Impedance and Admittance Calculations of a Three-Core Power Cable by the Finite Element Method

Abstract

The analytical modeling of a three-core cable system is challenging because of the non-concentric configuration of the components involved. Given these limitations, a 2D finite element modeling of the cable is developed in order to obtain the values of the self, mutual and sequence impedances and admittances. To calculate the series impedance, a magnetic vector potential magnetodynamic formulation is used and for the calculation of the parallel admittance, an electric scalar potential electrostatic formulation is applied. By calculating the series impedance of the inner cables, the influence of the mutual impedances in all metallic elements involved is shown. The methodology is applied to a typical cable of 300 mm²-18/30 kV. The numerical results are compared with analytical ones and with values supplied by the manufacturer for each phase, validating the numerical modeling.

Full text

Impedance and Admittance Calculations of a Three-
Core Power Cable by the Finite Element Method
Angelo. A. Hafner, Mauricio V. Ferreira da Luz, Walter P. Carpes Jr.
Abstract--The analytical modeling of a three-core cable system
is challenging because of the non-concentric configuration of the
components involved. Given these limitations, a 2D finite element
modeling of the cable is developed in order to obtain the values of
the self, mutual and sequence impedances and admittances. To
calculate the series impedance, a magnetic vector potential
magnetodynamic formulation is used and for the calculation of
the parallel admittance, an electric scalar potential electrostatic
formulation is applied. By calculating the series impedance of the
inner cables, the influence of the mutual impedances in all
metallic elements involved is shown. The methodology is applied
to a typical cable of 300 mm² - 18/30 kV. The numerical results
are compared with analytical ones and with values supplied by
the manufacturer for each phase, validating the numerical
modeling.
Keywords: Submarine power cable, 2D finite element method,
impedance, admittance.1
I. NOMENCLATURES
I0 ( ) Bessel functions of first kind and order 0.
I1 ( ) Bessel functions of first kind and order 1.

Electric conductivity, in S/m.

Electric resistivity, in

m.

Electric permittivity, in F/m.

Magnetic permeability, in H/m.

Magnetic reluctivity, in m/H.
SC Semiconductor
M Matrix composed by matrixes.
m Matrix composed only by scalars.
V

v
 Vector.
( . , . ) Volume integral in

of products of scalar or
vector fields.
< . , . > Surface integral on

of products of scalar or
vector fields.
Im( . ) Function that returns only the imaginary part of a
complex number.

Electrical angular frequency.
FEM Finite Element Method.
Angelo A. Hafner is PhD student at the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil (e-mail:
angelo.hafner@posgrad.ufsc.br)
Mauricio V. Ferreira da Luz is Professor at the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil (e-
mail: mauricio.luz@ufsc.br)
Walter P. Carpes Jr is Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil (e-mail:
walter.carpes@ufsc.br)
Paper submitted to the International Conference on Power Systems Transients
(IPST2015) in Cavtat, Croatia June 15-18, 2015
II. INTRODUCTION
HE expansion of submarine transmission systems
represents a major trend due to the growth of the oil and
offshore wind energy industry. The deployment of these
systems at large distances from the shore and in deep water
requires kilometric stretches of submarine power cables.
Fed equipment or systems, as well as cables, need to be
adequately protected in case of short circuits, overloads and
transients. An accurate cable model is needed to accurately
represent the waveforms of voltage and current on the load
and the transmission line providing technical support for the
choice of the most suitable protection to be adopted for each
situation.
When one considers the cable as single-core, the phases
distributed impedances and admittances of the cable for a
certain range of frequencies can be calculated analytically
applying classical analytical formulae ((4), (6), and (11)).
However, in three-core cables, even at 50/60 Hz, the
following aspects should be taken into account when
modeling: (i) proximity effect generated by the currents of the
central conductor; and (ii) current induced in the sheath and its
effects on the central conductor impedance [1].
The non-concentric configuration of the trefoil formation
(Fig 1) hampers the analytical modeling. Thus, a 2D finite
element model is developed to obtain the values of the cable
series impedance and parallel admittance.
Some studies about cable modeling are presented in [1-6]
and [16-22].
III. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBMARINE POWER CABLE
The physical constitution of submarine power cables is
very similar to underground power cables.
The main difference is that in the first, there are additional
protections for water entry (Fig. 1 and Table 1). In this
section, we briefly describe the constituent parts of the
submarine power cable as well as the aspects related to the
calculation of its series impedance. Each part of the inner
cable is described in Table 1. Small variations may occur from
one manufacturer to another.
The cable of this study is composed of a set of three power
inner cables in trefoil formation, as shown in Fig. 1. Parts 10-
11, 11-12 and 12-13 consist of insulating material, conductor,
and insulating, respectively. The conductive layer, called
armor, has the main function of mechanically protecting the
set.
T

