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Microfibres, microfilaments & their applications
Abstract
This article is a review which concerns microfibres, their classification, manufacturing methods, different fibre forms, general properties as well as their various applications. A brief attitude is presented related to economical problems and future prospects.
... From the above summary, it is evident that insulating materials are particularly useful in polymeric fibers, whether derived from natural or synthetic polymers. [82]. ...
... By regenerated cellulose fibers it is pure cellulose, and therefore its properties are similar to natural cellulose fibers. This category includes viscose, cupro-ammoniacal and lyocell fibers [82]. ...
... It leaves a fine, gray ash. Among the advantages of the use of viscose fibers include in particular the very favorable price (less expensive than cotton 2x and 4x cheaper than sheep wool), but the production process is environmentally unsustainable. 1 ton of viscose fibers consumes approximately 6 m3 of timber and two tons of chemicals [82]. ...
The growing demand for building materials requires the development of environmentally friendly materials with excellent use properties and reasonable prices. One of the major objectives of materials research in the construction industry is the use of renewable resources from waste materials from industries for the development of new building materials. The current trend of thermal insulation of buildings has resulted in the development of materials for insulation based on renewable resources of agriculture. This article describes the research and development of insulation materials based on natural fibres of agricultural origin; in particular, guadua fibres, sugar cane, hemp, flax and jute.
... From the above summary, it is evident that insulating materials are particularly useful in polymeric fibers, whether derived from natural or synthetic polymers. [82]. ...
... By regenerated cellulose fibers it is pure cellulose, and therefore its properties are similar to natural cellulose fibers. This category includes viscose, cupro-ammoniacal and lyocell fibers [82]. ...
... It leaves a fine, gray ash. Among the advantages of the use of viscose fibers include in particular the very favorable price (less expensive than cotton 2x and 4x cheaper than sheep wool), but the production process is environmentally unsustainable. 1 ton of viscose fibers consumes approximately 6 m3 of timber and two tons of chemicals [82]. ...
The growing demand for building materials requires the development of environmentally friendly materials with excellent use properties and reasonable prices. One of the major objectives of materials research in the construction industry is the use of renewable resources from waste materials from industries for the development of new building materials. The current trend of thermal insulation of buildings has resulted in the development of materials for insulation based on renewable resources of agriculture. This article describes the research and development of insulation materials based on natural fibres of agricultural origin; in particular, guadua fibres, sugar cane, hemp, flax and jute.
... A microfiber is a fiber or a filament of linear density approximately 1 dtex (0.9 denier) or less [41][42][43][44][45][46]. The relationship between fiber classification and fiber linear density is illustrated in Table I. ...
... Micro denier fibers have excellent flexibility, improved regularity, higher elongation, better softness, drape, dimensional stability and wicking, thus ensuring better mechanical and comfort properties [42,43]. They are also relatively strong and durable in relation to other fabrics of similar weight, and they are more breathable and more comfortable to wear [46]. This study considers false twist textured polyester filament yarns with different filament fineness at the same linear density. ...
... Relationships between fiber linear density and classification[46]. ...
In the textile industry, composite yarns with multifilament cores are used to impart strength. There are various spinning systems to produce composite core-spun yarns. In this study, to determine the effects of filament fineness on yarn characteristics of composite yarns, polyester filaments with medium, fine and micro fiber linear densities were used as the core portion and cotton fiber was used as the sheath material. Yarn samples were manufactured using a modified ring spinning system with four different yarn counts and constant twist factor (a e ). The effect of filament linear density on yarn tensile properties, unevenness and imperfections was determined. Yarn evenness and tensile properties were compared with 100% cotton ring spun yarn and to each other. When relative amount of core increases, it was observed that composite yarns had improved tenacity and elongation compared to 100% cotton ring spun yarn. Although filament fineness was found to have a significant effect on the CVm % properties, there was no statistical effect on imperfections other than yarn count parameter.
... From the above summary, it is evident that insulating materials are particularly useful in polymeric fibers, whether derived from natural or synthetic polymers. [82]. ...
... By regenerated cellulose fibers it is pure cellulose, and therefore its properties are similar to natural cellulose fibers. This category includes viscose, cupro-ammoniacal and lyocell fibers [82]. ...
... It leaves a fine, gray ash. Among the advantages of the use of viscose fibers include in particular the very favorable price (less expensive than cotton 2x and 4x cheaper than sheep wool), but the production process is environmentally unsustainable. 1 ton of viscose fibers consumes approximately 6 m3 of timber and two tons of chemicals [82]. ...
... Until today, there is no exact definition for microfibers. But common opinion is defining a fiber finer than 1 dtex or 1 denier as microfiber (Leadbetter & Dervan, 1992;Bianchi & Maglione, 1993;Purane & Panigrahi, 2007;Basu, 2001;Mukhopadhyay, 2002;Falkai, 1991;Rupp & Yonenaga, 2000). 1 dtex polyester fiber has a fiber diameter of approximately 10 µm (Falkai, 1991). On the other hand, nanotechnology refers to the science and engineering concerning materials, structures and devices which at least one of the dimensions is 100 nanometers (0.1 µm) or less (Ramakrishna, et al., 2005). ...
... Potentially, any man-made fiber could be made into a microfiber (Smith, n.d.). Microfibers are most commonly found in polyester and nylon (Smith, n.d.;Purane & Panigrahi, 2007;Anonymous, 2000). Trevira Finesse, Fortrel Microspun, DuPont Micromattique and Shingosen are all trade names for various polyester microfibers, whereas Supplex Microfibre, Tactel Micro and Silky Touch are some of the trade names for nylon microfibers (Mukhopadhyay & Ramakrishnan, 2008). ...
... This has given polyester an economic advantage in apparel and sportswear markets (Anonymous, 2000). However, micro-denier versions of rayon, acrylic and polypropylene products are available to consumers (Purane & Panigrahi, 2007;Smith, 2011;Anonymous, 2000). Microfibers can be used alone or blended with conventional denier man-made fibers as well as with natural fibers such as cotton, wool, viscose and silk (Smith, n.d.;Anonymous, 2000). ...
... Seam's thickness, bulkiness and tightness affect garment thermal comfort properties [5]. Seam consists of multilayers, which limit the heat and moisture transfer in and around the seams and thereby affect thermal properties of clothing [6]. ...
... In this research, a modified sewing thread is made of textured micro-denier polyester yarns with different fineness: from medium fine to micro fibres. A staple micro fibre or filament has the linear density of approximately 1 denier or less [5]. ...
