8] . The extract was ltered using whatman lter paper no.1 and ltrate was then evaporated by using rotary evaporator. ...
Background: Cichorium intybus is a scientific name of a bushy perennial herbaceous plant, its common name is chicory, and in Iraq It is called Hindibah. This medicinal plant is widely used all over the world as a popular herbal remedy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves, stems and seeds of Cichorium intybus on most frequently isolated bacteria from human infections. Methodology: Antibacterial activities of methanolic extracts of leaves, stems and seeds of Cichorium intybus of different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200,400, 800, 1000 mg/ml) were tested against eight different species of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter spp., Lactobacillus spp and Streptococcus faecalis, isolated from different human lesions. Results: No inhibitory effects had been found of methanolic extracts of all concentrations of stems and seeds of Cichorium intybus on all the bacterial species tested under the present experimental conditions. In addition, no inhibitory effects had been observed of 25mg/ml concentration of methanolic leaves extracts on all tested microorganisms. The highest activity (more than 12mm growth inhibition) was obtained with 1000 mg/ml concentration of leaves methanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, Proteus vulgaris, Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus faecalis; whereas E.coli and Enterobacter spp. showed the lowest inhibitory activity at this concentration. Conclusion: The results had indicated that higher concentrations of leaves methanolic extracts might be needed to show their antibacterial effects and this could be true also with respect to methanolic extracts of stems and seeds. Also, there were no observed effects of methanolic extracts of these parts of Cichorium intybus on the bacterial species under the present experimental conditions. © 2019, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.
... The diethyl ether extract was found to cause concentration dependent inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and a pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (15) . The methanol and chloroform extracts have high inhibitory effects against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans (16) . The essential oil of the seeds have also dosedependent antibacterial effects on Gram-positive Basic Sciences (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. ...
Background: Seeds of Nigella sativa L., commonly known as black seed, have been used in traditional medicine. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis are normal flora bacteria found in human oral cavity, which cause dental caries and bad breathe oder. This project considered as an explorer study for the inhibitory effect of Nigella Sativa L. seeds extract against S. mutans and S. mitis. Material and methods: Two different extracts of Nigella sativa L. has been evaluated in vitro against Streptococcus mutans & Streptococcus mitis, the antibacterial activity was determined by the agar well diffusion method. Results: The results showed the zone of inhibition was found 12.7mm and 10.4mm at a ethanol extract against Strept. mutans & Strept. mitis respectively,while the inhibition zone of ether extract was found 6.3mm and 5.1mm against Strept. mutans & Strept. mitis respectively. Conclusion: Methanol extract was more effective in comparison with the ether extracts. The highest inhibition zone was observed with ethanol fraction and it inhibited the growth of two careiogenic bacteria.
... Fixed and volatile oils have various therapeutic properties like antitumor activity, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antibacterial activity, and a stimulatory effect on the immune system, and they are effective against multi-antibiotic resistance bacteria [27]. The essential oil of the seeds has also dosed dependent anti-bacterial activity on Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria [28]. The fixed oil had more potent anti-bacterial effect against gram positive than gram-negative bacteria [29]. ...
Objective: Increasing use of medicinal plants in the treatment of infectious diseases are due to the development of multi-antibiotics resistant
microorganisms, and had alerted our interest in the examination of some natural products. This study was carried out to investigate the
antimicrobial activity of Jordanian propolis, black seed oil (Nigella sativa) extract, alone or in combination against clinically isolated microorganisms
(bacteria and fungi).
Methods: Jordanian propolis samples were collected. Aqueous and alcoholic extractions were done; black seed oil was extracted from Nigella sativa
seeds. Seven clinical isolated microorganisms namely: Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus pumilus, Bordetella bronchisptica, Enterococcus fecalis, Bacillus
subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and one yeast strain namely Candida albicans were used. The antimicrobial activity was investigated by agar
diffusion technique and microplate dilution to determine the MIC.
Results: The results indicated that the alcoholic propolis extract showed higher antimicrobial activity than the aqueous propolis extract. The
antimicrobial activity of black seed oil was significantly higher than that of the propolis. Mixing propolis with black seed oil showed synergism
effects against some microorganisms as Enterococcus fecalis (24±1.1), Bordetella bronchisptica (20±0.9) and Candida albicans (40±2.3), and additive
with others as Bacillus subtilis (28±1.8).
Conclusion: Black seed oil and propolis might be used as a potential source of safe and effective natural antimicrobial in pharmaceutical and food industries.
... Among all tested plants, N. sativa extracts have shown significant antimicrobial effect against the tested pathogens. Similar results were reported by Mashhadian & Rakhshandeh (2005) when they tested the antibacterial and antifungal effects of N. sativa seeds extract against common and hospital strains of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and compared them with standard drugs such as clotrimazole, cloxacillin and gentamicin. Similarly, Niakan et al. (2006) studied antimicrobial potential of N. sativa seeds oil against two common Staphylococcus aureus strains and found significant inhibitory effect. ...
Background
Many current concepts about irrigation solutions have evolved over time; a historical perspective of irrigation solutions and the reasons for their introduction to endodontic treatment is required. The authors of this work believe that a large number of unrecognised published works from the 20th century need to be brought to light so that researchers can acquire some important hints and insights into how those solutions were developed and used in the past.
In this paper, we investigate historical attempts to develop the optimal irrigation solution as well as the evolution of the scientific community's views on how to achieve this aim.
Methods
A review of the literature related to irrigation solutions in endodontics was conducted using Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Historical articles were identified through tracking citations of included articles and were obtained via the library of the University of Dundee.
Results
Without the attempts of the past, we wouldn't be where we are today, including the role that several irrigation solutions played in endodontics before they were phased out. The observation that none of the currently available solutions had all of the properties that would make them ideal when used on their own led to the conception of the notion of mixing multiple types of irrigation systems, an idea that has since become widely popular.
