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ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST NEUROBLASTIMA (IMR-32) AND HUMAN COLON (HT-29) CANCER CELL LINE

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Rajeshkumar Shanmugam at Saveetha University
Rajeshkumar Shanmugam
M. Nagalingam at Indo-american college
M. Nagalingam
  • Indo-american college
Mohemedibrahim Ponnanikajamideen at Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Mohemedibrahim Ponnanikajamideen
Mahendran Vanaja at Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Mahendran Vanaja
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Abstract and Figures

Cancer is one of most leading cause of death worldwide. Plants are used to cure various diseases which are known to possess anticancer activities against different human cancer cell lines. In this report, we studied the invitro anticancer properties of Andrographis paniculata leaves against neuroblastima (IMR-32) and human colon (HT-29) cancer cell line. The leaves were shade dried and extracted with water, ethanol and acetone solvents. Anticancer property of A. paniculata leaf extract was analyzed by Spectrophotometric MTT assay method. The results were found that ethanol extract showed nearly 50% i.e. inhibition concentration (IC 50) for IMR-32and HT-29cell lines at 200 μg/ml, where other extracts display 50% inhibition at 250 μg/ml concentration for HT-29cell lines. Anticancer activity of water, ethanol and acetone extracts of A. paniculata leaves against HT-29 cancer cell lines shows 50% inhibition at 200 μg/ml concentration. The significant difference is statistically analyzed as p<0.01 for ethanol extract and acetone extracts. From the analysis we found that extracts of A. paniculata shows excellent anticancer activities against different cancer cell lines, it is alternatives medicines for cancer would replace side effect causing chemotherapeutic agent. W WO OR RL LD D J JO OU UR RN NA AL L O OF F P PH HA AR RM MA AC CY Y A AN ND D P PH HA AR RM MA AC CE EU UT TI IC CA AL L S SC CI IE EN NC CE ES S S SJ JI IF F I Im mp pa ac ct t F Fa ac ct to or r 5 5. .2 21 10 0 V Vo ol lu um me e 4 4, , I Is ss su ue e 0 06 6, , 1 16 66 67 7-1 16 67 75 5.. R Re es se ea ar rc ch h A Ar rt ti ic cl le e I IS SS SN N 2278 – 4357
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www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 06, 2015.
1667
Rajeshkumar et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA
LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST NEUROBLASTIMA (IMR-32) AND
HUMAN COLON (HT-29) CANCER CELL LINE
S. Rajeshkumar1*, M. Nagalingam2, M. Ponnanikajamideen3, M.Vanaja3, C Malarkodi4
1PG and Research Department of Biochemistry, Adhiparasakthi College of Arts and Science,
Kalavai – 632506, Vellore District, TN, India.
2Departmant of Zoology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore-632415, TN, India.
3Environmental Nanotechnology Division, SPKCES, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,
Alwarkurichi – 627412, Tamilnadu, India.
4Deaprtment of Chemistry University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, TN, India.
ABSTRACT
Cancer is one of most leading cause of death worldwide. Plants are
used to cure various diseases which are known to possess anticancer
activities against different human cancer cell lines. In this report, we
studied the invitro anticancer properties of Andrographis paniculata
leaves against neuroblastima (IMR-32) and human colon (HT-29)
cancer cell line. The leaves were shade dried and extracted with water,
ethanol and acetone solvents. Anticancer property of A. paniculata leaf
extract was analyzed by Spectrophotometric MTT assay method. The
results were found that ethanol extract showed nearly 50% i.e.
inhibition concentration (IC50) for IMR-32and HT-29cell lines at 200
μg/ml, where other extracts display 50% inhibition at 250 μg/ml
concentration for HT-29cell lines. Anticancer activity of water, ethanol
and acetone extracts of A. paniculata leaves against HT-29 cancer cell
lines shows 50% inhibition at 200 μg/ml concentration. The significant difference is
statistically analyzed as p<0.01 for ethanol extract and acetone extracts. From the analysis we
found that extracts of A. paniculata shows excellent anticancer activities against different
cancer cell lines, it is alternatives medicines for cancer would replace side effect causing
chemotherapeutic agent.