This work aims to investigate the thermal comfort behaviour of polyester seamed fabric regarding the change in sewing thread filaments fineness for two different seam classes: seam 514 and seam 607. Five seamed fabric samples were constructed with using micro-denier polyester filament of 16.66 tex made of five different filament numbers (38, 48, 108, 144 and 288). It was noticed that the seam thermal properties, air and water vapour permeability, and wicking can be improved if the seam is constructed with using the micro-denier polyester sewing thread. It was also found that the investigated properties increase with the increase in the sewing thread filament fineness on the seam line. The statistical results have also shown that the sewing thread filament fineness is significantly affecting thermal behaviour of the seamed fabric.
... In particular, microfibers are classes of very fine fibers possessing a diameter of not more than 10 μm [7]. Due to their large surface area and extra-fine structure, microfibers possess more outstanding properties than their ordinary fiber counterparts [8]. Microfibers can be generated from natural sources such as cellulose, cotton, silk, flax, and animal wool. ...
... However, the fabrication of microfibers from natural sources requires extra steps for isolation and purification due to the presence of other biological components available in these raw materials. In this regard, microfiber fabrication using synthetic polymeric materials such as polystyrene has become a convenient option due to its purity and availability [7,8]. ...
A straightforward approach to recycle waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam to produce polystyrene (PS) microfibers using the improvised centrifugal spinning technique is demonstrated in this work. A typical benchtop centrifuge was improvised and used as a centrifugal spinning device. The obtained PS microfibers were characterized for their potential application for oil adsorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed similarity on the transmission bands of EPS foam and PS microfibers suggesting the preservation of the EPS foam’s chemical composition after the centrifugal spinning process. Scanning electron microscopy displayed well-defined fibers with an average diameter of 3.14 ± 0.59 μm. At the same time, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the presence of carbon and oxygen as the primary components of the fibers. Contact angle (θCA) measurements showed the more enhanced hydrophobicity of the PS microfiber (θCA = 100.2 ± 1.3°) compared to the untreated EPS foam (θCA = 92.9 ± 3.5°). The PS microfiber also displayed better oleophilicity compared to EPS foam. Finally, the fabricated PS microfibers demonstrated promising potential for oil removal in water with a calculated sorption capacity value of about 15.5 g/g even at a very short contact time. The fabricated PS fiber from the waste EPS foam may provide valuable insights into the valorization of polymeric waste materials for environmental and other related applications.
... Therefore, modified ring spinning method, which is most commercially used in practice, is used to manufacture core-spun yarn, which consists of introducing drawn (false twist) textured polyester filament yarns with different filament fineness (medium, fine and micro) to the spinning process. When microfilaments are textured, special characteristics such as softness, high bulk etc. will be imparted [24]. False twist texturing process is the most applicable texturing process for microfilaments [24][25][26]. ...
... When microfilaments are textured, special characteristics such as softness, high bulk etc. will be imparted [24]. False twist texturing process is the most applicable texturing process for microfilaments [24][25][26]. So, the commonly used false twist textured polyester filaments with medium, fine, and microfineness were selected. ...
Yarn residual torque or twist liveliness occurs when the twist is imparted to spin the fibers during yarn formation. It causes yarn snarling, which is an undesirable property and can lead the problems for further processes such as weaving and knitting. It affects the spirality of knitted fabrics and skewness of woven fabrics. Generally, yarn residual torque depends on yarn twist, yarn linear density, and fiber properties used. Composite yarns are widely produced to exploit two yarns with different properties such on optimum way at the same time and these yarns can be produced by wrapping sheath fibers around filament core fiber with a certain twist. In this study, the effect of filament fineness used as core component of composite yarn on residual torque was analyzed. Thus, the false twist textured polyester filament yarns with different filament fineness were used to produce composite yarns with different yarn count. The variance analysis was performed to determine the significance of twist liveliness of filament yarns and yarn count on yarn twist liveliness. Results showed that there is a statistically significant differences at significance level of α=0.05 between filament fineness and yarn residual torque of composite yarns.
... The growing demand to enhance the fiber properties and to create more sophisticated up-to-date application fields for textile materials leads to the rapid growth of microfibers technology. Microfibers are half the diameter of a fine silk fiber, one-third the diameter of cotton, one-quarter the diameter of fine wool, and one hundred times finer than human hair (Purane, Panigrahi, 2007). In order to be classified as a microfiber, the fiber fineness must be 1 dtex or less (Purane, Panigrahi, 2007). ...
... Microfibers are half the diameter of a fine silk fiber, one-third the diameter of cotton, one-quarter the diameter of fine wool, and one hundred times finer than human hair (Purane, Panigrahi, 2007). In order to be classified as a microfiber, the fiber fineness must be 1 dtex or less (Purane, Panigrahi, 2007). Fabrics produced from microfibers are generally lightweight, resistant-wrinkle, shape retaining, and pilling resistant. ...
... Bicomponent techniques in which the fibers are either caused to break apart or one of the two components is dissolved or melted away may create microfibers [14]. In this case, the polymers must be incompatible, and their adhesiveness should be weak [4]. It has long been recognized that these methods are capable of generating much smaller fibers than with homopolymer techniques. ...
Bi-component fibers are fibers that in a single fiber consist of two distinct raw material components. It is made by simultaneously spinning two compositions in each capillary of the spinneret. Core-sheath (C/S), side-by-side (S/S), segmented-pie (orange) and islands in-the-sea (I/S) are the most common types of bico fibers. The growing demand for non-woven fabrics is one of the growth drivers of the global bi-component fiber industry. In addition, bico fibers are also used in the manufacture of bulky goods, microfiber fabrics, advanced textiles, etc. Various types of commercial bico fibers as well as bico fiber fabrics are manufactured by many companies around the world. However, different aspects of bico fibers, their suitability in various fields of application, and some commercially available bico fibers are briefly reviewed in this paper.
... Then, the woven or knitted fabric is produced by using the mentioned filament yarn. The fabric produced from the bicomponent filament yarn is treated to chemical treatment which is known as the splitting process to split the two polymer components apart (Falkai, 1991;Kaynak & Babaarslan, 2012;Leadbetter & Dervan, 1992;Mukhopadhyay, 2002;Purane & Panigrahi, 2007). As a result of the splitting process, filaments split into a high number of microfilaments forming a voluminous and compact structure . ...