Conclusion
This study suggests pursuing two lines of inquiry: first, finding the best companion to sodium hypochlorite that produces no undesirable reaction precipitates; and second, maintaining the effort toward the development of a single irrigation solution that can effectively disinfect the canal without endangering the vital tissues. In general, and for some different possible combinations, there appears to be some light at the end of the tunnel, which is something that will hopefully be uncovered in the not-too-distant future.
Porosity in acrylic resin denture base causes a rough surface and can absorb fluid, leading to plaque. Candida albicans can stick to a plaque on the denture base and engender denture stomatitis. Denture base submersion has to be carried out in traditional plant solutions to prevent denture stomatitis. Traditional plants such as black cumin and betel leaf are considered to have anti-fungal properties. This study aims to identify the comparison of antifungal properties between black cumin and betel leaf extract to Candida albicans on the acrylic resin denture base. This study is an experimental laboratory. Treatment group 1 used aquadest as a control negative, treatment group 2 used a black cumin extract with a concentration of 0.25%, while treatment group 3 used betel leaf extract with a concentrate of 50%. In every group, 9 acrylic resin pieces were soaked for 8 hours. The colony calculation was then conducted and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test to compare the average difference level between the two tested groups. There was no significant difference level among a total colony of Candida albicans in the treatment group with a concentration of 0.25% black cumin and the treatment group with a 50% concentration of betel leaf. The result showed that the black cumin extract is no more effective in hindering the growth of Candida albicans on the acrylic resin denture base than betel leaf extract.
Research was done to check anti- bacterial activity of hot water extract of flax seeds and fenugreek seeds against bacteria that isolated from mouths of smoking people by using holes method on nutrient agar. Extracts was prepared of seeds of plants that studying in stoke then bacteria that isolated from mouth of different people in different age categories and smokers (UN brush teeth regularly). Some species of bacteria were diagnosis in this experiment which were (Pseudomonas spp. Staphelococcus and Streptococcus spp.) this experiment were measured the diameter of inhibition zone around the holes in petri dishes. Both extracts of Flax and Fenugreek seeds showed an antibacterial activity against bacteria in study, also the Fenugreek seeds extract present more effective than Flax seeds extract on bacteria.
Background & aim
There is significant evidence indicating that endocrine disrupted bisphenol A (BPA) seriously endangers human health. In males, BPA affects testis architecture and sperm quality, and ultimately reduces fertility. This study explored the therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa (NS) seed extract on testis and sperm abnormalities in BPA-exposed mice and characterized the underlying mechanism.
Methods
Forty male Swiss albino mice (5.5 weeks old, N = 8 per group) were randomly divided into five groups: Group I, normal control, Group II, vehicle control (sterile corn oil); Group III, NS-exposed (oral 200 mg/kg); Group IV, BPA-exposed (oral 400 μg/kg body weight); Group V, BPA + NS-exposed mice. Animals were treated for 6 weeks and sacrificed for biochemical and histological examination.
Results
The results indicated that BPA exposure results in significant testis and sperm abnormalities. Specifically, BPA promoted a marked reduction in the body and testis compared with the control group. Histopathological findings showed that BPA caused a widespread degeneration of spermatogenic cells of the seminiferous epithelium, decreased sperm counts and motility, and augmented sperm abnormalities, and whereas little alteration to sperm DNA was observed. In addition, BPA increased the levels of the lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced the levels of the antioxidant marker, reduced glutathione (GSH). Treatment with NS oil extract during BPA exposure significantly alleviated testis and sperm abnormalities, reduced MDA levels, and enhanced GSH levels.
Conclusions
The results demonstrate that NS oil protects mice against BPA-induced sperm and testis abnormalities, likely by suppressing levels of the oxidative stress marker, MDA, and enhancing the levels of the antioxidant marker, GSH.
The study aimed to investigate the effect of some types of oils and Surfactant factors on the production of carotenoids from the yeast of Rhodotorula glutinis. The results showed that the highest carotenoids were with Tween 80 with 2056. 53 micrograms / l followed by olive oil and coconut oil with a quantity of 1956.51 and 1947.45 μg / L respectively. The lowest values were with black seed oil at 1057.75 μg / L. As for sugar consumed was the highest values with olive oil as it was 24.475 g / l and the least with castor oil at 23.9672 g / l. In terms of efficiency of production was the highest production efficiency using coconut oil with a value of 89.285 μg / g followed by the treatment containing Tween 80, amounting to 86.725 microgram / g. The lowest percentage of carotenoids to the sugar consumed was with the use of black seed oil as it was 44.322 micrograms / gram. As for biomass, the highest values of coconut oil, sunflower and sweet almond were recorded at 10.60 g / l and the lowest was with the use of black seed oil as it reached 8.60 g / l. The pH values showed a sharp decrease in all treatments. The highest level was with black seed oil 2.62 and the lowest with olive oil 2.55. The pH value of the other treatments ranged between these values.
Nigella sativa is an annual herbaceous plantthat has various pharmacological effects. In this research study, anti–microbial and anti–Alzheimer effects of aqueous and hydro–alcoholic extracts of N. sativa were evaluated. After identification of hydro–alcoholic extract compounds by GC–MS, anti–microbial activity indices including well diffusion, MIC and MBC for E. coli and S. aureus, were carried out by tube and agar dilution methods. In Anti–Alzheimer's effects of hydro–alcoholic extract of N. sativa on bovine serum albumin were examined using Congo–red spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy. Oleic acid (52.18%) followed by palmitic (19.77%) and linoleic acid (14.96%) were the major fatty acids in the extract. The amounts of MIC and MBC for both E. coli and S. aureus were 30.6 and 61 mg.ml-1 respectively in hydro–alcoholic extract. Well diffusion method showed highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with inhibition zone diameter of 22.67±0.29 mm, but aqueous extract did not any effects on bacteria. Congo–red spectrophotometry results showed that the absorbance of the protein sample (as a measure of amyloid fibril presence) was reduced by increasing the concentration of N. sativa extract and the lowest percentage of adsorption, compared to the control (extract less), was observed at the highest concentration of extract (20 μL). These results were confirmed by transmission electron microscope. The present study shows that the N. sativa seed, as a natural and valuable source, can be used for controlling the microbial infections and reducing symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Nigella sativa seeds also known as “black seeds” or “kalonji” are one of the most commonly used herbal medicines owing to its wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities. It contains a number of important bioactive constituents which are present in both fixed and essential oils. It is being used since hundreds of years for the treatment of a number of conditions as an alternative folklore medicine. Among the skin disorders, it has shown effectiveness in the treatment of both infectious as well as noninfectious diseases. Basically, the dermatological and cosmeceutical applications of N. sativa are attributed to its strong antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory potential which altogether make it a promising skincare candidate. Being one of the most studied medicinal plants, a number of in vivo and in vitro investigations have been carried out previously to establish its use in the treatment of various skin diseases. This chapter summarizes its dermatological effects in light of the recent studies published supporting its therapeutic and cosmetic applications. This chapter also covers the nanoformulations which are being designed and tested using its most active constituent, thymoquinone, along with their advantages and possible applications.