W
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2278 – 4357
Article Received on
15 April 2015,
Revised on 06 May 2015,
Accepted on 27 May 2015
*Correspondence for
Author
Dr. S. Rajeshkumar
PG and Research
Department of
Biochemistry,
Adhiparasakthi College of
Arts and Science, Kalavai,
Vellore District,
TN, India.
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Rajeshkumar et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
KEYWORDS: Andrographis paniculata, invitro, MTT assay, human cancer cell lines,
anticancer.
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is one of the most common leading causes of mortality worldwide. Cancer is an
uncontrolled growth of cells resulting in lack of differentiation and ability to invade local
tissues and metastasis which are proliferate individually throughout the body. During
metastasis, cancer cells enter the blood stream and are carried to distant parts of the body
where they form other similar growths (Jemal et al., 2008). Synthetic drugs are available for
the treatment of cancer but they are not free from adverse effects. Chemotherapy and
radiation therapy are major clinical treatment used for the control of early stages of tumor but
these methods has serious side effects (Hogland 1982). However, alternative and
complementary methods were need to improve the treatment of diseases like cancer
(Thanangkuland Chaichantipyuth, 1985). Nature has provide human a variety of useful
sources mainly plants for discovery and development of drugs against dreadful diseases
(Joselin and Jeeva2014). Traditional herbs as an effective system of treatment of cancer and
many diseases (Sundaram et al., 2011). Drugs from medicinal plants are found to be
comparatively less toxic and side effects (Farnsworth, 1988).
Medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata belongs to the Acanthaceae family and commonly
known as the King of bitters. Roots and leaves from this herbaceous plant was used for the
treatment of respiratory infections, sore, throat and other chronic and infectious diseases. Its
native is India and Srilanka and usually it cultivated in Southern Asia. Leaves has many
phytochemical constituents like phenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponins flavonoids and reducing
sugars. These phytochemicals actively involved in the medicinal uses for treating various
diseases. This plant has many medicinal activity such as antimicrobial (Zaidan, et al 2005),
anti-inflammatory (Abu-Ghefreh et al 2009), anti-oxidant (Trivedi and Rawal, 2001), anti-
allergic, hepatoprotective activity (Vetriselvan et al 2011), and nephroprotective activity. The
plant extract also exhibits antityphoid, antifungal, antimalarial anti thrombogenic, anti-snake
venom and antipyreticproperties. Besides this it is also use as an immunostimulant agent.In
the present report, we report invitro anticancer activities of different solvent derived extracts
of A. paniculata leaves against different human cancer cell lines are neuroblastima (IMR-32)
and human colon (HT-29)cells.
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Rajeshkumar et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chemicals
Analytical graded3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT),
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), doxorubicin and other chemicals were purchased from Himedia
laboratories private limited, Mumbai. The medicinal plant A. paniculataplant was collected
from Vandhavasi, South India.
Preparation of plant extracts
The leaves ofAndrographis paniculatawere collected and shade dried for 3-5 days. The
shade dried leaves were subjected to maceration to get coarse powder which was then used
for extraction with water, ethanol and acetone. Water extract was prepared by immersing 100
g dried leaf powder into 200 ml double distilled for 24 hours. 100g of drypowder was loosely
packed in the thimble of soxhlet apparatus and extracted with 80 % ethanol at 55oC for 24
hours. Acetone extract was prepared by adding dried powder with the solvent 80% acetone.
The extracts were left to evaporate in the air at room temperature yielding a concentrated
water, ethanol and acetone extract which was used for the anticancer studies.
Anticancer activity against neuroblastima (IMR-32) and human colon (HT-29)
cancercell line
Cells were tested for viability by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-
diphenyltetrazoliumbromide) assay. Cells were plated separately in 96 well plates at a
concentration of 1 × 104 cells/well and exposed to serially dilutions of aqueous, ethanol and
acetone extract of A. paniculata for 24 h. then the cells were changed to serum free medium
containing MTT and incubated for 4 hours in CO2 incubatorat 37ºC. The spectrophotometric
MTT assay assessed based on the ability of living cells to reduce soluble yellow MTT into
insoluble purple farmazan. Farmazan crystals were dissolved using DMSOand the optical
density was measured at 570 nm. The 50 % of inhibitory concentration value (IC50) of the
extracts was identified for normal untreated cell line. Commercial anticancer drug
Doxorubicin was used as a positive control.The assay was performed in triplicate for each
extracts.
