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A conception of adult development
... Arnett, 2006) e o adulto de meia idade entre os 40 e os 65 anos (Cf. Levinson 1986). Papalia (2013) apresenta-nos três estados na vida adulta: o primeiro entre os 20 e os 40 anos (Início da vida adulta), um estado de amadurecimento e definição da própria vida em termos vocacionais e relacionais. ...
... Havighurst apresenta o primeiro estádio entre os 18 e os 35 anos, criando um segundo entre os 35 e os 65 anos a que chama de "idade média ou maturidade" (Witter, 2006, citado em Rodrigues, 2010. Por outro lado, Levinson (1986) Transição do adulto de meia idade para a idade adulta avançada -60-65 anos (Late Adult Transition); Craig (1996, citado em Rodrigues, 2010) apresenta-nos sete aspetos determinantes nesta faixa etária: "1. Ter responsabilidades cívicas e sociais; 2. Estabelecer e manter um padrão económico de vida; 3. Ajudar os adolescentes a serem adultos responsáveis e felizes; 4. Desenvolver atividades adultas de lazer; 5. Estabelecer relacionamento com esposo(a) como pessoa; 6. Aceitar e ajustar-se às mudanças físicas da meia-idade; 7. Ajustar aos pais idosos". ...
... É um período pautado pela busca de sentido, onde se procura, através da liberdade e experiência, tomar decisões estruturantes da vida (profissional, relacional). Diferentemente, o adulto de meia-idade, situado entre os 40 e os 65 anos (Levinson, 1986), procura dar continuidade aos seus projetos, redefinindo alguns deles e buscando a sua realização pessoal e social. ...
Introdução: Embora exista vasta pesquisa em torno dos conceitos de sentido de vida, bem-estar psicológico e saúde/doença mental, a literatura revela uma quase inexistência de estudos focados na análise destes conceitos quetenham em conta comparações entre adultos em etapas específicas, nomeadamente na etapa da adultez emergente e na meia idade. Objetivos: Pretende-se com esta apresentação proceder à revisão de estudos das variáveis em análise, salientando a sua pertinência e atualidade. No âmbito desta apresentação, visa-se compreender as especificidades deste campo de análise para as duas etapas de desenvolvimento, adultos emergentes e adultos de meia idade. Método: Com base em critérios devidamente delineados, a metodologia adotada é a revisão bibliográfica dos estudos mais relevantes. Resultados: Com base na revisão bibliográfica, foi possível não só analisar a evolução dos conceitos em estudo, mas também perceber as relações existentes entre os mesmos. Foi ainda possível entender o quanto o sentido de vida é estruturante para o ser humano, podendo apresentar-se como muito relevante para etapas de grande mudança como a da adultez emergente. A revisão efetuada
permitiu ainda analisar a evolução do conceito de bem-estar psicológico e saber o que se entende por saúde mental nos dias de hoje. Conclusões: O sentido da vida tem sido positivamente associado à saúde/bem-estar físico/psicológico e à psicopatologia e parece servir como fator mediador na saúde psicológica. Estes três pilares revelam-se como indispensáveis para uma vida saudável e feliz. Finalmente, dado que são escassos os estudos que contrastam etapas da idade adulta que incluam a adultez emergente, concluiu-se pela necessidade de projetos que respondam a esta lacuna, fazendo-se uma proposta de investigação futura.
... This study was guided by a conceptual framework that combines the concepts of the career script (Barley, 1986), human agency (Archer, 2000), and life-course perspective (Levinson, 1986). Career scripts are central to the framework, whereas the latter two concepts are used to explain the mechanisms that sustain and deconstruct career scripts. ...
... Life-course theory highlights the impact of temporal and contextual dimensions on individuals' decision-making. It further suggests that individuals undertake different life tasks (e.g., embarking on a career and starting a family) at different stages of their life based on a life script (Levinson, 1986). As Elder et al. contended, "age places [individuals] in a particular stage of life and also indicates the timing of lives and documents whether an event or transition occurs relatively early or late" (2003, p. 15). ...
This paper employs the notion of a “career script” as a conceptual basis to examine how age-based academic career norms are internalized, strategized, and reproduced among PhD students aspiring to become academics. It draws on interviews with 70 PhD students at leading universities in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau that were organized and explored using narrative inquiry. The findings suggest that the tournament-like, age-based career scripts are primarily shaped by institutional policies on recruitment and funding applications and reinforced through social interactions. Doctoral students internalize the established criteria for success defined by the career scripts and stigmatize those who lag behind in the attainment of institutionally predetermined milestones, thus discouraging any attempt to rescript career norms. While enacting successful career scripts, students experience age and temporal anxiety at a fairly young age, exacerbating ageism in the academic labor market.
... En el ámbito psicológico, dentro de esta etapa evolutiva de la persona, se pueden diferenciar dos periodos en la etapa juvenil: juventud postadolescente (Piaget, 1970) y juventud preadulta (Levinson, 1986). ...
... Esta fase se caracteriza porque la persona tiene una mayor preocupación económica basada en lo profesional y el desempleo, sufre una preocupante incertidumbre económica, comparando lo que tiene y lo que desea personal, social y económicamente y el impulso de forjar una familia propia (Levinson, 1986). ...
Motivation is one of the main psychological factors that influence the academic success of university students, as well as academic failure and / or dropout. In this study, with a descriptive, cross-sectional design, a total of 292 university students (195 women and 97 men) enrolled at the University of Granada, at the Ceuta and Melilla Campus participated, with the aim of analyzing motivation in relation to religion and the qualification of this student body. Method: They answered a quantitative instrument consisting of an ad-hoc sociodemographic questionnaire and the Guay, Vallerand and Blanchard Situational Motivation Scale (2000) adapted to Spanish by Martín-Albo, Núñez and Navarro (2009). Results: Among the results, it should be noted that Christian students have higher intrinsic motivation values than those of Muslim students. Likewise, the students of the degree in Business Administration and Management are those who obtain lower values of intrinsic motivation. The students of the degree in Early Childhood Education are the most intrinsically motivated, this fact corresponding to the vocational nature of the degree. Regarding the relationship between dimensions, there is a significant negative relationship between intrinsic motivation and amotivation, so that students who are intrinsically motivated have less risk of demotivation. Likewise, introjected regulation has a positive relationship with intrinsic motivation and negative with amotivation, so that students who show greater internal regulation acquire greater intrinsic motivation and less amotivation. Discussion and conclusion: The results of this study highlight the impact of the motivation of university students on their decisions, as well as the role of gender, religion and university degree as motivational regulators.
... In this paper, we are interested in classifying a user into one of c predefined age groups, which are further defined according to a widely-used adult development model (Levinson 1986) in Section 4.1. We do not want to infer the user's exact age for two main reasons. ...
... We first partition the Twitter users into five groups according to Levinson's adult development model (Levinson 1986): ...