Objectives: The aim of the present study is to isolate an antifungal compound from Derris indica (Lam) Bennett seed oil with various solvents and evaluation of its antifungal activity against the clinical species of Candida. Methods: D. indica seed hexane extract was tested against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans and Candida albicans. Hexane extract was fractioned using different solvents through column chromatography (CC). Isolated compound D1 was identified and characterized using ultraviolet, Fourier-transform infrared, 1HNMR, and mass spectroscopy. In vitro evaluation of D1 carried out against 12 Candida strains. In vivo evaluation of D1 carried out against T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, and C. albicans using an excision wound healing model on male Wistar rats. Results: Different concentrations of hexane extract showed antimicrobial activity against tested microorganism with varying minimum inhibitory concentration values. On fractionation with hexane-petroleum ether through CC, it yielded a crystalline fraction. Compound D1 characterized as a 3,5-bis (4,4’’-dimethoxy-[1,1’: 2’,1’’-terphenyl]-4’-yl)-4H-pyrazole-4,4-diol. A novel alkaloid compound from D. indica is a new report and proved to be inhibitory against C. albicans MTCC 3017 (14.83±0.28), MTCC 1637 (16.0±0.0), Candida glabrata MTCC 3814 (16.83±0.28) and MTCC 3014 (16.66±0.57), Candida tropicalis MTCC 230 (20.0±0.0), MTCC 1406 (12.33±0.57). C. glabrata MTCC 3981 was found to be resistant to the compound. In vivo studies showed no visual symptoms at the end of treatment indicating the therapeutic property of the compound. Conclusion: The D1 was found to be effective against human fungal pathogens and can be used as a base molecule in designing new antifungal drugs.
Background: In recent years, the use of medicinal plants has increased due to their lower side effects and costs compared to chemical drugs and patients' adaptation to these drugs. This study was performed to investigate the antibacterial effect of aqueous and alcoholic extract of four native medicinal plants of Gilan province against the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Materials & Methods: In this study, plant species were collected from different areas of Gilan province and extraction was performed. The antibacterial effect of the extracts was investigated by the disc diffusion method. Then, using microdilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration of bacterial growth was determined.
Results and Conclusion: The results showed that chamomile alcoholic extract with the maximum average halo diameter of 14 mm showed the best effect against K. pneumoniae. The bacterium showed resistance against the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of fleawort. Also, the ethanolic extracts of nettle and chamomile plants had the best antibacterial effect at 0.39 mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration of aqueous extract of fleawort plant against Klebsiella pneumoniae was 12.5 mg/ml which was lower than other types of extracts. According to the results, these extracts can be used as antibacterial products in the pharmaceutical and food industries and in the treatment of infection symptoms.
1 () 2 (2009. 1 ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻟﺘﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ * ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ ﺼﺒﺎ ﻫﻨﺩﻱ ﺠﻤﻴل ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺏ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻱ-ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ-ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ-ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻬـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻀﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ , ﺜﻤـﺎﺭ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ Cuminum cyminum ﻭ ﺍﻷﺴـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔـل ﺒـﺫﻭﺭ Piper nigrum ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﻤﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ Salvia officinalis ﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻭﺒﺭ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻷﺒﺭﻴﺔ Pinus halipensis ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺍﺌل ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ Umbellifrae ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔﻠﻴﺔ Piperaceae ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻭﻴﺔ Labiatae ﻭﺍﻟـﺼﻨﻭﺒﺭﻴﺔ Pinaceae ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ. ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻴﻜﻭﺴﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﻓﻭﻨﻭﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎ ﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﻴﺩﺍﺕ ، ﺍﻟﻜﺤـﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻭﺃﺨﻀﻊ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ، ﻟﻜل ﺍﻻﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻀﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟ ﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﻟ ﻜﺭﺍﻡ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻤﺜل Bacillus subtilis Bacillus stearothermophilus , Bacillus cereus , ﻭ ﺍﻟ ـﺎ ﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴـ ـ ﺍﻟـ ﺴ ﺎ ـﺼﺒ ﻟـ ﻟﺒﺔ ﻐ ـﺭﺍﻡ ﻜـ ﺔ ـل ﻤﺜـ Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli Proteus mirabilus, Salmonella typhimurium,. ﺍﻷ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺒـﺎﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ. ﻟﻠﻤ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻁﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻨﻭﻋﺕ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﺘﺨﻠـﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒـﺭ ﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻱ ، ﺇﺫ ﺃﻅﻬـﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠـﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻷ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺠﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻀﺩ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭﻟﻴﺔ 80 ﻤﻠﻐـﻡ / ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻤـل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻁ ﻫﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ 0.9-0 ﻭ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﺴﻡ 1.8-0.1 ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻔـ ﺴﻡ ل ﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ 0.7-0 ﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﻡ 1.4-0 ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻭﺒﺭ ﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺴﻡ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ، ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺍﻷ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔل ﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﻜﺤﻭﻟﻲ ﺴـﺠل ﺍﻨـﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻔﺄ ﻫﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﻤ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﻀﺩ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺒﺒﻘﻴﺔ ، ﻴﻜـﻥ ﻟـﻡ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻜﺘﺭﻴﺎ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﻁﻲ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ Klebsiella pneumoniae ، * ﺠﺯﺀ ﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭل، ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ-ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ .
The present study was carried out to study the effect of extracts from some medical plants on microorganisms isolated from local soft cheese and find out if there is any possibility for eliminating these microorganisms. Local soft cheese samples are taken from local sellers in AL-Diwaniya city markets. Samples were collected, (20) specimens monthly, from November (2011) until June (2012), the total number of samples was (160). All kinds of bacteria, Molds and yeasts in these samples were detected. The following microorganisms were isolated from the cheese samples studies: coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, streptococci, fecal streptococci, salmonella, staphylococci, psychrotrophic bacteria, thermophilic bacteria, proteolytic bacteria, lipolytic bacteria, spore forming bacteria, molds and yeasts. Moreover, ecological conditions also proved influential on the number of microorganisms beings in the cheese samples studied regardless of their sources , there number in the summer months was much greater than in the winter months. Some medical plants extracts were used to detect if they have any effect on group of the isolated microorganisms included: Staphylococcus aureus ; Escherichia coli ; Streptococcus faecalis ; Bacillus sp. ; Proteus vulgaris ; Pseudomonas flourescens ; Klebsieella pneumonia ; Salmonella spp. ; Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp.
The ethanol and aquatic extracts from six medical plants were used in the study, these plants include: Trigonella foenum-graceum L., Foeniculum vulgare mill , Mentha piperita L. and Jasminum, Pimpinella anisum L., Rosa damascena mill, grandiflorum L. All the aforementioned plants had prohibiting effect on 5 kinds of the microorganisms studied with different degrees of prohibition . The ethanol extract proved more powerful than aquatic extract . It was also found out that prohibiting effect of the extract decreases with the decrease in it's concentration and differs according to the kind of bacteria and the kind of plant.
Key words: plant extracts, medicinal plants, microorganisms and local soft cheese.
This Study is implemented in Food Science Dept. / College of Agriculture \ Tikrit University, in culuded the influence of Three Plant extracts whith different concentration of Clove , Cinnamon , and Thyme on Chemical , sensory properties of youghurt which Prepared in Laboratory.
The study include many treatments (T0C0) as Control , (T1C1) Sample With 9 mg \ ml of Clover , ( T1C2) Sample with 27 mg \ ml of clove , (T1C3) Sample with 54 mg \ ml of clover , ( T2C1) Sample with 9 mg \ ml of cinnamon , ( T2C2) Sample with 27 mg \ ml of Cinnamon , (T2C3) Sample with 54 mg \ ml of cinnamon , (T3C1) sample with 9 mg \ ml of Thyme , ( T3C2) Sample with 27 mg \ ml of Thyme , (T3C3) Sample with 54 mg \ ml of thyme . The results obtained may be
Summarized as Follows :
1-There was high Significamt defferences to defferences of total solids percentages between treatments with the differences of Added extracts , the higher percentage was in treatment T1C3 while the lower percentage in treatment T3C1 after 70 days of cold storage at 4-7 c0 while the standard treatment ( T0C0 ) spoiled after 28 days of storage.
2 - There was high significant differences of fat percentage between treatments with the differences of added extracts ,the treatment ( T1C3 ) have higher fat percentage, while the treatment ( T3C2) have lower percentage after 70 days of cold storage .
3 -The results showed high signifecent defferensces in lactose percentage between treatments according to differences of added extracts.
4 -Ther was Significant defferences in protein percentage with defferu nces in concentrations of added extracts, while the standard treatment spoiled after 28 days of cold storage.
5 - About Ash,the results showed significant differences of ash percentage with the differences in concentration of added extracts and percentage of ash decreased with the progress of cold storage duration.
6 -There was significant defferences in Acid Degree Value (ADV) between treatments with differences in concentration of added extracts with the progress of storage duration in contrast with the treatments ( T2C3 , T3C1 , T3C2 , T1C3 , and T1C1 ) have higher ADV in cold storage after 70 days.
7-Ther was high significant differences in Acid Value (AV) between treatments with the defferences in concentration of added extracts .
8 -The results showed significant differences in Free Fatty Acids (FFA) Percentage between treatments with the differences in concentration of added extracts .
9 -About the in fluence of plant extracts on tyrosin Percentage which used as ameasurment of protein analysis in youghurt , we Showed mild increase in treatments in contrast with standard treatment .
10 -The results Showed mild increase in total count of micro organisms in all treatments with added extracts wasdetermined the activity of micro organism in contrast with standard treatment .
11-About the influence of cold storage and plant extracts on sensory properties of youghurt , the results showed no significant differences in appearance , body , and texture for all treatments with difference in concentration of added extracts .
12 -Finally , the results showed no significant differences in Flavour between treatment with the differences in concentration of added extracts . The results of sensory evaluation showed that kind and concentration of extract have in fluence on the flavour of youghurt , the treatment ( T3C1) gave higher value of flavour , while the treatment ( T1C3 ) gave lower value of flavour after 70 days of cold storage .
The present work focuses on the upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-early Campanian) carbonate successions in selected wells from northwestern Iraq. These successions are represented by Gir Bir (Cenomanian-early Turonian), Wajna (late Santonian) and Mushorah (early Campanian) Formations. The succession has affected by early burial near-surface, unconformity-related and deep burial diagenesis represented by cementation, neomorphism, dolomitization, dedolomitization, silicification, authigenesis of glauconite and pyrite, compaction, micritization, solution and porosity formation. The common porosity types are intergranular, fenestral, intercrystalline, moldic, vuggy, channel and fracture. Three porosity zones (I, II, and III) are identified depending on variation in gamma ray which reflects their shale content. The upper part of zone (II) is highly porous and regarded on the main reservoir unit in the middle and upper parts of the Gir Bir Formation. Fracture and moldic and vuggy dissolution features in addition to karstic and fissure features are responsible for the porosity increase in the fractured reservoir unit.
