Article

Foliar application of calcium chloride and borax influences plant growth, yield, and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit

January 2012
Turk Tarim ve Ormancilik Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 36(6):695-701

DOI:10.3906/tar-1112-7

Authors:

Abdur Rab

Shandong University of Finance and Economics

Haq Ihsanul

Hazara Agricultural Research Station, Abbottabad

The influence of CaCl2 and borax on growth, yield, and quality of tomato was investigated during the years 2009 and 2010. The experiment was laid out with a randomized complete block design. Calcium chloride (0.3% and 0.6%) and borax (0.2% and 0.4%) solutions were applied as foliar sprays either alone or in combination and data were recorded for plant height, branches per plant, flowers per cluster, fruits per plant, yield, fruit weight, fruit firmness, and total soluble solid content of the fruit. The application of CaCl2 alone significantly increased the plant height and fruits per plant and decreased the incidence of blossom end rot. Borax alone significantly enhanced the number of branches per plant, number of flowers per cluster, fruits per cluster, fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit firmness, and total soluble solid content of the fruits. Foliar application of CaCl2 (0.6%) + borax (0.2%) resulted in the maximum plant height (86.60 cm), branches per plant (7.21), flowers per cluster (32.36), fruits per plant (96.37), fruit weight (96.33 g), yield (21.33 t ha(-1)), fruit firmness (3.46 kg cm(-2)), and total soluble solids (6.10%) and the lowest blossom end rot incidence (6.25%). However, the difference among 0.6% CaCl2 + 0.2% borax, 0.3% CaCl2 + 0.2% borax, and 0.6% CaCl2 + 0.4% borax was nonsignificant.

Growth and yield of solanaceous vegetables in response to application of micronutrients‒A review

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2016

Micronutrients are present in lower concentrations in soil than macronutrients but are equally significant in plant nutrition, since, plants grown in micronutrient-deficient soils show similar reductions in productivity as those grown in macronutrient-deficient soils. Solanaceous vegetables are the part of diet of all over the world. With growing demand for quality of vegetables as people are becoming more health conscious, there is a need to go for balanced fertilization of both macro and micronutrients. Since, micronutrients play a profound role in various metabolic functions of plant; therefore, without micronutrient application there occurs deficiency and eventually reduction in yield and quality. Foliar application of micronutrients shows better efficacy than soil application as the uptake and assimilation of micronutrients by later method takes more time. Owing to intensive agriculture and high yielding varieties of vegetables extra mining of nutrients takes place which leads to negative nutrient balance in the soil. Hence, to cope up with the needs of the crop, application of micronutrients in addition to macronutrients must be ensured.

Production and quality of Sweet Grape tomato in response to foliar calcium fertilization 1

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

In tomato, foliar application of calcium-based nutrient solutions is used to complement soil fertilization. However, knowledge regarding the factors that influence the effectiveness of foliar fertilizer applications remains incomplete. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of foliar fertilization with calcium for improving production and quality of hydroponic Sweet Grape tomatoes. An experiment was conducted in a commercial hydroponic system in a split-split-plot scheme, with two calcium doses: 1,5 and 3 mmol L-1 of Ca. The solutions were sprayed on the leaves at intervals of 7 and 14 days, using commercial foliar fertilizers containing 0.3 g L-1 of calcium chloride or calcium acetate. The results indicate that the foliar application of calcium fertilizers, regardless of the amount of calcium provided in the nutrient solution and the frequency of applications, positively affects fruit production and quality. No difference was found between the effects of application of the two calcium sources, as well as the frequency of application.

Growth and Quality of Zinnia elegans L. in Response to Different Growth Stimulants.

Article

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Jul 2024

Zinnia elegans L. is a cut flower, to improve the growth parameters of this flower salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) can act as growth stimulants. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of pre-harvest SA and CaCl2 treatments in extending the vase life, quality and quantity of cut Zinnia flowers. Therefore, completely randomized design was made with SA at the rate of 0.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L and CaCl2 at the rate of 0.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L with 3 replicates in each treatment. Changes in growth morphology (such as shoot length, root length, dry weigh of root and plant, fresh weight of root and plant, total number of flowers and total number of flower cluster per plant), Physiology (chlorophyll content, PPO activity and protein) and phosphorous and potassium concentration were checked. The research study led to following conclusions that the foliar application of calcium chloride @ 1.5 mg/L + salicylic acid @ 0.5 mg/L resulted in highest growth parameters of Zinnia. The quality parameters like chlorophyll, total protein, phosphorous and catalase content also showed maximum value during the course of the study. It can be concluded in nutshell that calcium chloride in combination with salicylic acid results in better growth and quality of zinnia under the agro-climatic conditions of Lahore. These results suggest that SA and CaCl2 could be used as potential growth promoters to improve quantity and quality of Zinnia elegans L.

Growth and quality of zinnia in response to different growth stimulants.

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Application of calcium chloride on yield and quality of Capsicum annuum L.

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Effect of different micronutrients on the quality attributes in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) under Telangana condition

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Effect of micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

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ALLEVIATING THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SALINITY STRESS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATO PLANTS BY USING FOLIAR SPRAYING WITH JASMONIC ACID AND GLYCINE BETAINE

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Use of boron sources and doses in the industrial tomato under irrigation

Article

Dec 2023

Rafael Matias da Silva

Boron sources and doses can positively increase fruit quality and tomato yield. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of boron doses and sources on the development and yield of industrial tomatoes under irrigation. A randomized block design with four replications in a 3x4x2 factorial scheme was used. Three boron sources, boric acid, borax, and ulexite; four boron doses (0, 1, 2, and 3 kg/ha); and two locations, Goianésia, GO (AE I) and Vila Propício, GO (AE II) were evaluated. Stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), the total number of fruits (TNF), the number of ripe fruits (NRF), the number of green fruits per plant (NGF), the number of lateral branches per plant (NLB), longitudinal fruit diameter (LFD), transversal fruit diameter (TFD), yield (YLD), total soluble solids content (°BRIX), pH, and titratable acidity (TA) were evaluated. There was no significant difference for the evaluated boron sources, while boron doses statistically influenced the increase in the TNF, NRF, °BRIX, and YLD. The dose of 1.23 kg ha-1 provided the highest values of ºBRIX (4.75%). The dose of 1.89 kg/ha provided the highest yield (119001.5 kg/ha), regardless of sources and locations. Boron sources did not significantly affect tomato crops, so both can be used for the study conditions

RESPONSE OF IRRIGATION AND PLANT BIO-REGULATORS SPRAY ON SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF EGYPTIAN CLOVER (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)

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Effects of Ca Sprays on Fruit Ca Content and Yield of Tomato Variety Susceptible to Blossom-End Rot

Article

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Apr 2023

Several factors are involved in the incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato fruit, but the main one is insufficient Ca uptake and transport through the plant, resulting in Ca deficiency in the fruit. Sprays of Ca-containing products are considered to be a possible measure to overcome the local Ca deficiency in tomato fruit. Therefore, the main objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of additional Ca supply to tomato fruits for increasing Ca content and reducing fruit damage. Sprays of five different commercial preparations containing (Brexil Duo, Calmax Zero N, Ca(NO3)2, CaCl2) or promoting (Greenstim) Ca uptake were tested using BER-sensitive large-fruit variety ‘Beorange’. The experiment was conducted in the commercial greenhouse ‘Getlini EKO’, Latvia, during the autumn–spring season of 2020/2021 under controlled conditions, eliminating the adverse impact of external factors. The results revealed that none of the preparations were effective in increasing Ca content, preventing BER, and did not promote the tomato yield. As good agricultural practices were followed in the greenhouse to manage BER, we concluded that a non-marketable yield of around 15% should be expected for ‘Beorange’ when grown under artificial light, possibly due to the impact of abiotic stresses and genetically determined susceptibility.

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on growth and yield parameter in bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) variety Pusa Manjri under Kanpur agro-climatic condition

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Effect of nutrient ratios of Water Soluble Fertilizers on Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under fertigation

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Jan 2022

A pot experiment was conducted during 2020-21 at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore to study the effect of nutrient ratios of water soluble fertilizers on yield and quality of tomato crop variety TNAU Tomato Hybrid CO 3 under fertigation. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design in 54 pots with nine treatments imposed in three replications. The results revealed that the different yield attributes like number of fruits per plant, fruit volume, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit girth and yield per plant and the quality parameters like titrable acidity, lycopene and β carotene contents recorded highest under fertigation with NPK 1:1:1 + Ca + B (100 % RDN) treatment while TSS and ascorbic acid marked the highest under fertigation with NPK 1:1:1 + B (100% RDN). Lowest yield and quality parameters were observed in the absolute control. This particular study revealed that the application of calcium and boron together with optimal levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium through fertigation may result in the maximum yield with best quality tomato fruits.

Foliar Applied Boron not only Enhances Seed Cotton Yield but also Improves Fiber Strength and Fineness of Cotton Cultivars

Article

Jun 2021
PHILIPP AGRIC SCI

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is as famous as “White Gold” due to its high quality fiber. Boron (B) is one of essential micronutrients involved directly or indirectly in many plant processes. Cotton growth, yield and quality are intensely influenced with B application. A 2 years field based study was conducted to explore the impact of foliar applied B (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 kg ha-1) on productivity and quality of cotton cultivars (FH-113, MNH-786, and CIM-496). Outcomes of the experiment reflected that application of various levels of B significantly influences the growth and quality attributes of cotton cultivars. Crop growth rate, plant height, sympodial branches per plant, seed cotton weight per boll, and seed cotton yield were recorded at maximum by application of B at 1.5 kg ha-1 during both growing seasons. Quality parameters including fiber strength and fineness were also improved by foliar application at 1.5 kg ha-1. Among the cotton cultivars, FH-113 performed better regarding productivity, yield and quality of produce during the years of cultivation. Maximum field benefits or net returns were obtained by foliar applied B at 1.5 kg ha-1 in cultivar FH-113 during experimental years. Findings of current experimentation indicated that foliar application of B at 1.5 kg ha-1 is considered economical to produce good quality of fiber with enhanced seed cotton yield.

