No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The Asylum-Migration Nexus: Can Motivations Shape the Concept of Coercion? The Sudanese Transit Case
Abstract
Forced migration has been a major feature of the 20th and early 21st centuries. It has become a key element in the current process of global social transformation. The lingering dichotomy between economic or voluntary migration and forced migration has forced scholars such as Castles or Van Hear to discuss an existing link between both disciplines. Discussing international migration means talking about different human movements related to diverse factors and motivations. Obviously, these movements imply a series of processes, characteristics, and difficulties, which have given place to a span of terminology to refer to people on the move. As one might have grasped from the former definitions, the main difference between economic/voluntary and forced migrants is usually related to the voluntary or involuntary character of the movement, as well as the existence or absence of external factors, especially those related to violence.
... 4 Sin embargo, en la realidad, la división entre la migración voluntaria y la migración forzada no es siempre clara. Tal como se ha recalcado en la literatura sobre las migraciones mixtas, existen cuatro razones principales, en ocasiones interconectadas, que explican este hecho: 1) Muchos migrantes voluntarios en realidad tienen pocas alternativas para asegurar su sustento más que recurriendo a la migración y, al contrario, algunos migrantes forzados pueden tener gran poder de decisión, incluyendo respecto hacia dónde se dirigen, dependiendo de los recursos con los que cuentan (Serra Mingot y Arimatéia da Cruz, 2013;Van Hear, 2012;Van Hear et al., 2009). En otras palabras, la agencia de las y los migrantes voluntarios puede estar muy limitada, mientras que algunos migrantes forzados pueden contar con mucha agencia en algunos aspectos (Serra Mingot y Arimatéia da Cruz, 2013;Van Hear et al., 2009). ...
... Tal como se ha recalcado en la literatura sobre las migraciones mixtas, existen cuatro razones principales, en ocasiones interconectadas, que explican este hecho: 1) Muchos migrantes voluntarios en realidad tienen pocas alternativas para asegurar su sustento más que recurriendo a la migración y, al contrario, algunos migrantes forzados pueden tener gran poder de decisión, incluyendo respecto hacia dónde se dirigen, dependiendo de los recursos con los que cuentan (Serra Mingot y Arimatéia da Cruz, 2013;Van Hear, 2012;Van Hear et al., 2009). En otras palabras, la agencia de las y los migrantes voluntarios puede estar muy limitada, mientras que algunos migrantes forzados pueden contar con mucha agencia en algunos aspectos (Serra Mingot y Arimatéia da Cruz, 2013;Van Hear et al., 2009). ...
... ; Serra Mingot y Arimatéia daCruz, 2013;Van Hear et al., 2009). También, las y los migrantes voluntarios y forzados se mezclarían en los países de tránsito y destino, donde sufrirían privaciones similares(Van Hear et al., 2009). ...
... Engaging in migration decision-making cannot be undertaken without a reflection on the migrants' agency, as no migration happens without a great deal of it (Erdal and Oeppen 2018). For a long time, the role of agency has been used to justify the separation between forced and voluntary movement in migration research (Ali 2023;Mingot and de Arimatéia da Cruz 2013), the divide that serves migration management (Erdal and Oeppen 2018). Accordingly, free will enacted through the absence of coercion is seen as the condition for voluntary migration. ...
... However, a nascent reconciliatory discourse is based on the understanding that all migrants face choices and constraints. For example, migrants who are classified as voluntary might have only limited choices available, if any (Mingot and de Arimatéia da Cruz 2013). On the other hand, forced migrants are not only moved by an external force and void of any inner determination. ...
... Alongside push factors such as political or ethnic conflicts in their countries of origin, there migration is also motivated by pull factors that offer hopes of upward mobility and a higher standard of living elsewhere (Castles & Miller, 2009;Lev Ari, 2008;Rebhun & Lev Ari, 2010). Voluntary migrants willingly choose to move in reaction to pull factors in the destination country (Lev Ari, 2008;Mingot & da Cruz 2013). Forced migrants, on the other hand, particularly refugees, react to push factors in their countries of origin (Castles & Miller, 2009). ...
... Forced migration has been a major feature of the 20 th and early 21 st centuries. Despite legal definitions regarding forced migration, particularly refugees, the distinctions between forced migration or voluntary economic migration are not clearly delineated (Mingot & da Cruz, 2013). ...
