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Experienced Utility and Objective Happiness: A Moment-Based Approach
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concept of utility has carried two different meanings in its long history. As Bentham (1789) used it, utility refers to the experiences of pleasure and pain, the “sovereign masters” that “point out what we ought to do, as well as determine what we shall do.” In modern decision research, however, the utility of outcomes refers to their weight in decisions: utility is inferred from observed choices and is in turn used to explain choices. To distinguish the two notions I refer to Bentham’s concept as experienced utility and to the modern usage as decision utility. Experienced utility is the focus of this chapter. Contrary to the behaviorist position that led to the abandonment of Bentham’s notion (Loewenstein 1992), the claim made here is that experienced utility can be usefully measured. The chapter has three main goals: (1) to present a detailed analysis of the concept of experienced utility and of the relation between the pleasure and pain of moments and the utility of more extended episodes; (2) to argue that experienced utility is best measured by moment-based methods that assess current experience; (3) to develop a moment-based conception of an aspect of well-being that I will call “objective happiness.” The chapter also introduces several unfamiliar concepts that will be used in later chapters. Pleasure and pain are attributes of a moment of experience, but the outcomes that people value extend over time. It is therefore necessary to establish a concept of experienced utility that applies to temporally extended outcomes. Two approaches to this task will be compared here.
... Психологическая способность чувствовать себя счастливым в какой-то момент времени (счастье как яркая положительная эмоция) получила название моментального счастья [18]. Такое счастье предполагает положительный баланс приятных переживаний в данный момент или в короткой временной перспективе. ...
... Запомнившаяся полезность эпизода опыта определяется ретроспективной глобальной оценкой его субъектом. Объективное счастье -это временной интеграл мгновенных полезностей для всех моментов в течение интервала [18]. ...
Happiness, like health, is an integral component of a full-quality life. Despite the enormous academic interest to this concept, its definition and age-related specifics still remain unclear. This empirical research focused on the way happiness is interpreted by children and senior citizens. The initial hypothesis was that these age groups share at least some similarities in their understanding of happiness. The study involved children aged 7–10 (N=120; M=8.31; SD=1.09) and senior citizens aged 60–90 (N=82; M=70.43; SD=7.77). The obtained data were processed using Fischer’s criterion. Health, family, relationships, and well-being were registered in both age groups, which confirmed the initial hypothesis. However, elderly participants were more likely to interpret happiness as well-being. They associated it with life satisfaction in health, love and belonging, family well-being, income, supportive relationships, etc. Not a single respondent in this group linked happiness with positive emotions, rest, leisure, or recreational activity. Children, on the other hand, perceived happiness as a kind of pleasure associated with joy, fun, friends, recreation, and gifts.
... The holistic-associative account of intuition is acknowledged by psychology scholars as well as management scholars (Agor, 1986;Dreyfus and Dreyfus, 1986;Kihlstrom, 1987;Simon, 1987;Prietula and Simon, 1989;Shapiro and Spence, 1997;Kahneman and Tversky, 2000;Betsch and Glöckner, 2010;Glöckner and Witteman, 2010). It forms the basis of spreading activation in neurological models of insight-the "aha, " eureka moment of insight occurs when particular ideas fall into place, as concepts stored disparately in the brain are conjoined and the solution literally pops into consciousness. ...
... Holistically associative --Disagree (Descartes, 1637(Descartes, -1998Spinoza, 1677Spinoza, -2007Leibniz, 1720Leibniz, -2001Husserl, 1900Husserl, /01-2015 Affectively charged Disagree (Behling and Eckel, 1991;Isenberg, 1991;Brockmann and Anthony, 1998;Gavetti and Levinthal, 2000) Disagree (Nisbett and Ross, 1980;Tversky and Shafir, 1992;Crossan et al., 1999;Osbeck, 1999Osbeck, , 2001Kahneman and Tversky, 2000) Disagree Aristotle (Bacon, 1620(Bacon, -1992Descartes, 1637Descartes, -1998Locke et al., 1690Locke et al., -2006Leibniz, 1720, Hume, 1738/40-2001Kant, 1781Kant, -2013, Zalta, 2004), early Whitehead, 1910, 1912;Wittgenstein, 1914Wittgenstein, -1953Hilbert, 1925Hilbert, -1983Godel, 1964Godel, /2011Hodgkinson et al., 2008) Non-conscious -Disagree (Osbeck, 1999(Osbeck, , 2001Dijksterhuis, 2004;Strack and Deutsch, 2004;Overgaard et al., 2006;Sandberg et al., 2010;Ham and Van den Bos, 2011;Miller and Schwarz, 2014) Disagree Pythagoras, Plato (Agostino, 1387-2002, Descartes, 1637-1998Spinoza, 1677Spinoza, -2007Zalta, 2004) Fast -Disagree (Hogarth, 2001;Dijksterhuis, 2004;Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 2006) Disagree Plato, Aristotle (Descartes, 1637(Descartes, -1998Spinoza, 1677Spinoza, -2007Husserl, 1900Husserl, /01-2015Zalta, 2004) Authors' elaboration. ...
Accelerating environmental uncertainty and the need to cope with increasingly complex market and social demands, combine to create high value for the intuitive approach to decision-making at the strategic level. Research on intuition suffers from marked fragmentation, due to the existence of disciplinary silos based on diverse, apparently irreconcilable, ontological and epistemological assumptions. Not surprisingly, there is no integrated interdisciplinary framework suitable for a rich account of intuition, contemplating how affect and cognition intertwine in the intuitive process, and how intuition scales up from the individual to collective decision-making. This study contributes to the construction of a broad conceptual framework, suitable for a multi-level account of intuition and for a fruitful dialogue with distant research areas. It critically discusses two mainstream conceptualizations of intuition which claim to be grounded in a cross-disciplinary consensus. Drawing on the complexity paradigm, it then proposes a conceptualization of intuition as emergence. Finally, it explores the theoretical and practical implications.
... (Trepel,43) Kahneman, deneyim boyunca (gerçek zaman faydası) ve deneyimden sonraki (anımsanan fayda) fayda arasında farklılıklar bulmuştur. Bunlar şu şekildedir: (Kahneman, 1999) a) Anımsanan fayda: Hafızaya dayalı bir yaklaşım kullanılarak ölçülmektedir. Geçmiş deneyimlerin retrospektif bir değerlendirmesini içerir. ...