Comparative Effects of Calcium, Boron, and Zinc Inhibiting Physiological Disorders, Improving Yield and Quality of Solanum lycopersicum

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024

Localized calcium deficiency at the tomato flower end causes a physiological disorder called blossom end rot, resulting in yield losses of up to 50 percent. Fruit cracking is another physiological disorder of tomatoes that most often occurs when the movement of water and solutes to the tomato is protracted or rapid, but the underlying cause of fruit cracking is, again, calcium deficiency. Therefore, the present field experiment was conducted with the aim of increasing yield and reducing physiological disorders in tomatoes with a foliar application of calcium and micronutrients (zinc and boron). Four levels of calcium (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9%), three levels of boron (0, 0.25, and 0.5%), and three levels of Zinc (0, 0.25, and 0.5%) were applied foliarly three times (starting at flowering, the 2nd application was repeated when the fruits set, and the 3rd after a period of 15 days from the fruits set). An addition of 0.6% calcium increased yield and associated traits with a decreased flower drop. Likewise, a 0.9% calcium addition increased fruit Ca content and decreased blossom end rot, fruit cracking, and Zn content. Foliar spraying with 0.25% boron (compound B) improved flowering and production while reducing flower drop and tomato fruit cracking. Similarly, an application of 0.5% B significantly increased Ca and B content with minimal blossom end rot and Zn content. Likewise, a 0.5% Zn application resulted in yield and yield-related traits with increased fruit B and Zn contents while blossom end rot, fruit cracking, and fruit Ca content were lower when 0.5% of foliar Zn was applied. Therefore, it is concluded that a foliar application of Ca, B, and Zn can be used alone or in combination to minimize the physiological disorders, increase production, and improve tomato fruit quality.

Evaluation of Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Antioxidant Defense Responses of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in Coping with Boron Stress

Article

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Aug 2024

Ridvan Temizgul

Wheat, one of the world's most important agricultural products, plays a vital role in meeting the nutritional needs of our growing global population. However, arid and semi-arid regions face a potential threat from boron (B) toxicity. While boron is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development, its excessive presence can be toxic. It disrupts physiological processes, causing chlorosis and necrosis, ultimately leading to yield loss or plant death. Although B deficiency is a problem in the soils of many countries, Türkiye is one of the few experiencing B toxicity problems in its agricultural areas. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of durum wheat to various B concentrations (0-20 mg L-1) under controlled air-conditioned cabin conditions. Durum wheat exhibited a decrease in chlorophyll content, phenolic content, and antiradical capacity at B doses exceeding 10 mg L-1. However, carotene content increased steadily with increasing B concentrations. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), increased up to a B dose of 15 mg L-1. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased up to 10 mg L-1 B dose but decreased at higher B levels. Proline content increased tenfold up to a B dose of 10 mg L-1, indicating an attempt to mitigate stress. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation increased continuously (approximately 150%) with increasing B doses, suggesting membrane damage. Despite being considered B-sensitive, this study demonstrated that durum wheat can effectively cope with B stress up to a B dose of 10 mg L-1 under controlled conditions. Beyond this threshold, physiological and biochemical changes indicate a decline in stress tolerance. Many osmoregulators, carotenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, non-protein amino acids, and several unidentified metabolites are activated to support antioxidant defense. The SOS pathway and the released ROS force gene regulatory systems come into play. Following these, the ROS released in the organism are neutralized, and ionic homeostasis and cellular stress resistance are achieved.

Evaluation of Ca(NO3)2 and various container cell size effects on some growth attributes and nutrient content of tomato transplants

Article

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Apr 2024

Optimizing container cell size and nutrition is crucial for enhancing the quality of vegetable transplants. The current study evaluated the effect of different cell sizes and Ca(NO3)2 on some properties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) transplants. Experimental treatment included four levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg L–1) of Ca(NO3)2 and 5 different cell sizes of containers (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications under greenhouse conditions. Ca(NO3)2 and larger cell size, increased height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots, and concentration of chlorophyll, protein, SPAD, carbohydrates, and macro/micronutrients. The results revealed that maximum shoot and root fresh and dry weight, photosynthesis pigments, N, P, K, Ca, and Fe concentrations were recorded at 150 mg L–1 × cell size 5. In comparison, the highest Zn and Mn concentrations were recorded at 100 mg L–1 × cell size 4 and 5. Our results demonstrated that applying Ca(NO3)2 and increasing the cell size of the containers improved the traits evaluated, so Ca(NO3)2 at 10 and 15 mg L–1 with cell size 5 can be recommended to transplant producers.

Potassium Nitrate and Calboro Improve Fruit Set, Productivity and Storability of Summer Squash under Aswan Conditions

Article

Nov 2023

Effect of Foliar Application of Micronutrients on Growth, Yield and Economics of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Article

Apr 2017

A field experiment was conducted to find out the response of foliar application of micronutrients on growth, yield and economics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) at collage orchard, Department of Vegetable Crops, HC & RI, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The treatments consisted of boric acid @100 ppm, ZnSo4 @ 100 ppm, ammonium molybdate @ 50 ppm, copper sulphate @ 100 ppm, ferrous sulphate @ 100 ppm, manganese sulphate @ 100 ppm, mixture of all, mixture of all without B, mixture of all without Zn, mixture of all without Mo, mixture of all without Cu, mixture of all without Fe, mixture of all without Mn, commercial formulation (Multiplex) @ 4 ml/lit and control (without spray). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. All the micronutrients were sprayed individually and in combinations on tomato in three sprays at an interval of 10 days starting from 40 days after transplanting. The results revealed that spraying of mixture of all micronutrients (T7 ) 3 times at an interval of 10 days starting from 40 days after transplanting resulted in the highest plant height (95.7 cm), number of fruits per plant (46.4), fruit weight (61.9 g), fruit yield per plot (63.5 kg), yield/ha (564.1 q) and benefit cost ratio (3.04) followed by the spray of commercial formulation (Multiplex).

RESPONSE OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM L.) TO IMBIBING SEEDS BY GA3, AND FOLIAR SPRAYING BY BORON AND Α-TOCOPHEROL

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Dec 2022

Effect of Foliar Application of Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients on Vegetable Crops

Article

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Jun 2023

Vegetables are most important in healthy human life as compare to the other crops, they are rich source of nutrients, vitamins (C, A, B1, B6, B9, E), minerals, dietary fiber and phytochemicals. Consumption of less than 200 g of vegetables per person per day in many countries today is common and this low amount, often in conjunction with poverty and poor medical services, is associated with unacceptable levels of mortality and malnutrition in preschool children and other vulnerable groups. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is originally a native of South America. It is popularly known as 'The king of vegetables' has emerged as the fourth most important food crops in India after rice, wheat and maize. It is providing higher dry matter production per unit area and time as compared to other field crops. Potato is the single most popular vegetable-tuber crop grown in more than 150 countries of the world. Nutrient deficiencies in a crop arising at the critical stages of their growth which adversely affects the yield and quality of produce. Foliar fertilization is a widely used method to supplement soil application for improving the yield and quality of field crops. Foliar nutrition was found to be six, four and twenty times more beneficial than soil application for N, B and Zn respectively. The practice of foliar fertilization has the advantages of low cost and a quick plant response, and it is particularly important when soil problems occur and root growth is inadequate. Foliar application of secondary and micronutrients had a marked influence on growth and yield parameters with the spray of macro and micronutrients (Mg, S, Zn and B).

The effect of calcium lactate foliar spray on growth, yield and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. New Red Fire under water deficit stress

Article

Full-text available

May 2019

In order to investigate the effects of calcium lactate (CL) on growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and quality of lettuce cv. New Red Fire under water deficit stress, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Research Farm of University of Zanjan, during 2017. Treatments consisted arrangement of three levels of CL (0, 0.75 and 1.5 g.l-1) and three levels of irrigation (starting irrigation at 100, 85 and 70% ETc (crop evapotranspiration)). The results showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced plant growth and yield. The lowest value of yield (9644.2 Kg.ha-1), total chlorophyll (0.51 mg g FW-1), vitamin C (44.48 mg 100 gFW-1) and titratable acidity (19.55 %), and the highest carotenoids (0.251 mg gFW-1), anthocyanin contents (26.56 μmol.g-1) and WUE (15.37 kg.m-3) were obtained at deficit irrigation of 70% ETc. However, irrigation treatment had no significant effects on total soluble solid content. Application of CL significantly increased total chlorophyll, carotenoid, vitamin C, titratable acidity, anthocyanin contents, plant yield and WUE. The highest plant yield (13710.77 Kg.ha-1), vitamin C (48.05 mg 100 gFW-1) and total chlorophyll contents (0.64 mg gFW-1) were obtained with application of CL 1.5 g.l-1 under irrigation of 100% ETc. Also, the interaction effects of treatments had no significant effects on titratable acidity and TSS. According to the results, application of CL 1.5 g.l-1 is recommended to improve yield, WUE and quality of lettuce under normal irrigation and water deficit stress.

RESPONSE OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) TO NP ORGANIC FERTILIZER (RICH IN PHOSPHORUS) AND CALCIUM

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

This current research proceeded during the growing season of 2021 at the Al-Nakhil Station, Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq, to evaluate the response of hybrid tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) ‘OULA F1’ to foliar application of organic fertilizers NP and calcium. The first factor included spraying phosphorous and nitrogen with three concentrations (0, 1, and 2 ml.L-1), while the second consisted of calcium spray with three different concentrations (0, 1.25, and 2.5 ml.L-1). The experiment was setup according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in a factorial arrangement. The results showed that the organic fertilizer rich in phosphorus at a concentration of 2 ml.L-1 significantly improved the traits, i.e., plant height (49.98 cm), leaf number (34.80 leaves.plant1), leaf area (3775.90 cm2.plant-1), shoot dry weight (156.70 g.plant-1), and leaf content of total chlorophyll (183.19 mg.l00g-1 FW) in comparison with the control treatment. Also, the same concentration of phosphorus revealed superiority in the percentage of N, P, K, and Ca in tomato leaves and fruit yield per plant (1.79%, 0.71%, 2.23%, 1.69%, and 2.89% kg.plant-1, respectively), compared with the control treatment. Moreover, the results further revealed that the organic calcium fertilizer at a concentration of 2.5 ml L-1 realized the highest averages for plant height, leaf number, leaf area, shoot dry weight, leaf N percent, leaf P percent, leaf K percent, and fruit yield per plant by 52.39 cm, 35.27 leaves.plant-1, 3850.20 cm2.plant-1, 175.73 g.plant-1, 1.74%, 0.70%, 2.17%, and 3.12 kg.plant-1, respectively. The foliar application of calcium at a concentration of 1.25 ml.L-1 provided the maximum total chlorophyll (175.03 mg.l00g-1 FW) and Ca (1.74%) in the leaves.

Aplicação de formulações de cálcio e boro na cultura do tomateiro tutorado

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2017

Aplicação via solo e foliar de fertilizantes formulados com cálcio (Ca) e boro (B) é prática comum para prevenção de distúrbios fisiológicos em tomates. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de formulações de Ca e B e ácido bórico via foliar, e de bórax via solo, em tomateiro de mesa, em Caçador, SC, nas safras 2010/11, 2011/12 e 2012/13. No início da maturação dos frutos, determinou-se macro e micronutrientes na folha diagnose. Na colheita, avaliou-se a produtividade total, comercial (extra AA e extra A) e descarte, e a incidência dos distúrbios fisiológicos podridão apical e lóculo aberto. As aplicações de Ca e B não influenciaram a produtividade e a incidência de distúrbios fisiológicos. Não se observou sintomas de deficiência ou toxidez nas plantas que apresentaram teores foliares de nutrientes abaixo ou acima da faixa recomendada para a cultura. A aplicação foliar de B, como ácido bórico, aumentou o teor de B na folha diagnose, porém sem efeito na produção e na incidência de lóculo aberto nos frutos.

Response of Tomato (lycopersicum Esculentum L.) to Imbibing Seeds by Ga3, And Foliar Spraying by Boron And Α-tocopherol

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

This study was carried out from March to October 2021 at two different locations in Sulaimani governorate, the first location was the University of Sulaimani, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, and the second location located in Sulaimani, Sitak, Kani Naz, the study aimed to indicated the impact of gibberellic acid on seed germination of local tomato seeds, and evaluated the effect of foliar application of boric acid and alpha-Tocopherol (α-Tocopherol ) on the vegetative growth and yield of tomato plants. The seeds were soaked in gibberellic acid at different concentrations (0 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm), and foliar spraying of boric acid at various levels (0 ppm, 15 ppm, and 30 ppm) started two weeks after transplanting. Also, another foliar applied was α-Tocopherol at different levels (0 ppm, 125 ppm, and 250 ppm) when the plants start to flowering. The results showed that gibberellic acid had a significant effect on the tomato seed germination. Additionally, the result about the interaction between all factors revealed that the interaction among (S1*B2 *E3) had a height significant (p≤0.05) role on the vegetative growth, plant height (135.000 cm), number of branches. Plant-1 (57.000), the highest content of boron in leaves when using (S2*B3*E1) (0.460 mg. kg-1), and the highest yield. Plant-1 when using (S3*B2*E1) (3.187 kg). Whereas, all of the factors with all different concentrations had no significant (p˃0.05) effect on leaf area surface in tomato plants

Improving Quality Attributes of Tomato during Cold Storage by Preharvest Foliar Application of Calcium Chloride and Potassium Thiosulfate

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2019

The aim of this trial was to investigate the pre-harvest foliar application of calcium chloride and potassium thiosulfate each at 0.0, 0.2 and 0.4 % on some quality of tomato fruit (hybrid 65010) during cold storage. The experimental layout of cold storage experiments was a split-split-plot based on Randomized Complete Blocks design with three replications. Time of cold storage, calcium chloride and potassium thiosulfate levels were randomly distributed in the main, sub-and sub-sub plots, orderly. At the termination of cold storage, effect on tomato fruit titratable acidity, vitamin C and lycopene contents while, negative impact on firmness and total soluble sugars contents was obtained. At termination of cold storage, pre-harvest foliar calcium chloride at 0.2 and/or 0.4 % caused increments in fruit titratable acidity, vitamin C, total soluble sugars, lycopene and firmness contents. In addition, pre-harvest foliar potassium thiosulfate at 0.4 % enhanced fruit vitamin C, total soluble sugars, lycopene and firmness contents and also increased titratable acidity content. Generally, the interaction between cold storage × pre-harvest foliar calcium chloride or potassium thiosulfate at 0.2 and/or 0.4% increased fruit total titratable acidity, vitamin C, total soluble sugars, lycopene and firmness contents. Also, the interaction between pre-harvest calcium chloride × potassium thiosulfate at 0.4 % was distinguished and increased all studied fruit quality at the end of cold storage. The interaction treatment of cold storage × calcium chloride at 0.4 % × potassium thiosulfate at 0.4 % was the best that improved fruit quality more than others.

Evaluation of cultivation of tubers and spices in polypropylene bags: An option

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Jan 2022

Effect of Foliar Application of nano Ca on qualitative Parameters of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Dodlolla Rajani

Indiscriminate application of these nutrients to the soil over years will lead to accumulation in soil, to the level toxic to plants. Therefore, an efficient mechanism is very essential to reduce the amount of nutrient (soil / foliar) application, without compromising the plant growth and yield is very essential. Hence, in recent years, the application of nanoscale particles is being preferred to enhance the agronomic effectiveness of nutrients in plants. In view of this, an experiment was conducted during kharif, 2020 to know the effect of foliar application of nano CaO on qualitative parameters of tomato. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with thirteen treatments comprising different concentrations of nano CaO (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 and 1500 ppm), CaNO 3 , and control. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The foliar application of nano CaO was done at 30 and 45 DAT. Nano CaO 600 ppm recorded minimum values for TSS (3.90 0 Brix), pH (4.38), total sugars (2.40 %), reducing sugars (2.15 %), lycopene content (5.80 mg 100g-1) and maximum values for ascorbic acid (25.40 mg 100g-1) and titrable acidity (0.52%).

Efficacy of plant growth regulators on productivity, quality and profitability of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium)

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Full-text available

Jun 2022

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (Rabi) season of 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Agronomy Research Farm of the Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana, Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, for evaluating various plant-growth regulating chemicals on quality-seed production of berseem or Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrium L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design, replicated thrice with 8 foliar spray treatments, viz.; T 1 , control; T 2 , 2 sprays of water at weekly interval, starting from flower initiation; T 3 , 2 sprays of potassium nitrate @ 2% at weekly interval; T 4 , 1 spray of salicylic acid @ 75 ppm; T 5 , 2 sprays of salicylic acid @ 75 ppm at weekly interval; T 6 , 1 spray of potassium nitrate @ 2% followed by 1 spray of salicylic acid @ 75 ppm after 1 week interval; T 7 , 2 sprays of potassium nitrate @ 2% alternatively sprayed with 2 sprays of salicylic acid @ 75 ppm; and T 8 , 1 spray of cytokinins @ 50 ppm, applied at flower-initiation stage. The results revealed that, significantly higher yield attributes [capsules/m 2 (304), seeds/capsule (50.5), seed weight/5 capsules (0.63 g), 1,000 seed weight (3.97 g)] and seed yield (4.45 q/ha) of berseem were recorded under T 7 (2 sprays of potassium nitrate @ 2% alternatively sprayed with 2 sprays of salicylic acid @ 75 ppm) which was followed by (fb) T 6 , (1 spray of potassium nitrate @ 2% fb 1 spray of salicylic acid @ 75 ppm alternatively at weekly interval). Thus, application of 2 sprays of potassium nitrate @ 2% alternatively sprayed with 2 sprays of salicylic acid @ 75 ppm at flowering stage may be recommended to farmers for getting sufficient green fodder in addition to higher recovery of quality seed in profitable manner from dual-purpose berseem.

Effect of Biochar Application to Fertile Soil on Tomato Crop Production under Saline Irrigation Regime

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Full-text available

Jul 2022

Biochar application is a promising sustainable strategy for enhancing soil properties thus crop production. However, biochar application to soil certainly alters its biological and physical properties, and could require extra costs. Therefore, biochar suitability to agroecosystems must be proactively estimated. The advantage of biochar addition to poor fertile or weathered soils has been well studies, however, its feasibility to fertile soil under low quality (saline) irrigation water was not frequently studied. Consequently, this work investigates the hypothesis of whether the application of biochar at a rate of 4.8 tons/ha to fertile soil (Nile Valley, Giza, Egypt) would ameliorate the negative effects of saline irrigation regime (3000 ppm) on tomato crop and soil. The results of two seasons experiments showed that saline irrigation significantly reduced tomato crop yield by an average reduction ratio of 51%, and biochar addition could not compensate such reduction. Furthermore, biochar did not reduce accumulated Na+ in fruits or roots. Tomato fruits produced from biochar-added soil were lower in TSS levels (41.7% reduction ratio) yet larger in diameter by approximately 1.5-fold increase. Interestingly, biochar addition into soil greatly promotes the length of stem-borne lateral roots and elevates the expression of LeNR (encodes nitrate reductase enzyme) in leaves yet under fresh irrigation regime. For soil properties, biochar application enhanced the soil properties under either saline or fresh water irrigation conditions. Collectively, it is assumed that biochar application to fertile soil in Nile Valley of Egypt could not alleviate tomato fruits yield reduction affected by applied saline irrigation regime. Keywords:

Effect of foliar application of calcium chloride on yield and quality of apple varieties

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Full-text available

Jun 2020

Effect of foliar application of calcium chloride on yield and quality of apple varieties. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 9, Issue 2, pp1294-1303. http://dx. Abstract An experiment "Effect of foliar application of calcium chloride on yield and quality of apple varieties" was carried out in 2016 at Germplasm unit, (fruit) Agricultural Research Institute Mingora, Swat. Germplasm unit (fruit) is situated in Matta valley Biakan Swat at elevation of 1500 meters above sea level. Three levels of CaCl2 (0, 0.5 and 1.0 gL-1) were sprayed on four different apple varieties (Smoothee, Royal Gala, Jonagored and Junica). The experiment was laid out as Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors having split plot arrangement with three replications. The data were recorded on fruit drop (%), fruit diameter (cm), fruit weight (g), yield tree-1 (kg), yield ha-1 (kg), fruit firmness (kg), percent weight loss, starch content, strife index and juice percentage. Results showed that maximum fruit diameter (6.79 cm), fruit weight (120.50 g), yield tree-1 (34.50 kg), yield ha-1 (9384.90 kg), fruit firmness (7.58 kg), starch content (6.33), strife index (0.04) and juice percentage (58.28) was noted in fruits treated with 1.0 gL-1 of CaCl2. While the highest fruit drop (25.88 %) and percent weight loss (7.10) was recorded in control. The results regarding apple varieties indicated that Jonagored had the highest fruit diameter (7.17 cm), fruit weight (125.44 g), yield tree-1 (36.13 kg), yield ha-1 (9827.66 kg), strife index (0.07), and juice percentage (57.70), while maximum fruit firmness (7.51 kg), percent weight loss (7.32) was recorded in Junica variety. It can be recommended that CaCl2 @ 1.0 gL-1 and variety Jonagored may be used for good yield and quality under the agro-climatic conditions of Swat.