This Study is implemented in food science Dept.- college of Agriculture - Tikrit University , included the in fluence of Three Plant extracts which are: Clover 9 mg \ ml (T1C1) , 27 mg \ ml (T1C2),54 mg \ ml (T1C3),and Cinnamon 9 mg \ ml ( T2C1) , 27 mg \ ml ( T2C2) , 45 mg \ ml (T2C3) and Thyme 9 mg \ ml (T3C1) , 27 mg \ ml (T3C2) , 54 mg \ ml (T3C3) , on microbial and sensory properties of youghurt which prepared in Laboratory . The results obtained may be summarized as follows: There was significant differences in Acid Degree Value (ADV) between treatments with differences in concentration of added extracts with the progress of storage duration in contrast with the treatments ( T2C3 , T3C1 , T3C2 , T1C3 , and ( T1C1 ) have higher ADV in cold storage after 70 days. Ther was high significant differences in Acid Value (AV) between treatments with the differences in concentration of added extracts .The results showed significant differences in Free Fatty Acids (FFA) Percentage between treatments with the differences in concentration of added extracts .About the in fluence of plant extracts on tyrosin Percentage which used as measurement of protein analysis in youghurt the results Showed mild increase in treatments in contrast with standard treatment . There was high significant differences between Treatments according to differences in concentration of added extracts.
In this study bread and biscuit were enriched with black seed ,by adding either whole seed or seed flour in the ratio of 2.5 g and 5g to the standard mix of those products . Studying of the chemical analysis for these products ( Bread and Biscuit ) shows un increase ratio of fiber , ash , protein and lipid while the percentage of moisture and carbohydrate were lower in all treatment when comparing with the standard . In addition , results from sensory evaluation for bread were effected by adding of the black seed. So , It can be suggested that we could add 2.5 gm of whole black seed to the bread mix and still have great acceptability for consumer .Moreover , Biscuit sensory evaluation showed some changes in spread factors with some crackers in the upper face of black seed .There was very good acceptability which is range between ( 6.8 – 7 degree ) from 10 for biscuit sample with 5 gm black seed addition .
Napkin dermatitis is common disease affected neonates. The disease arises from irritation, bacterial and fungal infection and other skin diseases. The aim of the present study is to extract a polar oil from the seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and investigate its antimicrobial activity, using agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Candida albicans; also, determination of the presence of Zinc in the extract using flame atomic absorption technique and to assess clinical advantage of the extract prepared within selected formula in treating Napkin dermatitis. The results showed distinct interest in terms of effectiveness of the extract on growth inhibition of all microorganisms at different concentrations, Where Staphylococcus aureus shown the highest rate followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus. Epidermidis at concentrations of 1:1 and 1:2, while Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Candida albicans expressed sensitivity at 1:1 concentration. Also the extract includes a high percentage of zinc, which is essential in the composition of the skin cells. Therefore, the present study proved useful therapeutic results impressive when used the extract topically to treat pediatric diaper rashes.
Background: Haemophilia is a common hereditary hemorrhagic disorder, however little is known about the oral
microflora of hemophilic patients.
The purpose of this research is to compare between the viable count of Streptococcus mutans, oral Lactobacilli and
Candida albicans from saliva of children suffering from haemophilia A aged (6-12) years and theviable count of the
samemicroorganisms isolated from saliva of healthy subject (healthy supject group) aged (6-12) years.
Materials and methods: - Saliva samples were collected from 30 children with severe Haemophilia A (patients group
and 30 healthy children (healthy subject group). Microbial counts of Streptococcus mutans, oral Lactobacilli and
Candida albicans were recorded for each group by using colony counter and expressed as colony forming unit
multiplied by thedilution factorper millimeter saliva (CFU/ml).
Results:- The present study observed that the viable count of Streptococcus mutans and oral Lactobacilli in patient
group was higher than the count of the healthy subject group while no significant differences were observed
between the viablecount of Candida albicans in patients group and healthy subject group.
Conclusion:- education,preventionand effort amongparentsand dentalprofessionalscan aid in improving the oral
health of Haemophilia children.
Key words: Haemophilia,Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli, Candida albicans. (J Bagh Coll Dentistry
2012;24(3):149-153).