Absorbance for treated cells
% Cell viability= 1 - × 100
Absorbance for control cells
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Statistical analysis
Quantitatively obtained values were characterized by regression analysis used to compute the
50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) in cell viability. Results were expressed as the mean ±
SD of values obtained in triplicate from three independent experiments. Statistical differences
between correlated samples were noted to be significantly different where p < 0.05using one-
way analysis of variances (ANOVA).
RESULTS
Anticancer activity of plant extracts
In vitro assay of anticancer activity of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extract of A. paniculata
leaves against IMR-32 and HT-29 cancer cell linesat different concentrations was evaluated
by MTT assay (Table 1 and 2). MTT assay is based on the metabolic reduction of MTT into
formazan crystals on treatment with cancer cell lines. The inhibitory activities of these
extracts were compared with the standard drug doxorubicin for IMR-32 and HT-29 cancer
cell lines. The cancer cell viability percentage were found to be at different concentration of
extracts (Table 1 and 2). Anticancer activity at the different concentrations of 50 µg, 100 µg,
150 µg, 200 µg, 250 µg and 300 µg/ml showed effective inhibition against cancer cell lines.
All the extracts were active against IMR-32 and HT-29 cancer cell lines. Increased
percentage of Cell line inhibition by suppressing viability was observed from Figure 1 -6 that
a gradually increase in percentage in all the treatments. However at 150 µg/ml of tested drug
doxorubicin shows 51.33±1.14 and 52.03±1.90cell viability against IMR-32 and HT-29
cancer cell lines was observed whereas ethanol extract only crossed 50% inhibition at 200
µg/ml. The aqueous extract showed no pronounced anticancer activity compared than ethanol
and acetone extracts (Figure 1-3). The ethanol extracts showed highest activity againstIMR-
32 cancer cell lines followed by acetone and aqueous extracts and this may be due to the
greater stability of the active phytochemicals present in the solvent over a longer time (Figure
4-6).Ethanol extracts was subjected to different concentrations onIMR-32 and HT-29 cancer
cell lines resulted in51.25±0.85 and 50.25±1.6% inhibition at 200 µg/ml, respectively with
some significant differences (p< 0.01).The percentage of inhibition concentration (IC50) is
200µg/ml. Other extracts at different concentrations shows less effect on the viability of the
cancerous cell lines. Whereas aqueous extracts displayed weak inhibition against IMR-32
cancer cell lines and IC50 is 250 µg/ml.
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In this study we performed anticancer activity of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extract of A.
paniculata leaves against IMR-32 and HT-29ell lines in invitro condition. These extracts
shows significant activity compared with commercial drugs. The superior activity was noted
in ethanol extract compared with other extracts. Extracts of A. paniculata reduce the risk of
cancer due to the presence of flavonoids (Ferguson et al 2004). Ethanol extract have alkaloids
and flavonoids may have the superior activity against cancer cell lines compared wither
extracts studied in this report (Vijayan et al 2004). Similarly, the results of this study are in
accordance with this findings of Park et al (2008) and Reed and Pellecchial (2005) claimed
that flavonoids would induce apoptosis by DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation and cell
shrinkage.