Ana akım iktisadi görüşe göre birey, rasyonel davranarak tüketimini optimum derecede hesaplamakta ve bu şekilde maksimum faydaya ulaşmaktadır. Faydanın ölçülebilir olduğuna ve ölçülemeyeceğine dair ise kardinal ve ordinal fayda teorileri bulunmaktadır. Fakat davranışsal iktisat ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda fayda; karar faydası, deneyimlenen fayda (anımsanan fayda ve gerçek zaman faydası), beklenen fayda, kalıntı fayda (residual utility) ve tanısal fayda (diagnostic utiliy) olarak ele alınmakta ve bu kavramları açıklayabilmek için çeşitli deneyler yapılmaktadır. 2002 yılında ekonomi alanında Nobel ödülü alan psikolog Daniel Kahneman'ın da öncülük ettiği fayda teorilerine ait deneyler ile kişilerin ne hissettikleri ve mutlu olup olmadıklarına nasıl karar verdikleri araştırılmıştır. Böylelikle ana akım iktisadın insan yaşamında bir ölçü olarak ele aldığı fayda kavramının yanında mutluluk kavramının da iktisatta önem kazandığı görülmektedir. Abstract According to mainstream economics view, by acting rationally an individual calculates his consumption at the optimum level and in this way reaches to the maximum utility. There are cardinal and ordinal utility theories concerning the measurability an immeasurability of the utility. But in the studies related to the behavioral economics, the utility is handled as decision utility, experienced utility
... However, the perfectrationality framework for modelling the dynamics of the LOB, and consequently price movements, has significant drawbacks due to a consolidation of unobservable parameters using a series of auxiliary assumptions including the rationality of investors, inclusion of a designated market maker, and disallowing cancellations of active orders. Such assumptions lead to inconsistency between the models and observations of trader behaviour [60,61,62]. ...
The objective of this thesis is to apply deep learning to order flow data in novel ways, in order to improve price prediction models, and thus improve on current deep price formation models. A survey of previous work in the deep modelling of price formation revealed the importance of utilising the order flow for the deep learning of price formation had previously been over looked. Previous work in the statistical modelling of the price formation process in contrast has always focused on order flow data. To demonstrate the advantage of utilising order flow data for learning deep price formation models, the thesis first benchmarks order flow trained Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), against methods used in previous work for predicting directional mid-price movements. To further improve the price modelling capability of the RNN, a novel deep mixture model extension to the model architecture is then proposed. This extension provides a more realistically uncertain prediction of the mid-price, and also jointly models the direction and size of the mid-price movements. Experiments conducted showed that this novel architecture resulted in an improved model compared to common benchmarks. Lastly, a novel application of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) was introduced for generative modelling of the order flow sequences that induce the mid-price movements. Experiments are presented that show the GAN model is able to generate more realistic sequences than a well-known benchmark model. Also, the mid-price time-series resulting from the SeqGAN generated order flow is able to better reproduce the statistical behaviour of the real mid-price time-series.
... An interesting idea developed in [105] is the fact that the utility associated to a certain decision may depend also on our memory if it has already been made in the past. Here we propose a simple model that encapsulates this idea, and show that this too can lead to choices that do not necessarily conform to their objective utilities, but are rather dominated by past choices alone. ...
De récentes analyses empiriques ont révélé l'existence de l'effet Zumbach. Cette découverte a conduit à l'élaboration des processus de Hawkes quadratique, adapté pour reproduire cet effet. Ce modèle ne faisant pas de lien avec le processus de formation de prix, nous l'avons étendu au carnet d'ordres avec un processus de Hawkes quadratique généralisé (GQ-Hawkes). En utilisant des données de marchés, nous avons montré qu'il existe un effet de type Zumbach qui diminue la liquidité future. Microfondant l'effet Zumbach, il est responsable d'une potentielle déstabilisation des marchés financiers. De plus, la calibration exacte d'un processus GQ-Hawkes nous indique que les marchés sont aux bords de la criticité. Ces preuves empiriques nous ont donc incité à faire une analyse d'un modèle de carnet d'ordres construit avec un couplage de type Zumbach. Nous avons donc introduit le modèle de Santa Fe quadratique et prouvé numériquement qu'il existe une transition de phase entre un marché stable et un marché instable sujet à des crises de liquidité. Grâce à une analyse de taille finie nous avons pu déterminer les exposants critiques de cette transition, appartenant à une nouvelle classe d'universalité. N'étant pas analytiquement soluble, cela nous a conduit à introduire des modèles plus simples pour décrire les crises de liquidités. En mettant de côté la microstructure du carnet d'ordres, nous obtenons une classe de modèles de spread où nous avons calculé les paramètres critiques de leurs transitions. Même si ces exposants ne sont pas ceux de la transition du Santa Fe quadratique, ces modèles ouvrent de nouveaux horizons pour explorer la dynamique de spread. L'un d'entre eux possède un couplage non-linéaire faisant apparaître un état métastable. Ce scénario alternatif élégant n'a pas besoin de paramètres critiques pour obtenir un marché instable, même si les données empiriques ne sont pas en sa faveur. Pour finir, nous avons regardé la dynamique du carnet d'ordres sous un autre angle: celui de la réaction-diffusion. Nous avons modélisé une liquidité qui se révèle dans le carnet d'ordres avec une certaine fréquence. La résolution de ce modèle à l'équilibre révèle qu'il existe une condition de stabilité sur les paramètres au-delà de laquelle le carnet d'ordres se vide totalement, correspondant à une crise de liquidité. En le calibrant sur des données de marchés nous avons pu analyser qualitativement la distance à cette région instable.
... 31 Also, we might simply be too curious for Boris to try his real life -anticipating future pleasure in reality from finding out. 32 Another way to adjust the Experience Machine may be to set it up in the past. Consider this alternative thought experiment: ...