Fig. 1. Set of inner cables in trefoil formation of a three-core submarine
power cable.
TABLE 1
PARTS OF A POWER INNER CABLE
Item Component Material
1 Core Copper Stranded Wires
2 Water-blocking tape Humidity absorber SC tape
3 Conductor Shield SC tape
4 Insulation XLPE
5 Insulation Shield Humidity absorber SC tape
6 Water-blocking tape Humidity absorber SC tape
7 Sheath Copper wires
8 Water-blocking tape Humidity absorber SC tape
9 Jacket Polyethylene
IV. HOMOGENIZATION OF THE CORE
Because the materials are composed of several parts,
homogenization techniques are applied to model them as
solids used for both numerical and analytical approaches.
Homogenization in the core due to the natural gaps of the
stranded conductor is made by the correction (increase) in
resistivity since the core is now considered massive. This is
done by applying:
ccc
k


 (1)
where
ρ’
c is the corrected resistivity of the central conductor,
kc is the area correction factor (kc =

rc2/An), rc is the core
radius, and An is the nominal area provided by the
manufacturer’s catalog.
Homogenization in sheath also depends on the composition
of the material used. Therefore, its corrected resistivity is
given by:
s
ss
k


 (2)
V. HOMOGENIZATION OF THE INSULATION
Between the core and insulation and sheath and insulation,
there are semiconductor tapes which have the function of
uniformly distributing the electric potential. These three
materials are homogenized as one. For this, a correction must
be applied to the insulation electric permittivity given by:



ln
ln
s
c
cs cs
rr
ba

 (3)
where

cs
istheoriginalinsulationpermittivity,and a and b
are the inner and outer radii of the insulation, respectively.
VI. SERIES IMPEDANCE
The analytical modeling for non-concentric conductors,
like the case of the three-core cables, is a very complex task.
A full analytical computation of a submarine cable can be
found using the pipe-type cable formulas from [3]. As
explained in [4] there are some approximation in this, because
of the representation of the armor.
Subsection A presents a way to calculate the phase
impedance for a single-core cable, where only the impedance
in a single inner cable can be considered without mutual
couplings with any other metallic part of the cable. However,
in the numerical approach, all couplings involved are
regarded.
A. Analytical Approach
According to [3], [2], and [4], the impedance of each core
per unit of length is given by:



0
1
I
2I
cc
cc
c
ccc
r
zrr



, (4)
where

c is the intrinsic medium impedance, given by:
ccc
j

 

. (5)
The core impedance zc have one real part that represents
the core resistance; and other part imaginary, that represents
the internal core inductance times the electric angular
pulsation.
The phase inductance is given by the sum of internal and
external inductance. For a single core conductor, the external
inductance is given by:
_1 ln
2
cs c
ext C
s
r
lr





. (6)
However (6) considers the current of central conductor
returning by sheath. For three-core cables, the current returns
by other phases, creating a bigger area for the magnetic flux,
that now is the area between two phases. So (6) becomes:
_3 ln
2
c
ext C
r
lD





, (7)
where D is the distance between cores in the trefoil formation.
For other formations, the geometric mean must be applied.
Equation (7) is accurate and frequently used for impedance
calculation at 50/60 Hz. For bigger frequencies, it is necessary
to consider the sheath effects as covered by [5][6].
B. Numerical Approach
In order to find the self and mutual impedances of all
metallic parts of the cable, a 1 A current is applied at one
metallic element and measured the voltage in this and others.
The self impedance is found by dividing the induced voltage
by the current at the element that the current is applied. The
mutual impedances are found by dividing the induced voltage
at the elements that have no current by the current that

produced this induction.
C. Cable Impedances
Fig. 2 presents a three-core cable impedance diagram
where: (i) the letters a, b, and c represent each core; (ii) the
numbers 1, 2, and 3 represent each sheath; (iii) and g
represents the armor.
The voltage drop from g to g' on conductors are:
'123
'123
'123
1 1 ' 1 1 1 11 12 13 1
2 2 ' 2 2 2 21 22 23 2
33' 33331
'
ag a g aa ab ac a a a ag
bg b g ab bb bc b b b bg
cg c g ac bc cc c c c cg
gg abc g
g g abc g
gg abc
gg
VV z z z z z z z
VV z z z z z z z
VV z z z z z z z
VV z z z z z z z
VV z z z z z z z
VV z z z z
VV
