Table 1:Anticancer activity of extracts A. paniculata leaves against IMR-32 cell lines
Concentration
(µg/ml)
Cell viability %
Standard Drug
Ethanol extract
Acetone extract
50
92.53±0.99*
93.21±1.14*
95.55±1.25*
100
76.44±1.27**
89.69±0.65***
91.82±0.89***
150
51.33±1.14***
60.65±1.31**
75.45±0.85**
200
29.65±0.64**
51.25±0.85***
62.24±0.82***
250
19.23±0.81*
32.04±0.78*
51.27±1.09**
300
10.89±0.47**
20.98±0.95**
19.04±1.55*
* p< 0.05,** p < 0.01,***p < 0.001 value are considered statistically significant (BMRT)
Table 2:Anticancer activity of extracts A. paniculata leaves against HT-29 colon cancer
cell lines
Concentration
(µg/ml)
Cell viability %
Standard Drug
Aqueous extract
Ethanol extract
Acetone extract
50
90.53±1.25**
96.28±0.63**
93.21±1.24***
94.64±1.25*
100
80.34±1.65*
89.39±0.85***
89.69±1.65**
88.75±1.97**
150
52.03±1.90***
72.25±1.59*
60.65±1.75*
70.45±1.85*
200
32.25±0.94**
56.75±0.46***
50.25±1.65***
55.24±1.82***
250
25.3±0.81***
35.65±1.02*
30.04±1.78**
41.65±1.09*
300
09.75±0.50**
26.06±1.44**
18.45±1.95***
21.58±1.55**
* p< 0.05,** p < 0.01,***p < 0.001 value are considered statistically significant (BMRT)
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Figure 1: Anticancer activity of water extracts A. paniculata leaves against IMR-32 cell
lines
Figure 2:Anticancer activity of ethanol extracts A. paniculata leaves against IMR-32 cell
lines
Figure 3:Anticancer activity of acetone extracts A. paniculata leaves against IMR-32 cell
lines
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Figure 4:Anticancer activity of water extracts A. paniculataleaves against HT-29 colon
cancer cell lines
Figure 5:Anticancer activity of ethanol extracts A. paniculata leaves against HT-29
colon cancer cell lines
Figure 6:Anticancer activity of water extracts A. paniculata leaves against HT-29 colon
cancer cell lines
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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the report of this study shows that the different extracts of A. paniculata leaves
was toxic to cancer cell lines. Anticancer activity of water, ethanol and acetone extracts of A.
paniculata leaves depends on the solvent used for extracting phytochemicals which present in
the leaves. Ethanol extract shows more inhibition of cells when compared than other extracts
may due to the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids. Minimum inhibitory concentration was
observed based on the percentage of cell viability is 50% at 200 µg/ ml for ethanol extracts
and 250 µg/ml for water and acetone extracts against IMR-32 cell lines. Based on this results,
water, and ethanol and acetone extracts of A. paniculata leaves potentially to be developed as
herbal medicine which replace the chemotherapeutic agent against IMR-32 and HT-29 cancer
cell lines.
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... For cancer patients, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are cytotoxic therapies (meaning they kill cancer cells) [17,18,29,30]. The fruit also has an ability to reduce the cell growth on a number of cancer cell lines, including breast, lung, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian, and colorectal [17,18,29,30]. Ramphal (Annona reticulata L.) is one of the traditionally important plants used for the treatment of various ailments. ...
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Full-text available
  • Jan 2025
Objective: This study aims to investigate the possibility of additive cytotoxic effects of cisplatin and Andrographis paniculate (Burm. f.) Nees(AP) via apoptotic, cell cycle and angiogenesis pathways. Methods: CC50 cisplatin, AP and Andrographolide (AG) were determined by the cell viability of SKOV3 after its exposure to these substances. SKOV3 cells were then divided into 6 experimental groups: one negativecontrol group, one with CC50 cisplatin alone, and three where CC50 was combined with CC50 AP, ½CC50 AP, and 1.5CC50 AP, respectively. The additive cytotoxic effect of cisplatin with AP or AG was evaluated through the modulation of several pathways via qRT-PCR of their markers: apoptotic pathways indicated by Bax, BCL2, Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 expression; cell cycle indicated by Cyclin-D expression; angiogenesis pathways by VEGF expression. Results: Cisplatin reduces cell viability to 54%, 37% when combined with AG, and 30%, 23% and 20% with ½CC50 AP, CC50 AP and 1.5CC50 AP, respectively. AG and AP extract decreases SKOV3 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Cisplatin combined with AP showed a statistically significant increase in BAX, Caspase 3, Caspase 9 expression and a decrease in BCL2, which indicated synergy in apoptotic pathways. The best result was seen in cisplatin combined with ½CC50 AP. A decrease in Cyclin D and VEGF was seen in all groups, the best seen in ½CC50 AP and CC50 AP, respectively, showing optimal cell cycle arrest and anti-angiogenesis properties when cisplatin is combined with AP extract. Conclusion: Combining cisplatin with AP extract enhanced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and anti-angiogenesis properties.