Few philosophers today embrace quantitative hedonism, which states that a person's well-being depends only on the amount of her experienced happiness and suffering. Despite recent attempts to rehabilitate it, most philosophers still consider it untenable. The most influential arguments levelled against it by Mill, Moore, Nozick and Kagan purport to demonstrate that well-being must depend on more than only the amount of experienced happiness and suffering. I argue in this paper that quantitative hedonism can rebut these arguments by pointing out a shared systematic flaw in their argumentative structure. In particular, I argue that they are based on thought experiments that invoke either structurally unreliable intuitions or intuitions that are not in tension to the tenets of quantitative hedonism. While this does not rehabilitate the theory by itself, it shows that the classical arguments against quantitative hedonism provide less evidence against it than commonly thought and certainly do not conclusively prove it wrong.
... That is too big and different a question to try to answer here. But suffice it to say, and as my theory suggests, I believe that a Kahnemanian "moment-based" approach (as in Kahneman, 2000) is superior to its main rival, the life-satisfaction approach (as in Pavot & Diener, 1993), which is suggested by the life-satisfaction theory of happiness. And note as well that even if I am right that the nature of happiness is to be explained in terms of desire, it does not follow that the best way to measure happiness is to ask subjects questions that are stated in the language of desire. ...
This paper develops and defends a novel version of a relatively neglected category of theory of the nature of happiness: the desire‐satisfaction theory. My account is similar in its fundamentals to Wayne Davis's theory of happiness‐as‐subjective‐desire‐satisfaction. After arguing that this is the best general way to proceed for the desire‐based approach, I develop an improved version of subjective desire satisfactionism in light of recent arguments in the happiness literature.
Models of decision-making typically assume the existence of some common currency of value, such as utility, happiness, or inclusive fitness. This common currency is taken to allow comparison of options and to underpin everyday choice. Here we suggest instead that there is no universal value scale, that incommensurable values pervade everyday choice, and hence that most existing models of decision-making in both economics and psychology are fundamentally limited. We propose that choice objects can be compared only with reference to specific but nonuniversal "covering values." These covering values may reflect decision-makers' goals, motivations, or current states. A complete model of choice must accommodate the range of possible covering values. We show that abandoning the common-currency assumption in models of judgment and decision-making necessitates rank-based and "simple heuristics" models that contrast radically with conventional utility-based approaches. We note that if there is no universal value scale, then Arrow's impossibility theorem places severe bounds on the rationality of individual decision-making and hence that there is a deep link between the incommensurability of value, inconsistencies in human decision-making, and rank-based coding of value. More generally, incommensurability raises the question of whether it will ever be possible to develop single-quantity-maximizing models of decision-making.
Everyone wants to be happy. Happiness is obviously a good thing and if we can get it without sacrificing other important things, we would. Most people wish not just for their own happiness but also the happiness of people they love; some compassionate souls may even wish for the happiness of all sentient creatures. What exactly is it that we all want? Is it to be pleased or satisfied? To feel tranquil or joyous? To attain certain objective goods? And what role does happiness play in morality? Is the production of happiness the goal of morally right action? Is it the organizing principle of moral theory? Or is it just one contingent value among many? This entry reviews answers to these questions from the perspectives of ancient, modern, and contemporary philosophy.
In this chapter we move outward from the core challenge of affect to take up a wider view that includes perspectives from affective science. The argument runs through a series of topics—six additional pieces of the puzzle—that I believe to be especially important for coming to grips with the systematic nature of the problem of affect: (1) the unity of affect; (2) intensity, arousal, and other dimensions of affect; (3) affect and motivation; (4) affect and emotion; (5) affect and information; and (6) affect and cognition. Although these topics cover a lot of ground, the aim of this chapter is not to provide a comprehensive survey of affective science. Rather, the aim is to show how the core challenge of affect—the unmistakable but elusive character of valence—is implicated in diverse areas of research.
By way of a summary of the preceding arguments, let us return to the desiderata listed at the close of Part I and consider how each has been met by the theory developed in Part II.
Background
Prior research has reported that childhood maltreatment is associated with poor well-being, but few studies have examined the association between childhood maltreatment and well-being including hedonic and eudaimonic well-being using a daily diary method.
Objective
The present study investigated the association between childhood maltreatment and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, and explored the mediating effects of social support and self-esteem.
Participants and setting
Data were collected applying a 14-day daily diary method in two samples. A total of 120 Chinese emerging adults (100 female; Mage = 20.48 years, age range = 18–24 years) and 229 Chinese emerging adults (187 female; Mage = 20.43 years, age range = 18–27 years) comprised the discovery sample and the replication sample, respectively.
Methods
Multilevel regression analysis and multilevel mediation analysis were conducted, while controlling for sex, age, and socioeconomic status.
Results
In the discovery sample, the multilevel regression analysis showed that childhood maltreatment had an equal effect on predicting the two types of well-being. Additionally, the multilevel mediation analysis demonstrated that social support and self-esteem acted as independent and equally important mediators of the associations between childhood maltreatment and the two types of well-being. Moreover, the total indirect effect on the childhood maltreatment–hedonic well-being link had no significant difference from that on the childhood maltreatment–eudaimonic well-being link. The replication sample reconfirmed the results of the discovery sample, which provides greater credibility to our findings.
Conclusions
Social support and self-esteem might help to improve the well-being of emerging adults who have suffered childhood maltreatment, and might therefore be important intervention targets.
This study takes the Danish retired older adults as the research object, investigating the interrelations among smartphone use, intergenerational support and older adults’ eudaimonic wellbeing through quantitative and qualitative methods. The technology acceptance model (TAM) and semi-structured in-depth interviews were employed to evaluate whether the proposed hypotheses were confirmed. The results revealed that the use of smartphones as an information technology device had an impact on the path from the attitude toward use to actual smartphone use. Also, they had a positive effect on older adults’ eudaimonic wellbeing. The findings demonstrated that the design and use of smartphones are in line with the physiological characteristics of older adults, and calls on them to use smartphones healthily. This study also confirmed that the physical needs and emotional needs of intergenerational support from children can positively promote older adults’ wellbeing, even though in individualistic cultures, where intergenerational support perhaps matters less.