In this study, splittable microfilament yarn is implemented as pile yarn for machine woven carpet. Firstly, the optimum process parameters of splittable microfilament yarns were determined in particular to carpet pile usage. Then, the cut and loop pile carpet samples were produced with the same production parameters. The half of the carpet samples were treated to the splitting process in order to obtain microfilament pile yarns. In doing so, loop and cut pile woven carpet samples with microfilament and conventional filament pile yarns were obtained. Then, the carpet performance properties were investigated for microfilament pile carpets in comparison to conventional filament ones. For this aim, thickness loss after static and dynamic loading, compression recovery, pile withdrawal force, appearance retention and soiling properties of the samples were tested. Consequently, it is seen that thickness loss after static and dynamic loading can be decreased by using microfilament pile yarns. Regarding the compression recovery, it is observed that the microfilament piles provided a very compact structure which causes lower compression recovery in comparison to conventional pile structure. Also, pile withdrawal force is increased for both cut and loop pile carpets as a result of using microfilament pile yarn whereas soiling and appearance retention properties have no considerable changes.
... Consequently, the as-spun fibers were applied in the field of adsorptive materials, sound-absorbing materials, or leather. Once the island components were dissolved to obtain porous hollow fibers, then the sea components could be microfined by expansion to increase the heat preservation of fabrics (71)(72)(73)(74)(75)(76)(77)(78). ...
Recently, bicomponent fibers have been attracting much attention due to their unique structural characteristics and properties. A common concern was how to characterize a bicomponent fiber. In this review, we generally summarized the classification, structural characteristics, preparation methods of the bicomponent fibers, and focused on the experimental evidence for the identification of bicomponent fibers. Finally, the main challenges and future perspectives of bicomponent fibers and their characterization are provided. We hope that this review will provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the design and characterization of bicomponent fibers.
... The core-sheath approach enables a variety of surfaces while maintaining major fiber and textile properties, because most thermoplastic polymers can be applied as a sheath over a core that provides the requested tensile strength [20]. Core-sheath types are predominately used as binder fibers for nonwovens, with a standard polymer as core and a low softening-point polymer as sheath [11,[21][22][23][24]. When applied in nonwoven production, the core-sheath fibers are heated to a temperature high enough to cause the sheath to soften, and consequently they will adhere to one another and stabilize the fabric [25,26]. ...
In the development of innovative textiles, product enhancements on the fiber level are most effective. With bicomponent melt spinning, several functionalities can be combined in one fiber, thus expanding the array of possible fiber performance characteristics. A bicomponent fiber is spun from two or more polymers extruded from one spinneret to form a single fiber. Typical bicomponent cross sections are core–sheath, side‐by‐side, and multiple core configurations. Core–sheath types are commonly used as binder fibers for nonwovens, side‐by‐side to design self‐crimping yarns, and multiple cores to produce microfibers. In addition to the high controllability of cross‐sectional configuration of fibers, bicomponent melt spinning also enables controlling the structure development of individual components. However, when two polymer melts meet in a die and flow with a common interface, all sorts of interface instabilities have to be considered. Regardless of the technological challenges, the range of products and applications of bicomponent fibers has considerably grown since their introduction in the 1960s.
... These fibres had different colours and shapes, which made it possible to identify several as man-made, yet with other sample items this was ambiguous. For example, one suggestion that the fibres are of synthetic origin is the fact that the measured diameters ranged from approximately 10 -30 µm, which is the classical order of magnitude that man-made fibres are produced to have (Sandip & Narsingh, 2007). ...
Dealing with the pollution of plastics into the environment is considered one of the major challenges of the current century. Especially microplastic pollutions are considered a significant threat to human life, especially since once these plastic particles make their way into the environment, removing them is almost impossible. Unfortunately, when researches look for microplastics in the environment, synthetic fibres are too often disregarded. This is a mistake considering that a big part of human clothing consists purely of synthetic fibres, meaning they are omnipresent in every part of human activity and so are their emissions. This work takes a critical look at the state of the art analysis methods for microplastics in soil, water and air, with a special focus on their ability (or inability) to detect fibrous materials. A case study in the form of a critical evaluation was made to highlight common problems when detecting microplastic fibres, it focused primarily on the sampling of large water volumes. Another case study explores the difficulties of microscopy in the analysis of microplastics. Furthermore, the sources of fibre pollution and which pathways they take in the environment before the end up in the maritime system are explored. Finally, this work makes a call for the creation and enforcement of standardized methods, which would potentially solve many of the current problems.
... Until today, there is no exact definition for microfibers. But common opinion is defining a fiber finer than 1 dtex or 1 denier as microfiber (Leadbetter & Dervan, 1992;Bianchi & Maglione, 1993;Purane & Panigrahi, 2007;Basu, 2001;Mukhopadhyay, S., 2002;Falkai, 1991;Rupp & Yonenaga, 2000). 1 dtex polyester fiber has a fiber diameter of approximately 10 μm (Falkai, 1991). On the other hand, nanotechnology refers to the science and engineering concerning materials, structures and devices which at least one of the dimensions is 100 nanometers (0.1 μm) or less (Ramakrishna, et al., 2005). ...
The aim of this research is to compare the properties of weft knitted fabrics made out of micro denier (< 1 denier) and normal denier (> 1 denier) polyester yarns and to investigate the functional properties of such fabrics to explore the use of microfibers to achieve enhanced levels of comfort for apparel use. Different knitted structures of identical parameters were produced from normal and micro denier polyester fibers. Samples were produced according to an experimental matrix containing technological variables considered significant. The fabrics were tested for functional properties, and the values were compared and discussed. Conclusions regarding the functional properties of weft knitted fabrics are drawn based on the experimental data.
... But common opinion is defining a fiber finer than 1 dtex or 1 denier as microfiber. Fabrics produced from microfilaments are superior to conventional fiber fabrics, due to their properties such as light weight, durability, waterproofness, windproofness, breathability and drapeability [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. A spontaneous transport of a liquid driven into a porous system by capillary forces is termed wicking. ...