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... Previous studies have reported a wide range of biological activities of A. paniculata and its active component as antiinflammatory, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, anti-HIV, anti-cancer, antidiabetic and diabetic nephropathy properties. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] It was also reported that APAE prevented acute liver failure (ALF) induced oxidative tissue damage [26] and HA induced oxidative damage in brain tissue [27] in rat model. ...
Effect of Andrographis Paniculata Aqueous Extract on Hyperammonemia Induced Alteration of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Factors in the Liver, Spleen and Kidney of Rats
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2024
Hyperammonemia (HA) can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress in peripheral organs, potentially exacerbating Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE). This study assessed the efficacy of Andrographis paniculata aqueous extract (APAE) in mitigating oxidative and nitrosative stress caused by non-cirrhotic HA in rat livers, spleens, and kidneys. HA was induced via intraperitoneal injection of ammonium acetate, while APAE was administered orally. The study measured malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione reductase (GR) to gauge oxidative stress, and nitric oxide (NO) levels as a marker of nitrosative stress. Both acute and chronic HA altered the levels of antioxidant enzymes, MDA, and NO in the organs studied. APAE treatment helped restore SOD, catalase, and GR levels, and decreased MDA and NO levels, demonstrating its potential in reducing oxidative stress linked to HA in the liver, spleen, and kidney. ARTICLE HISTORY
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... Aside from that, several studies have demonstrated the anticancer properties of A. paniculata, suggesting its intriguing potential as a prospective chemotherapeutic agent [46,47]. A. paniculata crude extracts and its phytochemicals have been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and cause apoptosis in various cancer types including breast [48,49], neuroblastoma [50], and esophageal cancer [51]. In addition, A. paniculata and its phytochemicals are already known for their antiadipogenic and hypolipidemia effects in macrophages [52] and adipocytes [53]. ...
In vitro and in silico evaluation of Andrographis paniculata ethanolic crude extracts on 3 fatty acid synthase expression on breast cancer cells
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
Background Fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key rate-limiting enzyme in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway has been identified to be overexpressed in breast cancer. This overexpression has been affiliated with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapeutics. Consequently, FASN has come into focus as an appealing potential target for breast cancer treatment. Available FASN inhibitors, however, are unstable and have been correlated with adverse side effects. Objective This present study aims to investigate the potential of Andrographis paniculata ethanolic crude extract (AP) as a potent FASN inhibitor in breast cancer cells. Materials & methods This study used MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis to measure cell viability and apoptosis following AP treatment (0–500 μg/mL). Furthermore, FASN protein expression was evaluated using immunocytochemistry whereas lipid droplet formation was quantified using Oil Red O staining. Literature-based identified AP phytochemicals were subjected to the prediction of molecular docking and ADMET properties. Results This study demonstrated that AP significantly reduced cell viability while inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells. In addition, for the first time, exposure to AP was demonstrated to drastically reduce intracellular FASN protein expression and lipid droplet accumulation in EMT6 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Docking simulation analysis demonstrated AP phytochemicals may have exerted an inhibitory effect by targeting the FASN Thioesterase (TE) domain similarly to the known FASN inhibitor, Orlistat. Moreover, all AP phytochemicals also possessed drug-likeness properties which are in accordance with Lipinski’s rule of five. Conclusions These results highlight the potential of A. paniculata ethanolic crude extract as a FASN inhibitor and hence might have the potential to be further developed as a potent chemotherapeutic drug for breast cancer treatment.
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... Impact Factor: 7.53 Anticancer effect: A. paniculata shows excellent anticancer activities against different cancer cell lines, it is alternatives medicines for cancer would replace side effect causing chemotherapeutic agent. Anticancer activity of water, ethanol and acetone extracts of A. paniculata leaves against HT-29 cancer cell lines shows 50% inhibition at 200 μg/ml concentration [48]. The methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata was fractionated into dichloromethane, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts and screened for bioactivity. ...