The interrelated concepts of place attachment and place meaning are antecedents to pro-environmental behavior and essential for supporting decisions that foster relationships between people and places. Previous research has argued that affect is instrumental in conceptualizing place-related phenomena but has not yet been considered in terms of discrete emotions. We disentangled the empirical relationships between concepts of place and the emotions of pride and guilt to understand how they collectively contributed to individuals’ decisions about environmental sustainability. Specifically, we conducted an online survey of residents living in the Midwestern US and asked questions about their attachments to places and their place-related behavior. We then tested a latent variable path model with first- and second-order factors that shaped the behavioral intentions of survey respondents, as well as evaluated the psychometric properties of a place meaning scale, to uncover the range of reasons why human-nature relationships were formed. Our findings show that multiple place meanings predicted place attachment, which in turn predicted the discrete emotions of pride and guilt. Place attachment, pride, and guilt positively correlated with pro-environmental behavior. We also observed that the relationships between multi-dimensional conceptualizations of place attachment and behavioral intentions were partially mediated by pride but not guilt, as hypothesized in response to the broaden and build theory of positive emotions. This study develops theoretical insights to clarify how cognitive-emotional bonding can lead people to behave in more environmentally friendly ways.
Before the recent recession evoked general dismay and uncertainty, this study examined the relative contribution of income and the concern over financial security to life satisfaction. The degree to which such concerns permeate people's daily lives could be part of the broader concept of wealth, often measured through income and debt, and could help evaluate fiscal instruments promoting financial security. Study 1 ( N = 267) used econometric methods to demonstrate that the consideration of financial security was as important to participants’ life satisfaction as their monetary assets. Further, outlook on financial security adds to the prediction of life satisfaction above the contribution of income. Content analysis revealed that nearly half the participants ( N = 651, Study 2) mentioned financial concerns — retirement, college tuition, making ends meet, etc. — when asked to think about “the future” in an open-ended manner. These participants reported lower life satisfaction compared with women who did not raise such concerns. The link between concerns over financial security and life satisfaction, which cannot be fully accounted for by income alone, could guide policy decisions on whether to directly allocate resources toward increasing income or to focus on creating a social and financial safety net.
As businesses increasingly use gamified mobile marketing campaign (GMMC) systems to engage mobile shoppers, gamification in m-commerce systems warrants more attention in both IS research and design practices. Inspired by peak-end theory, this study focused on the puzzling differences between user experience vs. memory and empirically examined the impact of different experience orders of cognitive load on user perceptions and behavioral intentions. Overall, the outcomes of this research suggest that appropriate applications of the peak-end effect, moderated via users’ regulatory focus styles, can alleviate the negative mental utility imagery of users, reducing their perceived uncertainties and opt-out intentions from the GMMC. Important implications for research and practice are then discussed.
This chapter argues that the role of values, both in shaping personal conceptions of the good and in justifying collective choice rules, should lead to greater consideration of the importance of public deliberation in constructing and justifying behavioral public policy (BPP). It presents the debates about the new forms of paternalism with which it is associated. The chapter introduces what has been called the “reconciliation problem” between behavioral and normative economics, and suggests that taking personal identity seriously is one way to address it. It links personal identity to the existence of personal conceptions of the good. The chapter emphasizes the importance of public deliberation in justifying BPP, not only because it is essential for individuals to revise their conceptions of the good but also because it builds consensus around the values underlying collective choice rules in society.
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Consciousness personality on women entrepreneurs’ behavioral biases by focusing on financial literacy which is taken as a mediator while the mindfulness as a potential moderator. A random sample of 210 female entrepreneurs working in Pakistan was collected through stratified sampling technique and data are analyzed by using Structural Equation Modeling through SMART-PLS. The results divulged a significant mediating impact of financial literacy in reducing mental accounting bias among consciousness personality possessing women entrepreneurs; however, financial literacy was found related to the risk aversion bias through mindfulness. The moderation analysis further revealed interesting indirect impacts, such that financial literacy strongly reduced mental accounting and risk aversion bias for women who were more conscious of proper financial mindfulness. Nonetheless, financial mindfulness did not catalyze financial literacy and herding bias relationship. By encompassing the concepts of financial literacy, mindfulness, and behavioral biases in consciousness personality’s women entrepreneurs, we offered a comprehensive theoretical framework with practical implications for women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Thus, we suggest new avenues for the longstanding dilemma related to the factors instigating suboptimal financial decision-making in women entrepreneurs in developing markets.
The global aspiration to mitigate climate change puts substantial pressure on the tourism sector – one of the most polluting industries – to operate in more sustainable ways. This study reviews intervention experiments in tourism and hospitality aimed at making tourist behaviour more sustainable. The analysis of 53 field experiments reveals the most promising intervention strategies. The resulting knowledge map highlights that past intervention studies were limited to only a small number of relevant target behaviours and intervention types, pointing to many unexplored areas that require urgent attention in future.
Purpose
During the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults were portrayed as an at-risk group. While this may have been true in some respects, empirical studies on mental health, including well-being were conflicting. Some studies found that older adults demonstrated a notable emotional resilience against the impacts of the pandemic. In this study, we qualitatively examine how older adults understand well-being and how they approached pandemic’s potential influence on their well-being.
Methods
17 older adults participated in the study, out of which 14 were interviewed and three provided written responses to a set of questions.
Results and conclusions
Through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, three themes emerged:adaptation, control, and a sense of community. We use them to discuss three central questions within well-being theory and research: How far does well-being depend on personal traits and how far does it depend on the environment? How far do people adapt to changed circumstances, and how far is such adaption conducive to maintaining genuine well-being and not just a lowering of standards of comparison? How far does subjective well-being depend on individual and momentary experiences and how far does it depend on the larger temporal and social context of an individual?
The article examines the influence of economic factors on life satisfaction in Russia. To conduct this study, we took RLMSHSE data from 1994 to 2019. We applied the panel data ordered logit model on the samples of men and women. It has been confirmed that the level of life satisfaction is the higher, the better the financial situation of an individual in absolute and relative terms. Maintaining a balance in the distribution of time between work and leisure also has a significantly positive effect on the level of life satisfaction. However, the impact of objective economic factors on life satisfaction in Russia is mediated by their subjective perception, which plays a decisive role. Since when it includes in the model, the objective parameters become insignificant. The results are consistent with similar works conducted on other countries’ data and spatial data. They deepen the understanding of the impact of the economic component on the subjective wellbeing of Russians. The conclusion about the significant influence of the subjective perception of economic reality on happiness in Russia is of practical importance for the guidelines of economic and social policy.
The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the leisure sector as lockdowns and social distancing resulted in a temporary shutdown. Using large-scale UK social survey data from two waves of Understanding Society, we employ the life satisfaction valuation method to provide estimates of monetary values of the subjective well-being benefits of leisure activities. We find that well-being benefits to life satisfaction from arts events, visiting museums and moderate sports have a significant monetary value. The value of some leisure activities to domains of satisfaction is higher compared with life satisfaction. The value to leisure satisfaction is particularly high, especially arts activities. Well-being benefits of moderate and mild sport are particularly high for health satisfaction. Meanwhile, activities which involve social interaction, including arts events and moderate sport have greater relevance to job satisfaction. These findings evidence the value of leisure activities, informing arguments for public funding to support and aid recovery in the sector.
The ability to selectively remember positive events is assumed to be one of the key adaptive mechanisms that enable especially older adults to maintain a high level of wellbeing, in spite of declining physical and cognitive functions. This is often explained as a positive side-effect of an attentional bias, the so-called “positivity effect”. We argue, however, that there are both theoretical reasons and empirical evidence for assuming that it that the subsequent, constructive use of memory need not always misrepresent events, but can also help to reveal the full significance of an event, which was not necessarily transparent to the individual at the outset. We tentatively consider a holistic and time-sensitive view of wellbeing, which, contrary to standard atomistic and time-neutral theories, assumes the quality of events and experience depends on the larger life-context in which they become embedded, so that the contribution of events and experiences to the overall quality of one’s life can change over time. We provide empirical support for our theoretical conjectures by analysing the results of an interview-based study of emotional memory of early autobiographical life events.
Interactions with parents are integral in shaping the development of children's emotional processes. Important aspects of these interactions are overall (mean level) affective experience and affective synchrony (linkages between parent and child affect across time). Respectively, mean-level affect and affective synchrony reflect aspects of the content and structure of dyadic interactions. Most research on parent-child affect during dyadic interactions has focused on infancy and early childhood; adolescence, however, is a key period for both normative emotional development and the emergence of emotional disorders. We examined affect in early to mid-adolescents (N = 55, M age = 12.27) and their parents using a video-mediated recall task of 10-min conflict-topic discussions. Using multilevel modeling, we found evidence of significant level-2 effects (mean affect) and level-1 effects (affective synchrony) for parents and their adolescents. Level-2 and level-1 associations were differentially moderated by adolescent age and adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. More specifically, parent-adolescent synchrony was stronger when adolescents were older and had more internalizing problems. Further, more positive adolescent mean affect was associated with more positive parent affect (and vice versa), but only for dyads with low adolescent externalizing problems. Results underscore the importance of additional research examining parent-child affect in adolescence.
The principle of compositionality, an important postulation in language and cognition research, posits that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meaning of its constituting parts and the operation performed on those parts. Here, we provide strong evidence that this principle plays a significant role also in interpreting facial expressions. In three studies in which perceivers interpreted sequences of two emotional facial expression images, we show that the composite meaning of facial expressions results from the meaning of its constituting expressions and an algebraic operation performed on those expressions. Our study offers a systematic account as to how the meaning of facial expressions (single and sequences) are being formed and perceived. In a broader context, our results raise the possibility that the principle of compositionality may apply to human communication modalities beyond spoken language, whereby a minimal number of components are expanded to a much greater number of meanings.
Este trabajo se propone presentar algunos fenómenos de felicidad en la vida social y política del Nuevo Reino de Granada en el contexto de la eclosión que se experimenta en el siglo xviii el interés público y político por la búsqueda de la felicidad. Para ello, primero se expone el marco interpretativo de partida. Luego, se describe el «complejo anecdótico» considerando algunos fenómenos de felicidad, manteniendo la tesis de que la búsqueda de la felicidad pública surge en capas altas e ilustradas del Antiguo Régimen y se proyecta en círculos concéntricos a través de las organizaciones totalizadoras de la época.
This paper aims to analyze some phenomena of happiness in the social and political life of the New Kingdom of Grana-da in the context of the eighteenth century, when the public and political interest in the pursuit of happiness was growing. In order to do so, the first thing is to present the in-terpretative framework. Then, the “anec-dotal complex” is described, considering some happiness phenomena maintaining the thesis that the pursuit of public happi-ness arose in the upper, enlightened strata of the Ancien Régime and was projected in concentric circles through the totalizing or-ganizations of the period
This open access book defines happiness intuitively and explores several common conceptual mistakes with regard to happiness. It then moves on to address topical issues including, but not limited to, whether money can buy you happiness, why happiness is ultimately the only thing of intrinsic value, and the various factors important for happiness. It also presents a more reliable and interpersonally comparable method for measuring happiness and discusses twelve factors, from A to L, that are crucial for individual happiness: attitude, balance, confidence, dignity, engagement, family/friends, gratitude, health, ideals, joyfulness, kindness and love. Further, it examines important public policy considerations, taking into account recent advances in economics, the environmental sciences, and happiness studies. Novel issues discussed include: an environmentally responsible happy nation index to supplement GDP, the East Asian happiness gap, a case for stimulating pleasure centres of the brain, and an argument for higher public spending.
A rich body of empirical research has posited the emotional concepts of pride and guilt are psychological forces that affect pro-environmental behavior, yet there is conflicting evidence about how each shapes pro-environmental behavior. We report on results from the first meta-analysis that has evaluated the associations of pride and guilt in relation to pro-environmental behavior over a 30-year period. An analysis of 23 correlational studies showed that anticipated pride (r = 0.47) and anticipated guilt (r = 0.39) were significantly correlated with intended and reported pro-environmental behavior, and that anticipated pride had a stronger relationship with behavior than guilt. Results from 12 experimental studies indicated that pride (r = 0.17) and guilt (r = 0.26) were equally strong in their ability to explain variation in pro-environmental behavior. Additionally, a moderator analysis revealed that in experimental studies the effects of both anticipated pride and guilt were significantly correlated with intended and reported pro-environmental behavior but did not differ from one another. By contrast, only experienced guilt (and not pride) predicted intended and reported pro-environmental behavior in experimental research. These findings underscore the importance of considering the mechanisms and extent to which pride and guilt shape behavioral patterns that influence environmental sustainability.
Millions of employees across the globe, including a large proportion of knowledge workers, transitioned to remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic. As remote work continues to characterize work post-crisis, it is imperative to understand how employees adjust to remote work. The current research explores the extent to which knowledge workers hold a fixed mindset about remote work (e.g., that a person either is or is not suited to remote work and this cannot be changed) and tested how this mindset shaped well-being during coronavirus-related lockdown. In a longitudinal five-week study of 113 knowledge workers transitioning to remote work, we find that knowledge workers who endorsed a more fixed mindset about remote work experienced more negative and less positive emotion during remote work. The increased negative emotion prompted by fixed mindsets was associated with lesser perceived productivity among these knowledge workers in subsequent weeks. We conclude that understanding how fundamental beliefs (e.g., beliefs about the learnability of remote work) affect employee experiences can help create a brighter future as technology further enables remote work. Encouraging employees to view remote work as a skill that can be learned and developed could help people thrive in the new world of work.
The present chapter is devoted to the experiential now as an individual fundamental entity of the complex present that plays the pivot role in dynamics of the human temporality. In our theory, the implementation cost of action strategies is determined by effort. For this reason, we elucidate its essential properties and develop the multi-component theory of subjective effort. Turning to the laws of psychophysics, we develop the description of subjective effort in terms of one-dimensional clouds in the space of effort magnitudes experienced by the subject. Two components of subjective effort are singled out. One is the experienced effort of bodily executed actions. The other is the mental effort related to monitoring the results of bodily actions. The available psychological and physiological data that enable us to develop the original mathematical description of subjective effort are presented. In particular, the power-law of memory load, the regularities of speed-accuracy tradeoff are used to construct the mental effort of monitoring which admits the interpretation as quasi-entropy of subject’s actions. To fuse the two types of subjective effort, we propose a new concept of an endless cloud cycle dealing with effort-as-experienced and effort-as-evaluated. This concept enables us to employ the notion of time-to-fatigue in order to make the two types of subjective effort mutually commensurable. As a result, a nonlinear model for the effort fusion is elaborated, which may be treated as an analogy to free energy. The appendix presents the details of the mathematical constructions and experimental data on binary categorization that underlie the mathematical description of subjective effort including the experienced effort of bodily executed actions and the mental effort of monitoring the results of bodily actions.
Emotions have a major role in social interactions (Russell et al., 2003; Sander et al., 2005) and in determining the consumption behavior. Emotion measurement often provides important information beyond the subject’s preferences, such as physiological and psychological characteristics and affective consumer’s state. The present chapter is focused on the most commonly used methods to investigate the emotions of nonfood products and concerns mainly advertising and marketing fields, design, cosmetics, fragrances, and odors. Medical and clinical applications were not approached.
Hedonic adaptation has come to play a large role in wellbeing studies and in practical philosophy more generally. We argue that hedonic adaptation has been too closely assimilated to sensory adaptation. Sensation and selective attention do indeed play a role in adaptation; but so do judgment, articulation, contextualization and background assumptions, as well as coping strategies and features of one’s social and physical environment. Hence the notion of hedonic adaptation covers not a single uniform phenomenon, but a whole range of different processes and mechanisms. We present a taxonomy of different forms of hedonic adaptation, pointing especially to the importance of coping strategies and socially supported adaptation, which have been overlooked or misdescribed by adaptation theory, but implicitly recognized by empirical research. We further argue that the differences between types adaptive processes have ramifications for normative theories. Adaptation can work both for good and for bad, depending on the psychological and contextual details. Acknowledging the many forms of hedonic adaptation, and the ubiquitous role of mutual adjustments of values, standards of judgment, emotional tendencies, behavior and environmental factors in achieving wellbeing also gives support to a more complex and dynamic view of wellbeing as such.
Long-distance walking is an ancient activity practiced across cultures for many reasons, including the improvement of one’s health. It has even been suggested that long-distance walking may be considered a form of psychotherapy. This scoping review examined the relationship between long-distance walking and mental health among adults. Publication trends and definitions were also examined, and the reason why long-distance walking may have therapeutic effects was discussed. Systematic searches in three online databases were performed using a selection of long-distance walking terms. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included if they examined associations between long-distance walking and mental health in an adult population. Mental health was conceptualized in broad terms, including descriptions of mental states as well as more specific measurements or notions of mental health. A total of 8557 records were screened and 26 studies were included, out of which 15 were quantitative, 9 were qualitative, and 2 were mixed. The findings showed that long-distance walking was positively related to mental health. This was most consistent with regard to emotional distress compared to somewhat inconsistent findings regarding well-being. Therefore, long-distance walking may be more appropriately used to counter some personal or emotional struggle rather than to achieve hedonic pleasure.
The present study aims at ranking the various factors which affect the stock selection decisions of retail investors in the Indian stock market. Further, the research provides valuable insights into the different factors that affect the stock selection decisions of the equity investors. For this purpose, the data were collected from 168 retail equity investors dealing in the Indian Stock Market. “Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process” was applied to rank the various factors affecting the stock selection decision of Individual equity investors trading in the Indian Stock Market. The primary factors considered for the study are accounting information, ownership structure, company-specific attributes, image of the company/board of directors, fundamentals of stock, trading opportunities, and sensitivity of stock and behavioral factors. The findings of the study revealed that behavioral factors, trading opportunities, and accounting information were the three most influential criteria. The five most influential sub-criteriums were, “I invest in those stocks which are affordable in terms of price (C52),” “I invest in the company's stock based on the recent price movement of stock (C51),” “I select the stock based on the sensitivity of company's stock performance to overall market performance (C62),” “I invest in the stock based on the trend of major indices (C61),” and “I prefer to invest in stocks which are evaluated by well-known experts (C80).” The present research has been carried out on a limited sample size which truly represented the total population; still, it is considered as the limitation of the study. The outcome of this research will provide investors with a better understanding of various factors that influence their stock selection decision. The study provides them a guideline on different factors; they should take into consideration, while undergoing the stock selection decision. The present research study enriches the literature on behavior finance from emerging markets.
Despite a wealth of research on its correlates, relatively little is known about how to effectively raise wellbeing in local communities by means of intervention. Can we teach people to live happier lives, cost-effectively and at scale? We conducted a randomised controlled trial of a scalable social-psychological intervention rooted in self-determination theory and aimed at raising the wellbeing and pro-sociality of the general adult population. The manualised course (“Exploring What Matters”) is run by non-expert volunteers (laypeople) in their local communities and to date has been conducted in more than 26 countries around the world. We found that it has strong, positive causal effects on participants' subjective wellbeing and pro-sociality (compassion and social trust) while lowering measures of mental ill health. The impacts of the course are sustained for at least two months post-treatment. We compare treatment to other wellbeing interventions and discuss limitations and implications for intervention design, as well as implications for the use of wellbeing as an outcome for public policy more generally.
The use of advanced statistical methods and artificial intelligence including machine learning enables researchers to identify preoperative characteristics predictive of patients achieving minimal clinically important differences in health outcomes after interventions including surgery. Machine learning uses algorithms to recognize patterns in data sets to predict outcomes. The advantages are the ability, using “big data” registries, to infer relations that otherwise would not be readily understood and the ability to continuously improve the model as new data are added. However, machine learning has limitations. Models are only as good as the data incorporated, and data may be misapplied owing to huge data sets and strong computing capabilities, in which spurious correlations may be suggested based on significant P values. Hence, common sense must be applied. The future of outcome prediction studies will most definitely rely on machine learning and artificial intelligence methods.
What does city life do to us? We start this discussion introducing the sociologists Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Weber, Wirth, Fisher, Foucault, Gans, Gieryn, Hägerstrand, Stokols, Lowry and Harvey; the philosophers Aristotle, Aristippus, Epicurus, Augustine, Aquinas, Epictetus, Kant, Mandeville, Bentham; the economists, among many, Mill, Stigler, Glaeser, Frey, Easterlin; the psychologists Kahneman, Diener and many others; and evolutionary psychology hints. Empirical evidence suggests a causal link between mental health and urbanicity level. Idem for life satisfaction and stated preferences, both resulting higher at lower urbanicity levels. Despite this, more and more people are deciding to spend their lives in cities (85–90% by 2100). Why? Urban life pros and cons pose individuals subjective spatial dis-equilibrium to face life-time and daily-life decisions, rationally/irrationally balancing advantages and disadvantages in short (current utility) and long term (lifetime utility) perspectives. People trade-off antagonistic arguments of their lifetime/current utility functions when deciding where to live, and some of them end up having to sacrifice a preferred environment to enjoy other types of benefits. Future technological advances (robots, artificial intelligence, hologram communication, telework, teleservices, hyperloops …) and urban-territorial design will radically transform our socio-economic systems and free us up to live where we truly prefer, which might either be an electronic cottage in the wild, a picturesque rural settlement, a romantic town, a beautiful city, a sparkling megacity, or a combination of them.
We examine how individual metacognitive differences and the two selves - the experiencing and remembering selves - are related to individual risk attitudes. To track how the experiencing self makes judgments, participants in an experiment are primed over six weeks with macroeconomic and political news in an ecologically relevant period of a presidential election. Every Friday, the participants indicate their willingness to take risks at the moment. In Week 7, all participants are asked to rate the total experience of the six weeks. Rather than reporting hedonimeter totals, they show duration neglect and only the final moment matters for the retrospective judgment. Moreover, individual risk tolerance is higher when assessed by the remembering self than when judged by the experiencing self. Also, higher metacognitive ability is associated with higher levels of risk tolerance. However, participants of higher metacognitive ability still cannot avoid the System 1 bias of duration neglect. This is the first empirical work explicitly relating the two selves and Systems 1 and 2 thinking processes.
The authors developed and used a game ( Tigo-Tigo) to collect data on people’s emotional experience in their environment in an area hit by a typhoon (Philippines). With the aim of encouraging the use of games for data collection in the field, they provide an in-depth analysis of all phases of the process, from the game development to the experience of the game sessions and the quality of the data produced. Designing a data collection game is creating an immersive experience that get people to share information with the researcher. However challenging to develop as it has to meet both data gathering and game requirements, Tigo-Tigo successfully produced complex data and a positive experience. By following its simple rules, the respondents were led to formulate and share both quantitative (emotion levels) and qualitative (explanations for emotion-environment associations) data. Moreover, the game was motivating and changed the status of participation, as the researchers played with the respondents in an inversed power setting. Finally, its particular interactional structure also improved the quality of the data produced by reducing expectation as well as cultural and translation barriers encountered in the field.
The pig market had experienced a cycle of price rise and fall, also known as the “pig cycle.” This paper analyzes the fluctuation relationship between pig price, pig supply, and pork demand, constructs a system dynamics model of the pig industry by decomposing the structure of the pig supply chain, and then discusses the causes of “pig cycle,” as well as the supply chain management strategy and industrial policy, to stabilize the pig industry market. Research shows that reducing the cost of pig breeding, countercyclical adjustment, and government macrocontrol can effectively reduce the fluctuation of pig prices. Among them, reducing the pig breeding cost is the most effective long-term strategy to stabilize the pig price.
Hsee and Zhang (2004) argued that when people face a decision and must predict future affective states, they are often in a joint evaluation (JE) mode where direct comparisons between different choice options are relatively easy. When actually experiencing (or predicting affective states for) only one of these options, people are usually in single evaluation (SE) mode where direct comparisons are more difficult. This situational difference in evaluation mode was observed to lead to overpredictions of positive affect (happiness) when people were in JE in comparison to SE for options that were quantitatively different, but there were no overpredictions for options that were qualitatively different. This effect was coined distinction bias. In the present paper, we replicated (and extended on) Studies 1 and 2 from Hsee and Zhang with 824 MTurk participants. In Study 1 we replicated the original findings: Relative to people in SE, people in JE overpredicted the happiness derived from quantitatively different hypothetical scenarios (i.e., selling 80 vs 160 books, or 160 vs 240 books), but did not overpredict the difference between qualitatively different hypothetical scenarios (i.e., selling 0 books vs 80 books; 0 being the implicit reference point that makes the two scenarios qualitatively different). Study 2 failed to find support for the original findings: People in JE did not consistently overpredict happiness for quantitatively different scenarios (i.e., copy-pasting 25 negative words vs 10 negative words, or 10 positive words vs 25 positive words). Taken together, the present paper provides mixed support for distinction bias.
Most authors who discuss willpower assume that everyone knows what it is, but our assumptions differ to such an extent that we talk past each other. We agree that willpower is the psychological function that resists temptations—variously known as impulses, addictions, or bad habits; that it operates simultaneously with temptations, without prior commitment; and that use of it is limited by its cost, commonly called effort, as well as by the person's skill at executive functioning. However, accounts are usually not clear about how motivation functions during the application of willpower, or how motivation is related to effort. Some accounts depict willpower as the perceiving or formation of motivational contingencies that outweigh the temptation, and some depict it as a continuous use of mechanisms that interfere with re-weighing the temptation. Some others now suggest that impulse control can bypass motivation altogether, although they refer to this route as habit rather than willpower.
It is argued here that willpower should be recognized as either or both of two distinct functions, which can be called resolve and suppression . Resolve is based on interpretation of a current choice as a test case for a broader set of future choices, which puts at stake more than the outcome of the current choice. Suppression is inhibiting valuation of ( modulating ) and/or keeping attention from ( filtering ) immediate alternatives to a current intention. Perception of current choices as test cases for broader outcomes may result in reliable preference for these outcomes, which is experienced as an effortless habit -- a successful result of resolve, not an alternative method of self-control. Some possible brain imaging correlates are reviewed.
The transportation network companies (TNCs) Uber and Lyft have introduced shared ride services, called “UberPool” and “Lyft Shared,” which use real-time cyber-connectivity to match travelers with similar origins and destinations so they can share discounted rides. It is hoped this will reduce the amount of vehicle miles traveled that TNCs are adding to the roads. However, previous evidence suggests that drivers and passengers have some dissatisfaction with these services. This paper uses a survey of 309 TNC drivers to examine the driver experience with providing shared rides. We find that in the aggregate drivers are considerably less satisfied with providing shared trips compared to solo trips with services such as UberX and Lyft Classic. There are a number of sources of dissatisfaction. Although some feel shared services add to their earnings, more drivers perceive their compensation for shared rides to be unfair. Further, although drivers sometimes enjoy the social interactions that Pool and Shared generate, many drivers complain that customers are often unhappy due to issues like trips taking longer than expected and friction between passengers. Finally, drivers feel serving shared trips is difficult and stressful work, due to things like routing and pick-up instructions that sometimes seem irrational and change frequently, difficult pick-ups and drop-offs, and long trips. We offer suggestions for improving driver satisfaction with Pool/Shared by raising and restructuring driver compensation, better publicizing the ways in which Pool/Shared increase driver incomes, increasing ridership through means such as better advertising of shared services and raising the price of solo travel, improving the information given to drivers, incentivizing good passenger behavior, and improving the passenger experience.
After reviewing prior work regarding components of experience value, I present the concept of “Concurrent Experience Evaluation” (“CEE”), which expands the prior focus on experienced pain and pleasure in response to a stimulus/event. Specifically, the value of an experience is also determined by the concurrent (during‐the‐experience) cognitive assessment of the event relative to the person’s associated goal progress/regression. CEE can account for during‐the‐experience and subsequent choices that people make. Examples of CEE include cognitive evaluations that enhance the experience value such as “good for me” (while eating kale), “I’m getting my money’s worth” (while using a new camera), and “I’m having a cultural experience” (while visiting a museum), or detract from the experience such as “I shouldn’t be doing this” (while smoking or overeating) and “should have chosen the other line” (while waiting at the supermarket checkout). Although prior research has examined hedonic experiences and their context (e.g., being with friends, commuting, colonoscopy) as well as what else the mind may process during an experience (e.g., wandering, thinking of past and future decisions), the concurrent value derived from the cognitive evaluation of the goal implications of an experience has not been identified as a separate experience value component. I examine and illustrate the CEE concept, its determinants, moderators, and implications, as well as its distinctive characteristics as compared with other value perspectives and during‐the‐experience mental processes. Integrating the CEE framework with prior work regarding experience evaluations, I outline a program for future CEE research.
Introduction
In clinical practice, observational scales are the most common approach used to assess gait pattern in people with neurological disorders. The Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool (GAIT) is an observational gait scale and it has proved to be the most comprehensive, homogeneous and objective of all the observational gait scales studied in people with neurological conditions.
Objective
To study the construct validity of the GAIT in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Design
An observational study was conducted.
Setting
A Multiple Sclerosis Foundation in Madrid (Spain).
Patients
35 MS patients were assessed
Main Outcome Measure(s)
GAIT construct validity was assessed using the following scales: Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment (RVGA), Tinetti Gait Scale (TGS), 10 Meter Walking Test (10mwt), Timed Up&Go (TUG), Hauser Ambulatory Index (HAI), Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale‐12 (MSWS‐12), Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and Rivermead Mobility Index. (RMI)
Results
A total of 35 subjects with MS were assessed. The correlations between the GAIT and the RVGA were excellent (r > .90) and moderate with TGS (values between ‐.62 and ‐.59). Correlations with HAI, FGA, MSWS‐12, and RMI were moderate (with values between .57 and .67). Correlations were lower for the velocity scales, TUG and MAS.
Conclusions
The construct validity of the GAIT is high, as a measure of gait coordination in people with MS. Specifically, there was excellent correlation with the RVGA. There was a moderate correlation for the GAIT with measures of functional mobility, but a lesser correlation of the GAIT with measures restricted to temporal gait characteristics (speed measures) or measurements of impairments underlying gait patterns such as balance or muscle tone.
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Historically, rational choice theory has focused on the utility maximization principle to describe how individuals make choices. In reality, there is a computational cost related to exploring the universe of available choices and it is often not clear whether we are truly maximizing an underlying utility function. In particular, memory effects and habit formation may dominate over utility maximization. We propose a stylized model with a history-dependent utility function, where the utility associated to each choice is increased when that choice has been made in the past, with a certain decaying memory kernel. We show that self-reinforcing effects can cause the agent to get stuck with a choice by sheer force of habit. We discuss the special nature of the transition between free exploration of the space of choice and self-trapping. We find, in particular, that the trapping time distribution is precisely a Zipf law at the transition, and that the self-trapped phase exhibits super-aging behavior.
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