Synthetic fiber industry has been enforced to make developments due to the increasing performance demands from textile products. One of the most important developments in synthetic fiber industry, is absolutely producing extremely fine filaments which are named as microfilaments. A microfilament can be defined as a filament finer than 1 dtex or 1 Denier and 1dtex polyester fiber has a fiber diameter of approximately 10 μm. It is an important factor of having a good thermophysiological comfort for textile fabrics for a comfortable and healthy use of textiles. As an aspect of thermophysiological comfort, transferring the liquid perspiration to the outer surface of the garment is an important issue. Wicking can be defined as spontaneous flow of the liquid in a porous substance, driven by capillary forces. In this study, it is aimed to determine the effects of filament fineness, weft sett and weave type on the wickability of filament woven fabrics. For this aim, 3/2 Twill and 5 end Satin polyester filament woven fabrics with different weft yarns of 3 different filament finenesses (0.33 dtex, 0.76 dtex, 3.05 dtex) and two different weft sett values (45 wefts/cm and 47 wefts/cm) were tested according to AATCC Test Method 197-2011, Vertical Wicking of Textiles. For comparison of the wickability of sample fabrics, the wetted height of the samples for different time intervals are determined.
... But common opinion is defining a fiber finer than 1 dtex or 1 denier as microfiber. Fabrics produced from microfilaments are superior to conventional fiber fabrics, due to their properties such as light weight, durability, waterproofness, windproofness, breathability and drapeability [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Since microfibers have an increased surface area, resulting in a dyeing rate four times higher than that of normal which can cause unlevelness in dyeing. ...
In this study, determination and comparison of color properties of satin weave polyester dyed fabrics woven from conventional filaments and microfilaments with different weft sett values is aimed. 5 end Satin polyester woven fabrics with different weft yarns of 3 different filament fineness values (0.33 dtex, 0.76 dtex, 3.05 dtex) and three different weft sett values (45 wefts/cm, 47 wefts/cm and 49 wefts/cm) were dyed with a disperse blue dye by exhaust dyeing method in three different depth of shades (0.5% owf, 1.5% owf, 3% owf) at 130 ℃ in the same bath. Color measurement was carried out using a reflectance spectrophotometer (Datacolor 650) under illuminant D65/10º standard observer with the specular component included. The average of four measurements for each fabric was taken by rotating 90º clockwise after each measurement. For all dyed samples, CIELAB coordinates (L*, a*, b*, C*, h), total color difference (∆E*) and K/S values were determined according to the reflectance values by the software of the spectrophotometer. K/S values were recorded at wavelength of maximum absorption. It is observed that L* values decrease and K/S values increase when filament fineness values decrease. It is also seen that ∆E* values of the fabric with 0.33 dtex microfilament are higher than that of 0.76 dtex microfilament according to that of 3.05 dtex filament. L* and K/S values of the fabrics with three weft sett construction are similar.
... Numerous types of polymers can be processed into nanofibres with the diameter range 50 to 1000 nm. The characteristic features of nanofibres include high surface area, excellent mechanical properties and size ranging from 50-1000 nm [26]. Figure 3 shows the difference between conventional, micro and nanofibres as a function of fibre diameter. ...
Recently, nonwoven composites have been recognized to exhibit significant potential in several applications such as filtration, wound care, and biomedical devices. This is due to the fact that high performance nonwoven composites can be easily fabricated using cost effective as well as eco-friendly techniques. This review article presents the recent progress in fabrication techniques used for production of nonwoven composites using natural and synthetic polymers for textile application in particular. Different types of nonwoven web according to the production route are discussed in detail. In addition to this, various bonding techniques used for web bonding are also highlighted in this review.
... Woven fabrics produced from microfilaments are superior to conventional filament fabrics, due to their properties such as good filtration, drape-ability and barrier effect against rain and wind (Basu, 2001;Bianchi & Maglione, 1993;Falkai, 1991;Kaynak & Babaarslan, 2012;Leadbetter & Dervan, 1992;Mukhopadhyay, 2002;Purane & Panigrahi, 2007;Rupp & Yonenaga, 2000). These fabrics are used in many textiles such as; sportswear, casual wear, rain clothes, tents, wind-proof clothes, sleeping bags and surgical drapes. ...
Microfilament woven fabrics are used in many products such as sportswear, rainclothes, windproof clothes, sleeping bags and surgical gowns and for these products, thermophysiological comfort properties are of prime importance. In this study, it is intended to investigate the effects of filament linear density and weft sett on thermophysiological comfort properties. Also, an optimization model was developed to determine the optimum filament linear density and weft sett for the best response variables of air permeability, water vapour permeability and thermal resistance. Four different weft sett and five different filament linear densities were applied in weft direction with three different weave types. In doing so, 60 woven fabric samples were produced. According to ANOVA results and experimental observations, it is observed that, the effect of filament linear density on air and water vapour permeability was minor on microfilament range, whereas the differences between conventional filament and microfilament sample groups are considerable. Also, higher weft sett causes decreasing of air and water vapour permeability. On the other hand, there is no obvious consistent trend for thermal resistance of samples with different filament linear density and weft sett.
... Fabrics produced from microfilaments are superior to conventional filament fabrics due to properties such as good filtration, an effective barrier against weather conditions, and light weight. A microfilament can be defined as a filament finer than 1 dtex or 1 denier [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In the literature, there are some experimental studies which deal with the performance properties of microfilament woven fabrics [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. ...
Woven fabrics produced from microfilament yarns are superior to conventional filament fabrics in rain clothes, tents, parachutes, sails, wind-proof clothes, sleeping bags, filters, and surgical gowns due to their distinguishing properties such as good filtration, barrier effect against weather conditions, and light weight. Breaking strength and elongation are important and decisive parameters for these end uses since low strength properties shorten the useful life time as well disable the functionality of these products. In this study, breaking strength and elongation properties of microfilament woven fabrics are investigated in comparison to conventional filament fabrics. Three different weave types are used as 1/1 Plain, 3/2 Twill, and 4/1 Satin. Four different weft setts and five different filament finenesses are applied for every weave type. In doing so, 60 woven fabric samples are produced. Important influences of weft sett and filament fineness are observed on weft direction breaking strength. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results are used to interpret the experimental data.
... Samples of microfilament linear density values of 0.33, 0.57 and 0.76 dtex have close and low air permeability values, whereas those of conventional filament linear density of 1.14 and 3.05 dtex have higher air permeability values. Also the statistical analysis exhibited in Table 3 indicates the significant effect of filament linear density on air permeability (p < 0.000). ...