Over the last three years forced displacement has reached the highest recorded level since World War II. Indeed, the numbers of refugees and asylum-seekers across the globe have increased dramatically. The purpose of this review paper is to describe current policy trajectories regarding forced migration and to discuss the efficacy of border control in preventing forced migrants from arriving in Europe and Israel. Attempts on the part of Israeli and European authorities to "secure" or "protect" the borders have quite clearly failed. Nevertheless, although walls do not address the origins of tensions or conflicts, countries continue to roll out more of the same in response to the escalating "refugee crisis". This paper discusses possible future steps to break this vicious cycle and replace the "illegality industry" model with an alternative global "positive policy" model to generate hope for a way out among forced migrants.
... Alongside push factors such as political or ethnic conflicts in their countries of origin, there migration is also motivated by pull factors that offer hopes of upward mobility and a higher standard of living elsewhere (Castles & Miller, 2009;Lev Ari, 2008;Rebhun & Lev Ari, 2010). Voluntary migrants willingly choose to move in reaction to pull factors in the destination country (Lev Ari, 2008;Mingot & da Cruz 2013). Forced migrants, on the other hand, particularly refugees, react to push factors in their countries of origin (Castles & Miller, 2009). ...
... Forced migration has been a major feature of the 20 th and early 21 st centuries. Despite legal definitions regarding forced migration, particularly refugees, the distinctions between forced migration or voluntary economic migration are not clearly delineated (Mingot & da Cruz, 2013). ...
Over the last three years forced displacement has reached the highest recorded level since World War II. Indeed, the numbers of refugees and asylum-seekers across the globe have increased dramatically. The purpose of this review paper is to describe current policy trajectories regarding forced migration and to discuss the efficacy of border control in preventing forced migrants from arriving in Europe and Israel. Attempts on the part of Israeli and European authorities to "secure" or "protect" the borders have quite clearly failed. Nevertheless, although walls do not address the origins of tensions or conflicts, countries continue to roll out more of the same in response to the escalating "refugee crisis". This paper discusses possible future steps to break this vicious cycle and replace the "illegality industry" model with an alternative global "positive policy" model to generate hope for a way out among forced migrants.
... Migration is also a consequence of a desire to escape dangerous situations due to political strife, war, atrocities, and prosecutions. These forms of migration are often considered forced migration (Mingot and de Arimatéia da Cruz 2013). Forced migration is understood as distinct from economic and labor migration, but this division both in theory and practice is diminishing in many settings (Bada and Feldmann 2017;Massey et al. 1993;UNHCR 2022). ...
In this article, we explore the question: how do local nonprofits respond to migration crises? We focus on the migration context across Colombia and Venezuela, two countries situated in the Andean region of South America with histories of migratory patterns, and geographies where public goods and services by government are limited, leaving nonprofits often as primary service providers. We explore our research question through the case study of the nonprofit organization Fundación Huellas. The Fundación Huellas case study outlines a local, community-based nonprofit responding to a migration crisis in Medellín, Colombia. While micro-territorial in scope, we posit that the case helps to understand the role(s) of nonprofit organizations in migration crises and demonstrates an important dimension to localization in the provision of public goods and services in such contexts. We find that localization should be explored and understood in Latin America as including the dimension of “acompañamiento” (or accompaniment in English), which can manifest in daily nonprofit practice. We use our case study data to introduce and explain the dimension of “acompañamiento” in localization and migration crises and to call on the field and funders to better recognize and support this orientation in local nonprofit responses.
... Thus, 'asylum-migration nexus,' or 'mixed migration,' refer to various forms of migration: Irregular, transit and smuggling. The dividing line between forced and voluntary (economic) migrants is not clear and motives for migration can stem from various reasons (Castles et al., 2014;Mingot et al., 2013). ...
In this chapter, Nonna Kushnirovich provides a typology of ethnic economics and an evaluation of its role for immigrant and ethnic minorities. She formulates the concepts of ethnic economics and ethnic economy and explains the difference between them. The chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of engaging in ethnic economics. Utilizing ethnic networks provides competitive benefits to immigrant and ethnic minorities, helping them to find jobs, access information, gain promotion to managerial positions, mobilize capital, acquire clients and suppliers, and facilitate sales. However, co-ethnic dealing can also inhibit those involved in ethnic economics, and constrain market penetration and company growth.
This study examines the international and European legal frameworks that protect the rights of asylum seekers who have fled their home countries because of religious persecution. Divided into four main sections, the paper begins by delving into the sources of international law that uphold religious freedom. The second section identifies the specific conditions under which refugee status can be granted based on religious persecution. In the subsequent section of the paper, the focus shifts to scrutinising whether acts of persecution encompass both the internal and external dimensions of religious freedom, as demonstrated through the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. Notwithstanding the practice of competent asylum authorities and national courts, which reject asylum applications under the assumption that protection should be limited to the internal dimension of religious freedom, this study advocates the need for a comprehensive examination of religion-based asylum claims, considering both dimensions of religious freedom. This stance is rooted in the hypothesis that the distinction between internal and external dimensions of religious freedom should have no practical value for the assessment of the persecution based on religious or belief affiliations or worldviews of asylum seekers.
