NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT HELMINTHOSPORIUM TURCICUM ON MAIZE IN LATVIA
Abstract
In Latvia, climatic factors are influential in spreading of the Northern leaf blight of maize caused by Setosphaeria turcica (SETOTU, anamorph Exserohilum turcicum, Helminthosporium turcicum). The field experiments with the aim to investigate the effect of strobilurines to control of SETOTU in maize and the possibility to have a greening effect on yield and the silage quality parameters there were conducted in Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre in 2010. The effect of fungicides under natural and artificial infection with SETOTU on yield of maize was evaluated in 2012 and 2013. Trials designed with four replicates using randomized blocks, a plot size of 30 m2. Plots were inoculated at beginning of anthesis stage of maize by conidium of local population of H. turcicum propagated on PDA. Application of fungicides has been done in two times. Weather conditions were favourable for infestation of Northern leaf blight in maize. Disease severity was recorded according to the EPPO Guideline PP 1/272(1) on 10 plants from two central rows by 5 layers of leaves. Yield was recorded from two central separately harvested rows of each plot. The silage quality parameters in 2010 were analysed by Blgg BV Company, Netherlands. After the artificial inoculation an increase of the disease pressure in maize was observed. A good effect of the fungicides to control SETOTU was observed in all trials. No significant differences in efficacy were found between the treatments of Propulse (fluopyram 125 g L(-1), prothioconazole 125 g L(-1)), Opera (epoxiconazole 75, pyraclostrobin 199, 5 g L(-1) and Opera N (epoxiconazole 75, pyraclostrobin 102 g L(-1)). The effect of application time at the BBCH 55-59 was higher compared with application time at the BBCH 30-37. Two applications of Propulse compared with the single showed higher effect on SETOTU. The prolonged effect of Propulse on SETOTU was similar to Opera and Opera N. Greening effect was significant for all treatments compared with the untreated. In all treatments the increase of yield of fresh and dry mass was significant to the untreated. The positive influence of Opera N on the feed milk unit (VEM), protein (DVE, VOS, RP), digest OM (VCOS), starch, FAT content, NEL, energy metabolite (ME), nXP, UDP was recorded. The treatment of Opera N showed a tendency to decrease the silage quality parameters such as fatty acid vola (FOS), crude fiber (RF), crude ASH (RA), sugar content, acid det. fiber (ADF), acid det. lignin (ADL).
... These cultivars meet the criteria for susceptible and resistant comparison genotypes (Table 1). This phenomenon is in line with several study reports that TLB development is strongly influenced by cultivar resistance, cultivation systems and weather (Carson, 1995;Treikale et al., 2014;Akinwale and Oyelakin, 2018). In addition, the decline in the resistance level of hybrid corn genotypes to TLB disease may be caused by the epistasis phenomenon. ...
Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) is one of the important diseases in corn (Zea mays L.) plants in Indonesia and causes yield losses about 27% to 90%. One of the controls to suppress TLB is using resistant cultivars. This study aims to evaluate the resistance of hybrid corn genotypes to TLB and determine its effect on the epidemic components of the disease. There are four hybrid corn genotypes HCG11, HCG12, HCG13, and HCG14 that were tested with comparison cultivars used are P36, PAC339, NK8103, BISI18, and Anoman. Observation of TLB severity was carried out when plants were 60, 70, 80, and 90 d after plant. The study was prepared using a randomized group design consisting of nine treatments and repeated three times. The observational data were statistically analyzed and continued with least significant different (LSD) test. Analysis of disease progression models in the field was carried out based on goodness of fit tests, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and path analysis. The results showed that only the HCG11 genotype showed a somewhat resistant reaction to TLB disease with disease severity of 33.94%, significantly lower than the comparison cvs. PAC339, BISI18, and Anoman in the 5% LSD test. The epidemic component of the disease also showed that the HCG11 genotype had the lowest AUDPC value and infection rate with the highest protection index against TLB disease. Path analysis showed that relative humidity, temperature, precipitation, and wind speed had a significant effect on the progression of TLB disease.
... However, under specific pedoclimatic conditions, abiotic and biotic stresses could cause huge economic and productive losses to maize cultivation. Among the fungal genera, Ustilago, Fusarium, and Aspergillus can appear from flowering stage to harvest time and are mainly associated to ear diseases [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In particular, great concern is caused by the diseases caused by mycotoxigenic species such as those belonging to Fusarium and Aspergillus genera. ...
Aspergillus flavus, the main aflatoxin B1 producing fungal species, Fusarium graminearum, a deoxynivalenol producer, and the fumonisin-producing species F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides are the main toxigenic fungi (TF) that colonize maize. Several strategies are available to control TF and related mycotoxins, such as chemical control. However, there is poor knowledge on the efficacy of fungicides on maize plants since few molecules are registered. The sensitivity of F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, and A. flavus to eleven fungicides, selected based on their different modes of action, was evaluated in both in vitro assays and, after selection, in the field. In vitro, demethylation inhibitors (DMI) showed excellent performances, followed by thiophanate-methyl and folpet. Among the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI), isopyrazam showed a higher effectiveness against Fusarium species than boscalid, which was ineffective against Fusarium, like the phenyl-pyrrole fludioxonil. Furthermore, both SDHIs and fludioxonil were more active against A. flavus than Fusarium species. In field trials, prothioconazole and thiophanate-methyl were confirmed to be effective to reduce F. graminearum (52% and 48%) and F. proliferatum contamination (44% and 27%). On the other hand, prothioconazole and boscalid could reduce A. flavus contamination at values of 75% and 56%, respectively.
... The research location was a hilly area on the plateau (990 meters above sea level) with average slope more than 6%. This phenomenon was in line with Carson (1995) and Treikale et al. (2014) that the development of TLB was strongly influenced by the resistance of varieties, cultivation systems and the weather/climate. In general, most of the prospective genotypes (90.9%) have genetic stability againt seasons alteration, except SSU3X17782. ...
Setyawan B, Suliansyah I, Anwar A, Swasti E. 2016. Short Communication: Antidiabetic screening of some Indonesian marine cyanobacteria collection. Biodiversitas 17: 604-608. Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) is a leaf disease caused by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs. In Indonesia, TLB was first discovered in North Sumatra in 1917 (Van Hall 1929), and now is found throughout Indonesia (Semangun 2008). Losses due to yield decrease will be greater when the plant is infected at the time of flowering and grain filling phase. Resistant varieties are the most effective way of controlling TLB. The purpose of this research was to test 11 new hybrid maize genotypes to determine the level of TLB resistance. The research was conducted in 2 season, using
randomize complete block design, 3 replication and 2 control genotypes. Based on statistical examinations and CIMMYT (1999) scoring system, it could be concluded that 10 prospective genotypes (90.9%) which were SSU3X28871, SSU3X29131, SSU3X30735, SSU3X45172, SSU3X68276, SSUSX02791, SSUSX06145, SSUSX48274, SSUSX68849 and SSUSX76844 were significantly better than both control genotypes at LSD 5% (ï¡=0.05).
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