Microblogging systems such as Twitter have seen explosive use in public and private sectors. The age information of microbloggers can be very useful for many applications such as viral marketing and social studies/surveys. Current microblogging systems, however, have very sparse age information. In this paper, we present MAIF, a novel framework that explores public content and interaction information in microblogging systems to explore the hidden ages of microbloggers. We thoroughly evaluate the accuracy of MAIF with a real-world dataset with 54,879 Twitter users. Our results show that MAIF can achieve up to 81.38% inference accuracy and outperforms the state of the art by 9.15%. We also discuss some countermeasures to alleviate the possible privacy concerns caused by MAIF.
... Powstałe rozwojowe teorie (np. Havighurst, Neugarten, 1957;Havighurst, Schoeppe, 1952;Levinson, 1986;Neugarten, 1979) pozwoliły na ukazanie złożoności tego etapu życia tak pod względem biologicznym, jak i pod kątem wypełniania społecznych oczekiwań. Wynika z nich, że jest to czas, w którym dokonuje się ustabilizowanie życia rodzinnego, uzyskuje się zadowalające efekty zaangażowania w karierę zawodową, przejawia się troskę o dobrostan własnych dzieci oraz starzejących się rodziców, a także osiąga się spełnienie w rolach służących szeroko rozumianemu społeczeństwu (Lachman, Bertrand, 2001;Staudinger, Bluck, 2001). ...
... Na problem rozstania ojców z dorosłymi dziećmi, jako jeden z nielicznych, zwrócił uwagę D.J. Levinson (1986) w swej koncepcji struktury życia. Dostrzegł on dylemat ojców, którzy w średniej dorosłości, a dokładniej pomiędzy 45 a 50 rokiem życia starają się nawiązać bliższy kontakt ze swymi dziećmi, w poczuciu, że ich dotychczasowa koncentracja na pracy zawodowej doprowadziła do zaniedbania i rozluźnienia więzi z młodym pokoleniem. ...
В статье автор характеризует теоретические аспекты синдрома пустого гнезда в опыте родителей возраста поздней зрелости. Особое внимание аксентирует на описании возраста средней взрослости, как этапа развития человека, его границах и всесторонней характеристике; сравнительному анализу понятий „стадия пустого гнезда” и „синдром пустого гнезда”; анализу понятия „синдром пустого гнезда”по отношению к женщинам и мужчинам.
... Tästä huolimatta eläkeajatukset lienevät varsin luonnollisia siinä vaiheessa työuraa, kun siirtymä eläkkeelle lähestyy. Siirtymät saavat aikaan pohdintaa siitä, kuinka elämä rakentuu tulevaisuudessa, ja ennakoivat uuteen elämänvaiheeseen sopeutumista (Levinson, 1986). Näin ollen eläkeajatuksia ei voi pitää yksinomaan negatiivisena asiana. ...
Arvioiden mukaan 39–44 prosenttia peruskoulujen ja lukioiden opettajista on yli 50-vuotiaita (Opetushallitus, 2017). Tutkimuksessa selvitetään tulevaisuusorientaation (eli työuran loppupuolella nähtyjen mahdollisuuksien ja tavoitteiden) ja opettajapystyvyyden (eli opettajana onnistumisen) yhteyttä koettuun työkykyyn ja eläkeajatuksiin sekä koettua ikäsyrjintää yhteyksiä mahdollisesti muuntavana tekijänä. Keväällä 2017 sähköisesti toteutettuun kyselytutkimukseen osallistui 326 yli 55-vuotiasta opettajaa ja opetusvelvollista rehtoria suomalaisista peruskouluista ja lukioista. Hierakkisen regressioanalyysin tulokset osoittivat, että tulevaisuusorientaatio oli positiivisesti yhteydessä koettuun työkykyyn ja negatiivisesti yhteydessä eläkeajatuksiin. Opettajapystyvyys oli positiivisessa ja koettu ikäsyrjintä negatiivisessa yhteydessä vain koettuun työkykyyn. Lisäksi koettu ikäsyrjintä muunsi tulevaisuusorientaation ja koetun työkyvyn välistä yhteyttä siten, että tulevaisuusorientaation positiivinen yhteys koettuun työkykyyn oli voimakkaampi niillä, jotka kokivat enemmän ikäsyrjintää. Työuran loppupuolella nähdyt mahdollisuudet ja tavoitteet näyttäisivät tukevan sekä työkykyä (erityisesti silloin, kun työssä koetaan ikäsyrjiviä asenteita) että pidempää työuraa vähäisempien eläkeajatusten muodossa. Ikääntyneitä opettajia tulisikin tukea tulevaisuushorisontin laajentamisessa ja työuratavoitteiden asettamisessa.
... Ankieta została rozdystrybuowana wśród uczestników grup społecznościowych na platformie Facebook agregujących młodych ludzi do 35. roku życia zgodnie z klasyfikacją "młodych dorosłych" lub osób będących w pierwszej fazie dorosłości (Levinson, 1986) 2 . W tym okresie, jak wskazuje Janina Suchodolska, perspektywy kultury / perspectives on culture No. 44 (1/2024) zaczyna realizować się w rolach społecznych, czasami dąży już na tym etapie do dookreślenia zawodowej tożsamości. ...
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja badań na grupie 284 młodych (do 35. roku życia), aktywnych fizycznie i kulturowo ludzi, którzy w obliczu lockdownu musieli zmienić swoje przyzwyczajenia partycypacji w rytuałach kulturowych i medialnych. Przeprowadzone badanie pozwoliło na ukazanie trwałych trendów zmian, jakie zaszły w świadomości odbiorczej. Badanie przeprowadzono w paradygmacie badań ilościowych techniką webankiety. Uzyskane odpowiedzi miały charakter deklaratywny. Z badań można wywnioskować, że lockdown w znaczący sposób zmienił podejście do serwisów streamingowych, które w dużym stopniu zastąpiły partycypację kinową. Przedstawioną tezę potwierdza przykład 113 osób deklarujących się jako kinomaniacy, tj. osoby, które uczęszczały do kina co najmniej dwa razy w miesiącu i traktowały to wydarzenie jako normalną aktywność; obecnie deklarują mniejszy udział w spektaklach kinowych (jeden raz w miesiącu) oraz wskazują na zwiększenie atrakcyjności tzw. filmów telewizyjnych. Innym przykładem zawartym w tekście jest opis funkcjonowania nowo powstałych grup sąsiedzkich jako alternatywy dla mediów lokalnych. Wnioski płynące z przeprowadzonych badań mogą posłużyć jako materiał wyjściowy do kolejnych badań prowadzonych przez badaczy z zakresu: humanistyki cyfrowej, nauk o kulturze i religii, pedagogiki medialnej oraz medioznawców badających wpływ mediów na zmiany społeczne.
... While imperfect, the models provide insights into the changing needs of employees over their career span. Levinson (1986) explored career stages based on psychological orientations, which are said to affect career aspirations. Levinson uses age as a proxy for career stage and describes two major career stages, "early adulthood" (aged 20-40 years) where establishing personal identity and independence are paramount, "middle adulthood" (aged 40-60), where a deeper values system is developed based on retrospection and experience. ...
Mentoring is important to career development and employee morale of public sector employees, but little is known about how employee mentoring needs change over the course of one’s career or at different job classification levels. An online survey about the mentoring needs of 251 aquatic professionals in the USDA Forest Service was conducted in 2019. Quantitative data were analyzed across three federal employee grade levels and four career stages. This study found that grade levels influenced the type of skills employees seek to develop and the attributes associated with successful mentoring. Employees in lower grade positions believed that mentoring would help them to achieve a faster promotion or prepare them for a new position, but they also had less access to mentors and received the least encouragement from their supervisors to seek mentoring. Employees at all career stages believed that mentoring was valuable to their professional growth, while middle- and late-career employees received less encouragement from their supervisor to seek a mentor. Differences in mentorship needs, access, importance, and structures across career stages and grade levels suggest potential areas of future development or intervention to expand the benefits of mentoring to all employees.
... A related concept is that of life course, "the engagement of self with world" (Levinson, 1986, p. 3; see also Erikson, 1959Erikson, /1980 over time. Underlying the life course is another idea of life cycle that a singular rhythm of seasonal change occurs throughout any life course (Levinson, 1986). Over time, a pattern in life tasks may also indicate perceptions of possible selves (Cantor, Markus, Niedenthal, & Nurius, 1986). ...
This article reviews the design and findings of an autoethnographic study on identity development over time. The researcher wanted to know how an adult can make meaning from and develop through experiences of mental illness, spiritual awareness, and death. The purpose of this autoethnographic bildungsroman was to explore how a male in the general population describes how life events have influenced his identity development over a period of 23 years, spanning three decades. The author, as the researcher-participant, asked two primary questions: (a) How does the individual describe his adult development in terms of life events or “individual and cultural episodes” (Smith & Taylor, 2010, p. 52) related to mental illness, spiritual awareness, and death over time? and (b) How does the individual describe his possible selves in constructing a new sense of identity? The author explored the spaces between academic analysis and his personal narrative experiences by alternating between third and first-person perspectives. Addressing the research questions in this manner contributed to the literature of adult and continuing education by providing a glimpse into stories of lived experiences over time in the light of adult development. Synopsizing these findings makes them more accessible to general readers interested in adult development over a life span, to those challenged by mental illness, and to spiritual pilgrims.
... Daniel Levinson (1986) ...
... In the literature, this period is sometimes described as the most dramatic stage of development. It involves decisions which may affect the course of one's future life, e.g., moving out of a family home, determining one's "place in the world," choosing a profession and a future partner, as well as starting a family (Levinson, 1986). Negative emotions can also be conditioned by greater autonomy in life, which in turn brings the need to take responsibility for one's decisions (Schwarz, 2013). ...
Aim. The aim of this article is to analyse why young adults in the postmodern world postpone the decision to marry. The authors want to present the reasons for this situation on the basis of surveys conducted with young adults aged 18-35 years old, taking into consideration both psychosocial and economic-cultural factors. Methods. In the research procedure, the authors used the survey method and the questionnaire interview technique. The unsupervised survey questionnaire was distributed to the respondents online. The research sample consisted of 28 persons in the age group of young adults. All the respondents were in informal partnerships. Results. Among young adults aged 18-35 years old, reasons for postponing marriage may be divided into psychosocial, related to the pressure of society to carry out developmental tasks and social roles; as well as economic and cultural, focusing on cultural changes and economic standards of young people. Conclusion. Young adults see the consequences of postponing the decision to marry, but it seems like changing cultural and social circumstances of the postmodern world allow them to make a conscious decision regarding their future. They have a neutral or positive attitude towards postponed marriage.
... It is thus possible that elevated symptoms of depression contribute to a more pessimistic view of oneself and one's life (see, for example, Dalgleish & Werner-Seidler, 2014). These dynamics should be examined more closely in future studies, with the inclusion of adolescents from non-western societies, and expanded to other age groups confronted with additional developmental tasks (Levinson, 1986). The themes considered definitional to the good life as well as the structural barriers individuals overcome to meet these expectations may vary based on cultural and developmental context. ...
Late-stage adolescents face developmental themes pivotal to establishing the foundation for a good life. Narrating represents a compelling technique to examine how some succeed while others fail to accomplish these themes. In this study, 239 Danish high school students’ life chapters were coded for narrative developmental themes related to identity integration, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy. Participants also completed self-report measures of identity disturbance, empathy, and depression. Variability in fulfillment of the developmental themes indicated the degree to which adolescents were living the good life. Regression analyses showed that fulfilled developmental themes of identity (storied and self-report) and storied intimacy were associated with lowered depression. The findings are discussed including ways to support adolescents as they prepare for the good life.
... Daniel Levinson (1986) führt in seiner Konzeption von Entwicklung das Konzept der Lebensstruktur ein, mit dem er das zu einem spezifischen Zeitpunkt der individuellen Entwicklung bestimmende, innere Lebensmuster umschreibt. Als zentrale Komponenten dieses Lebensmusters wertet er dabei die persönlich bedeutsamen Beziehungen des Individuums zu den verschiedenen Anderen in der externalen Welt. ...
Zusammenfassung
Das hohe Alter soll nachfolgend im Sinne von Grenzgängen gedeutet werden, was zum einen bedeutet, die zwischen psychologischen Bereichen liegenden Grenzen immer wieder zu überschreiten und in diesem Überschreiten ein hohes Maß an psychologischer Komplexität zu verwirklichen. Zum anderen soll mit den Grenzgängen angedeutet werden, dass es alten Menschen gelingen kann, in der Auseinandersetzung mit Grenzen – und das Erleben zunehmender Verletzlichkeit lässt die Grenzen der eigenen Existenz immer deutlicher in das Zentrum des Bewusstseins treten – zu neuen Erlebens-, Verhaltens- und Lebensqualitäten zu gelangen.
... This project aimed to shed light and understanding on this unique experience as well as important life advice and lessons learned. The nal psychosocial stage (Erikson, 1950) as well as the last life transition (Levinson, 1986) take place around age 65. Erikson's psychosocial stages were theorized in the 1950s when the human life span was signi cantly shorter; between 1960 and 2015, US life spans increased ten years from an average of 69.7 years to 79.4 years (Medina et al., 2020). ...
Background: There is little research focused on the elderly, despite this being the fastest-growing age group. The last phase of life brings with it unique wisdom and life advice that can be used to guide all people in their journeys. Illness or coming to an older age can begin a journey of growth and acceptance. The purpose of this study was to provide scholarship detailing advice and learnings of those in this unique and final life stage.
Methods: Nine participants were interviewed, and transcripts were analyzed in a phenomenological manner.
Results: Participants discussed topics of pain, family, and marital success. The importance of choice in the lives we live, as well as marriage as hard work, were some main trends that presented.
Conclusions: Family was the most important part of these lives; however, with or without family, one also benefits from a sense of accomplishment and pride in themselves.
Trial registration: N/A
Serious health conditions can severely strain family relationships. This article describes the Family Systems Illness (FSI) model to provide a guiding framework to help individuals, couples, and families navigate the changing landscape in the experience of illness and disability over time. This resilience-oriented practice approach distinguishes three dimensions of the illness experience and trajectory over time: (a) “psychosocial types” of health conditions, based on the pattern of onset, course, outcome, disability, and level of uncertainty; (b) major developmental phases in their evolution over time (initial crisis, chronic, terminal), facilitating longitudinal thinking about chronic conditions as an ongoing process with transitions and changing demands; (c) key family system variables, emphasizing: the interweaving of illness, individual, and family development; multigenerational themes and legacies related to illness and loss that influence coping and adaptation; family health belief systems (e.g., meaning-making, including influences of culture, ethnicity, spirituality, gender, and race), and the goodness of fit in the patient/family/health care provider relationship. The FSI model is intended for a broad spectrum of health conditions in children and adults, diverse health care professional disciplines, and clinical settings. Discussion includes timely, cost-effective applications in different clinical settings, including the use of prevention-oriented family consultations, psychosocial checkups, and brief and intensive interventions.
Amaç: Bu çalışmada yetişkin ayrılık anksiyetesi ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü, nesne ilişkileri kuramı çerçevesinden incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, nesne ilişkileri ile yetişkin ayrılık anksiyetesi arasındaki ilişkinin ve bu ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracılık rolünün incelenmesidir. Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklemi 18-40 yaş aralığında 431 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılardan Bell Nesne İlişkileri ve Gerçeği Değerlendirme Ölçeği (BORRTI), Yetişkin Ayrılma Anksiyetesi Anketi ve Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği-Kısa Form (DDGÖ- Kısa Form) aracılığıyla veriler toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde gruplar arası ortalama farklarının değerlendirilmesinde bağımsız örneklemler için t-testi ve Yönlü ANOVA kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arası ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesinde ise Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısı ve aracılık analizi için Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma sonuçları incelendiğinde, nesne ilişkilerinin duygu düzenleme güçlükleri ve ayrılık anksiyetesi üzerinde anlamlı yordayıcılık etkisi olduğu; ek olarak nesne ilişkileri ve yetişkin ayrılık anksiyetesi arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün kısmi aracılık rolünün olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç: Kişinin erken dönemde içselleştirilen nesne ilişkileri, kuracağı ilişkileri etkilemekte olup yetişkin ayrılık anksiyetesi ile ilişkilidir. Bu bulgu klinik ortamda yetişkin ayrılık anksiyetesi ile patolojik nesne ilişkileri arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme becerileri üzerinden çalışılarak yetişkin ayrılık anksiyetesi gibi sorunlar üzerinde olumlu sonuçlar alınabileceğini göstermektedir. Duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün patolojik nesne ilişkileri ve yetişkin ayrılık anksiyetesi ile ilişkisindeki kısmi aracılık mekanizması incelendiğinde duygu düzenleme becerilerinin adaptif bir dönüştürücü olarak işlev görerek yetişkin ayrılık anksiyetesinin azaltıcı bir işlevinin olacağı düşünülmektedir. Araştırma sonuçlarının klinik bağlamdaki yansımaları yorumlanmıştır.
This article aims to deepen our understanding of the midlife crisis of nuns (a study group) and women living alone (a control group). We present the results of an empirical study conducted on a group of 100 women aged 35–45. This study aimed to discover whether convent life, along with its spiritual-religious formation, may have a positive influence on the ability of women to deal with a midlife crisis and aid the development of their mature personalities by strengthening their sense of purpose and shaping their value systems. The issue tackled by this article can be contained in the following question: Is religious formation central to convent life able to support a person in a midlife crisis in gaining a higher degree of personal maturity? We may gain an answer to this by considering whether nuns engaged in such religious formation compared to women living alone would exhibit any differences in personal maturity and a sense of life’s purpose and value system.
Bu çalışma, genç yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerin çalışma hayatına girme, ekonomik bağımsızlığını kazanma, ebeveynlerin evinden ayrılma, evlenme gibi döneme özgü görevleri üstlenme durumlarıyla mutlulukları arasındaki ilişkiyi betimlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. İkincil veri analizi araştırması olarak tasarlanan çalışmada, Dünya Değerler Araştırması'nın 7. dalgası kapsamında 20-40 yaş arası 1304 kişiden elde edilen anket verisi analiz edilmiştir. Türkiye örneğinde yapılan çalışma, döneme özgü görevleri üstlenmiş genç yetişkinlerin daha mutlu, bu görevleri edinmede ve aileden bağımsız hale gelmede sorun yaşayanlarınsa daha mutsuz olduğunu, dolayısıyla mutluluğun genç yetişkinler arasında eşitsiz dağıldığını ortaya koymuştur. Genç yetişkinler içerisinde çalışan, saygın mesleği olan, birikim yapan, yaşam standardından memnun olan, ebeveynlerinden ayrı yaşayan, hayatının kontrolünü elinde tutanların daha mutlu; iş arayan, beden gücüne dayalı işlerde çalışan, borçlanarak geçinen, yaşam standardından hoşnut olmayan, ebeveynleriyle yaşayan, hayatı üzerinde kontrolü bulunmayanlarınsa mutsuz olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
p>The research focuses on clarifying the concept of the image of the Self as a subject of professional self-determination and its functions in the educational and professional activities of psychology students. The article presents empirical data obtained from a sample of 76 psychology students, including students of the1st and 2nd years (N=45) and students of the 3rd and 4th years of Taras Shevchenko National University of Tiraspol (N=31). The following methods were used in the study: a test questionnaire of the orienting image of the mentor "OSON" D.A. Krasilo, aimed at identifying the type of mentor, the method Self-Assessment-25 by V.N. Kunitsyna, motivation of professional activity (K. Zamfir's method modified by A.A. Rean), the method Value Orientations by M. Rokich. In order to identify the correlation between the self-image and the mentor image of the actor of professional self-determination, statistical data analysis methods were used: the Spearman pair correlation method, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test and methods of cluster data analysis in IBM SPSS Statistics 27. The types of self-image of the subject of professional self-determination are identified as “idealized” and “realistic-effective” in the 1st and 2nd year students; “reflective” and “career-oriented” in the 3rd 4th year students.</p
Utilizing longitudinal data from a stratified random sample of 15,433 retirees from Turkey, a country with uniquely large variation in postretirement work years, our study is the first to examine the phenomenology of middle vs. late life in postretirement work and demographic intersectionality in retirement. Synthesizing theory in the vocational psychology of retirement with industrial sociology of the life course, the social forces approach we advocate helps shed light on whether documented sex differences in bridge employment participation are caused by social bias or life structure. Results suggest that family and work contexts affecting the gender gap in bridge employment participation may be explained by differing communal and work factors inherent at the intersection of sex and age, and that life stage interacts with social and work opportunity structures very differently for men and women. Yet a nuanced look also points to some trends suggesting a social bias explanation.
