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Turismo social para famílias: benefícios e iniciativas
Abstract
Introdução:
O acesso ao lazer e férias é considerado um direito básico de qualquer ser humano, desde 1948, pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU, 1948). Este direito está associado ao reconhecimento de que o lazer e férias poderão proporcionar um conjunto considerável de benefícios. Neste contexto, todos os indivíduos, incluindo os menos privilegiados da sociedade, têm direito a tempo de lazer, e o Turismo constitui uma expressão prática desse direito. O turismo tem-se vindo a assumir como uma dimensão da vida da maioria dos cidadãos sociedade atual. Registe-se que em 2012 o número de chegadas a nível internacional atingiu os 1.035 milhões de turistas, e prevê-se que em 2013 este número aumente entre 3 e 4% (UNWTO, 2013).
Apesar do direito a férias e lazer ser considerado um direito básico do ser humano, e de serem inúmeros os benefícios reconhecidos para o indivíduo que ocupa este tempo de lazer com atividades turísticas, o turismo não é um produto acessível a todos os elementos da sociedade. A máxima, muitas vezes referida, “turismo para todos”, está longe de ser uma realidade.
Existem diversos tipos de constrangimentos à prática de turismo, sendo um dos principais de cariz financeiro (Crawford et al., 1991; EESC, 2006; Hall & Brown, 2006). Grupos sociais desfavorecidos, indivíduos e famílias de baixos rendimentos não dispõem de recursos que lhes permitam usufruir da prática do Turismo. A oferta de programas de turismo social facilitaria o acesso a esta atividade por parte destes grupos sociais desfavorecidos. De facto, o turismo social tem merecido especial atenção por parte dos governos em alguns países (exemplo: Portugal e Espanha) e por parte de certas organizações internacionais (International Social Tourism Organization - OITS). No entanto, as iniciativas que têm sido desenvolvidas neste âmbito são, ainda, em número muito limitado, existindo um grupo considerável de pessoas para quem a prática de atividades turísticas ainda continua a ser um sonho. No contexto atual, com o número de famílias carenciadas a aumentar e o financiamento público no âmbito de políticas sociais a diminuir em vários países, como é o caso de Portugal, é fundamental analisar os efeitos gerados por programas de turismo social, tanto para os seus participantes como para as regiões que envolve.
Este capítulo pretende apresentar os potenciais benefícios associados à dinamização de Programas de Turismo Social para famílias economicamente carenciadas, identificar iniciativas já existentes neste domínio e refletir sobre os desafios que se colocam a esse tipo de iniciativas. Assim, a secção que se segue começa por definir turismo social e abordar a problemática dos benefícios que as famílias economicamente carenciadas podem retirar da prática de atividades turísticas. A terceira secção apresenta alguns programas existentes para famílias economicamente carenciadas em países com tradição em termos de turismo social, incluindo-se o caso de Portugal. O capítulo termina com uma reflexão crítica em termos de alguns desafios que se colocam no domínio das políticas sociais para que o turismo para famílias economicamente carenciadas deixe de ser apenas um sonho e passe a ser uma realidade.
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Family holidays are seen as breaks away from busy everyday lives. They are supposed to be a relief from stress and chores, giving time for recovery and rest in pleasant companionship of the family, but it sometimes may turn out to be a challenge to combine needs and desires of several actors in the family: parents and children, mothers and fathers, young children and older children. Family holidays are not all harmony and do also generate stress and conflicts at times. But families also experience good moments. Some family holidays – or at least some situations in family holidays - are perceived as successful and just the way they were supposed to be. But what are these ‘good experiences’ and ‘good moments’ like? This paper is about the special context of family holidays and the successful moments in the family holiday from the perspective of parents and children, based on an empirical analysis of 26 extensive interviews with German and Danish families and a literature review on family holidays. The good moments are perceived to be moments where all family members are content and happy, with no nagging or sulking, and in situations where the children are absorbed by activities, not necessarily with their parents.
