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Effects of climate change scenarios on red and white Tempranillo grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.):
Plant growth and grapes respond to a combination of elevated CO2, temperature and drought
T. Kizildeniz1, I. Mekni1, I. Pascual1, J.J. Irigoyen1, F. Morales2,1
1Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas (Dpto. de Biología Ambiental), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, EEAD, Zaragoza e ICVV, Logroño. Facultades de Ciencias y
Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona
2Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD). CSIC. Dpto. Nutrición Vegetal. Apdo. 13034. 50080. Zaragoza
Introduction
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important
anthropogenic greenhouses gas. Its atmospheric concentration
has increased from 280 in the pre-industrial era to ca. 389-400
mmol mol-1 air (ppm) and is expected to rise to ca. 700 ppm at
the end of this century. An increasing drought in the agricultural
areas and rising temperature (between 1.8 and 4.0 ºC by the
year 2100) are also indirect effects of the increased CO2
concentration (IPCC, 2007).
Grapevine growth is sensitive to direct environmental
factors including water availability, temperature and CO2. A
general response to elevated CO2 is an increased grapevine
growth rate and yield (Bowes, 1993; Rogers et al., 1994; Bindi et
al., 1996).
Nevertheless, the global effects of elevated CO2, and its
interaction with drought and elevated temperature, on red and
white Tempranillo, which are important in the Spanish wine
sector, still need further investigation.
Objective
The aim of the present work was to study
the effect of several climate change
scenarios (combinations of CO2
concentration, temperature and water
availability) on two Tempranillo grapevine
varieties (red and white) in the vegetative
and reproductive (grape yield) growth. Well-irrigated
Cyclic drought
Temperature Gradient Greenhouses
Well-irrigated
Cyclic drought
Material and Methods
Grapevine fruit-bearing cuttings were exposed to ambient (ca. 400 ppm) or elevated CO2 (ca.
700 ppm), combined with ambient (T) or elevated temperature (T + 4ºC) and two water
regimes (optimum irrigation or cyclic drought) from fruit set to maturity in four temperature
gradient greenhouses (Figure 1). Sampling was made at five phenological stages: (I) One
week before veraison (equivalent to ca. 60 days after flowering), (II) Mid-veraison, (III) One
week after mid-veraison, (IV) Two weeks after mid-veraison and (V) Maturity (21-23 ºBrix)
(Figure 2).
Figure 2. Fruit-bearing cuttings
were developed, and a DECAGON
water sensor was placed into each
pot. Plants grew until fruit set in
ambient conditions in the
greenhouse. Then, they were
transferred into four temperature
gradient greenhouses (Figure 1),
climate change simulation and
current ambient conditions. In each
greenhouse, plants were divided
into two groups, well-irrigated and
cyclic drought. Treatments were
maintained until harvest time.
Results and Conclusions
Results showed that the red Tempranillo produces more leaf area and yield (berry bunch
weight) than the white one (Figures 5 and 6). The increased growth and production of the red
variety had as a consequence a higher water consumption and soil water depletion (Figure 3).
Drought decreased leaf area in both varieties of all treatments (Figure 6). Leaf water content
(expressed either per leaf area or per leaf dry weight) showed generally no remarkable
differences in both varieties in any of the treatments. Only in the first sampling, some
differences were observed; the elevated CO2-well irrigated-ambient temperature treatment in
both varieties had the highest leaf water contents (Figure 4). Elevated temperature reduced
leaf area growth in both varieties of all treatments. Elevated CO2 however tended to increase
leaf area in all treatments (Figure 6). In summary, results indicate that climate change
(elevated CO2, elevated temperature and drought) affects red and white Tempranillo growth
and yield.
References
Bindi M., Fibbi, L., Gozzini, B., Orlandini, S., Migletta F., 1996. Modeling the impact of future climate scenarios on
yield and yield variability of grapevine. Clim. Res. 7, 213-224.
Bowes, G., 1993. Facing the inevitable – Plants and increasing atmospheric CO2 . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant
Mol. Biol. 44, 309-332.
IPCC, 2007. Climate Change and its impacts in the near and long term under different scenarios, in: Core Writing
Team; Pachauri, R.K., Reisinger, A (Ed.), Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I,
II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva,
Switzerland pp 44-54.
Rogers H. H., Runion, G. B., Krupa, S. V., 1994. Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment with emphasis on
roots and the rhizosphere. Environ. Pollution 83, 155-189.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank the Innovine Project (Combining innovation in vineyard management and
genetic diversity for a sustainable European viticulture (Call FP7-KBBE-2012-6, Proposal Nº
311775-INNOVINE)), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [grant number BFU2011-
26989] and Gobierno de Aragón (A03 research group) for financial support, Asociación de
Amigos de la Universidad de Navarra for PhD Thesis grant, and M. Oyarzun, A. Urdiain and H.
Santesteban for excellent technical assistance.
Experimental Design
Soil Volumetric Water Content (m3 H2O m-3 Soil) x 100
Ambient Temperature Elevated Temperature
Ambient CO2
Elevated CO2
Ambient CO2
Elevated CO2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
White-Irrigated
White-Drought
Red-Irrigated
Red-Drought
Berry Bunch Weight (g plant-1)
abcd bcde
abc
bcde bcde de bcde
e
ab
a
bcde bcd bcde bcde cde bcde
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
T T + 4ºC T T + 4ºC T T + 4ºC T T + 4ºC
Well - irrigated Cyclic drought Well - irrigated Cyclic drought
Tempranillo Red Tempranillo White
Ambient CO2
Elevated CO2
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Ambt.CO2-T-Irrigated
Ambt.CO2-T-Drought
Ambt.CO2-T+4ºC-Irrigated
Ambt.CO2-T+4ºC-Drought
Elev.CO2-T-Irrigated
Elev.CO2-T-Drought
Elev.CO2-T+4ºC-Irrigated
Elev.CO2-T+4ºC-Drought
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Sampling I Sampling II Sampling III Sampling IV Sampling V
Tempranillo White
Tempranillo Red
Leaf Area (cm2 plant-1)
Leaf Water Content
(g H2O cm-2)
Tempranillo White
Tempranillo Red
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
Sampling I Sampling II Sampling III Sampling IV Sampling V
(g H2O g-1 Dry Weight)
Tempranillo White
Tempranillo Red
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Sampling I Sampling II Sampling III Sampling IV Sampling V
Ambt.CO2-T-Irrigated
Ambt.CO2-T-Drought
Ambt.CO2-T+4ºC-Irrigated
Ambt.CO2-T+4ºC-Drought
Elev.CO2-T-Irrigated
Elev.CO2-T-Drought
Elev.CO2-T+4ºC-Irrigated
Elev.CO2-T+4ºC-Drought
Time Time
Figure 1. Four temperature gradient greenhouses
were used for climate change simulation. Each
greenhouse include three modules that has
different temperature conditions (Ambient (T), Mid-
term and Elevated (T+4ºC)).
Figure 3. Figure 4.
Figure 5. Figure 6.