1
2
32 33 3 3
123
a
b
c
g
ag bg cg g g g gg g
I
I
I
I
I
zzzI
zzzzz zz I











(8)
Fig. 2. Representation of three-core cable impedances.
In [5] it is proved that the sequence impedances for
interconnected sheaths are:


12
11 12
12
0
11
2
2
2
22
aa
aa ab
aa
aa ab
a
zz
zzzz zz
zz
zz z zz


  

 
(9)
If the sheaths are not interconnected at both terminals, or
are interconnected only at one point (grounded or not), there is
not circulation current and the sequence impedances become
[1]:
02
aa ab
aa ab
zzzz
zz z

 
 (10)
VII. PARALLEL ADMITTANCE
There are three kinds of admittances on three-core cables:
(i) core-sheath, (ii) sheath-sheath, and (iii) sheath-armor. Only
the core-sheath armor is analytically feasible, given by:



12
2
ln
cs cs
sc
j
yrr




 (11)
where

cs is the insulation conductivity and

cs is the
corrected permittivity of the insulation. Because of the high
resistivity of the insulating materials, only the capacitances on
them are considered (see Section VIII-B). The three-core
cable capacitance diagram is shown in Fig. 3.
In addition, a numerical approach is performed and
compared with the analytical results for this capacitance.
However, for sheath-sheath and sheath-armor capacitances,
only numerical results are considered due to the non-
concentricity between these parts. The leakage currents on
insulations from g to g’ in phases are:
11
22
33
00 00
0000
00 00
00
00
00
cc cs ag
aa
cc cs bg
bb
cc cs
cc
cs ss ss ss
cs ss ss ss
cs ss ss ss
yy
V
II
yy
V
II
yy
II
II yyyy
II yyyy
II yyyy
























 


 


 


 


 

1
2
3
cg
g
g
g
V
V
V
V




















(12)
where ycc, ycs, yss and yss are, respectively, the core self-
admittance, core-sheath mutual admittance, sheath self-
admittance and sheath-sheath mutual admittance.
Fig. 3. The three-core cable capacitance diagram.
By using the technique presented in [7] it is possible to get:
1cc cs a
yyy

, (13)
11 12 311 1ass g
yyyyyy

 (14)
12 13ss
yyy




(15)
VIII. NUMERICAL MODELING USING FEM
To perform the numerical modeling, the software Gmsh [8]
and GetDP [9] are used. Gmsh is the pre and post-processor
and the GetDP is the solver. The problem is implemented in
the software by two codes: one that defines the geometries and
the mesh of the structure (“.geo” file) and other that defines
the physical proprieties of the materials, the constraints and
the formulation to be used (“.pro” file).
The electrostatic formulation used to calculate of the

parallel admittance is given by:
 

grad ,grad , ,
D
V
v
VV nDV V
VF





 



(16)
where V is the electric scalar potential, V' is the test function
for scalar potential,

V is the volume charge density, n

is the
unit normal vector exterior to , and nD
 is a constraint on
the electric flux density associated with nonfixed potential
boundaries D of the domain , e.g. on floating potential
boundaries f [14].
Fv () denotes the function space defined on , which
contains the basis and test functions for both scalar potentials
V and V' [14]. At the discrete level, Fv () is approximated
with nodal finite elements.
The harmonic magnetodynamic formulation used to
calculate of the series impedance is given by:






a
curl , curl , ,
grad , , 0, F
Hc
c
s
s
vA A nHA jAA
VA J A A






  


  



 (17)
where

is the electric conductivity defined on conducting
parts c of ,
A

is the magnetic vector potential,
A



is the
test function for vector potential,
s
J

is the source electric
current density defined in s, and
s
nH

is a constraint on the
magnetic field associated with boundary H of the domain 
[15]. Fa () denotes the function space defined on  which
contains the basis and test functions for both vector potentials
A

and
A


.
IX. METHODOLOGY
The physical and geometric data cable is obtained from
manufacturer’s catalog [10], for a three-core cable in trefoil
formation.
Due to the complexity of the cable geometry, some
simplifications like homogenization are required. In addition,
it is imperative that some correction factors be applied before
starting the simulation as explained in Section II.
A. Physical and geometry constants used in the model
At the central conductor, the copper resistivity is
considered (17.24 nΩ m). It is then corrected for a temperature
of 90°C followed by an equivalent area (homogenization)
resulting in a resistivity
ρ
c of 23.57 nΩ m.
The transversal magnetic permeability used for all
materials is considered μ0, even the armor, because it is
composed of wires that are not in direct contact [11].
The cable is considered as totally surrounded by seawater
with a conductivity of 5 S/m [12].
B. Simplified diagram of the cable
The parts considered for the cable model (analytic and
numeric) are all solids and represented by Table 2 and Fig. 4.
C. The Finite Element Approach Implementation
Initially it is necessary to implement the surfaces (.geo file)
from the model as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 4. In the same
file, the mesh density factors must be inserted set in each point
of the geometric figure.
Based on the geometry file, a mesh is built by Gmsh.
Fig. 5(a) shows the mesh of the whole calculation domain
while Fig. 5(b) shows the mesh of the lower left inner cable of
the three-core cable, respectively, for the calculation of series
impedance.
Both figures are shown with the aim of highlighting the
mesh density utilized. Region A is a necessary region in order
to avoid domain truncation errors, where the magnetic vector
potential on its outer circle is zero. The physical constants
values in this region are the same values as region B.
When calculating the parallel capacitance the electric scalar
potential at the armor is set to zero.
TABLE 2
PARTS OF A POWER INNER CABLE
Item Radius [mm]
1 10.20
2 20.60
3 20.72
4 24.00
5 51.75
6 53.75
7 57.95
8 61.95
Fig. 4. Set of inner cables in trefoil formation of a three-core submarine
power cable.
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Diagram and mesh for calculation of the series impedance. In (a) is the
domain of calculation and in (b) the mesh detail of one power inner cable.

D. Obtaining the mutual and self-impedances and
admittances
In order to find the self and mutual impedances of all
metallic parts of the cable, the circuit presented in Fig. 6 is
implemented and the technique explained in Section IV-B is
applied.
The sequence impedances are also obtained where three
short-circuited cores are fed by a 1 V / 50 Hz three-phase
sinusoidal source (Fig. 7). For this implementation, two
considerations are made: (i) with the sheath and armor
opened; and (ii) with all sheaths interconnected at both ends
and these connected to the respective armor end. The armor
potential is considered floating (Fig. 7).
The representation of the diagrams shown in Fig. 6 and 7
illustrates as the electrical circuits are considered in GetDP.
However, the modeling is carried out in two dimensions.
In order to find the parallel capacitance we apply the
Maxwell Capacitance Matrix concept [7]. Firstly, a 1 V
potential is applied on the core and zero on all other parts. The
result is the core self-capacitance. After that it is applied a 1 V
on the sheath and zero on all other parts (Fig. 8). From this
measurement we find the sheath’s self-capacitance which is
the sum of sheath-core, sheath-sheath (2 times), and sheath-
armor capacitances.
Fig. 6. Circuit diagram implemented in GetDP to determine the core self and
mutual impedances.
Fig. 7. Circuit diagram implemented in GetDP to determine the phase
sequence impedances.
Fig. 8. Circuit diagram implemented in GetDP to determine the sheath self-
capacitance.
To find the sheath 1-sheath 2 capacitance, is imperative, for
instance, to apply 1 V to core a, sheath 1, core c, sheath 3, and
armor, and zero on all other parts. The capacitance sheath 1-
sheath 2 is obtained with basis on the electric flux that goes
out from surface sheath 1. A similar procedure is applied to
find core-sheath and sheath-armor capacitances.
Finally, the numerical results are compared with the
analytical ones and also with the values supplied by the
manufacturer for each phase, validating the numerical
modeling.
X. RESULTS AND VALIDATION
The presentation of results is divided into two parts:
(i) analysis of impedances, and (ii) analysis of admittances.
Validations are made by comparison with analytical methods,
when possible, and with manufacturer’s catalog [10] for the
frequency of 50 Hz.
A. Series impedance
At 50 Hz when we apply a current of 1150 A / 50 Hz to
the core a (Fig. 9), we obtain the induced voltages shown in
Table 3. Dividing the induced voltage in each metallic part of
the cable by the current (imposed on core a) that originated
them; we obtain the core self-impedance and the mutual
impedance between the respective conductive part and the
core (Table 4). Because it is a cable in trefoil formation
(symmetric configuration), the same values are repeated when
current is applied only in the core b or c.
TABLE 3
INDUCED VOLTAGE IN ALL CABLE CONDUCTIVE PARTS
WHEN CORE A IS FED BY 1150 A / 50 HZ
Voltage at: Modulus
[mV/km]
Angle
[]
Core a 414.1 -70.5
Core b 294.7 -60.0
Core c 294.7 -60.0
Sheath 1 347.2 -60.4
Sheath 2 294.7 -60.0
Sheath 3 294.7 -60.0
Armor g 285.2 -60.0
TABLE 4
CORE SELF-IMPEDANCE, MUTUAL BETWEEN CORES, MUTUAL CORE-SHEATH,
AND MUTUAL CORE-ARMOR
Impedance Resistance
[m/km]
Inductance
[H/km]
zaa 75.7 1295.9
zab 0.0 938.1
zac 0.0 938.1
za1 2.4 1105.2
za2 0.0 938.1
za3 0.0 938.1
zag 0.0 907.9
One notices a great similarity in the values of mutual
impedances between cores and between core and sheaths of
other cores. In other words (zab = zac)  (za2 = za3), as described