Teachers play a crucial role in shaping the quality of education. As they navigate through challenging responsibilities, the desire for career success is inherent among teachers. Assessing career success subjectively, including individual satisfaction and feelings toward one’s career, holds significance for teachers. Career development involves various stages, and individuals, including teachers, undergo an evolution of psychological needs and desires at each stage. The differing needs across career stages may lead to different views of career success by teachers. This study aims to explore differences in subjective career success among teachers in the establishment and maintenance stages. Employing a comparative quantitative approach, the research involved 677 teachers recruited through non-probability quota sampling. The Subjective Career Success Inventory served as the research instrument, and data analysis employed difference tests. Results indicate significant differences in subjective career success between teachers in the establishment and maintenance stages. Differences were observed in dimensions such as recognition, quality work, meaningful work, influence, growth and development, and satisfaction among teachers in these career development stages. Keywords: career development stages, subjective career success, teacher
A complex healthcare system often leads to the high variety experiences among medical postgraduate students. This study aims to reveal the difficulties they face during postgraduate education, their consequences, and coping strategies. This is a phenomenological study conducted by using the maximum diversity strategy from purposive sampling methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 medical residents from different disciplines, 7 step of thematic analysis was applied. The findings were presented under the headings of challenges, outcomes, and ways of coping in line with the research questions. The sub-themes within the “postgraduate medical education” theme were “learning-teaching processes, educators, educational program, interactions, assessment, and evaluation.” The sub-themes in the “culture/climate” theme were “academic environment, disruptive behaviors, rules and procedures, and hierarchy.” The difficulties experienced by residents in the “health system” theme were examined under the sub-themes of “health care team, health service delivery, payment for service, patients, and their relatives.” The sub-themes in the “specialization” theme were “scope and practices of the specialty area” and “perception of the specialty area.” The difficulties in the “time/period” theme were analyzed under (1) senior and (2) junior sub-themes. The consequences of difficulties were examined under the themes of “deterioration in well-being and perception of incompetence.” Coping with the difficulties was categorized into individual efforts, not expend effort, and getting support themes. Individual efforts were examined under the sub-themes of “sharing difficulties, communication-interaction, being a problem solver, maintaining well-being, and socializing.” Sub-themes of getting support were classified as institutional and psychological. It is necessary to understand the phenomenon of “residents” difficulties’. All parts involved in PGME, should be aware that residents are in early adulthood. They have to recognize internal structural constraints, distinguish between internal and external factors. Solutions should go beyond individual development, systematic design and support mechanisms should be established at both institutional and national levels.
Modern dönem bireyin ön planda olduğu bir dönem olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu dönemde birey, toplumdan ve geleneksellikten uzaklaşıp bireysel bir tutum tercih etmesi ile bilinmektedir. Bu durumun din üzerinde de önemli etkileri olmuştur. Bun-lardan biri de dini bireyselleşmedir. Dini bireyselleşme, bireyin dini konularda gele-neksel olandan ya da toplulukla ilişkili olandan bireyselliğe yönelmesine ve dini tu-tumlarda bazı değişikliklere işaret etmektedir. Söz konusu değişimin son yıllarda ül-kemizde de ciddi oranda kendisini göstermeye başladığı düşünülmektedir. Bu araş-tırmada söz konusu değişimi incelemek için yetişkinlerde dinî bireyselleşmeyi ölç-meye yönelik bir ölçme aracı geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma ‘Keşfedici sıralı karma desen’ ile tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma önce nitel sonra nicel ve tekrar nicel ol-mak üzere üç aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın ilk aşamasında 12 kişi ile mülakat yapılmış ve elde edilen veriler analiz edilerek geliştirilecek ölçek için bulgu-lar ortaya konmuştur. Araştırmanın ikinci aşamasında tasarlanan ölçek 349 katılımcı-ya uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilere AFA yapılarak faktör yapısı belirlenmiştir. So-nuçlara göre varyansın %59,57’sini açıklayan, 18 maddelik beş faktörlü (görecelik, sorgulama, kolektif olmama, dini gruplara karşı mesafe ve dini öz yeterlik) bir yapı oluşmuştur. Yapılan güvenirlik analizi sonucunda, ölçeğin cronbach’s alfa katsayısı ,83 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen ölçek son şekliyle çalışmanın üçüncü aşaması ola-rak 351 kişilik yeni bir örnekleme uygulanarak DFA yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler LISREL programı ile analiz edilmiş ve sonuçta model uyum indeks değerleri ölçeğin geçerliğe sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Yapılan analizlerde ölçeğin RMSEA değeri 0.068, χ 2 /sd değeri ise 328.73/125 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeğin uyum indeksle-ri ise GFI= 0.91, CFI= 0.94, NFI= 0.91, NNFI= 0.93, RFI= 0.89 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca bu aşamada ölçeğin kriter/ölçüt geçerliğini sınamak için Dini Bireyselleşme Ölçeği ( Paker - Akçalı, 2012) ve Öz- Yeterlik Ölçeği (Aypay, 2010) ile korelasyonla-rına bakılmış ve ölçekler arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Geliştirilen ölçeğin psikometrik verileri topluca değerlendirildiğinde yeterli düzeyde güvenilirlik ve geçerlik skorlarının ortaya çıktığı, konuyla ilgili yapılacak çalışmalarda işlevsel bir araç olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
This qualitative research examines how sapphic people (i.e., umbrella term inclusive of lesbian, bisexual, and pansexual trans femmes, mascs, nonbinary people, and ciswomen) in South Carolina navigate informational barriers within healthcare systems. An information practices lens that examines how sapphic people create, seek, use, and share information to achieve desired healthcare outcomes describes such navigation. The research focuses on how intersectional identities, with a particular emphasis on age and considerations of race/ethnicity, geography, and gender, mediate these practices and their outcomes. The research uses participant data from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 34 sapphic people about their health information practices. Participants varied in age and generational representation from 18 through 64. Data analysis utilized qualitative coding to compare how participants experience and circumnavigate health information barriers across age and generation. Data analysis highlighted age-related and generational barriers and facilitators in health information practices within SC sapphic communities. These barriers, shaped by cultural and community dynamics, affected how participants sought and shared health information. Older participants faced barriers rooted in historical experiences, leading to mistrust of healthcare systems, while younger ones encountered challenges imposed by adults. Despite differences, both groups sought sources aligned with their identities and shared frustrations with changing LGBTQIA + language. Across generations, there was a consistent effort to support younger members through protective and defensive health information practices. Implications of these findings identify strategies for healthcare providers and information professionals to dismantle health and healthcare information barriers experienced by those under the LGBTQIA + umbrella who experience less visibility than white gay men from urban areas-additional implications center on strategies for sapphic communities to engender communal care spanning generations.
Youth develop their competence to build intimate relationships during adolescence. The aim of this project is to explore what adolescents experience regarding the social perception of their intimate relationships. The method of data collection was an individual in-depth interview and the method of data analysis was conventional content analysis. The group of participants in the study consisted of 22 adolescents (12 girls and 10 boys), aged between 14 and 19 years, who had experienced at least one intimate relationship during adolescence lasting at least one month. Participants could currently be in an intimate relationship or be single. Content analysis identified four main categories: 1) “It’s not a relationship, it’s just fun”; 2) “It’s not true love”; 3) “It won’t last very long”; 4) “You’ll get behind in school because of it!”. The results confirm that teenagers face stereotypical beliefs about their relationships. The results indicate the need to raise public awareness of the role of intimate relationships in young people’s development and to support adolescents in this vital area of interpersonal functioning.
This research offers a systematic review and meta-analysis of forgiveness training programs conducted with university students. A search of international databases (Web of Science, SCOPUS, PUBMED and Dialnet) revealed 316 articles published up to 2023, 20 of these articles were finally included in the systematic review, following the PRISMA protocol. Of these, eleven randomized-controlled trials (n = 11) and one quasi-experimental study (n = 1) were used in the meta-analysis. The results of the analysis show that Forgiveness Interventions (FI) have a positive effect on the capacity to forgive in experimental groups which showed significantly higher scores in empathy, self-esteem and hope, with a reduction in negative symptomologies such as anxiety and depression. The findings also suggest that an important facilitating variable in FI is the length of the interventions. The two most commonly utilized programs were Worthington’s REACH program and the Enright Forgiveness Process Model. The intervention program used both face-to-face sessions with trainers and autonomous group work sessions. Given the significant benefits these programs offer in terms of mental health and well-being, it is recommended that FI programs should be offered at universities and colleges as part of a comprehensive and truly competence-based education.
This study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-esteem between eating disorder symptoms and psychological well-being in emerging adults. The study group consists of 272 individuals, aged 18–29, 183 [67.3%] females and 89 [32.7%] males. Socio-demographic data form, anthropometric measurements, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q-13)-Short Form, Psychological Well-Being Scale and Self-Liking/Self-Competence Scale were used as data collection tools. The proposed model was tested using bootstrapping and structural equation modeling. The results showed a significant and positive relationship between self-esteem and psychological well-being (r=.76, p
Parental burnout, manifested by emotional distancing from the child, mental and emotional exhaustion, and a sense of futility in being a parent, is a phenomenon whose symptoms are increasingly reported by parents. The aim of the presented research was to identify the relationship between parents’ susceptibility to social assessment (fear of being negatively perceived) and the level of their parental burnout. The research participants were parents of children up to 7 years of age (N = 327), including 88% women. Subjects recruited using the snowball method were invited to answer a survey on the Google platform. The Polish Version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA-PL), Social Inhibition Questionnaire (SIQ-15) and Sense of Negative Social Evaluation Scale were used to measure variables. In the study group, 5% of parents were observed to be in the area of high parental burnout and 15% in the area of risk, which is a high result when comparing to international data. The obtained findings indicate a weak, positive correlation between the level of parental burnout and multivariate social inhibition (r = .182; p < .001) and between the level of parental burnout and the sense of negative social evaluation (r = .278; p < .001). Lack of freedom in social relationships and susceptibility to negative evaluation by others are important for satisfaction with one’s own parenting competences.
Settling down’ in India historically entailed a culturally constructed notion for individuals, focusing on marriage. An exploration of the modern Indian idea of ‘Settling down’ was explored in light of the driving forces of globalization and increased migration. The current study explored the concept of ‘Settling down’ among emerging adults aged between 18 and 29 years who had migrated within the borders of India for education or employment purposes. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The reflexive thematic analysis method was employed for analysing the data. Emerging themes unveiled that despite marriage being endorsed by a few of the participants, co-habiting relationships were convenient and burden-free. Employment, financial independence, and professional stability emerged as the primary markers of ‘Settling down’ among migrant emerging adults. It was also recognized that migration had a critical impact on people’s decisions about ‘settling down.’
This study aims to investigate the subjective and individualistic aspect of eudaimonic well-being considering practical implications for psychological science and personal development. A comprehensive analysis of 12 articles was carried out. This review examined the research designs employed, the methods utilized to quantify the construct of eudaimonic well-being, and the key conclusions that can be made from these studies among young adults.Eudaimonic well-being was dependent variable in all of the studies. This study indicates that different factors influence eudaimonic wellbeing in young adults.Positive relationships, self-acceptance, personal growth,passion,word-of-mouth behavior, intimate relationships,goal pursuit and coping flexibility affect eudaimonic wellbeing positively in young adults.Psychopathy and machiavellianism affect eudaimonic well being negatively in young adults. To improve the general level of life satisfaction among young adults, the research emphasizes the significance of incorporating eudaimonic well-being into mental health treatments, educational programs, and workplace wellness initiatives.
Orta yetişkinlik dönemi insan yaşamındaki en uzun gelişim evrelerinden biridir. Orta yaşa geçiş pek çok insan için zorlu olmakta ve bazı durumlarda orta yaş krizine dönüşebilmektedir. Orta yaş krizi, orta yetişkinlik dönemine geçilmesiyle birlikte bireylerin var olan rollerinden, yaşam amaçlarından ve yaşam yapılarından memnuniyetsizleri nedeniyle stresli ve zorlayıcı bir arayış dönemine girmesi olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. Orta yaş krizi bireylerin kaygı, depresyon, uyku bozuklukları, konsantrasyon sorunları, kişiler arası ilişkilerinde sorunlar yaşamalarına neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada orta yaş krizi özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla sinema ve psikoloji alanlarının bakış açıları yan yana getirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı orta yaş krizi özelliklerinin yönetmenliği Sam Mendes tarafından yapılan Amerikan Güzeli filmi üzerinden incelenmesidir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan doküman incelemesi kullanılmıştır. Film analizi kariyer/meslek, sağlık, aile, ilişkiler, cinsellik, dünya görüşü ve kimlik kategorileri başlıkları altında yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları Amerikan Güzeli filmi başkarakteri Lester’ın orta yaş krizini nerdeyse yaşamının tüm alanlarında deneyimlediğini göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, orta yaş krizinin ruh sağlığı alanında çalışan uzmanlar tarafından bilinmesi, bu kriz esnasında zorluklar yaşayan danışanlarla çalışırken daha doğru müdahalelerde bulunmalarını sağlayabilir.