Evaluation of gladiolus( Gladiolus grandiflorus) cultivars for performance and correlation in vegetative, floral and multiplication characters under paired row system

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Jun 2022

Tropical root-and tuber crops-based M Nedunchezhiyan , g Suja and V Ravi 14 cropping systems-a review http://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7560.2022.00009.7

Effects of preharvest applications of chemicals and storage conditions on the physico-chemical characteristics and shelf life of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit

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May 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of preharvest sprays of chemicals and evaporative cooling (ZECC) on the postharvest physico-chemical quality and shelf life of tomatoes. The experiment was conducted using a combination of ten preharvest sprays of chemicals (chitosan (0.1%), chitosan (0.3%), chitosan (0.5%), salicylic acid (SA) (0.015%), SA (0.03%), SA (0.045%), calcium chloride (CaCl2) (1%), CaCl2 (3%), CaCl2 (5%) and control) and two storage conditions (ambient environment storage and ZECC). The design of the experiment was completely randomized design with three replications. Data were collected from tomato samples (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. ARP tomato D2) on four days interval. The result showed that all physico-chemical quality indicators were significantly (p<0.05) affected by both preharvest sprays and storage conditions. CaCl2 (5%) sprays extended the shelf life of tomato by 6 days in ZECC and 11 days in ambient storage compared to the control. The highest concentration of CaCl2 and SA sprays minimized PLW and maintained fruit marketability compared to the control. The firmness of tomatoes was better retained with the sprays of SA (0.045%) in both storage conditions. CaCl2 (5%), SA (0.045%) and chitosan (0.5%) sprays retained the titratable acidity by 42.86%, 47.62% and 33.33%, respectively compared to the control inside ZECC storage. At the end of storage period, the highest TSS was observed on tomatoes sprayed with SA (0.03%) inside ZECC storage and CaCl2 (3%) sprays in ambient storage condition. The lycopene contents were lower with sprays of SA (0.045%), SA (0.03%), CaCl2 (3%), CaCl2 (5%) and chitosan (0.1%) stored inside ZECC indicating the effectiveness of preharvest sprays in delaying lycopene accumulation. Moreover, the AA contents of tomatoes sprayed with CaCl2 (5%), SA (0.045%) and chitosan (0.1%) increased by 34.10%, 38.19% and 23.84%, respectively inside ZECC compared to the control. The result indicated that combining preharvest chemical sprays and ZECC storage is important to maintain the physico-chemical quality and shelf life of tomatoes.

Effect of foliar application of nutrients Bt cotton yield and fiber quality EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MACRO AND MICRO NUTRIENTS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND FIBER QUALITY OF BT-COTTON UNDER AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF MULTAN, PAKISTAN

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Jan 2022

Influence of Foliar Spray with Calcium Chloride on Growth, Yield and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

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Nov 2021

In the present investigation, effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) used as foli-ar application (0, 10, 20 mM) was studied on morphological, yield, and quality of lettuce (Romaine and Green Waves cultivars) during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019seasons. Our results indicated that, foliar spray of calcium chloride either at 10 or20 mM significantly increased vegetative growth and yield parameters i.e., leaf number per plant, fresh and dry leaf weight compared to control treatment. Also ,foliar spray of calcium chloride resulted in a significant increase in yield and quality parameters i.e., TSS, chlorophyll content and Vitamin C. ‘Romaine’ cultivar was significantly superior to ‘Green Waves’ cvs in plant height, fresh and dry weight of the leaves, TSS and chlorophyll content. However, there was no significant difference in vitamin C content between the two tested cultivars.‘ Green waves’ cv. sprayed with 20 mM CaCl2 gave the highest significant leaf number per plant. Fresh and dry leaf weight of ‘Romaine ’cv recorded the highest values when the plants were sprayed with 20 mM CaCl2 in both seasons., In the first season, ‘Romaine’ cv sprayed with 20 mM of CaCl2 produced the highest total yield, while the highest total yield in the second season was obtained from plants of both tested cvs sprayed with 20 mM CaCl2. ‘Romaine’ cultivar treated with 20 mM of calcium chloride as foliar application had the highest TSS and chlorophyll content. Fascinatingly, high association existed between total yield and all studied traits, except leaf number per plant. Overall results suggest applying calcium chloride as foliar application at 20 mM for improving yield quantity and quality in both ‘Romaine’ and ‘Green Waves’ cultivars. Keywords: cultivars, calcium chloride treatments, yield components, yield quality

Enhancing Seed and Fodder Yield Potential of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L) with Combined Application Phosphorous and Potassium under Irrigated Conditions of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

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Mar 2022

Improving boron use efficiency via different application techniques for optimum production of good quality potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in alkaline soil

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Jan 2022
PLOS ONE

Boron (B) deficiency is a widespread problem in alkaline soils which affects yield and quality of potato but is often ignored by the growers. That’s why, we compared the impact of different methods of boron application (foliar spray, fertigation and soil dressing) along with control on boron use efficiency (BUE), quality and yield of potato in alkaline soils. Boron (0.5 kg ha⁻¹) applied as a foliar spray had significantly increased plant height, tuber per plant, tuber volume and enhanced the quality in terms of vitamin C, starch and B content of potato compared to other methods. Moreover, foliar applied B significantly improved B uptake and it use efficiency over other application methods. B concentration in tubers were strongly correlated with vitamin C and starch contents. The application methods were ranked as foliar spray>fertigation>soil dressing in term of their effectiveness towards potato yield and quality improvement. Thus, for optimum production of good quality potato, B should be applied as foliar spray at the rate of 0.5 kg B ha⁻¹ in existing agro-climatic conditions.

Impact of Foliar Boron Sprays on Seed Yield and Seed Quality of Sweet Pepper

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

An experiment was conducted under pot culture and laboratory of Seed Technology Division, BARI, Gazipur during rabi season 2020-21 to find out the effect of foliar application of Boron on plant growth, seed yield, and quality of sweet pepper. The doses of Boron were 0ppm (control), 150ppm, 200ppm, 250ppm, 300ppm and 350ppm. Boron was applied as Boric acid (17.5% B) according to treatments spraying at the pre-flowering and flowering stage in the sweet pepper plant. Maximum number of fruits per plant (4.50), fresh weight of fruit (80.25g), seeds per fruit (161), number of seeds per plant (727.25), % germination (78.25%), root length (2.75cm) of seedling, shoot length (2.94cm) of seedling, vigor index (1.833) were found when plants were supposed to foliar spraying of Boron @250ppm. The tallest plant was found from 150ppm spray. Seed quality parameters were found better in the treatment of 200 ppm boron in the case of root length, shoot length and seedling length and vigor index of the seedling. Maximum fruit length (7.70cm) with an average fresh weight of fruit (75.25g) was obtained from 350ppm spray of Boron in sweet pepper.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOURCES AND LEVELS OF CALCIUM ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.) IN ALFISOLS Plant Archives Journal homepage: http://www.plantarchives.org

Article

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Jun 2024

A field experiment to study the effect of different sources and levels calcium on growth and yield of tomato was conducted during Rabi 2021 at College of Agriculture, V. C. Farm, Mandya. The experiment comprised of ten treatments replicated thrice i.e., soil application of gypsum (T 3-125 kg ha-1 and T 4-250 kg ha-1), lime (T 5-75 kg ha-1 and T 6-150 kg ha-1), dolomite (T 7-125 kg ha-1 and T 8-250 kg ha-1) and foliar application of Ca(NO 3) 2 (T 9-5 g L-1 and T 10-7.5 g L-1) which were tested against RDF + FYM (T 2) and control using RCBD design. The application of gypsum @ 250 kg ha-1 (T 4) has recorded highest growth parameters i.e., plant height (110.84 cm), number of branches (18.96 plant-1) and internodal length (13.47 cm). Yield parameters such as number of clusters per plant (8.94), number of flowers per cluster (5.95), number of fruits per cluster (5.54), Dry matter yield (71.42 g per plant and 5.60 g per fruit), fruit setting rate (93.11 %), fruit weight (88.11 g), fruit diameter (4.74 cm), number of fruits per plant (44.79 fruits per plant), fruit yield (3.55 kg plant-1 and 88.66 t ha-1) was significantly higher in the treatment T 4 compared to T 2 and T 1 , which clearly indicates that application of gypsum @ 250 kg ha-1 along with RDF is optimum for obtaining higher growth and yield of tomato. ABSTRACT Introduction

Foliar Plant Nutrition and Plant Health Status Interactions

Thesis

Jun 2024

Mohunnad Massimi

Foliar nutrition may influence seed germination, nutrients intake, seedlings vigor, seedling establishment, vegetative growth, and health status and resistant to early blight disease of tomatoes and bell peppers. Few trials are available about the influence of organic foliar nutrition on seedling establishment and growth in open gardens and protected cultures. Three-year simulation models were conducted to examine the effect of leaf feeding on seedling establishment, growth, vigor, and health of tomatoes and bell peppers. Three breeds of both crops were used in these experiments. For each crop, seeds were separated into two categories: dryness-tolerant breeds (Mobil, and Korall) in tomatoes, (Carma, and Fokusz) in bell peppers, and non-dryness tolerant breeds: (Tyking) into tomatoes and (Bobita) in bell pepper. Seedlings' vigor for different breeds was evaluated in the laboratory by measuring germination percentage, moisture uptake speed, seedlings' fresh mass, seedling dry mass, seedlings growth rate, seedlings vigor, and tissue water holding capacity under abiotic stresses simulation models of drought stress, common salt stress, fluctuated temperatures, low humidities, minimum seedlings spacings, nutrients inadequacy, very low light exposure, and lowest concentration of acetylsalicylic acid. For each category, seedlings were treated with several organic foliar nutrition sprays under optimum conditions of the growing chambers in two separate case studies at the Doctoral School of Horticultural Sciences, University of Debrecen. For the health status evaluation incubator test, leaf treatments used were acetylsalicylic acid (50 ppm), baking soda (0.5% w/v), and pure deionized water. While, for the early blight infections trial, other foliate solutions were used including acetylsalicylic acid (100 ppm), baking soda (0.5% w/v), Epsom salt (0.5% w/v), and diluted hydrogen peroxide (1% w/v). Emergence percentage, chlorophyll content, plant sap concentration of calcium, potassium, nitrates, disease incidence, and severity index of early blight (Alternaria alternata) were measured in the growing chambers studies. Results indicated that foliar nutrition of acetylsalicylic acid (50 ppm) had a positive effect on chlorophyll amount and chemical composition in tomato (Korall), and bell pepper (Carma) before seedlings transfer to open-air gardens. While a baking soda solution (0.5% w/v) is a fantastic source of nitrates (53.5 ppm), an acetylsalicylic acid solution (50 ppm) mixed with calcium (source: aspirin) is an outstanding supplier of calcium (16.5 ppm). In protected cultures, preventive foliar nutrition of acetylsalicylic acid (100 ppm) was positively associated with a reduction of early blight disease incidence and severity in tomato (Tyking) and bell pepper (Carma). Acetylsalicylic acid (100 ppm) is more efficient than other organic foliate treatments at reducing early blight in protected tomato and bell pepper cultures due to its higher calcium cation content (51 ppm). Calcium promotes the formation of pectin in cell walls, limiting the growth of fungal spores and mycelium. The fungus causes leaf tissue disintegration, resulting in spots and rots. Because Epsom salts have a basic acidity, magnesium can bind to other minerals and outcompete calcium intake. The only extremely acidic organic solution that both lowers acidity and encourages fungal growth is hydrogen peroxide. The frequency and severity of early blight in tomato breeds treated with acetylsalicylic acid (100 ppm) were lower than those of seedlings treated with hydrogen peroxide (1% w/v), at 47.8% and 32.2%, respectively. The frequency and severity of early blight were observed to be 44% and 42%, respectively, in tomato breeds treated with acetylsalicylic acid (100 ppm), which was lower than the seedlings treated with Epsom salt (0.5% w/v). Compared to seedlings treated with hydrogen peroxide (1% w/v), the incidence and severity of bell pepper breeds treated with acetylsalicylic acid (100 ppm) demonstrated decreases of 92.54% and 95.2%. The incidence and severity of bell pepper breeds treated with acetylsalicylic acid (100 ppm) decreased by 63.6% and 75.3%, respectively, compared to seedlings treated with Epsom salt (0.5% w/v). Tomato (Mobil) had significantly higher seedling vigor under abiotic stresses compared to (Korall, and Tyking) breeds. The impact of acetylsalicylic acid may be because of the increased content of calcium. In conclusion, growing tomatoes (Mobil) in open-air gardens without acetylsalicylic acid foliar nutrition or growing tomatoes (Korall in open-air gardens, or Tyking in protected ones) and growing bell peppers (Carma either in open-air gardens or protected culture) with recommended supportive dosage of acetylsalicylic acid foliar spray, would improve early plant health as well as would have a high economic value to the gardeners of Hungary

Effects of different methods of eggshells application on the productivity of sweet basil herb

Article

Feb 2024

Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on fruit yield, quality and profitability of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

EFFECT OF SEED SOAKING IN GA3 AND FOLIAR SPRAYING OF BORIC ACID AND α-TOCOPHEROL ON GROWTH, FRUIT QUANTITY AND QUALITY AND SEED YIELD OF TOMATO

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

Chopi Ibrahim

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371131743_EFFECT_OF_SEED_SOAKING_IN_GA3_AND_FOLIAR_SPRAYING_OF_BORIC_ACID_AND_a-TOCOPHEROL_ON_GROWTH_FRUIT_QUANTITY_AND_QUALITY_AND_SEED_YIELD_OF_TOMATO?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InByb2ZpbGUiLCJwYWdlIjoiX2RpcmVjdCJ9fQ

Mitigate the reverse effects of frost by cultivate tomato plants under different types of mesh cover for low tunnels

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Tomato plants are highly sensitive to chilling stress so this experiment was conducted during successive winter seasons of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 to investigate the possibility of sustaining production and quality of tomato yield under cold conditions by using different types of mesh cover for low tunnels. Two commercial cultivars, i.e., Super gold F1 and Super streen F1 were used. Seedlings were transplanted under different types of mesh cover for low tunnels. Three types of mesh cover (63%, 65%, 73%) had done to cover the plants of all tested seasons compared to open field condition (control "Without cover"). Results show that significant differences were observed among the two hybrid varieties of tomato studied, in terms of their vegetative growth characteristics (plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight and leaves area) as well as yield and fruit quality characteristics (Fruit set, total yield, firmness, T.S.S and Vit. C. ‘Super gold’ exhibited significantly higher values for these characteristics, compared to ‘Super strain B’. Chilling reduced the growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight) for control plants (without cover) compared to the coverage treatments (63%, 65%, 73%). Significant highest results in the growth, chemical composition of tomato leaves as well as yield and fruit quality parameters were obtained with covering tomato plants by white mesh cover 63% flowed by 65% of treatments which were best than the chilled plants. Concerning the interaction between hybrid varieties and covering treatments, it can be noticed that Cv. Super gold F1 which grown under white mesh cover 63% recorded a highly significant increases in plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight, leaves area, N, P, K, total chlorophyll, total proline, total sugers contents, fruit set, total yield, firmness, T.S.S and Vit. C. when compared to Cv. Super streen B F1 which grown in open field (without coverage).

تأثير الصنف والرش بالبورون والزنك والتداخل بينهما في صفات النمو والحاصل لثمار الباذنجان وبذوره

Thesis

Full-text available

Apr 2018

Abdul Rasoul Hamid Hussein

EFFECT OF SOME PREHARVEST TREATMENTS ON YIELD, FRUIT QUALITY AND STORABILITY OF STRAWBERRY GROWN IN SANDY SOIL

Article

Nov 2020

Influence of Calcium chloride and Gibberellic acid levels on the growth, yield and quality of tomato in the agro- climatic conditions of Mardan-Pakistan

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2019

Tomato is an important vegetable commercialized in Pakistan, and the use of Gibberellic acid (GA3) to cultivate it in the Peshawar valley may promote the production of high quality tomato. Therefore, A field experiment was conducted at the Agriculture Farm of Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan during summer 2017, to study the influence of calcium chloride and gibberellic acid levels on the growth yield and quality of tomato. (Cv. Ontario). There were four concentrations of calcium chloride i.e0, 3, 6, and9% and four levels of GA3i.e, 0, 50, 75 and 90ppm ha-1. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replication. Applications of calcium chloride and gibberellic acid levels have significant effect on the growth, yield and quality of tomato. The maximum number of branches plant-1 (8.18), number of flower cluster plant-1 (10), number of flower plant-1 (45), number of fruit cluster plant-1 (6), number of fruit plant-1 (27), yield plant-1 (2.0kg), yield plot-1 (8 kg) yield ha-1 (22tons), weight of individual fruit (80.3 g), vitamin C content (69.63mg 100 g-1), fruit firmness (14 N) and cost benefit ratio (1.8) was observed at 75 ppm of GA3, while the maximum plant height (88.93 cm) was found at90 ppm of GA3. In case of calcium chloride the maximum number of branches plant-1 (7.19), plant height (87.58cm), number of flower cluster plant-1 (10), number of flower plant-1 (43), number of fruit cluster plant-1 (5), number of fruit plant-1 (23), yield plant-1 (1.6kg), yield plot-1 (6.8kg) yield ha-1 (18.8tons), weight of individual fruit (74 g), Vitamin C content (70 mg 100 g-1) and cost benefit ratio (2.3) was found at 9 % of CaCl2, while the maximum fruit firmness (14.19 N) and minimum blossom end rot (4.82 %) was noted at6 % of CaCl2. It was concluded that CaCl2 at the rate of 9% and GA3at the rate of 75 ppm has significant effect on enhancing growth and quality attributes of tomato. Therefore it is recommended that CaCl2at the rate of 9% and GA3at the rate of 75 ppm should be used for maximum growth, yield and quality of tomato in the agro-climatic conditions of DistrictMardan.

RESPONSE OF FOLIAR FEEDING OF MICRONUTRIENTS ON QUALITY TRAITS AND ECONOMICS OF BITTER GOURD (MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L.) UNDER CENTRAL ZONE OF (U.P.)

Research

Full-text available

Sep 2021

The field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Kalyanpur of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh during kharif season of 2019 the response of micronutrients on different quality traits and economics of bitter gourd. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Fourteen different treatments of micronutrients combination were tested against the control. Results of the experiment revealed that application of foliar feeding of mixture of all micronutrients (boric acid @ 100 ppm + zinc sulphate @ 100 ppm + ammonium molybdate @ 50 ppm + copper sulphate @ 100 ppm + ferrous sulphate @ 100 ppm + manganese sulphate @ 100 ppm) (T 7) produced significantly highest T.S.S content (5.45 0 Brix), Vitamin-C content (64.62mg/100g), Cost of cultivation (53,881.0Rs/ha.), Gross return (1,84,408.0Rs/ha.) Net return (1,30,527.0Rs/ha) and B:C ratio (3.42). Significantly highest zinc content (85 ppm), Iron content (426 ppm) and copper content (22 ppm) were found in fruits with the application of zinc sulphate @ 100 ppm (T 2), ferrous sulphate @ 100 ppm (T 5) and copper sulphate @ 100 ppm (T 4) respectively. The lowest values of quality traits and economics were recorded in control.

Effects of boron on nutrient partitioning, Ca movement, and fruit quality of tomatoes

Article

May 2022

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of boron on Ca movement, yield, and quality of tomatoes. A soilless culture experiment with three levels of B (0, 25, and 50 µM) and three concentrations of Ca (2, 4, and 8 mM) was carried out to grow tomatoes. The results showed that although the application of boron to the sample was more effective in the vegetative growth and the fruit induction, resulting in higher numbers of fruit, the addition of Ca could more effectively enhance the weight and quality of the fruit. With B application, Ca-symplast increased, while pectin methylesterase activity decreased, resulting in less Blossom End Rot indices and more fruit firmness. The Ca-transfer index from apoplast to symplast slightly increased with the B application. Overall, in terms of fruit quality and quantity, the best result was seen in higher Ca application as well as higher B concentrations. Although exogenous boron could help Ca absorption in the root and the shoot, it lowered the Ca transfer from xylem to apoplast and symplast, from shoot to fruit, and from the proximal to distal end of the fruit. Nevertheless, loading 4 and 8 mM of Ca seems to provide enough calcium reserves in fruits to have better quality and yield.

تأثير رش أسمدة الكالسيوم النانوي والتقليدي واليوريا في نمو وحاصل صنفين من الخيار Effect of spray Nano and Conventional Calcium and Urea on Growth and Yield of Two Cucumber Cultivars

Thesis

Mar 2022

نفذت التجربة في أحد البيوت البلاستيكية غير المدفأة الواقعة في ناحية الحيدرية العائدة لمحافظة النجف الاشرف خلال العروة الخريفية للموسم الزراعي 2019. لدراسة تأثير رش اسمدة الكالسيوم النانوي و التقليدي واليوريا في نمو وحاصل صنفين من الخيار، نفذت تجربة عامليه باستعمال تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملةRandomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)بعاملين ,العامل الاول التسميد الورقي. والعامل الثاني عامل الصنف وهما الصنف يكتا و والصنف ميمون٫ وتمت المقارنة بين متوسطات المعاملات حسب اختبار Duncan عند مستوى احتمالية 0.05 و كررت كل معاملة ثلاث مرات ودلت النتائج على الاتي :- 1- تشير النتائج الى تفوق التوليفة (2 غم لتر يوريا+ 1.5 مل.لتر-1 نانو كالسيوم) معنويا في جميع مؤشرات النمو الخضري وصفات الحاصل و مكوناته المدروسة,فبلغ متوسط ارتفاع النبات 3.14 م , متوسط المساحة الورقية 139.09 سم2 ورقة-1 , متوسط عدد الأوراق 42.65 ورقة نبات-1 , متوسط الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري 39.60 غم نبات-1 , معدل قطر الساق 19.02ملم دليل الكلوروفيل في الأوراق 50.08 SPAD , محتوى النتروجين في الأوراق 37.33 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى الفسفور في الأوراق 4.74 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى البوتاسيوم في الأوراق 29.25 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى الكالسيوم في الأوراق 6.84 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, - محتوى النتروجين في الثمار 22.21غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, محتوى الفسفور في الثمار 3.10 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, محتوى البوتاسيوم الكلي في الثمار 17.57 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, محتوى الكالسيوم في الثمار 5.47 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, متوسط طول الثمرة 18.55 سم ثمرة-1 , متوسط وزن الثمرة 101.69غم ثمرة-1 , متوسط قطر الثمرة 2.91 سم ثمرة-1 , متوسط عدد الثمار 44.77 ثمرة نبات-1 و الحاصل الكلي 4.77 ميكاغرام بيت بلاستيكي-1 . 2- تفوق نباتات الصنف يكتا ((V1 معنويا في جميع مؤشرات النمو الخضري وصفات الحاصل و مكوناته المدروسة٫يبلغ متوسط ارتفاع النبات 2.53 م , متوسط المساحة الورقية 110.76 سم2ورقة-1 , متوسط عدد الأوراق 36.33 ورقة نبات-1 , متوسط الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري 30.39 غم نبات-1, معدل قطر الساق 16.70 ملم٫ دليل الكلوروفيل في الأوراق 42.92 SPAD , محتوى النتروجين في الأوراق 31.20 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى الفسفور في الأوراق 3.97 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى البوتاسيوم في الأوراق 25.73 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى الكالسيوم في الأوراق 3.87 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, محتوى النتروجين في الثمار19.38 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, محتوى الفسفور في الثمار 2.73 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى البوتاسيوم الكلي في الثمار 15.49 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف٫ محتوى الكالسيوم في الثمار 3.11 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, , متوسط طول الثمرة 16.63 سم ثمرة-1 , متوسط وزن الثمرة 81.78 غم ثمرة-1 , متوسط قطر الثمرة 2.76 سم ثمرة-1 , متوسط عدد الثمار 41.21 ثمرة نبات-1 و الحاصل الكلي 3.67 ميكاغرام بيت بلاستيكي-1 . 3- كان للتداخل بين (2 غم يوريا+ 1.5 مل.لتر-1 نانو كالسيوم) و (V1 ) اثر معنوي في جميع المؤشرات المدروسة ,فبلغ متوسط ارتفاع النبات 3.25 م , متوسط المساحة الورقية 143.47 سم2 ورقة-1 , متوسط عدد الأوراق 43.85 ورقة نبات-1 , متوسط الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري 40.72 غم نبات-1 ,معدل قطر الساق 19.56 ملم دليل الكلوروفيل في الأوراق 51.51 SPAD , محتوى النتروجين في الأوراق 38.39 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى الفسفور في الأوراق 4.88 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى البوتاسيوم في الأوراق 30.08 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى الكالسيوم في الأوراق 7.03 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, محتوى النتروجين في الثمار 22.85 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف , محتوى الفسفور في الثمار 3.19 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, محتوى البوتاسيوم الكلي في الثمار 18.07 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف ,محتوى الكالسيوم في الثمار 5.62 غم كغم-1 وزن جاف, متوسط طول الثمرة 19.08 سم ثمرة-1 , متوسط وزن الثمرة 104.57غم ثمرة-1 , متوسط قطر الثمرة 3.00 سم ثمرة-1 , متوسط عدد الثمار 46.73 ثمرة نبات-1 و الحاصل الكلي 4.91 ميكاغرام بيت بلاستيكي-1 . Abstract: The experiment was carried out in one of the unheated greenhouses located in Al-Haidariya sub-district of Najaf governorate during the fall season 2019. The effect of spraying calcium fertilizer (Nano- and conventional) and Urea on the growth, yield of two varieties of cucumber, a factorial experiment was conducted using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors, the first factor is foliar fertilization. The second factor was the cultivar factor, namely, the Yekta and the cultivar Maimon cultivar. The comparison was made between the averages of treatments according to Duncan's test and under the probability level of 0.05. Each treatment was repeated three times, and the results indicated the following: 1- The plants of the Yecta cultivar (V1) were significantly superior in all indicators of vegetative growth, yield characteristics and components studied, average of plant height (2.53 m), average leaf area (110.76 cm2leaf-1), average number of leaves ( 36.33 leaf.plant-1), average dry weight of shoot system (30.39 g plant-1), relative chlorophyll content in leaves (42.92 SPAD) , total nitrogen content in leaves (31.20 mg kg-1 dry weight), total phosphorous content in leaves (3.97 mg kg-1 dry weight) , total potassium content in leaves (25.73 mg kg-1 dry weight), total calcium content in leaves (3.87 mg kg-1 dry weight), total nitrogen content in fruits (19.83 mg kg-1 dry weight), total phosphorous content in fruits( 2.73 mg kg-1 dry weight), total potassium content in the fruits was (15.49 mg kg-1 dry weight), the total calcium content in the fruit is (3.11 mg kg-1 dry weight), the average length of the fruit was (16.63 cm fruit-1), the average fruit weight is (81.78 g fruit-1), The average fruit diameter is (2.76 cm Fruit-1), the average number of fruits was (41.21. Fruit plant-1 ). and the total yield is 3.76 tons a greenhouse-1. 2- The results showed that the superiority of the combination (2 g urea + 1.5 ml.l-1 nano-calcium) significantly in all indicators of vegetative growth, yield characteristics and components studied, plant height rate (3.16 m), average leaf area (139.49 cm2.leaf-1), average number of leaves (42.65 leaves.plant-1), average of dry weight of shoot system (39.60 g plant-1), relative content of chlorophyll in leaves (50.08 SPAD), total nitrogen content in leaves (37.33 mg kg-1 dry weight), total phosphorous content in leaves (4.74 mg kg-1 dry weight), total potassium content in leaves (29.25 mg kg-1 dry weight), total calcium content in leaves (6.84 mg kg-1 dry weight), total nitrogen content in fruits (22.21 mg kg-1 dry weight), The total phosphorous content in the fruits was (3.10 mg kg-1 dry weight), the total potassium content in the fruits is (17.57 mg kg-1 dry weight) , the total calcium content in the fruits was (5.47 mg kg-1 dry weight), the average length of the fruit was (18.55 cm fruit -1), average fruit weight (101.69 g. fruit-1), average fruit diameter (2.91 cm. fruit-1), average number of fruits (44.77 fruit plant-1), and total yield(4.77 tons greenhouse-1) . 3- The interaction between (2 g urea + 1.5 ml. l-1 nano-calcium) and (Yecta (V1) plants) had a significant effect on all studied parameters, plant height rate (3.25 m), average leaf area (143.47 cm2 leaf-1), average number of leaves (43.85 leaves plant-1), average of dry weight of shoot system (40.72 g plant-1), relative content of chlorophyll in leaves (51.51 SPAD), total nitrogen content in leaves (38.90 mg kg-1 dry weight), total phosphorous content in leaves (4.88 mg kg-1 dry weight), total potassium content in leaves (30.08 mg kg-1 dry weight), total calcium content in leaves (7.03 mg kg-1 dry weight), total nitrogen content in fruits (22.85 mg kg-1 dry weight), content total phosphorous in fruits (3.19 mg kg-1 dry weight), total potassium content in fruits (18.07 mg kg-1 dry weight), total calcium content in fruits (5.62 mg kg-1 dry weight), average fruit length (19.08 cm fruit-1 ), average fruit weight (104.57 g fruit-1), average fruit diameter (3.00 cm fruit-1), average number of fruits (46.73 fruit Plant-1) and total yield 4.91 ton greenhouse-1.

Fertilization enhances growth, yield, and xanthophyll contents of marigold

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2011

The effects of various NPK levels on growth, flowering, and xanthophyll contents of African marigold (Tagetes erecta, 'Double Eagle') and French marigold (Tagetes patula, 'Yellow') were investigated. Plant height, number of branches plant -1, leaf area (cm 2), total chlorophyll contents (mg g -1), number of flowers plant -1, flower diameter, flower quality, fresh and dry weight of a flower, total flower weight plant -1, blooming period, and days to flowering were maximum with 15:10:10 g m -2 NPK application. However, leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents reached the highest values with 15:20:10, 5:20:10, and 10:20:10 g m -2 NPK application, respectively. Xanthophyll contents were higher in plants fertilized with 15:20:10 g m -2 NPK application. Results suggested that NPK fertilization enhanced growth and improved yield, quality, and xanthophyll contents of marigold.

Growth and yield response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to soil applied Calcium carbide and L-methionine

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2009

A pot experiment was conducted in the wirehouse to compare the effects of 2 precursors (Calcium carbide and L-methionine) of ethylene on growth and yield of tomato. L-methonine @ 1 mg kg -1soil in the form of solution and Calcium carbide @ 15 mg kg -1soil in medical capsules were applied. Encapsulated Calcium carbide was applied 6 cm deep into soil. Recommended doses of N, P and K fertilizers @ 100-90-60 kg ha -1, respectively were applied alone and in combination with precursors. Half dose of N and full dose of P and K was applied after one week of nursery transplantation and the remaining dose after 3 weeks of nursery transplantation. Encapsulated Calcium carbide was applied after 10 days of transplantation while L-methonine was dissolved in water and then applied after 10 days of transplanting. A completely randomized design was followed with 6 treatments and 3 replications. Results regarding number of flowers, number of fruits, shoot dry weight, fruit weight, root weight, N concentration and uptake in shoot and fruit were significantly affected by both precursors in combination with fertilizers compared to control and alone fertilizer. Application of Calcium carbide with NPK fertilizer improved the yield contributing factors that resulted in significant increase in tomato fruit yield.

Effect of boron and calcium nutrients sprays on fruit set, oil content and oil quality of some olive cultivars

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2009

Abstract: This work was carried out through 2004 and 2006 seasons on three olive oil cultivars (Arbequina,Bouteillan and Koroneiki). Trees were 12 years old, grown in sandy soil and planted at 5x5 meters apart under drip wrigation system. This investigation aimed to improve fruit set, fruit and oil characteristics of the three olive cultivars. Trees were sprayed twice (at full bloom and 15 days later) with boron at 0, 50 and 100 ppm in the form of boric acid (33.5% B) and calcium at 0, 1 and 2% as calcium chloride (21% Ca), alone or in different combinations. Results proved that spraying olive trees with 100 ppm boron + 2% calcium twice (at full bloom and 15 days later) was the promising treatment for good fruit set, oil content and oil quality.

Field Application of Chelated Calcium: Postharvest Effects on Cantaloupe and Honeydew Fruit Quality

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2004

Commercially grown honeydew fruit (Cucumis melo Inodorus group) and netted cantaloupe fruit (C. melo Reticulatus group) in low-humidity regions of the U.S. are typically field packed, eliminating the possibility for postharvest chelated-calcium dip treatments to extend fruit shelf life. In this study, calcium treatments were applied to orange-flesh honeydew fruit commercially grown in 2001 and 2002 in Sacramento Valley, Calif. and orange-fleshed netted cantaloupe fruit commercially grown in 2002 in Imperial Valley, Calif., and Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Amino-acid-chelated calcium and mannitol-complexed calcium compounds were applied to field-grown plants at the rate of 2.3 L·ha-1 (1 qt/acre) at 0, 1, 2, or 4 total applications during growth of honeydew and cantaloupe fruit. Applications were A) at female flowering, B) within 15 days (cantaloupe) or 20 days (honeydew) after flowering, C) within 30 days (cantaloupe) or 40 days (honeydew) after female flowering, and/or D) within 3 to 5 days before abscission. One application equaled (A) or (D), two applications equaled (A + B) or (C + D) and four applications equaled (A + B + C + D). Evaluations of fully abscised fruit were exterior and interior firmness, marketability, calcium concentrations, interior soluble solids concentration (sugars), and consumer preference (taste) following harvest and up to 3 weeks commercial/retail storage. Cantaloupe fruit at both locations did not appear to benefit from preharvest plant applications of calcium when compared to fruit from plants treated with water. Honeydew fruit, however, did and the benefit was observed both years. Honeydew fruit that received four preharvest plant applications of calcium, regardless of source, were generally superior in firmness, marketability, and had a higher calcium concentration than fruit from plants receiving water or one or two applications of calcium. Fruit sugars and taste were not affected by preharvest plant applications of calcium.

Boron Improves Growth, Yield, Quality, and Nutrient Content of Tomato

Article

Full-text available

May 2003

Boron deficiency In fresh-market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is a widespread problem that reduces yield and fruit quality but is often not recognized by growers. Tomatoes were grown in field and hydroponic culture to compare the effects of foliar and soil applied B on plant growth, fruit yield, fruit quality, and tissue nutrient levels. Regardless of application method, B was associated with increased tomato growth and the concentration of K, Ca, and B in plant tissue. Boron application was associated with increased N uptake by tomato in field culture, but not under hydroponic culture. In field culture, foliar and/or soil applied B similarly increased fresh-market tomato plant and root dry weight, uptake, and tissue concentrations of N, Ca, K, and B, and improved fruit set, total yields, marketable yields, fruit shelf life, and fruit firmness. The similar growth and yield responses of tomato to foliar and root B application suggests that B is translocated in the phloem in tomatoes. Fruit from plants receiving foliar or root applied B contained more B, and K than fruit from plants not receiving B, indicating that B was translocated from leaves to fruit and is an important factor in the management of K nutrition in tomato.

Effect of potash application on yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2010

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate comparative effects of sulphate and muriate of potash (SOP and MOP) application on yield, chemical composition and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, M. cultivar Roma) at National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan. Potassium from two sources i.e., MOP and SOP was applied @ 0, 100 and 200 kg K ha -1 with constant dose of 200 kg N ha -1 and 65 kg P ha -1 . A significant increase in tomato yield with K application was observed. Potassium applied @ 100 kg K ha -1 as MOP produced significantly higher marketable tomatoes as compared to SOP and control. Levels and sources of potassium showed no effect on acidity of tomato fruits. Potash application decreased sugar content of tomato fruits as compared to control. This effect of K on reducing sugar content was more pronounced in K treated fruits as SOP than those of MOP. Vitamin C contents in tomato fruits increased with K application in the form of MOP. The K use as MOP significantly reduced incidence of leaf blight disease and insect pest attack in tomato plant as compared to SOP and control treatments.

Quality parameters and total phenolic content in tomato fruits regarding cultivar and microclimatic conditions

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2011

The aim of this research was to evaluate the color, firmness, and total phenolic (TP) content in tomatoes according to cultivar and growing conditions. Cultivars with oval, elongated, round, and cherry-shaped fruits of determinate tomato were grown in Mediterranean (Dragonja Valley) and continental regions. Experiments in the continental region were conducted outdoors (Ljubljana-field) and under a low tunnel (Ljubljana-tunnel). Results indicated that the color and firmness were significantly influenced by the typology of the cultivars and by the maturity stage associated with the climatic conditions. Oval, elongated, and cherry fruits had darker and more intensely red fruit skins, with significantly higher a* and lower L* values than round fruits. The firmness of oval and elongated fruits was also higher than the firmness of round fruits. Fruits harvested in Dragonja Valley and the Ljubljana-tunnel location reached a higher level of maturity and were classified in the red maturity class (a*/b* > 0.95), compared to the fruits from the Ljubljana-field location, where tomatoes were classified in the light red maturity class (0.65 > a*/b* > 0.95). Variation in total phenol (TP) content was evaluated in regards to different microclimatic conditions of the Ljubljana locations, outdoors and under the low tunnel. TP content, expressed as chlorogenic acid, ranged from 1.89 mg 100 g -1 to 3.28 mg 100 g -1 fresh weight (fw) in field-grown tomatoes and from 2.31 mg 100 g -1 to 4.90 mg 100 g -1 in tunnel-grown tomatoes. Cherry tomato had a significantly higher content of TP, ranging from 8.60 mg 100 g -1 fw in field-grown fruits to 10.39 mg 100 g -1 fw in tunnel-grown fruits. Although the differences between TP content in tomato fruits, regarding the microclimatic environment, were not statistically significant, the increase in TP content in tunnel-grown tomato fruits could be a plant response mechanism to thermal stress.

Regulation of nutrient uptake, water uptake and growth under calcium starvation and recovery

Article

Full-text available

May 2003

To analyze the dynamics of growth, water and nutrient uptake, the effects of 1, 3 and 7 d of calcium starvation and the recovery capability during 7 d afterwards were investigated in vegetative tomato plants. Results showed that after only 1 d of Ca-starvation, leaf photosynthesis, leaf expansion and leaf transpiration were already reduced and root growth had stopped completely. Leaf Ca concentration was reduced by a Ca-starvation with the strongest effect in the youngest leaves. When 1 d Ca-starvation period was followed by 7 d of recovery with full-strength nutrient solution, leaf photosynthesis and growth completely recovered. During the recovery period, Ca concentrations in the young leaves increased to higher values than these concentrations in the control plants. During the recovery period calcium uptake showed positive linear relationships with dry-matter increase of the plant as well as with water uptake. Most of the measured growth parameters showed a strong correlation with the plant Ca concentration, but the relations were not always identical during starvation and recovery. We discuss the role different forms and functions of Ca may play in regulating growth and developmental processes.

Effect of Calcium Deficiency on Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Texture and Glassiness Incidence During Ripening

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2002

The effects of calcium deficiency on the appearance of ``glassiness'' or ``watercore'' and texture evolution in cantaloupe muskmelon (Cucumis mélo L.) and on polygalacturonase (PG) and b-galactosidase activities and their relation to ethylene production were studied. Watercore increased in melons cultivated with calcium-deficient nutrient solutions, as did ripening, which could be related to their lower calcium content. Whole fruit firmness and flesh firmness decreased from 34 days after set (DAS) in control melons, while in calcium-deficient fruits, the softening process had begun before day 33 after fruit set, both parameters being significantly lower in these. The activity of b-galactosidase increased during melon ripening, reaching maximum values two days earlier in melons grown with calcium-deficient solutions than in control ones. However, no PG activity was detected in control melons, but this activity increased during ripening in melons grown with low and removed calcium solutions, a fact that positively correlated with decreased fruit firmness. Ethylene production rate increased sharply as fruit ripened, which could be responsible for the increase in b-galactosidase activity and so for fruit softening. However, the higher softening and glassiness incidence observed in melons irrigated with calcium-deficient solutions could be due to PG activity.

Changes in quality and yield of tomato fruit with ammonium, bicarbonate and calcium fertilisation under saline conditions

Article

Full-text available

May 2005

Tomato plants were grown in hydroponic culture in a greenhouse. The effect of supplying bicarbonate, ammonium and calcium to saline nutrient solutions was investigated. High salinity (60 mM NaCl) decreased total and marketable yields of tomato fruit, mainly by reducing size fruit. Applications of ammonium produced the lowest marketable yield, by reducing the size and number of marketable fruit compared to the control treatment. This reduction was due to an increase in the number of fruits with blossom-end rot, probably caused by low Ca 2+ concentration in the fruits. Although no significant effect on yield was produced by adding Ca 2+ , HCO 3 – or NH 4+ to the saline treatment, some quality parameters, such as firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), TSS/acidity ratio and glucose content, were affected. T omato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is an

A review of recent research on tomato nutrition, breeding and post-harvest technology with refrence to fruit quality

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2007

The continued importance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as a vegetable and salad commodity is reflected by the large volume of research on virtually all aspects of the crop. Since 2000, over a thousand scientific papers per year relating to tomato research have been published, not including those in the less widely read literature, conference and workshop proceedings. In the present paper, we survey recent findings in the areas of tomato nutrition, the influence of salinity on nutrition and growth, tomato breeding and genetic resources, and the post-harvest physiology, storage and ripening of fruit. Research findings are considered particularly with respect to fruit quality, as reflected in the quality standards of the European Union.

Blossom-end Rot Incidence of Tomato as Affected by Irrigation Quantity, Calcium Source, and Reduced Potassium

Article

Aug 2004

'Equinox' tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla., to study the influence of water quantity, Ca source, and reduced K on incidence of blossom-end rot (BER), marketable fruit yield, and fruit and leaf Ca concentration. Tensiometers were used to schedule irrigation in main plots when the soil matric potential reached 10 or 25 kPa. Subplot nutritional treatments were no added Ca, Ca(NO 3)2, Ca thiosulfate, CaCl2, CaSO4, and K rate reduced by 50%. Interactions between year and treatment were significant. During 2001, total marketable yields were higher with Ca(NO 3)2 or CaCl2 compared to plants that received Ca thiosulfate and were higher from plants irrigated at 10 kPa than irrigated at 25 kPa. Number and weight of BER fruit were lower with Ca(NO3) 2 and reduced K than with no added Ca and CaSO4. Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were generally higher with Ca(NO3) 2 compared to all other nutritional treatments. Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were generally higher from plants irrigated at 10 kPa than at 25 kPa. The reduction of NH4+-N, by the supply of N as NO3-, and the addition of supplemental Ca reduced the incidence of BER, and increased the leaf and fruit Ca concentrations. During 2002, marketable yields were higher with CaSO4 than with CaCl 2 and reduced K. Weight and number of BER fruit were lower with irrigation at 10 kPa than at 25 kPa. Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were higher or similar from plants that received Ca(NO3)2 than with all other nutritional treatments. During the 2002 season, rainfall was less and temperatures and daily evapotranspiration (ET) were higher than in the 2001 season. In the 2002 season, 3.28 × 106 L·ha -1 of irrigation was applied as compared to 1.58 × 10 6 L·ha-1 in 2001. With an average Ca concentration of 76 mg·L-1 in the irrigation water, much more Ca was applied during the higher ET 2002 season. With the higher transpiration and temperature, water uptake and hence, Ca uptake were increased. During both seasons, the lowest Ca concentration was observed at the blossom end of the fruit and the highest Ca at the stem end of the fruit. Fruit Ca concentrations were lower and BER was 5 times higher in the lower ET, higher rainfall (lower irrigation) 2001 season compared to the higher ET, lower rainfall (higher irrigation) 2002 season. These data support that BER was a symptom of Ca deficiency and this deficiency was aggravated by high rainfall, low ET, and the resulting reduced irrigation applied and reduced Ca uptake.

Pollination and yield of winter-grown greenhouse tomatoes as affected by boron nutrition, cluster vibration and relative humidity

Article

Jan 2005

Problems with reduced yields owing to poor pollination where tomatoes are grown out-of-season in low cost greenhouses, motivated this study. Greenhouse tomatoes were planted in acid washed river sand. Four balanced nutrient solutions, with different boron (B) levels (0.02; 0.16; 0.32 and 0.64 mg l-1), were applied. The second flower cluster was covered with a transparent plastic bag and three relative humidity (RH) levels were applied to the isolated clusters. Dry (<10% RH) normal (60-75% RH) and moist (85-97% RH) air was constantly blown into the bags at ± 50 ml min-1. As a third factor at two levels, some of the clusters were vibrated daily with an electric vibrator (Poli-bee) and the controls not. The number of flowers per cluster, fruits per cluster, fruit set, weight of the cluster (yield), average fruit weight, seed production, fruit weight per number of seeds formed and fruits with blossom-end-rot (BER) were evaluated. Higher B-levels improved fruit set where trusses were not vibrated. A high RH reduced the number of seeds that developed per cluster, lowered cluster weights and the number of fruits per cluster and increased the incidence of BER. More BER developed on bigger fruit. Fruit set improved with cluster vibration, associated with more seeds and bigger fruit, especially under less humid conditions.

Effects of calcium source and temperature regime on calcium deficiency during hydroponic forcing of tulip1

Article

Mar 1998
SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM

Tulips (Tulipa gesneriana L.) forced hydroponically in distilled water developed Ca deficiency symptoms, including topple and flower bud abortion. Prevention of Ca deficiency and uptake of Ca was greater when Ca was supplied in the NO3− form rather than as Cl− or SO42−. Calcium EDTA was injurious to plants at a concentration of 2.5 mM, a level too low to correct Ca deficiency. Addition of BO33−, K+, H2PO4−, or Hoagland's all nitrate solution with modified micronutrient levels to the Ca substrate failed to improve growth. The complete nutrient formulation reduced Ca uptake. Ca deficiency could not be prevented at the high temperature regime (22°C day–18°C night), due in part to suppress uptake of Ca. In the low temperature regime (18°C day–14°C night), a 5-mM solution of Ca(NO3)2 prevented Ca deficiency during all forcing periods. Similar results were obtained with a 7.5 mM solution of CaCl2.

Fruit Quality at Harvest of ?Jonathan? Apple Treated with Foliarly-Applied Calcium Chloride

Article

Sep 2004

Kassim Al-Khatib

The response of “Jonathan” apple trees (Malus domestica, Borkh.) grafted on EMLA 111 to frequent application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) was studied at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, Kansas, orchards in 2002. Trees were sprayed one to eight times with foliar applications of calcium chloride at the rate of 8.971 kg ha−1. First spray was made when fruits were 1.4, 0.9, and 1.6 cm diameter at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, respectively. More than six applications of CaCl2 improved fruit quality at harvest. Improvement included an increase in fruit weight, size, appearance, skin redness, and reduction of scald incidents. Although CaCl2 applications had no effect on percent of soluble solids, the ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acidity was increased by frequent CaCl2 application. Fruit skin redness was the most improved quality of “Jonathan” apple as the result of CaCl2 applications. No symptoms of fruit russetting or leaf scalding resulting from frequent CaCl2 application were observed. Increase in fruit quality was attributed to a linear increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues. Increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues of treated trees coincided with increases in potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) concentrations compared with untreated control trees. Potassium, Mg, P, and N were correlated with fruit quality as much as, or in some cases more than, Ca. This information suggests that changes in mineral balance with CaCl2 applications contributed to improvement of fruit quality and is evidence that frequent Ca application improved “Jonathan” apple quality in Kansas.

) Effect of different periods of ambient Storage on chemical composition of apple fruit

Article

Jun 2004

Effects of Boron Foliar Applications on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Sunflower

Article

Nov 2003

Foliar application may be used to supply boron (B) to a crop when B demands are higher than can be supplied via the soil. While B foliar sprays have been used to correct B deficiency in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the field, no studies have determined the amount of B taken up by sunflower plant parts via foliar application. A study was conducted in which sunflower plants were grown at constant B concentration in nutrient solution with adequate B (46 micro m) or with limited B supply (0.24, 0.40 and 1.72 micro m) using Amberlite IRA-743 resin to control B supply. At the late vegetative stage of growth (25 and 35 d after transplanting), two foliar sprays were applied of soluble sodium tetraborate (20.8 % B) each at 0, 28, 65, 120 and 1200 mm (each spray equivalent to 0, 0.03, 0.07, 0.13 and 1.3 kg B ha-1 in 100 L water ha-1). The highest rate of B foliar fertilization resulted in leaf burn but had no other evident detrimental effect on plant growth. Under B-deficient conditions, B foliar application increased the vegetative and reproductive dry mass of plants. Foliar application of 28-1200 mm B increased the total dry mass of the most B-deficient plants by more than three-fold and that of plants grown initially with 1.72 micro m B in solution by 37-49 %. In this latter treatment, the dry mass of the capitulum was similar to that achieved under control conditions, but in no instance was total plant dry mass similar to that of the control. All B foliar spray rates increased the B concentration in various parts of the plant tops, including those that developed after the sprays were applied, but the B concentration in the roots was not increased by B foliar application. The B concentration in the capitulum of the plants sprayed at the highest rate was between 37 and 93 % of that in the control plants. This study showed that B foliar application was of benefit to B-deficient sunflower plants, increasing the B status of plant tops, including that of the capitulum which developed after the B sprays were applied.

Foliar application of calcium chloride and borax influences plant growth, yield, and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit

Abstract

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