in Section 3.3 of [1].
The same process is repeated but now the current is applied
to sheath 1 and the induced voltages in all the metallic
elements of the cable are calculated. From this process Table 5
is formulated for sheath’s self and mutual impedances.
Finally, the calculation is repeated applying current at the
armor and calculating the other induced voltages, resulting in
Table 6.
As expected, independent of where the current is applied,
the mutual impedances are always the same as evidenced in
Tables 4, 5, and 6.
(a) (b)
Fig. 9. (a) Current density [A/mm2] and (b) Magnetic flux [Wb/m] used for
the calculation of core self and mutual sequence impedances via FEM.
TABLE 5
CORE-SHEATH MUTUAL IMPEDANCE, SHEATH SELF,
AND MUTUAL SHEATH-ARMOR
Impedance Resistance
[m/km]
Inductance
[H/km]
z1a 2.4 1105.2
z1b 0.0 938.1
z1c 0.0 938.1
z11 1731.3 1104.9
z12 0.0 938.1
z13 0.0 938.1
z1g 0.0 907.9
TABLE 6
CORE-ARMOR MUTUAL, SHEATH-ARMOR MUTUAL,
AND ARMOR SELF-IMPEDANCE
Impedance Resistance
[m/km]
Inductance
[H/km]
zga 0.00 907.9
zgb 0.00 907.9
zgc 0.00 907.9
zg1 0.00 907.9
zg2 0.00 907.9
zg3 0.00 907.9
zgg 616.8 905.4
If the sheaths are interconnected only at one of the ends
(whether grounded or not), only the mutual impedances
between cores influence the phase positive sequence
impedance, which for the inductance can be obtained
from (10):
1295.9 938.1 0.3578 mH kmL (18)
The series inductance value of the cable in the
manufacturer’s catalog [10] is 0.36 mH/km, which validates
the accuracy of the method used.
Similarly we obtain the value of the positive sequence
resistance:
75.7 0.0 75.7 m kmR



. (19)
The positive sequence impedance are also determined
when three balanced voltages are applied, displaced 120
degrees from each other, with the three cores short-circuited
and the sheaths and armor opened (Fig. 10). Values equal to
those found in (18) and (19) are obtained.
(a) (b)
Fig. 10. (a) Current density [A/mm2] and (b) Magnetic Flux [mWb/m] used
for the calculation of positive sequence impedance directly via FEM.
Finally, an analytical approach is made by applying of (4)
and (7).
Table 7 presents a comparison of the results obtained for
the positive sequence resistance and inductance between the
adopted approaches. The error is found by taking the
reference value provided by the manufacturer. The
manufacturer did not provide the distributed cable resistance
value.
If the sheaths are connected at both ends, the distributed
positive sequence series resistance and inductance would be:
R+ = 77.3 m/km and L+ = 357.83 H/km.
TABLE 7
INDUCTANCE PROVIDED BY THE MANUFACTURER, CALCULATED
ANALYTICALLY, AND CALCULATED VIA FEM
R+
[m/km]
L+
[mH/km]
L+ Error
[%]
Manufacturer --- 0.360 ---
Analytical 73.2 0.359 0.171
Numeric 77.3 0.358 0.603
The increase in resistance occurs because, when the sheaths
are interconnected, a circulation path is created for the
induced currents. The introduction of an effect in the core
current distribution is therefore due to the sheath's current
increasing the proximity effect in the respective core
compared to the case where the sheaths are not
interconnected. As the frequency increases, this effect is
increased [13].
Knowing the resistances and inductances (selves and
mutual) found for all conductive parts of the cable, the
impedance matrix can be mounted:
core core sheath core armor
core sheath sheath sheath armor
core armor sheath armor armo r
z
z
zz z