ABSTRAK Biji Nigella sativa telah banyak diketahui khasiat farmakologisnya. Salah satu aktivitas farmakologis senyawa N. sativa adalah sebagai antimikroba. Untuk itu penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba N. sativa terhadap flora normal saluran pencernakan manusia agar diketahui dosis terapi yang tepat dan tidak membahayakan keseimbangan flora normal saluran pencernakan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan secara in vitro dan in vivo. Pengujian in vitro aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak biji N. sativa terhadap strain bakteri probiotik usus dilakukan dengan uji difusi cakram dengan perlakuan pemberian ekstrak N. sativa fraksi n-heksan, etil asetat dan etanol konsentrasi 500 mg/ml; 250 mg/ml; 125 mg/ml; 62,5 mg/ml; 31,25 mg/ml; 15,625 mg/ml. Pengujian secara in vivo dilakukan dengan mencit dengan pemberian kombinasi antibiotik sefadroxil 1,3mg/20g BB mencit dan adjuvan berupa ekstrak N. sativa 1,3mg/20g BB, 2,6 mg/20g BB, dan 3,9mg/20g BB mencit. Hasil pengujian in vitro ekstrak biji N. sativa fraksi n-heksan memiliki potensi antimikroba tertinggi disusul kemudian fraksi etil asetat dan etanol. Daya antimikroba ekstrak biji N. sativa fraksi n-heksan muncul pada konsentrasi 15,63 mg/ml dan semakin kuat pada konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi. Secara in vivo didapatkan hasil dosis adjuvant ekstrak biji N. sativa 3,9 mg/20g BB memunculkan aktivitas antimikroba pada bakteri probiotik sebagai bagian flora normal di saluran cerna mencit. Kata kunci : N. sativa, antimikroba, bakteri probiotik, in vivo, in vitro ABSTRACT Nigella sativa has a lot of pharmacological activities. One of those is the broad range antimicrobial activity. The aims of this research are to find out the antimicrobial activity against probiotic bacteria as normal flora in gastrointestinal track (GIT), in order to determine the apropriate dose which not harm for GIT normal flora. This research was conducted by in vitro and invivo assay. In vitro assay for antimicrobial acitivity using disc diffusion method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fraction of N. sativa extract. The concentration of each fraction were varied into 500 mg/ml; 250 mg/ml; 125 mg/ml; 62.5 mg/ml, 31.25 mg/ml, 15.625 mg/ml, respectively. In vivo assay using mice (Mus musculus) to analyze the difference of the probiotic bacteria viability in the GIT of treated mice and in that of control mice. N. sativa extract at dose of 1.3 mg/20gBW, 2.6 mg/20gBW, and 3.9 mg/20gBW were used as adjuvant with sefadroxil 1,3 mg/20 g BB. The result showed that the n-hexane extract possessing the highest potency as antimicrobial against probiotic bacteria, wich the minimum inhibitory concentration was
Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced gastric lesion, is known to be linked with free radical (FR) formation. Therefore, this model was used to assess the antioxidant effects of Nigella sativa oil (N.O) and thymoquinone (TQ) on gastric mucosal redox state and gastric lesions, 1 and 24 h after reperfusion. Male Wistar rats were subjected to I/R and were injected with either N.O (2.5 and 5 ml/kg, p.o) or TQ (5, 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o). The results showed that I/R elevated the levels of lipid peroxide (LPX) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), while decreased those of reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). These biochemical changes were accompanied by an increase in the formation of gastric lesions, which was reduced by either treatment. N.O tended to normalize the level of LDH, GSH and SOD. However, its effect to restore LPX was only seen 24 h after reperfusion. Moreover, the aforementioned parameters were nearly reinstated by TQ. On the other hand, high doses of TQ (50 and 100 mg/kg) severely reduced the GSH content, 1 h after reperfusion. These results indicate that both N.O and TQ possess gastroprotective effect against gastric lesions which may be related to the conservation of the gastric mucosal redox state.
Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is a potent nephrotoxic agent. In this paper, we report the chemopreventive effect of Nigella sativa (black cumin) on KBrO3-mediated renal oxidative stress, toxicity and tumor promotion response in rats. KBrO3 (125 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) enhances lipid peroxidation, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, hydrogen peroxide and xanthine oxidase with reduction in the activities of renal antioxidant enzymes and renal glutathione content. A marked increase in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine has also been observed. KBrO3 treatment also enhances ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and [3H] thymidine incorporation into renal DNA. Prophylaxis of rats orally with Nigella sativa extract (50 mg/kg body weight and 100 mg/kg body weight) resulted in a significant decrease in renal microsomal lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (P < 0.001), H2O2 (P < 0.001) and xanthine oxidase (P < 0.05). There was significant recovery of renal glutathione content (P < 0.01) and antioxidant enzymes (P < 0.001). There was also reversal in the enhancement of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, renal ODC activity and DNA synthesis (P < 0.001). Data suggest that Nigella sativa is a potent chemopreventive agent and may suppress KBrO3-mediated renal oxidative stress, toxicity and tumour promotion response in rats.
It has been reported that Nigella sativa oil possesses hepatoprotective effects in some models of liver toxicity. However, it is N. sativa seeds that are used in the treatment of liver ailments in folk medicine rather than its oil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the aqueous suspension of N. sativa on carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced liver damage. Aqueous suspension of the seeds was given orally at two dose levels (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) for five days. CCL4 (250 microl/kg intraperitoneally / day in olive oil) was given to the experimental group on days 4 and 5, while the control group was only treated with the vehicles. Animals treated with CCL4 showed remarkable centrilobular fatty changes and moderate inflammatory infiltrate in the form of neutrophil and mononuclear cells when compared to the controls. This effect was significantly decreased in animals pretreated with N. sativa. Histopathological or biochemical changes were not evident following administration of N. sativa alone. Serum levels of aspartic transaminase (AST), and L-alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were slightly decreased while lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly increased in animals treated with CCL4 when compared to the control group. LDH was restored to normal but ALT and AST levels were increased in animals pretreated with N. sativa. In conclusion, N. sativa seeds appeared to be safe and possibly protective against CCL4-induced hepatotoxicity. However, further studies may still be needed prior to supporting its use in folk medicine for hepatic diseases.
In previous studies, the relaxant, anticholinergic (functional antagonism) and antihistaminic effects of Nigella sativa have been demonstrated on guinea pig tracheal chains. To elucidate the other mechanisms responsible for the relaxant effect of this plant, its inhibitory effect on the calcium channel was examined in this study.
The inhibitory effects of both concentrations of diltiazem in all three groups of experiments were significantly greater than those of saline (p < 0.01 to P < 0.001). The inhibitory of two larger concentrations of aqueous extracts in group 1 and 2 were significantly greater than those of saline (p < 0.01 to P < 0.001). The effect of two larger concentrations of macerated extract in group 1 and all concentrations of this extract in group 2 were also significantly greater than those of saline (p < 0.01 to P < 0.001). However, the extract of Nigella sativa did not show any inhibitory effect in group 3. There was a significant correlation between inhibitory effect and increasing concentrations for both extracts and diltiazem in groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.005).
Although the extracts of Nigella sativa showed inhibitory effects on pre-contracted tracheal chains in the presence of both ordinary and calcium free Krebs solution, the absence of inhibitory effects of the extracts on KCl induced contraction of tracheal chains suggest that the calcium channel blocking effect of this plant dose not contribute to the relaxant effect of this plant on the tracheal chains of guinea pigs.