One of the most important developments seen in the synthetic fibre industry is absolutely producing microfibres. Microfibres provide many distinguishing properties for different end uses. In this study, the effects of filament linear densities on the comfort related properties of polyester knitted fabrics were investigated. For this aim, microfilament polyester textured yarns of 110 dtex with 0.33 dtex, 0.57 dtex and 0.76 dtex filament linear densities and conventional polyester textured yarns of 110 dtex with 1.14 dtex and 3.05 dtex filament linear densities were knitted. Dynamic liquid moisture management, air permeability, water vapour permeability and thermal properties of the fabrics were tested. Consequently it is seen that fabrics with coarser filaments have a better capability of transferring liquid moisture. Lower air permeability results are observed with finer filaments, while there is no considerable difference among the samples for water vapour permeability. Also higher thermal resistance results are obtained for samples of coarser filaments. © 2015, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres. All rights reserved.
... Conventional modal fibre is commonly produced in the fibre fineness range of 1.3 -5.5 dtex [1]. Since microfibres, as compared to conventional fibres, enhance some performances, such as the comfort and aesthetic properties of fabrics by providing softness, flexibility, smoothness, a fine textile structure, a silky appearance, drapeability, moisture absorption and release [4,5] etc., microfibre forms of modal fibre with fineness values of 0.8 and 1.0 dtex are also commercially available. Modal fibre or its microfibre form is often used in blends as well as in 100% form to improve other fibre properties. ...
This research presents a comparative study of the colour, abrasion and colour fastness properties of plain knitted fabrics made from 100% modal viscose fibres in different fibre finenesses such as microfibre and conventional fibre, their 50/50 blends with cotton fibre and 100% cotton fibre. Abrasion behaviours of the fabrics were assessed by measuring the weight loss and colour values after four different abrasion cycles. All the results were compared with respect to both the fibre fineness and blend proportion of cotton fibre in the fabrics. The L* and K/S values of the fabrics after abrasion reveal a similar tendency to that of the fabrics before abrasion. Before and after abrasion cycles, the fabrics with microfibre revealed lower K/S and C* values and higher L* values than those with conventional fibre. With an increase in the cotton amount, the K/S values of the fabrics decrease and the L* values of the fabrics increase.
... Multi-layers fabric of hydrophilic and hydrophobic material was developed in order to improve its moisture management [20,21]. Various techniques have been emphasized to develop better moisture management such as combining Polyester with different natural fiber types, microfiber, Bi-component fiber, especially different cross-section, plasma treatment and applying surface finish [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. A material such as cellulose that is produced by both plants and bacteria on a totally sustainable basis assumes great significance for future materials development [41,42]. ...
In this work we studied the effect of surface treated fabric by applying Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) Particles using two different procedures. The first method was to dissolve MCC particles and form a MCC solution which further was blended with a textile binder to obtain the fabric coating. The second treatment was direct blending MCC particles with same textile binder in order to get the fabric finishing to be sprayed on the fabric surface. The percentage of MCC particles was chosen 6%, as this ratio can be considered the most appropriate one. The effect of these treatments on fabrics moisture wettability with varying percentage of coating was studied. It was concluded that the second method by spraying MCC Particles directly on the fabric surface gives superior improved fabric's wettability and moisture management than solving the MCC and coating the fabric surface. The morphological study using SEM confirmed the presence of MCC particles on the fabric surface; therefore, intensification fiber surface energy leads to increase the wicking properties and increase the rate of water absorption. ª 2015 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
We report a facile strategy for preparing ultralight, mechanically robust, and washable heat-retaining materials via solution blow spinning technology and thermal crosslinking. Fluffy microfibrous assemblies with nonwoven structure were fabricated by blending fibers of stiff and soft polymers and creating a bonding architecture among them. The premise of this design is that polystyrene, which is stiff, can endow materials with rigidity, while thermoplastic polyurethane, which is soft, can absorb energy during mechanical deformation. Moreover, the stability of the sponge was improved by using tris (2-methyl-1-aziridine propionate; TTMA) as a crosslinking agent. The optimized microfibrous sponges present excellent mechanical properties with a large breaking elongation of 42.1% and outstanding resilience in resisting 100 cyclic compressions at 40% strain. Furthermore, the microfibrous sponges exhibit a low volume density of 33.32 mg/cm ³ , effective heat-preservation ability (low thermal conductivity: 23.1 mW/m·K) and excellent washability. The preparation of microfibrous sponges via solution blow spinning can be a novel route for developing ultralight and superelastic heat retention materials.
Globally, microfibers have emerged as pollutants, capturing the attention of scientists worldwide. According to estimates, synthetic microfibers now stand out as the most prevalent form of anthropogenic particles found across the globe, impacting humans, animals, plants, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, subsurface waters, and deep-sea environments. The nation is undergoing rapid industrial expansion, urban development, and economic growth, leading to a significant increase in synthetic microfiber presence. Once these microfibers enter the systems of organisms, they stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species, leading to the degradation of DNA and other macromolecules, ultimately resulting in apoptosis and cell death. Cellular deposition disrupts normal functioning, further contributing to cell death. The increasing rate of microfiber contamination is alarming, emphasizing the urgent need to develop methods and approaches on a global scale to tackle this pervasive issue. The ramifications of synthetic microfibers on human well-being and the environment have prompted international organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the European Union to formulate policies aimed at reducing synthetic microfiber pollution. Effective implementation of these policies often requires collaboration and compliance from multiple nations. There is a critical need for comprehensive research focused on addressing microfiber remediation to prevent their introduction into water bodies and subsequent bioaccumulation. Embracing innovations in green and sustainable chemistry holds significant promise for advancing circularity and enhancing quality. In this chapter, we attempt to summarize the impact of synthetic microfiber and its toxicity to the environment by focusing on living beings including freshwater inhabitants, marine water inhabitants, and humans, and habitat itself as in terrestrial and aquatic systems.
Material scientists and particularly textile technologists across the globe have conveyed the fundamental aspects and state of the art of defence protective textiles (DPTs) which are of interest to strategic sectors. An overview of DPTs on various aspects of manufacturing including processing methods and fabrication technologies of different products has been discussed. In addition, the present chapter also deals with research initiatives of the Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE), DRDO, Kanpur in the development of specialty DPTs with emphasis on challenges and recent trends. Activated carbon spheres (ACS) have been found to be one of the most promising materials for the development of lighter weight and durable DPTs particularly for chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological (CBRN) protection.