zz
Zz z (20)

where, zcore, zsheath, zcore-sheath, zarmor, zcore-armor, zsheath-armor, are, in
/m:
75.7 407 295 295
295 75.7 407 295
295 295 75.7 407
core
jj j
jjj
jj j








z (21)
1731 347 295 295
295 1731 347 295
295 295 1731 347
sheath
jj j
jjj
jj j








z (22)
2.39 347 295 295
295 2.39 347 295
295 295 2.39 347
core sheath
jj j
jjj
jj j









z
(23)
616 285
295
295
armor
core armor
sheath armor
zj
zj
zj





(24)
B. Parallel admitance
Because the insulating material has a high resistivity, the
branch that represents the parallel conductance can be
neglected, which can be seen already at 50 Hz by applying
(11) to the cable under consideration (XLPE insulation),
where a = 11.4 mm and b = 19.4 mm.


12 0.0098 82.184 nS myj (25)
The core-sheath capacitance is Im (y12) /

= 261.60 pF/m,
very close to the value provided by the manufacturer’s catalog
[10], which is 0.26 F/km.
The core-sheath capacitance is also calculated through
finite element technique, obtaining the value of 261.60 pF/m,
which is exactly the value found by the analytical method
(also very close to the value provided by the manufacturer).
Fig. 11 shows the electric field in the region under analysis (as
well as in sheath-sheath and sheath-armor regions).
Fig. 11. Electric field [V/m] lines when a 1 V potential is applied at the
sheath 1 and 0 V to all other metallic parts of the cable, to obtain the sheath
self-capacitance.
Finally, the capacitance sheath-sheath and sheath-armor by
the finite element method are calculated. Table 8 shows the
cables’ capacitances values between core and sheath, sheath
and sheath and sheath and armor, as also the error of
measurement, considering the value of the manufacturer [10]
as reference.
According to (12), the parallel capacitance matrix is:
j


YC, (26)
where C, in pF/m, is:
262 0 0 262 0 0
0 262 0 0 262 0
0 0 262 0 0 262
262 0 0 510 54.4 54.4
0 262 0 54.4 510 54.4
0 0 262 54.4 54.4 510



























C (27)
TABLE 8
CAPACITANCE OF THE THREE-CORE CABLE IN STUDY
Region Numeric
[F/km]
Analytical
[F/km]
Manuf.
[F/km]
Error
[%]
Core-Sheath 0.2616 0.2616 0.26 0.006
Sheath-Sheath 0.0544 --- --- ---
Sheath-Armor 0.1401 --- --- ---
XI. CONCLUSIONS
Space in manufacturer’s cable catalogs is typically
dedicated only for distributed positive sequence inductance
and capacitance values at industrial frequency (50 or 60 Hz).
In [13] it is presented for the same cable of present study, the
behavior of positive sequence impedances for a frequency
range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
In the present work, it was considered 50 Hz, with the
improvement to find the parallel admittance and the specificity
in relation to mutual coupling between phases, thereby
allowing to get the sequence impedances.
Similar to what was done in reference [13], in future works
the goal will be to evolve the work presented in this paper by
examining the frequency range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. We
will intend: (i) to simulate underground cables with grounded
ends; and (ii) to apply the same modeling of this paper without
the application of homogenization techniques (such as those
applied in the central conductor and sheath in Section III). It is
expected that through this study, an increase in the accuracy
of the model’s response, especially at high frequencies, may
be achieved. Moreover, field measurements have to be made
for validation.
XII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the
PETROBRAS for the financial support to this research effort.
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