The essential oil of black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa L., was tested for a possible antioxidant activity. A rapid evaluation for antioxidants, using two TLC screening methods, showed that thymoquinone and the components carvacrol, t-anethole and 4-terpineol demonstrated respectable radical scavenging property. These four constituents and the essential oil possessed variable antioxidant activity when tested in the diphenylpicrylhydracyl assay for non-specific hydrogen atom or electron donating activity. They were also effective ·OH radical scavenging agents in the assay for non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation in liposomes and the deoxyribose degradation assay.
This study was designed to investigate the effects Nigella sativa L. (NS) and Urtica dioica L. (UD) on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme systems and some liver enzymes in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated rats. A total of 60 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were utilized in this study. The rats were randomly allotted into one of four experimental groups: A (CCl4-only treated), B (CCl4 + UD treated), C (CCl4 + NS treated) and D (CCl4 + UD + NS treated), each containing 15 animals. All groups received CCl4 [0.8 ml/kg of body weight, subcutaneously, twice a week for 90 days starting day 1]. In addition, B, C and D groups also received daily intraperitoneal injections of 0.2 ml/kg NS or/and 2 ml/kg UD oils for 45 days starting day 46. Group A, on the other hand, received only 2 ml/kg normal saline solution for 45 days starting day 46. Blood samples for the biochemical analysis were taken by cardiac puncture from five randomly chosen rats in each treatment group at beginning, at 45th and at 90th day of the experiment. The CCl4 treatment for 45 days increased the lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes, and also decreased the antioxidant enzyme levels. NS or UD treatments (alone or combination) for 45 days starting day 46 decreased the elevated lipid peroxidation and liver enzyme levels and also increased the reduced antioxidant enzyme levels. Live weights of the rats decreased in group A, and increased in groups B, C and D. It is concluded that NS and UD decrease the lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes, and increase the antioxidant defence system activity in the CCl4-treated rats.
Filter paper discs impregnated with the diethyl ether extract of Nigella sativa seeds (25-400 micrograms extract/disc) caused concentration-dependent inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria represented by Staphylococcus aureus. Gram-negative bacteria represented by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (but not Salmonella typhimurium) and a pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. The extract showed antibacterial synergism with streptomycin and gentamicin and showed additive antibacterial action with spectinomycin, erythromycin, tobramycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, lincomycin and sulphamethoxyzole-trimethoprim combination. The extract successfully eradicated a non-fatal subcutaneous staphylococcal infection in mice when injected at the site of infection.
A crude gum, a fixed oil and two purified components of Nigella sativa seed, thymoquinone (TQ) and dithymoquinone (DIM), were assayed in vitro for their cytotoxicity for several parental and multi-drug resistant (MDR) human tumor cell lines. Although as much as 1% w/v of the gum or oil was devoid of cytotoxicity, both TQ and DIM were cytotoxic for all of the tested cell lines (IC50's 78 to 393 microM). Both the parental cell lines and their corresponding MDR variants, over 10-fold more resistant to the standard antineoplastic agents doxorubicin (DOX) and etoposide (ETP), as compared to their respective parental controls, were equally sensitive to TQ and DIM. The inclusion of the competitive MDR modulator quinine in the assay reversed MDR Dx-5 cell resistance to DOX and ETP by 6- to 16-fold, but had no effect on the cytotoxicity of TQ or DIM. Quinine also increased MDR Dx-5 cell accumulation of the P-glycoprotein substrate 3H-taxol in a dose-dependent manner. However, neither TQ nor DIM significantly altered cellular accumulation of 3H-taxol. The inclusion of 0.5% v/v of the radical scavenger DMSO in the assay reduced the cytotoxicity of DOX by as much as 39%, but did not affect that of TQ or DIM. These studies suggest that TQ and DIM, which are cytotoxic for several types of human tumor cells, may not be MDR substrates, and that radical generation may not be critical to their cytotoxic activity.
The present work was done to investigate the possible effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on gastric secretion and ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. Thirty two adult male rats were used in this study (four groups) and several parameters were determined to assess any degree of protection. It was found that the administration of NSO in rats produced a significant increase in mucin content and glutathione level and a significant decrease in mucosal histamine content. Ethanol administration produced a 100% ulcer induction with an ulcer score of 12.62+/-1.35 (mean+/-S.E., n=8). It caused a significant reduction in free acidity and glutathione level while it produced a significant increase in mucosal histamine content. When animals were pretreated with NSO before induction of ulcer, there was a significant increase in glutathione level, mucin content and free acidity and a significant decrease in gastric mucosal histamine content with a protection ratio of 53.56% as compared to the ethanol group. It can be concluded that NSO imparted a protective action against ethanol induced ulcer in rats.
Different crude extracts of Nigella sativa were tested for antimicrobial effectiveness against different bacterial isolates. These isolates comprised 16 gramnegative and 6 grampositive representatives. They showed multiple resistance against antibiotics, specially the gramnegative ones. Crude extracts of Nigella saliva showed a promising effect against some of the test organisms. The most effective extracts were the crude alkaloid and water extracts. Gramnegative isolates were affected more than the grampositive ones.
Nigella sativa L.-Öl schützt gegen induzierte Lebertoxizität und verbessert das Lipidprofil bei Ratten
Die Wirkungen einer vierwöchigen Einnahme von Nigella sativa L. (NS)-Öl auf verschiedene Leberparameter sowie auf D-Galaktosamin- und Tetrachlorkohlenstoffinduzierte Lebertoxizität wurden an männlichen Albinoratten untersucht. In einer weiteren Versuchsreihe wurde der Einfluß des Öls auf das Serumlipidprofil spontan hypertensiver Ratten (Stamm mit Schlaganfallneigung) und von Wistar-Kyoto-Ratten ermittelt. Die Studie zeigte, daß tägliche Verabreichung des Öls (800 mg/kg oral während 4 Wochen) per se bei normalen Albinoratten keine negative Wirkung auf die Serumtransaminasen (ALT und AST), alkaline Phosphatase, das Serumbilirubin und die Prothrombinaktivität hatte. Wurde das Öl 4 Wochen vor Induktion der Lebertoxizität mit D-Galaktosamin oder Tetrachlorkohlenstoff verabreicht, schützt es vollständig gegen D-Galaktosamin- sowie teilweise gegen Tetrachlorkohlenstoff-induzierte Lebertoxizität.
NS-Öl hatte eine günstige Wirkung auf das Serumlipidmuster, wobei die Verabreichung des Öls (800 mg/kg oral während 4 Wochen) eine signifikante Abnahme von Serumgesamtcholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein, Triglyzeriden sowie eine signifikante Erhöhung des Serumspiegels von High Density Lipoprotein bewirkte.
The seeds of Nigella sativa locally known as "Kalonji" has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of diseases including diarrhoea and asthma. The crude extract of N. sativa seeds (Ns.Cr) was studied in vitro for its possible spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities to rationalize the folkloric uses.
Isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig tracheal preparations were set up in Tyrode's and Kreb's solutions respectively and aerated with 5% CO2 in oxygen. Isotonic and isometric responses were measured on Bioscience oscillograph and Grass polygraph respectively.
The Ns.Cr caused a dose-dependent (0.1-3.0 mg/ml) relaxation of spontaneous contractions in rabbit jejunum. Ns.Cr also inhibited K(+)-induced contractions in a similar dose range, suggestive of calcium channel blockade (CCB). This effect was confirmed when pretreatment of the tissue with Ns.Cr, produced a dose-dependent shift in the Ca++ dose-response curves to the right similar to that of verapamil, a standard calcium channel blocker. In guinea-pig trachea, it caused relaxation of carbachol-, histamine- or K(+)-induced contractions indicating CCB. Activity-directed fractionation revealed that the CCB activity is concentrated in the petroleum ether fraction, which was found to be approximately 10 times more potent than the crude extract both in jejunum and tracheal preparations.
These data indicate that the crude extract of Nigella sativa seeds exhibits spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities mediated possibly through calcium channel blockade and this activity is concentrated in the organic fraction. Its usefulness for diarrhoea and asthma in traditional medicine, appears thus to be based on a sound mechanistic background.
A plant mixture containing extracts of Nigella sativa possesses blood glucose lowering effects, but the direct antidiabetic effect of Nigella sativa is not yet established. Therefore, the effect of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on blood glucose concentrations was studied in streptozotocin diabetic rats. In addition, the effect of NSO, nigellone and thymoquinone were studied on insulin secretion of isolated rat pancreatic islets in the presence of 3, 5.6 or 11.1 mM glucose. NSO significantly lowered blood glucose concentrations in diabetic rats after 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The blood lowering effect of NSO was, however, not paralleled by a stimulation of insulin release in the presence of NSO, nigellone or thymoquinone. The data indicate that the hypoglycemic effect of NSO may be mediated by extrapancreatic actions rather than by stimulated insulin release.
The present study was designed to investigate the possible insulinotropic properties of Nigella sativa L. (N. sativa) oil in Streptozotocin plus Nicotinamide-induced diabetes mellitus in hamsters. Nicotinamide was injected intraperitoneally 15min before injection of Streptozotocin intravenously. Oral treatment with N. sativa oil began 4 weeks after induction of diabetes. Serum insulin was measured by enzymeimmunoassay. Islets insulin was stained using anti-insulin monoclonal antibody. Significant decrease in blood glucose level together with significant increase in serum insulin level were observed after treatment with N. sativa oil for 4 weeks. Big areas with positive immuno-reactivity for the presence of insulin were observed in the pancreases from N. sativa oil-treated group compared to non-treated one using immunohistochemical staining. Therefore, our data show that the hypoglycemic effect of N. sativa oil in Streptozotocin plus Nicotinamide diabetic hamsters resulted, at least partly, from a stimulatory effect on beta cell function with consequent increase in serum insulin level. These results indicate that N. sativa oil has insulinotropic properties in type 2-like model.
The effect of an aqueous extract of Nigella sativa seeds was studied on candidiasis in mice. An intravenous inoculum of Candida albicans produced colonies of the organism in the liver, spleen and kidneys. Treatment of mice with the plant extract (6.6 mL/kg equivalent to 5 mg of estimated protein, once daily for 3 days) 24 h after the inoculation caused a considerable inhibitory effect on the growth of the organism in all organs studied. A 5-fold decrease in Candida in kidneys, 8-fold in liver and 11-fold in spleen was observed in the groups of animals post-treated with the plant extract. Histopathological examination of the respective organs confirmed these findings. These results indicate that the aqueous extract of Nigella sativa seeds exhibits inhibitory effect against candidiasis and this study validates the traditional use of the plant in fungal infections.
The steam-distilled essential oil of Iranian black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) was investigated for its composition and analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. After oil analysis by GC/MS, 20 compounds were identified in the oil, obtained in 0.4% (v/w) yield. Among them, para-cymene (37.3%) and thymoquinone (13.7%) were the major components. Acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and light tail flick tests were used for assessment of analgesic activity. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats and croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice. Black cumin seed essential oil (BCSEO) was found to produce a significant analgesic effect in acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and light tail flick tests. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, could not reverse the analgesic effect observed in the formalin test. Although oral administration of BCSEO at doses of 100, 200 and 400 micro L/kg did not exert a significant antiinflammatory effect in the carrageenan test, i.p. injection of the same doses significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema. BCSEO at doses of 10 and 20 micro L/ear could also reduce croton oil-induced oedema. It seems that mechanism(s) other than opioid receptors is (are) involved in the analgesic effect of BCSEO since naloxone could not reverse this effect. Both systemic and local administration of BCSEO showed antiinflammatory activity. Thymoquinone, as one of the major components of BCSEO, probably has an important role in these pharmacological effects.
A review of medicinal uses and pharmacological activities of Nigella sativa
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- Mau Khan
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