Immigration is a persistent and complex phenomenon intertwined with geographical, political, societal, and economic challenges. The number of international migrants has been continually increasing over the past five decades. The contributors to this volume dedicated to Professor Rebeca Raijman address various types of migrants like economic or labour migrants, forced migration and ethnic migrants. Implementing both qualitative and quantitative data and analyses, they provide insight on why individuals decide to migrate, how their decisions affect their own lives and the lives of their offspring, and how immigrants affect the receiving societies they arrive in.
Forced migration - including refugee flows, asylum seekers, internal displacement and development-induced displacement - has increased considerably in volume and political significance since the end of the Cold War. It has become an integral part of North-South relationships and is closely linked to current processes of global social transformation. This makes it as important for sociologists to develop empirical research and analysis on forced migration as it is to include it in their theoretical understandings of contemporary society. The study of forced migration is linked to research on economic migration, but has its own specific research topics, methodological problems and conceptual issues. Forced migration needs to be analysed as a social process in which human agency and social networks play a major part. It gives rise to fears of loss of state control, especially in the context of recent concerns about migration and security. In this context, it is essential to question earlier sociological approaches, which have been based on the principle of relatively autonomous national societies. The sociology of forced migration must be a transnational and interdisciplinary undertaking.
Resumen: Al margen de las definiciones legales existentes, cada vez resulta más difícil mantener una clara distinción entre refugiados (políticos) y migrantes (económicos). En concreto, las restrictivas políticas migratorias, de refugio y asilo están estrechamente relacionadas con lo que los expertos llaman the asylum-migration nexus. Así, la creación de múltiples categorías administrativas de personas protegidas, la presencia de refugiados no reconocidos como tales, la incorporación de refugiados en las redes ilegales de inmigración o la solicitud del status de refugiado por parte de población migrante colaboran en la confusión de realidades. Igualmente, los cambios sociales experimentados en las últimas décadas suponen un reto para las definiciones legales derivadas de la Convención de Ginebra de 1951 y que, desde diferentes sectores, vienen calificándose como excesivamente limitadas.Abstract: Apart from the existing legal definitions, the simple distinction between (politic) refugees and (economic) migrants is getting more difficult to maintain. Restrictive refugee and migration legislations are strong related with what different experts have called the asylum-migration nexus. The creation of multiple administrative categories of protected people; non recognized refugees; the incorporation of refugees to illegal networks of migration; economic migrants trying to enter a country through refugee status; etc. collaborate to the confusion of the realities. Recent social changes are also a challenge to legal definitions derived from the 1951 Geneva Convention, which are described as excessively restrictive by different actors.
Using real-world examples and in-depth case studies, Forced Migration and Global Politics systematically applies International Relations theory to explore the international politics of forced migration. Provides an accessible and thought-provoking introduction to the main debates and concepts in international relations and examines their relevance for understanding forced migration. Utilizes a wide-range of real-world examples and in-depth case studies, including the harmonization of EU asylum and immigration policy and the securitization of asylum since 9/11. Explores the relevance of cutting-edge debates in international relations to forced migration.
Migration policies often fail to achieve their declared objectives or have unintended consequences. This article discusses three sets of reasons for this: factors arising from the social dynamics of the migratory process; factors linked to globalization and transnationalism; and factors within political systems. Effective policies are often hampered by the one-sided explanatory models used to explain migration, as well as by interest conflicts in both domestic and international politics. In many cases this leads to migration policies with contradictory objectives or hidden agendas. The article goes on to discuss some elements of a conceptual framework for improving policy formation and possible components of fairer and more effective migration policies at the national, regional and global levels.
Globalisation leads to increases in all kinds of cross-border flows, including movements of people. In recent years international migrationhas grown in volume, and is now an important factor of social transformation in all regions of the world. States classify migrants into certain categories, and seek to encourage certain types of mobility while restricting others. However,control measures are often ineffective if they are not based on understanding of the economic, social and cultural dynamics of migration. The article reviews causes and patterns of migration, and discusses some key issues: migration anddevelopment, international cooperation, settle-ment and ethnic diversity, and migration as a challenge to the nation-state. It is argued that most national governments have taken a short-term and reactive approach to migration. Effortsat international regulation are also relatively under-developed. There is a need for long-term cooperative strategies to achieve agreed goals such as: ensuring orderly migration and preventing exploitation by agents and recruiters;safeguarding the human rights of migrants; making migration an instrument of sustainable development; avoiding conflicts with populations of migrant-receiving areas, and maximising positive aspects of social and culturalchange.