Resistance to ultraviolet radiation and electrostatic charge is a basic property that must be considered in the manufacture of fabrics, particularly in light of the climate changes affecting people around the world in various regions, especially in subtropical and tropical regions. It has thus become necessary to focus on the use of different natural fibres to mitigate UV transitions and the formation of electrostatic charges. The aim of this research was to enhance the protection of the ultraviolet effect and reduce electrostatic charge formation by blending cellulose yarns (bamboo and cotton) with trilobal polyester microfiber yarn that has characteristics such as lightweight, low-thickness, high strength, and shine. Knitted samples were produced from two different structures according to their tightness factor (single jersey and fleece structures), the various functional properties of the produced fabrics, such as mass per unit area, thickness, air and water permeability, and bursting strength, were tested. The properties of electrostatic charge and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) were also determined. The findings indicate that the samples produced with bamboo resulted in a preferable performance with different structures, especially when considering electrostatic charge and UPF properties. Moreover, the fleece structure had a more significant effect on knitted samples’ behaviour than the single jersey (plain) structure.
In this study, an attempt was taken to dye conventional and microfibre polyester filaments
with disperse dye and evaluate their different dyeing effects in similar dyeing condition.
The main attention was given to find out K/S values, color difference and different color
fastness properties (light and wash fastness) and also the amount of dyes addition required
for microfibre polyester filaments to get the same depth of shade as conventional one’s.
There were three different hues (Red, Navy and Green) of 5 different shades (0.5%, 1.5%,
3%, 4% and 6%) were used. The result shows that, microfibre polyester requires higher
amount of dyes due to more surface area and greater absorbing capability of it. Almost
similar light fastness was found in both conventional and microfibre polyester filaments
and lower wash fastness properties of microfibre filaments when compared to those of
conventional polyester.
This paper presents a multi-response optimization technique to study the effect of linear density and fiber blend (%) on the chafe resistance of knitted fabric. As underwear fabrics come in direct contact with the skin, they demand better chafe resistance properties that depend on the frictional behavior of the garments. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different blends (%) of cotton, Coolmax, and micro polyester fibers, as well as two linear densities, i.e., 24/1s and 30/1s (Ne), on the friction and comfort properties of knitted underwear. The yarns’ frictional coefficient and tensile strength were tested. Thermo-physiological and tactile/hand properties of the knitted fabric were also investigated. It was concluded that both factors, blend % and yarn linear density, influenced fabric comfort properties. Combination of natural and synthetics fibers with finer linear density results in better-performing fabrics with regard to friction and moisture management. The statistical tool, analysis of variance, was used to evaluate the significance of the results. Grey relational analysis (GRA) was performed for the optimization of parameters and the sorting of the samples having the best-required properties. The sample containing 50 % cotton and 50 % micro polyester with a 30/1s yarn count was declared as the best sample based on the GRA.
Recently, consumers have been demanding lightweightness, favorable hand,
stretch, dynamic breathability, and transfer abilities, besides insulation and heating functions being adaptable to the body or environmental conditions. In this
chapter, starting with a summary of physiological effects of the cold, layers of
extreme cold protective clothing (ECPC) are introduced in cases of both material
and structure, focusing more on functional and smart materials/structures,
enabling survival and comfort under dynamic conditions. Moreover, quality parameters of the ECPC and sustainability issues that should be considered for ECPC are also discussed.
The impact of stitch density and seam type on tactile properties of seams has been investigated. Lapped seam 1 (LSa-1) using stitch class 605 and superimposed seam (SSa-2) using stitch class 514 (ASTM 6193) were constructed with four different stitch densities, namely, stitches per inch (SPI) 10, SPI 14, SPI 18 and SPI 22, and the tactile properties of seams examined by evaluating the characteristics of seams such as seam compression, seam thickness, seam bending behaviour and surface friction of seams. From the study, the optimized stitch density has been identified as SPI 10 for producing soft seam. Seam class and stitch density play a vital role in determining seam comfort properties.
Sweat is a natural body mechanism where the body cools itself by releasing clear and salty sweat that is produced by the glands in the skin. A normal person is born with about 2–4 million sweat glands. There are two scenarios that stimulate our sweat glands causing sweat: physical heat and emotional stress. Emotional sweating typically occurs in the palms of our hands, the soles of our feet, our armpits, and sometimes our foreheads. This sweat consists of bacteria which breaks the sweat into acids causing a bad odour in the due course of time. Sweat in the underarm causes discomfort as the primary clothing we wear gets wet. The wet level due to sweat causes the primary clothing to get soggy in the underarm area. Wetness in the underarm for a longer duration causes itchiness and also bad odour. Sweat is mostly water with trace amounts of minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, lactic acid, and urea. Exposure to sweat for a longer period of time can cause the fabric to become discolored and eventually weaken the fibre in the clothing. We have various options available in the market to prevent clothing from sweat and odour. Antiperspirants such as deodrants are common solution used by the people. But deodrants are temporary solutions where they give fragrance for a limited period of time. Most antiperspirants contain aluminum salts, a product that is designed to block sweat glands from producing sweat. The aluminum salts combine with the minerals in sweat which eventually causes de-coloration and weaken the fibres in the fabric. Other remedy we have is sweat-pads. These sweat-pads prevent the primary clothing from wetness. But the con is people use these only on occasions due to high cost. Disposable sweat-pads are not sustainable solution. Reusable underarm sweat pads can be the sustainable solution. Reusable sweat-pads can be skin friendly and pocket friendly. We can enhance the sweat dissipation and the value of the existing product by reducing the thickness of the sweat pad and also by constructing three fabric layers having desired property. The issue of bad odour can be overcome by finishing the sweat pad with lemongrass and lavender oil which will give a fragrance finish and antimicrobial property.KeywordsSweatMicro denier polyesterBambooWickabilityOdourPadMicroencapsulationEtc
Microfibers get often produced in the form of bicomponent polymer systems. The materials of choice are Nylon 6 (PA6) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). This combination of PA6 and PET is preferable because of its beneficial attributes (i.e., thermal stability, mechanical strength, etc.). PA6 and PET exhibit high adhesion when processed at elevated temperatures due to chemical bonds formation by aminolysis of the ester group in PET with a secondary amine in PA6. These fibers are split/fibrillated by mechanical energy (hydroentangling or needle punching). For energy input, it is desirable to have adhesion between the PA6 and PET materials that is not too strong to allow for easy polymer splitting. Therefore, we developed a method for tailoring the PA6/PET interface adhesion by adding modifiers that react preferentially with the PA6 component. The reactivity between PA6 and PET was investigated by spin coating thin films of PA6 and PET on silicon wafers and annealing them at high temperatures. The reaction between PET and small molecules containing secondary amines (i.e., caprolactam, diallyamine, diethylamine, and diisopropylamine) shows a chemical bond between the ester group in PET and the secondary amine group. The poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) and poly(octadecene-alt-maleic anhydride) (POMA) were chosen as model polymer interfacial modifiers. The feasibility of modifying secondary amines is examined by reacting the two modifiers, PSMA and POMA, with small molecules containing secondary amine groups. PA6 and PET display high fracture toughness (i.e., adhesion strength) at elevated temperatures and longer annealing times because of strong interactions between the amine and ester groups in PA6 and PET, respectively. We then assess the adhesion strength between PA6 and PET modified with PSMA and POMA. Both modifiers reduce interfacial adhesion strength between PA6 and PET. Therefore, it is feasible to tailor adhesion at the PA6/PET interface, which could prove helpful in microfibers production.
This study was focused on the elimination of defects due to the non-recovery of bent fibres in flock. For this reason, it was aimed to shorten the recovery time of bent fibres in flock as much as possible by optimising selected process parameters in flocked fabric production. For this aim; the diameter of flock fibre, the flock type, paste type, foam density, presetting, dyeing machine type, finishing treatment type, amount of treatment (finishing chemical), use of the brake mechanism during packing the fabric, and tension during winding were changed in two levels and their effects were investigated statistically. As a result of pareto analysis and statistical evaluations, among the many parameters that may affect this problem, the type of finishing process and presetting were found to have a critical effect. According to the experimental results, it was concluded that the recovery time of bent fibres in flocked fabrics could be significantly shortened if the flocked fabrics are not preset and silicone softener is applied during finishing treatments.
Bicomponent spunbond hydroentanglement technology can break the interface between the two components by physical extrusion and shearing, thereby realizing the green and efficient production of high-strength microfiber nonwoven materials. Herein, we report a soft and fluffy bicomponent spunbond hydroentanglement nonwoven material using high-shrinkage polyester/polyamide 6 (HSPET/PA6) as the bicomponent. HSPET/PA6 hollow segmented pie composite fibers with different volume ratios were prepared by spunbond technology, the HSPET and PA6 segments were alternately arranged, and the interface was flat. The composite fibers were split by heat treatment. The dry heat shrinkage rates of the composite fibers were 8.45% (50/50) and 10.57% (70/30), and the boiling water shrinkage rates were 10.02% (50/50) and 12.27% (70/30). HSPET/PA6 hollow segmented pie microfiber nonwovens were prepared by hydroentanglement technology. After heat treatment, the fibers of nonwovens were further split and the HSPET fibers curled, giving the nonwovens a fluffy characteristic. By comparing the properties of HSPET/PA6 after heat treatment, the shrinkage effect of the water bath was obviously better than that of dry heat, and the split degree of fibers reached 81.97% (50/50) and 84.65% (70/30). Compared with polyester/PA6 nonwovens, the softness of HSPET/PA6 nonwovens increased by 45.1% (50/50) and 49.3% (70/30) after boiling water shrinkage. At the same time, the mechanical properties of HSPET/PA6 nonwovens were also improved. The successful fabrication of HSPET/PA6 microfiber nonwovens provides a new method for enhancing the softness of bicomponent spunbond hydroentanglement nonwovens.
Softness is one of the key elements of textile comfort and is one of the main considerations when consumers make purchasing decisions. In the wool industry, softness can reflect the quality and value of wool fibers. There is verifiable difference in subjective softness between Australian Soft Rolling Skin (SRS) wool and conventional Merino (CM) wool, yet the key factors responsible for this difference are not yet well understood. Fiber attributes, such as crimp (curvature), scale morphology, ortho-to-cortex (OtC) ratio and moisture regain, may have a significant influence on softness performance. This study has examined these key factors for both SRS and CM wool and systematically compared the difference in these factors. There was no significant difference in the crimp frequency between these two wools; however, the curvature of SRS wool was lower than that of CM wool within the same fiber diameter ranges (below 14.5 micron, 16.5–18.5 micron). This difference might be caused by the lower OtC ratio for SRS wool (approximately 0.60) than for CM wool (approximately 0.66). The crystallinity of the two wools was similar and not affected by the change in OtC ratio. SRS wool has higher moisture regain than CM wool by approximately 2.5%, which could reduce the stiffness of wool fibers. The surface morphology for SRS wool was also different from that of CM wool. The lower cuticle scale height for SRS wool resulted in its smoother surface than CM wool. This cuticle height difference was present even when they both had similar cuticle scale frequency.
Thermal comfort parameters of knitted fabrics such as thermal resistance and liquid transfer can be enhanced by combining hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional yarns as double-face fabrics. This study aims to investigate thermal conductivity (Alambeta Parameters), permeability (air permeability and Permetest Parameters) and liquid management characteristics of double-face knitted fabrics for which functional yarns such as Thermosoft®, Nilit Heat®, Viloft® and wool were combined with standard polyester (PET) and polypropylene (PP) by a false rib structure. According to the results of 11 fabrics-s is necessary, Nilit Heat®/PP (inner/outer) fabric has advantages for breathability, warmer sensations as a result of its minimum thermal absorption, conductivity and diffusion. Wool/PET can be suggested more for liquid management properties with its branched structure besides its higher thermal resistance and air permeability values. Both structures including hydrophilic or functional inner surfaces touching the skin can be suggested for a cold protective clothing to enable stable insulation and dryness.
Bu çalışmada, yün, modifiye sentetik ve rejenere selülozik liflerin iç yüzde, klasik sentetik liflerin dış yüzde kullanıldığı yalancı rib örgüye sahip kumaşlar dikişsiz örme makinasında kapsamlı bir hammadde planıyla üretilmiş, soğuktan koruyucu giysiler için kullanılabilecek kumaşların sürtünme, patlama mukavemeti, boncuklanma ve aşınma direnci özellikleri incelenmiştir. Tek hammaddeden kontrol amaçlı üretilenlerle birlikte Thermosoft®, Nilit Heat® Viloft® ve yün ipliklerin atlama formunda iç yüzde, üç temel sentetik lif olan poliester (PET), poliamid (PA) ve polipropilenin (PP) dış yüzde kullanımlarıyla toplam onsekiz yalancı rib örgülü kumaş üretilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, kumaşlarda kayda değer boncuklanma problemi görülmezken, PA kumaşların direnci daha yüksektir. Aşınma sonucu en az kütle kaybı PA (standart ve Heat®) ve PP içerikli kumaşlarda, en yüksek patlama mukavemeti PET ve standart/modifiye PA içeren kumaşlarda gözlenmiştir. Sürtünme katsayısı değerlerine bağlı olarak vücuda temas halinde minimum deformasyon veren kumaşlar Viloft® Heat® ve PP iç yüze sahip olanlardır. Genel olarak PP, Viloft veya Heat® iç yüzeyin ve PA dış yüzeyin optimum performans için uygun olduğu belirtilebilir.