This paper explores the psychological, social, and behavioral ways in which professionals end their corporate careers and reorient themselves and their lives in the transition from employment to retirement. Framed within life course theory, specifically the adult development literature, this study leverages Levinson’s construct of life structure in relation to the self as a lens for understanding the developmental work undertaken in different phases (“phase-tasks”) of the retirement process. We define life structure as a person’s system of contexts—the roles, relationships, activities, groups, organizations, and physical settings in the person’s life—and the dynamic interconnections among them. Our research focused on the underlying micro processes of the interplay between self and life structure. This qualitative study followed 14 knowledge workers through their retirement transitions, using multiple in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Data analyses revealed that the self and the life structure co-evolve, exerting mutual influence across the four phase-tasks of the retirement transition, driven by the individual’s desire for a life structure that is both suitable for the self and viable for the foreseeable future. Two in-depth case studies and data from the other 12 participants illustrate the interplay, throughout the transition, between moves made by the self on the life structure and claims and changes from the life structure influencing the self. We present an induced process model of this reciprocal influence between self and life structure across the retirement transition, and discuss our contributions to the retirement, adult development, and identity literatures, as well as practical implications.
b>Wprowadzenie. Obecnie obserwujemy w Polsce przeobrażenia modeli wchodzenia w dorosłość, w tym zmiany dominujących wzorców zachowań dotyczących partnerstwa, małżeństwa, rodziny. W sensie socjologicznym mówimy o zjawisku odraczania ról społecznych związanych z dorosłością, o coraz dłuższym moratorium i zmieniających się markerach dorosłości. W domu rodzinnym młody człowiek nabywa kompetencje i umiejętności przydatne w samodzielnym, niezależnym, odpowiedzialnym dorosłym życiu. W artykule przedstawiony zostanie charakter tych umiejętności, które wraz z kompetencjami uznane zostały za kapitał początkowy pierwszej fazy transition to adulthood. Cel. Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy poddani badaniu osiemnastoletni licealiści znajdujący się u progu dorosłego życia, w tzw. fazie liminalnej transition to adulthood, są wyposażeni w kapitał początkowy w postaci znaczących dla funkcjonowania w dorosłym społeczeństwie umiejętności i kompetencji. Odpowiadamy także na pytanie o to, czy i w jakim zakresie socjalizacja do dorosłości, zachodząca w domu rodzinnym, odpowiada współczesnym zmianom w zakresie równego traktowania kobiet i mężczyzn, a w jakim podtrzymuje tradycyjne podziały ról. Materiały i metody. Bazę empiryczną artykułu stanowią wyniki badań socjologicznych przeprowadzonych w 2018 roku w województwie lubuskim w szkołach ponadgimnazjalnych. Wyniki. Kluczowe różnice w zakresie socjalizacji do dorosłości dziewcząt i chłopców zarejestrowane zostały w dwóch obszarach: treningu umiejętności związanych z prowadzeniem gospodarstwa domowego i opieką nad pozostałymi członkami rodziny oraz w obszarze treningu podejmowania długofalowych decyzji. Wnioski. Dążenia do równości kobiet i mężczyzn uwidaczniają się w zachowaniach i obyczajach codziennych, ale nie stanowią części uwewnętrznionego habitusu. Zmieniły się akcenty oraz pola oczekiwanej pomocy, pozostały skrypty dotyczące tzw. prac kobiecych i męskich.
In this study, the relationship between death anxiety, satisfaction with life and psychological well-being levels of individuals in middle adulthood has been investigated. The study group of the research consists of 340 volunteers between the ages of 40-59, selected by easy (appropriate) sampling method. The data of the study were collected with the "Death Anxiety Scale", " Satisfaction with Life Scale" and "Psychological Well-Being Scale". The data collected in the study were analyzed with the SPSS-21 package program. In the analysis of the obtained data; Independent Sample T-Test, One-Way ANOVA, Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression analysis were used. According to the obtained results; It has been determined that death anxiety differs according to gender and educational status in middle adults, and psychological well-being differs according to age. In the analysis made using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, there is a weak (r=-.166; p
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic psychologically affected children and their caregivers. On the other side, parents were adapting to new daily routines for work, education, and self-care in response to the current situation. Therefore, assessing the child-parent relationship during the quarantine period is a crucial issue.
Objective
This study aimed to measure the impact of quarantine during the COVID-19 period on the relationship between children and their parents in the western region of Saudi Arabia, mainly in Jeddah and other nearby cities.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey study was conducted from April to December 2020 in the western region of Saudi Arabia, primarily Jeddah and neighboring cities, during the COVID-19 quarantine and shortly after it was stopped. A validated survey (Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS)) comprising socio-demographic characteristics, conflict, and closeness of the child-parent relationship was distributed to the respondents after being translated from English to Arabic. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Version 26.0, Armonk, NY). P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
The study included 361 parents with a mean (SD) age of 37.30 (7.77) years old. Most parents were mothers (77.9%, N=279), married (91.3%, N=326), lived with their children (98.3%, N=354), and had three or a lesser number of children (80%, N=287). The average time spent with children was significantly higher after the quarantine (12.96 hours) compared to before the quarantine (8 hours) (p<0.001). The number of hours spent with children before the quarantine was significantly higher for mothers than fathers (8.44 vs. 6.01 hours, respectively, p<0.001). There was a significant association between the mean difference in conflict scores before and after the quarantine and the age of parents (p=0.002), the gender of parents (p<0.001), and marital status (p=0.026). There was a significant correlation between mean differences in closeness scores before and after the quarantine and the gender of parents (p=0.038).
Conclusion
Our findings highlight the complex and varied effects of the pandemic on parent-child relationships. The results emphasize the need for support and interventions to address increased conflict and promote positive relationships between parents and children during challenging times.
Purpose
Specialty choice in residency training has a significant impact on an individual’s career and satisfaction, as well as the supply-demand imbalance in the healthcare system. The current study aimed to investigate the quality of life (QOL), stress, self-confidence, and job satisfaction of residents, and to explore factors associated with such variables, including postgraduate year, sex, and especially specialty, through a cross-sectional survey.
Methods
An online survey was administered to residents at 2 affiliated teaching hospitals. The survey had a total of 46 items encompassing overall residency life such as workload, QOL, stress, confidence, relationship, harassment, and satisfaction. Related survey items were then reconstructed into 4 key categories through exploratory factor analysis for comparison according to group classification.
Results
The weekly work hours of residents in vital and other specialties were similar, but residents in vital specialties had significantly more on-call days per month. Residents in vital specialties had significantly lower scores for QOL and satisfaction. Specifically, vital-surgical residents had significantly lower QOL scores and higher stress scores than the other specialty groups. Satisfaction scores were also lowest among vital-surgical residents, with a marginal difference from vital-medical, and a significant difference from other-surgical residents. Female residents had significantly lower satisfaction scores than their male counterparts.
Conclusion
Residents in vital specialties, particularly vital-surgical specialties, experience significantly worse working conditions across multiple dimensions. It is necessary to improve not only the quantity but also the quality of the system in terms of resource allocation and prioritization.
Не зважаючи на занадто поширене вживання терміну «криза» в сучасній науці та повсякденному житті, в науковому плані дослідження кризи досить різнобічні, Цей феномен має багато визначень, але в основному має декілька трактувань, зокрема популярними напрямками досліджень являються: підліткова криза та криза ідентичності, кризові ситуації, які трактуються як надзвичайні, екстремальні, викликані несприятливими, неочікуваними ситуаціями; екзистенційна криза, яка виникає в певні вікові періоди, але загострюється певними несприятливими життєвими ситуаціями. Не зважаючи на досить часте апелювання до кризових періодів, як причин тих чи інших проблем у житті особистості, спостерігається брак фундаментальних емпіричних досліджень стосовно особливостей переживання, засобів опанування та адаптації до кризових ситуацій, коли вони поєднуються с певними віковими, так званими, нормативними кризами. Також важливим є питання про те, як саме обираються засоби зняття напруження, опанування надмірними емоціями. Аналіз джерел демонструє, що значна частина емпіричних праць стосується вузьких проблем прикладного характеру. Крім того, існує семантична багатозначність поняття «криза». Більшість дослідників не дотримуються точності у використанні терміну та його споріднених понять.