Tourism can be considered an educational experience: it is often portrayed as an integral part of personal development, that
can be deep and meaningful, and that can change the way tourists think and act on their return. Relatively little however
is known about these touristic learning experiences: research evidence on learning and behavior change in ecotourism
highlights that the effects of the holiday are often limited unless formal learning opportunities are provided. This article
reviews evidence about social tourism for low-income groups, and argues that learning and behavior change can ensue
from the holiday experience without these planned, formal learning activities. These unplanned learning opportunities are
theorized, and key conditions for learning are identified. Examples are provided of potential learning outcomes and of instances where these can lead to positive behavior change.
The concept of welfare is a somewhat neglected area within tourism studies, despite the continued growth of interest in key issues such as ethics, tourist safety, employee's well-being, human rights, ethnocentrism, cultural sensitivity and behaviour codes, green consumerism, and the perceptions of management of 'sustainability'. This book provides an explanation, definition and a critique of welfare and a welfare approach covering these issues. Chapters cover the welfare of tourists, employees in the tourism industry, residents in tourism destinations, animals as tourist attractions and the natural environment.
Social Tourism for low-income groups forms part of social policy in several countries of mainland Europe, but little research evidence of its benefits exists. This study empirically examines these benefits in terms of increases in social and family capital. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with participating families and their support workers, in a semi-longitudinal research design. Social Tourism was found to increase family capital in the short term, and social capital—in terms of social networks, related pro-active behavior and self-esteem—in the medium term. These increases can be seen as beneficial for the participants and to wider society. Consequently it is suggested that Social Tourism may be a cost-effective addition to social policy.
Learning is increasingly seen as an important motivation for tourism, however, little is known about touristic learning. While descriptions are available, few have attempted to establish why it has become important or to distil theoretical foundations that can explain both its form and existence. Establishing a theoretical framework for touristic learning will assist in the development of products that better fulfil both consumers' needs and providers' objectives and perhaps illuminate our understanding of learning that is more incidental. Indeed, beyond this, a greater understanding of touristic learning may also provide new insight on why people travel at all. This paper discusses learning as a motivation for tourism and advocates the use of the notions of tourism as play and learning through play to enhance future research into touristic learning.
The purpose of this article is to modify a conceptualization of leisure constraints offered by Crawford and Godbey (1987). It is suggested that Crawford and Godbey's three discrete models of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints should be recast as a single integrated model in which leisure participants are viewed as having negotiated a sequential, hierarchical series of constraints levels. Three propositions about the nature, operation, and sources of constraints are derived from this model. We further demonstrate how such a process might apply not only to leisure participation and nonparticipation, but also to the understanding of how constraints affect choices (e.g., specialization) among people who are already participating.
Holiday participation, although widespread, is not universal. This paper summarises a study of the meaning and significance of the holiday for families who are rarely able to go on holiday because of personal economic and social circumstances: a subgroup of Haukeland's category C non-travellers. Holidays are likely to have particular significance for them. Studies of women’s holiday experiences are examined in order to contribute to the context of this study. Informants were interviewed in their own homes and a number of meanings emerged including the significance of ‘change’ and establishing relationships. The study confirms the diversity of holiday experiences and meanings and the particular significance for this study group in conferring the ‘excitement and spectacle’ that are particularly limited in their every-day lives. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The 1995 Disability Discrimination Act has focussed attention on the tourism industry in the UK. More specifically, national tourism agencies are promoting the Act within the context of the economic potential of disabled tourist. This paper, based on a pilot study of disabled people, argues that the needs of the disabled are far more complex than is currently being debated. It also argues for research on the disabled tourist to be part of wider studies of disability that encompass the social model of disability. The findings from the survey also point to close similarities with other studies of marginal tourists, at least in terms of the meanings attached to holidays.
Tourism offers opportunities to explore new environments and to participate in new situations, which may originate several effects on tourists. The purpose of this paper is to review the empirical literature that analyses the effects of holidays for tourists, with the objective of identifying the key elements and dimensions to consider in this field. To accomplish this objective, electronic searches were conducted using a specialist research database, SCOPUS, resulting in eighteen scientific articles considered as directly relevant to the subject matter of the paper. From this review it can be concluded (i) a significant evolution of research on this topic since the 90’s; (ii) the predominance of quantitative methodologies for analysing the effects of vacation travel on tourists, particularly some effects that already have some scales developed for its measure; (iii) the existence of a gap in the study of the effects of tourism in families; and (iv) that the most frequently included dimensions of vacation travel effects on tourists are those associated with wellbeing, behaviour and emotional dimensions. The review of literature undertaken provides an analysis of the evolution of published research and also helps to set up research pathways for the future.
This paper aims to explore the relationship between well-being, quality of life and holiday participation among low-income families in the UK. There have been very studies that have examined quality of life (QOL) and subjective well-being in relation to tourism and none that have attempted to apply measures to assess the benefits of holidays for those people who are generally excluded from participation. This is important in relation to social tourism because of the fundamental need to develop mechanisms to evaluate the impact of charitable funding for supporting low-income families' participation in holidaymaking. This study evaluates the types of reasons given for financial assistance in applications to the Family Holiday Association including follow-up research with a sample of successful applicants on the perceived benefits of the holiday, including questions on QOL factors. The findings are limited in scope but do indicate that increases in QOL were reported among low-income families. The paper concludes by arguing that further research on adapted well-being and QOL measures be applied to tourism consumption. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This paper explored the impact of vacation travel on the ‘self’ using a questionnaire survey and interviews. Vacation travel emerged as a form of learning about the self, a journey of self-discovery rather than self-recovery. Travel impacts are predominantly self-centered, producing changes that provide opportunities for personal growth. Experiences leading to these changes are mainly influenced by interactions with the ‘other’. Importantly, no significant association was found between personality type and being impacted, and no difference was found between a pleasurable and a miserable experience and being impacted. Both findings offer a contribution to knowledge and a platform for further research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This study was planned to ascertain whether the activity of holidaytaking has any impact on the life satisfaction or subjective well-being of those taking vacations. The results indicated that such activity changed the sense of well-being of those participating in it. A comparison between a holidaytaking group and non-holidaytaking control group provided evidence that the former experienced a higher sense of well-being prior and post their travels when compared to the latter. Although the effect sizes are mostly small, the evidence suggests that holidaytaking has the potential to enhance the level of happiness of those enjoying it, not causing individuals to feel any worse off than before traveling.RésuméLes vacances et le sentiment du bien-être. On a structuré cette étude pour déterminer si l’activité de prendre des vacances a un impact sur la satisfaction de la vie ou la perception de bien-être par ceux qui prennent des vacances. Les résultats indiquent que cette activité a changé le sentiment de bien-être de ceux qui partent en vacances. Une comparaison entre un groupe qui part en vacances et un groupe témoin qui ne prend pas de vacances a manifesté que le premier groupe avait un meilleur sens de bien-être avant et après leur voyage que le deuxième groupe. Bien que l’importance de l’effet soit relativement petite, l’évidence suggère que les vacances offrent la possibilité d’augmenter le niveau de bonheur de ceux qui en profitent et ne font pas que les individus se sentent moins bien qu’avant de partir.
One of the aims of wildlife tourism is to educate visitors about the threats facing wildlife in general, and the actions needed to protect the environment and maintain biodiversity. To identify effective strategies to achieve this aim, this paper examines participants’ memories of their wildlife tourism experiences and explores processes through which such experiences can lead to long-term changes in conservation behaviour. Findings are based on 240 visitors’ extended open-ended responses to a follow-up web survey administered approximately four months after a visit to one of four marine-based wildlife tourism venues in Southeast Queensland. Qualitative analysis revealed four levels of visitor response to the experience, implying a process involving what visitors actually saw and heard (sensory impressions), what they felt (emotional affinity), thought (reflective response), and finally what they did about it (behavioural response). Recommendations are provided for ways tourism managers and wildlife interpreters can maintain and strengthen these dimensions of memorable experiences in order to enhance visitor satisfaction and encourage visitors’ long-term adoption of environmentally sustainable practices.
Although provision of holidays for families in need has been mainstreamed within the social care policies of many countries in the rest of Europe, social tourism has yet to be adopted in the United Kingdom. This article reports on a scoping study of research and policy in this area. While there is limited robust research on the impact of holidays, emerging evidence supports a range of claims for benefits to children and families. The article concludes that both political emphasis on social inclusion and pan-European initiatives on Tourism For All currently provide an opportunity for the provision of holidays for families in need to be placed firmly on the social care agenda.
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