Sports textiles mainly consist of both sportswear and sports equipment, because different natural and synthetic textile-fiber-based products are used in both categories. Sportswear has a vast range of wearing items which can be classified as sports-inspired wear, outdoor wear, performance wear, and leisure wear. Different functional fibers are used in sportswear to get desired results having different properties like comfort, thermal conductivity, cold and heat indices, and stretch and recovery. Similarly, there is a vast range of sports that include hiking, snow sports, cycling, mountaineering, hockey, baseball, squash, and sailing, using a range of sportswear for both fashion and functionality. The outfits and equipments used in these sports are also composed of different functional and high-performance fibers like polyester, acrylic, nylon, spandex, polyolefin, aramid, and carbon. For various attires’ manufacturing, synthetic fibers and their blends with different natural fibers, i.e., cotton, hemp, bamboo, silk and wool, are also used. The advanced countries are using their strengths in the field of materials and engineering technologies to develop new functional fibers. Now a days, composite fibers and fiber reinforced composite material based light weight products are used in sports goods with improved strength and functionalities.
Many conventional polymer processing technologies for compounding micro/nano composites are known in the field. These methods include direct use of high shear mixers, roll mixers, Banbury mixers, and extruders. With recent interest in advanced composites with nanoscale fillers, efforts have been made to enhance conventional processing technologies as the imposed input energy is often ineffective at breaching the energy barrier to breakup agglomerated nano-filler structures. Electrospinning is a simple inexpensive process that can be used to produce continuous fibers from submicron to nanometer diameter scale through an electrically charged polymer jet. In this paper, authors present a rotary electrospinning method developed to produce nanocomposites at mass scale by using simultaneously mechanical and electrical forces with a proprietary apparatus. A case study using silica nano particles and silicone rubber matrix is presented to demonstrate the capability of the above method of dispersing nano particles in highly viscous polymer matrix materials.
Waterproof materials have an extraordinarily high use, with products for everyday clothing, sportswear and protective clothing for industrial or technical applications. The chapter begins with a review of the specific requirements imposed by the use of waterproofing and water repellent textile materials, on the assumption that waterproofing as a dominant function must harmonize with other functions by providing multifunctional products to the end user. Examples of this are breathable materials designed to create clothing that simultaneously provide waterproofing and wearing comfort. To fully understand how to make waterproof and water repellent materials, it is essential to have knowledge of textiles and clothing products and their behaviour in relation with the humidity, liquid and vapours. A key issue addressed in the chapter refers to technologies and methods for development of waterproof and water repellent textile materials, with emphasis on materials coated with polymers and those with surface treatments (plasma treatments, hybrid finishing, nano-coating, etc.).
Comfort characteristics of cloths are made by a collection of interactive properties of fibers, yarns and the fabric which have contributed in construction of the clothing. This chapter focuses on the main affective properties of fibers, yarns and fabrics. It starts with fiber specification, comparing two natural and synthetic sources of fibers used in apparel textile products, and then investigates physical treatments to modify fiber properties. The chapter continues with yarns and fabrics as the intermediate products to cloths, investigating the producing parameters which create and affect garment comfort.
While the various stages along the textile production chain all contribute to final performance and character, it is the fibre choice and selection of the applicable raw material that are essential ingredients in enabling the wearer to experience difference in the product. This chapter will examine the role played by appropriate fibre choice, both traditional and innovative, and the options available for the creation of sports apparel applicable for an older demographic. Paramount issues of sustainability are included, with considerations of innovative developments in intelligent, adaptive and interactive materials as part of the creation of functional active sports clothing.
Microfibers have high fineness and their special properties are achieved by changing micromorphology and structure. These modifications result in fibers of exceptional aesthetic properties, pleasant touch, and comfortable to wear; due to their price and availability they are often called luxurious fibers. On account of their exeptional properties they find their applications in various areas of application. High quality imitation leathers, high tech products, sportswear and underwear as well as toys are produced. However, microfibers find the biggest application in cleaning products for their exceptional absorption of dirt and liquids without the use of aggressive chemicals.
The term ‘composite nonwovens’ refers to a category of materials different from ‘nonwoven composites’, which consist of a resinous matrix reinforced by an embedded nonwoven fabric. Many scientists would like to rename ‘composite nonwovens’ as ‘soft nonwoven composites’ and ‘nonwoven composites’ as ‘hard nonwoven composites’. Composite nonwovens are created by a modern and innovative industry employing nonwoven technologies to bring together fibres of different origins, different characteristics or a combination thereof. Combination of different nonwoven preforms prepared either by employing a variety of process technologies or by combining nonwoven preforms with traditional textile preforms into a consolidated structure can also result in the creation of composite nonwovens. Composite nonwovens can provide an engineered solution by creating multifunctional products as well as an economical solution by eliminating manufacturing processes and replacing two or more products by a single product. Business activity in the field of composite nonwovens is therefore expected to grow substantially. In this paper, recent research into composition, manufacture, structure–property relationships and applications of composite nonwovens is reviewed beginning with an overview of composite nonwovens encompassing definitions, types, scope and business-related aspects. It then proceeds to discuss the characteristics of both natural and man-made fibres along with some speciality fibres such as bicomponent fibres and micro- and nanofibres in the development of composite nonwovens before exploring manufacturing processes used in creating composite nonwovens. The underlying nonwoven preparation methods and composite processes, such as multi-forming and multi-bonding, together with other more unusual composite processes are described before exploring structure–property relationship in composite nonwovens, including multicomponent nonwovens, multilayered nonwovens, hybrid nonwovens and nonwovens containing particulates or active ingredients. Applications of composite nonwovens in diverse products ranging from wound dressings, surgical gowns, facemasks to absorbent wipes and respirator filters are described. Finally, the review highlights the future prospects for composite nonwoven materials.
- Microfibre -Production
Microfibre -Production, Properties & Application, by S.K. Pal. Textile ASIA, Vol. 24, Jan
1993, 53-58.
The New Man-Made Fibre Image
- Microfibres
Microfibres, The New Man-Made Fibre Image, by Jurg Rupp & Akira Yonenaga. I.T.B.Vol.46,
(4 th Issue) April 2000, 12-24.