Older adult drinking poses a growing public health concern, especially given the ongoing aging of the United States population. As part of a larger lifespan developmental project contrasting predictors of drinking reductions across different periods of adulthood, we tested age differences in effects of health problems on drinking declines across young adulthood, midlife, and older adulthood. We predicted these effects to be developmentally specific to midlife and older adulthood. We also tested moderation by alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptomatology and by indices of sociodemographic disadvantage (sex and race/ethnicity). Analyses used data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), leveraging NESARC's vast age range (18-90 + ; N = 43,093) and two waves of longitudinal data. Multiple-group cross-lag models tested differences across age groups in cross-lag paths between health problems and alcohol consumption. As hypothesized, health problem effects on drinking reductions were developmentally specific to midlife and older adulthood. However, models testing moderation by AUD symptomatology showed that these adaptive effects of health problems on drinking reductions did not extend to those with one or more AUD symptoms. Little evidence was found for moderation by sex or race/ethnicity. Findings support the notion of health concerns as a pathway to drinking reduction that increases in importance across the adult lifespan. However, given the moderation by AUD symptoms, findings also highlight a need to understand barriers to health-related pathways to drinking reduction among relatively severe midlife and older adult drinkers. These findings hold implications for lifespan developmental tailoring of clinical, public health, and policy interventions.
The financial sector has changed dramatically in recent years. Digitization and government requirements created transparency. For many customers, the price has become the decisive criterion for demand. A survey of 102 Generation Z respondents shows ways to avoid this price competition with a customer-oriented product design. Das Angebot an Finanzprodukten ist in den letzten Jahren durch Non- und NearBanks erheblich gestiegen. Dennoch ist der Charakter der Finanzdienstleistungen, trotz vieler Innovationen, weitgehend homogen geblieben. Vergleichsportale und das Internet als Informationsmedium haben eine Markttransparenz geschaffen, die zu einer sehr preissensiblen Kundschaft geführt hat. Mit fehlenden Individualitäten in Marken- und Produktmerkmalen wird der Preis für viele Kunden das Entscheidungskriterium. Insbesondere die traditionelle, regionale und kostenintensivere Bankenlandschaft steht vor der Herausforderung dieser Entwicklung entgegenzuwirken. Den nachfolgenden Generationen sind Mehrwerte aufzuzeigen, um höhere Preise durchzusetzen und sich dem vollkommenen Preiswettbewerb zu entziehen. Eine Befragung von 102 Probanden der Generation Z hat gezeigt, dass eine kundenorientierte Produkt- bzw. Dienstleistungsgestaltung Chancen bietet höhere Preisbereitschaften von Kunden abzuschöpfen.
В умовах сучасного розвитку суспільства, акцентуванні не стільки на виживанні, скільки на забезпеченні комфортного існування людства та кожної окремої особи, орієнтації на підвищення якості життя, у зарубіжній і вітчизняній психології зростає інтерес до вивчення численних аспектів позитивного функціонування особистості. Значна частина досліджень у цій сфері зосереджена на суб’єктивній оцінці життя людини, індивідуальному змісті переживання щастя, що обумовлене не стільки об’єктивними показниками, скільки ставленням особистості до себе, навколишнього світу загалом та окремих його сторін. Особливості функціонування сім’ї, задоволеність шлюбними стосунками – це соціальні передумови формування позитивного ставлення до себе та сторін свого життя. Аналіз чинників суб’єктивного благополуччя осіб з різним сімейним стажем особливо важливі сьогодні у зв’язку зі збільшенням кількості розлучень. Благополуччя створюють позитивні міжособові стосунки, можливості спілкуватися й отримувати від цього позитивні емоції, задовольняти потребу в емоційному теплі. Руйнує благополуччя соціальна ізоляція, напруженість у значущих міжособових зв’язках. Отож, суб’єктивне благополуччя осіб, які мають різний досвід тривалості шлюбних стосунків, може бути визначальним чинником у збереженні сім’ї.
There is an increased interest in using social robots to assist older adults during their daily life activities. As social robots are designed to interact with older users, it becomes relevant to study these interactions under the lens of social cognition. Gaze following, the social ability to infer where other people are looking at, deteriorates with older age. Therefore, the referential gaze from robots might not be an effective social cue to indicate spatial locations to older users. In this study, we explored the performance of older adults, middle-aged adults, and younger controls in a task assisted by the referential gaze of a Pepper robot. We examined age-related differences in task performance, and in self-reported social perception of the robot. Our main findings show that referential gaze from a robot benefited task performance, although the magnitude of this facilitation was lower for older participants. Moreover, perceived anthropomorphism of the robot varied less as a result of its referential gaze in older adults. This research supports that social robots, even if limited in their gazing capabilities, can be effectively perceived as social entities. Additionally, this research suggests that robotic social cues, usually validated with young participants, might be less optimal signs for older adults.
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the level of psychological well-being and the difficulty of accepting old age in middle-aged individuals between the ages of 40-65 and to determine the variables that affect the level of psychological well-being and the difficulty of accepting old age. The sample of the study was consisted of 156 (81 women and 75 men) middle-aged individuals. The Psychological Well-Being Scale, The Difficulty of Accepting Old Age Scale and The Form of Demographic Information were used to collect data. Pearson correlation analysis, independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze data. The findings of the study showed that there was significant negative correlation between the level of psychological well-being and the difficulty of accepting old age in middle-aged individuals. It was observed that the psychological well-being levels of middle-aged individuals with physical illness are significantly lower, middle-aged individuals with physical illness have a significantly higher level of difficulty of accepting old age. Further, as the age increases in middle-aged individuals, the difficulty of accepting old age decreases. No significant relationships were found between psychological well-being and age, psychological well-being and gender, difficulty of accepting old age and gender. In the conclusion part of the study, the findings obtained from this research were discussed and suggestions were made.
This chapter offers an interpersonal model of relationship process that clarifies the role non-verbal communication has in facilitating or hindering the development of closeness. Sternberg’s story relationship perspective is a jumping-off place for presenting Nowicki and Duke’s four-phase relationship model. We remind the reader what aspects of non-verbal language cause it to be so important in determining our success not only at the choice and beginning, but especially at the deepening and ending of relationships. We introduce the idea that relationships are dynamic entities that continuously cycle through beginnings and endings as well as the circumplex model to identify what it is we seek from others to feel close and why relationship endings are so important for the success of future attempts at close relationships.
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