Review on Evaluation of Phytochemical Analysis of Kalmegh (Andrographis Paniculata) Leaf Extract
Article
  • Jan 2024
Andrographis paniculata is an herbaceous plant which is commonly known as “King of Bitters” and belongs to the family Acanthaceae. Andrographis paniculata is one of the commonly used herbal medicines worldwide.It is an erect plant which grows mainly as under shrub in tropical moist deciduous forests. It grows erect to a height of 32-100cm in moist shady places with glabrous leaves and white flowers with rose-purple spots on the petals. This plant is the richest source of bioactive constituents. Andrographolide is generally considered an essential bioactive component of plant A. Paniculata. Andrographolide is colorless, crystalline in appearance and has a very bitter taste. the andrographolide are multifarious and include: analgesic, antipyretic, antiretroviral, antimalarial, anti-hyperglycaemic, hepatoprotective, immunemodulatory, protective against alcohol induced toxicity and cardio protective activity and anticancer activity Its phyto extract can protect human against a number of diseases.Kalmegh is used both in Ayurvedic and Unani System of medicines for possess immunological, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and hepatoprotective properties. Andrographolide is an interesting pharmacophore with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and hence has the potential to be developed as an anticancer chemotherapeutic agent as well.. The A. paniculata treats a wide range of diseases in traditional medicinal systems, and its intended benefits must be evaluatedThe present communication deals with the anti-diarrhoeal properties of the alcoholic extract, its fractions and pure compounds isolated from A. paniculata.In the ayurvedic system of medicine currently widely practiced in Indian, Andrographis paniculata is often used in combination with other herbs and health care procedures for helping patients suffering from diverse spectrums of organ pathologies and mental health problems
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Anticancer Activity of Phytochemicals from Nepalese Plants: A Review of Active Phytochemicals and Screening Methods
Article
Full-text available
Medicinal plants have long been sought after as a source of potentially valuable compounds to combat cancer. This review purposes that the phytochemicals found in Nepalese medicinal plants possess significant potential anticancer activity, which calls for methodical evaluation. The study explores the methodologies employed in screening the anticancer activity of medicinal plants found in Nepal. Full-text original research articles were searched on “Google Scholar” and “PubMed” using keywords “Anticancer” and “Medicinal plants”. The obtained plant species in the articles were looked over in the National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories (KATH) Plant Database to confirm their existence in Nepal. A list of 71 plant species showing anticancer activity was obtained. Active phytochemicals and screening methods of the plants reported in the articles were then analysed. The 71 plants contained 84 bioactive compounds, namely 7 alkaloids, 10 polyphenols, 1 saponins, 5 phytosterols, 29 terpenoids, 11 flavonoids, 3 polysaccharides, and 18 other miscellaneous compounds that showed anticancer activities. Likewise, 77.78% of the studies used cell line-based in vitro experiments while 6.94% of the methods employed animal-based in vivo methods, and the remaining 15.28% combined both approaches. In particular, 54.51% of the papers used multiple cell lines, while the remaining used single cell lines. These findings highlight the trend of screening methods, significance and potential of these plants in anticancer properties.
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Microwave-assisted synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using an Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: Characterization and multifunctional biological activities
Article
  • Oct 2024
This research delves into the environmentally friendly production of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using Andrographis paniculata leaf extract (Ap-CuNPs) and their thorough assessment for possible biological purposes. CuNPs were synthesised through a microwave-assisted method using Andrographis paniculata leaf extract. Characterization techniques included ultraviolet spectroscopy (UVsingle bondVis), FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, EDAX, XRD, particle size analysis, and zeta potential measurement. Biological activities were assessed through antioxidant (DPPH and H2O2 assays), anti-inflammatory (BSA and egg albumin denaturation assays), antimicrobial, cytotoxic (brine shrimp lethality and MTT assays), and wound healing (scratch assay) tests. Characterization confirmed the formation of Ap-CuNPs with a plasmon resonance peak at 550 nm, the presence of phytochemical capping agents, and high crystallinity. The average particle size was 69.1 nm, with a zeta potential of −12.1 mV. Ap-CuNPs exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with 88.62 % inhibition in the DPPH assay, in the H2O2 assay, which assesses the capacity to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, the Ap-CuNPs achieved 86.3 % inhibition at the same concentration. and anti-inflammatory activity, with 80 % inhibition in the BSA assay. Antimicrobial tests revealed strong activity against gram-negative bacteria in the 22 mm inhibition zone for Pseudomonas sp., for S. aureus, the inhibition zones were 9 mm. Cytotoxicity assessments revealed minimal effects at low concentrations, with 200 μg/ml identified as the optimal dose for wound healing. In vitro wound scratch assays demonstrated enhanced fibroblast migration and wound closure at this concentration.
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In vitro screening of five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2006
  • TROP BIOMED
Medicinal plants have many traditional claims including the treatment of ailments of infectious origin. In the evaluation of traditional claims, scientific research is important. The objective of the study was to determine the presence of antibacterial activity in the crude extracts of some of the commonly used medicinal plants in Malaysia, Andrographis paniculata, Vitex negundo, Morinda citrifolia, Piper sarmentosum, and Centella asiatica. In this preliminary investigation, the leaves were used and the crude extracts were subjected to screening against five strains of bacteria species, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, using standard protocol of Disc Diffusion Method (DDM). The antibacterial activities were assessed by the presence or absence of inhibition zones and MIC values. M. citrifolia, P. sarmentosum and C. asiatica methanol extract and A. paniculata (water extract) have potential antibacterial activities to both gram positive S. aureus and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). None of the five plant extracts tested showed antibacterial activities to gram negative E. coli and K. pneumoniae, except for A. paniculata and P. sarmentosum which showed activity towards P. aeruginosa. A. paniculata being the most potent at MIC of 2 g/disc. This finding forms a basis for further studies on screening of local medicinal plant extracts for antibacteria properties.
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In vitro cytotoxic activity of Indian medicinal plants used traditionally to treat cancer
Article
  • Jan 2011
The SRB assay was used to test in vitro cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines of six Indian medicinal plant species which are being used by traditional people in tribal regions for the treatment of ulcers and other diseases of patients. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts were tested against human cancer cell lines such as human neuroblastoma cell line (IMR-32) and colon cell lines (HT-15 & HT-29) and lung cancer cell lines A- 549. The results showed that plants Calotropis procera, Ocimum sanctum and Cannabis sativa, exhibited a very high degree of in vitro cytotoxic activity. The results showed a certain degree of selectivity against the different cell types with different extracts.
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In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of andrographolide
Article
  • Mar 2009
Andrographolide - the major active principle isolated from the plant Andrographis paniculata, has been shown to possess a strong anti-inflammatory activity. The possibility that the drug may affect asthmatic inflammation, through inhibition of the relevant inflammatory cytokines, has not been explored. The purpose of this study was, firstly, to investigate the ability of andrographolide to inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines in vitro in a model of non-specific inflammation and subsequently to determine whether such effect can also be exerted in vivo in allergic lung inflammation. LPS-induced TNF-alpha and GM-CSF release from mouse peritoneal macrophages was inhibited by andrographolide in a concentration-dependent manner. The concentration of the drug producing 50% inhibition was 0.6 microM for TNF-alpha and 3.3 microM for GM-CSF. The maximal inhibition achieved (at 50 microM) was 77% and 94%, respectively, for the two cytokines. The drug was as efficacious as dexamethasone, but about 8-12 times less potent. The drug also suppressed LPS-induced expression of mRNA for the two cytokines, suggesting that this effect may contribute to the mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory effects. In the in vivo study, intra-peritoneal treatment of ovalbumin-immunized and nasally-challenged mice with andrographolide significantly inhibited the elevation of bronchoalveolar fluid (BAF) levels of TNF-alpha and GM-CSF in a dose-dependent manner, with 30 mg/kg producing an inhibition of 92% and 65% of the cytokines, respectively) and almost completely abolishing the accumulation of lymphocytes and eosinophils. These results provide evidence that andrographolide is an effective anti-inflammatory drug that is active in vitro and in vivo, and affects both non-specific as well as antigen/antibody-dependent lung inflammation. Thus, andrographolide has the potential to be used in a variety of inflammatory conditions, including allergic lung inflammation.
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The Cytotoxic Activity of the Total Alkaloids Isolated from Different Parts of Solanum pseudocapsicum
Article
  • May 2004
The total alkaloid fractions of the methanolic extracts of the leaves, ripe fruits, roots, seeds and stem of Solanum pseudocapsicum were subjected to in-vitro cytotoxicity, short-term toxicity and long-term survival studies. All the five fractions exhibited potent activity. The total alkaloid fraction of leaves was found to be the most potent. The HT-29 cell line was the most sensitive to the fractions. The cytotoxic concentration (CTC(50)) values for all these fractions ranged between 0.39-0.91, 0.68-2.8, 0.92-3.56, 4.05-8.2, 3.28-5.65 and 0.95-5.55 microg/ml, respectively for HT-29, RD-228, A-549, HEp-2, B(16)F(10) and Vero cell lines. In short-term toxicity studies, the fractions showed 50% viability at 93-128 microg/ml for DLA cells and 141-189 microg/ml for human lymphocytes. In the long-term survival studies on the cell lines RD-228, HEp-2 and Vero, cells retained their regenerative capacities at concentrations below 8 microg/ml. The total alkaloids of the plant, especially from the leaves merit further investigations to identify the active constituents in animal models.
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A Flavonoid Fraction from Cranberry Extract Inhibits Proliferation of Human Tumor Cell Lines
Article
  • Jun 2004
In light of the continuing need for effective anticancer agents, and the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with reduced cancer risk, edible plants are increasingly being considered as sources of anticancer drugs. Cranberry presscake (the material remaining after squeezing juice from the berries), when fed to mice bearing human breast tumor MDA-MB-435 cells, was shown previously to decrease the growth and metastasis of tumors. Therefore, further studies were undertaken to isolate the components of cranberry that contributed to this anticancer activity, and determine the mechanisms by which they inhibited proliferation. Using standard chromatographic techniques, a warm-water extract of cranberry presscake was fractionated, and an acidified methanol eluate (Fraction 6, or Fr6) containing flavonoids demonstrated antiproliferative activity. The extract inhibited proliferation of 8 human tumor cell lines of multiple origins. The androgen-dependent prostate cell line LNCaP was the most sensitive of those tested (10 mg/L Fr6 inhibited its growth by 50%), and the estrogen-independent breast line MDA-MB-435 and the androgen-independent prostate line DU145 were the least sensitive (250 mg/L Fr6 inhibited their growth by 50%). Other human tumor lines originating from breast (MCF-7), skin (SK-MEL-5), colon (HT-29), lung (DMS114), and brain (U87) had intermediate sensitivity to Fr6. Using flow cytometric analyses of DNA distribution (cell cycle) and annexin V-positivity (apoptosis), Fr6 was shown in MDA-MB-435 cells to block cell cycle progression (P < 0.05) and induce cells to undergo apoptosis (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Fr6 is potentially a source of a novel anticancer agent.
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Reed JC, Pellecchia MApoptosis-based therapies for hematologic malignancies. Blood 106:408-418
Article
  • Aug 2005
Apoptosis is an intrinsic cell death program that plays critical roles in tissue homeostasis, especially in organs where high rates of daily cell production are offset by rapid cell turnover. The hematopoietic system provides numerous examples attesting to the importance of cell death mechanisms for achieving homeostatic control. Much has been learned about the mechanisms of apoptosis of lymphoid and hematopoietic cells since the seminal observation in 1980 that glucocorticoids induce DNA fragmentation and apoptosis of thymocytes and the demonstration in 1990 that depriving colony-stimulating factors from factor-dependent hematopoietic cells causes programmed cell death. From an understanding of the core components of the apoptosis machinery at the molecular and structural levels, many potential new therapies for leukemia and lymphoma are emerging. In this review, we introduce some of the drug discovery targets thus far identified within the core apoptotic machinery and describe some of the progress to date toward translating our growing knowledge about these targets into new therapies for cancer and leukemia.
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