Este informe es parte de un serie de publicaciones que presentan una agenda de datos y análisis sobre un tema en particular, con la finalidad de llamar la atención internacional para enfocarse en cuestiones y opciones políticas que pongan a las personas en el centro de las estrategias, con el objetivo de afrontar los retos de desarrollo en la actualidad sean económico, social, político y cultural. En este caso, se explora la conexiones entre la migración mixta (voluntaria o forzada) y el desarrollo humano, entendido como la expansión de las capacidades y la elección (Sen, 1999). Aclara algunos de los conceptos clave en el discurso de la migración.
This paper shows that increases in the minimum wage rate can have ambiguous effects on the working hours and welfare of employed workers in competitive labor markets. The reason is that employers may not comply with the minimum wage legislation and instead pay a lower subminimum wage rate. If workers are risk neutral, we prove that working hours and welfare are invariant to the minimum wage rate. If workers are risk averse and imprudent (which is the empirically likely case), then working hours decrease with the minimum wage rate, while their welfare may increase.
Mixed Migration Flows: Somali and Ethiopian Migration to Yemen and Turkey' Final Report
- R Jureidini
Jureidini, R. (2010)'Mixed Migration Flows: Somali and Ethiopian Migration to Yemen
and Turkey' Final Report, May 2010 [On-line:
http://www.drc.dk/fileadmin/uploads/pdf/IA_PDF/Horn_of_Africa_and_Yemen/Mixed
%20Migration%20through%20Somalia%20and%20across%20Gulf%20of%20Aden%2
0-%20Background%20study.pdf]
El cierre de la frontera aumenta la tensión entre Sudán y Sudán del Sur' El País
- J M Calatayud
Calatayud, J. M. (2012) 'El cierre de la frontera aumenta la tensión entre Sudán y Sudán del Sur' El
País, 8th March 2012. [On-line:
http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/03/08/actualidad/1331216296_02526
6.html]
Policy responses in MENA Countries fo Transit for Migrants: An Analytical Framework for Policy-Making' in Mediterranean Transit Migration
- J P Cassarino
- P Fargues
Cassarino, J. P. And Fargues, P. (2006) 'Policy responses in MENA Countries fo
Transit for Migrants: An Analytical Framework for Policy-Making' in Mediterranean
Transit Migration. Ninna Nyberg Sorensen (ed.). Danish Institute for International
Studies: Copenhagen. (Pp. 101-107) [On-line: http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6281]
New Migrations, Ethnicity, and Nationalism in Southeast and East Asia
- S Castles
Castles, S. (1998) 'New Migrations, Ethnicity, and Nationalism in Southeast and East
Asia.' Paper delivered to the Transnational Communities Programme Seminar Series at
Oxford University, 12
Global Perspectives on Forced Migration' Draft for special issue of Asian and Pacific Migration Journal (APMJ) based on
- S Castles
Castles, S. (2004b) 'Global Perspectives on Forced Migration' Draft for special issue of
Asian and Pacific Migration Journal (APMJ) based on December 2004 Jakarta
Workshop, 26 September 2005. [On-line:
http://rimd.reduaz.mx/documentos_miembros/18746SC_Global_Pers_on_FM_for_AP
MJ-1.pdf]
Redefining Forced Migration Using Human Rights
- S Gzesh
Gzesh, S. (2008)'Redefining Forced Migration Using Human Rights.' Migración y
Desarrollo 10.pp.87-113 [On-line:
http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/revista/rev10ing/e5.pdf]
Transit Migration in Egypt" Cooperation Project on the Social Integration of Immigrants, Migration, and the Movement of Persons
- R Howaida
Howaida, R. (2006) "Transit Migration in Egypt" Cooperation Project on the Social
Integration of Immigrants, Migration, and the Movement of Persons. Research Report,
CARIM-RR 2006/01. CARIM: San Domenico di Fiesole. [On-line:
http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/6276/CARIM-RR_2006_01.pdf?sequence=1]
Exploring the Asylum-Migration Nexus: A Case Study of Transit Migrants in Europe
- A Papadopoulou
Papadopoulou, A. (2005) 'Exploring the Asylum-Migration Nexus: A Case Study of
Transit Migrants in Europe'. Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM).