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ARTICULATA 28 (1/2) [15.10.2013] 103
ARTICULATA 2013 28 (1/2): 103‒114 FAUNISTIK
Disentangling the distribution of Tettigonia viridissima (Linnaeus, 1758)
in the eastern part of Eurasia using acoustical and morphological data
Howon Rhee
Abstract
Tettigonia viridissima is a species that is widely distributed throughout the
Palearctic. For decades it was assumed that the eastern range limit of the spe-
cies reaches until the Pacific Coast of the Eurasian continent. However, STOROZ-
HENKO (1994) provided evidence for the assumption that T. viridssima reaches its
eastern distribution border at the Altai Mts. Based on this study the long winged
Tettigonia species living in the eastern most part of Eurasia must be classified as
Tettigonia dolichoptera on the mainland and as Tettigonia orientalis (or other Tet-
tigonia species of the T. orientalis group) in Japan. The three species T. viri-
dissima, T. dolichoptera and T. orientalis are similar with respect to wing length,
but they can be cleary distinguished by cercus length, shape of tegmina and
song traits.
Zusammenfassung
Tettigonia viridissima ist eine paläarktische Art, die jedoch nicht bis zur Pazifik-
küste des eurasischen Kontinents vorkommt. Die östliche Grenze ihres Vorkom-
mens liegt nach STOROZHENKO (1994) im Altai-Gebirge, aber diese Information
wurde lange übersehen. Anhand der vorliegenden Studie müssen langflügelige
Tettigonia-Arten im Fernen Osten auf dem Festland als Tettigonia dolichoptera
und in Japan als Tettigonia orientalis (oder als andere Tettigonia-Arten, die zur
T. orientalis Gruppe gehören) klassifiziert werden. Die drei Arten T. viridissima,
T. dolichoptera und T. orientalis sind sich ähnlich in ihrer Flügellänge, können
aber anhand der Länge der Cerci, der Form der Tegmina und dem Gesang klar
unterschieden werden.
Introduction
The great green bush-cricket Tettigonia viridissima (Linnaeus, 1758) distributed
in wide parts of the Western Palearctic is one of the largest bush-cricket species
of the Eurasian continent. However, its distribution in the Eastern Palearctic has
been unclear for quite a long time. Occurrence of the species at the Pacific Coast
of the continent (mainland) and Japan has been mentioned in several taxonomic
studies (UVAROV 1924, BEY-BIENKO 1929, MORI 1933, CHO 1959, HARZ 1969
("Holo-Palearctic"), LEE 1990, MOON & YOON 1993) and more recently in some
works dealing with the local distribution of the species in Europe (e.g., DETZEL
1998, SCHLUMPRECHT & WAEBER 2003, BAUER et al. 2006, ZUNA-KRATKY et al.
2009, PFEIFER et al. 2011). STOROZHENKO and others, however, provided evi-
dence that Tettigonia viridissima does not occur in this region (STOROZHENKO
104 [15.10.2013] ARTICULATA 28 (1/2)
1994, STOROZHENKO & PAIK 2007, KIM 2009, KIM 2010). In this work, I will present
information on the history of the misidentification of Tettigonia viridissima in
North-east Asia, and will support STOROZHENKO's and KIM's results that all long-
winged Tettigonia in North-east Asia must be identified either as Tettigonia doli-
choptera or Tettigonia orientalis (or other Tettigonia species of the T. orientails
group in Japan). For this purpose I will present data on song and morphological
features of Tettigonia viridissima, T. dolichoptera and T. orientalis. About mor-
phology, song and distribution of Tettigonia chinensis Willemse, 1933 there are
too few data for a comparison. According to STOROZHENKO (1994), it occurs in the
southern part of China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Kiangsi).
History of misidentification of Tettigonia viridissima in North-east Asia
In 1924, UVAROV mentioned the distribution of Tettigonia viridissima in North-east
Asia for the first time, based on two males, which belong to the British Museum
collections and are labelled "Seoul Corea" (UVAROV 1924). Furthermore, accord-
ing to OGAWA & OHBAYASHI (2003), BEY-BIENKO (1929) recorded T. viridissima
based on one male and two females of the species in Japan. In 1933 MORI de-
scribed (in Japanese language) a new species of Tettigonia in Korea as Tettigo-
nia dolichoptera which has long wings and long hind femora. In this work he also
mentioned Tettigonia viridissima as having a smaller body size and shorter wings
compared to his new species. Probably he did not know Tettigonia viridissima
exactly as a consequence of lack of scientific contacts between Europe and Asia
at that time. He may have misidentified Tettigonia ussuriana Uvarov, 1939 or a
form of his new species with shorter tegmina as Tettigonia viridissima. After this
work, in 1959 Cho who was the first Korean entomologist who followed Mori's
work (in Korean with some old Chinese signs; CHO 1959) because he was a stu-
dent by Mori in Japanese colonical period in Korea. In Europe, HARZ (1969)
described the distribution of Tettigonia viridissima as Holo-Palearctic without a
detailed description which was correct following the interpretation of UVAROV
(1924). EBNER (1946), however, had already raised the question if the three
European species – T. cantans, T. caudata, T. viridissima – occur actually also in
central Asia and eastwards. RENTZ & MILLER (1971) mentioned recently collected
T. dolichoptera from Korea without any measurements. In 1990, LEE syno-
nymized Tettigonia dolichoptera with T. viridissima. After Lee's work, MOON &
YOON (1993) mentioned T. viridissima again because Moon studied at a univer-
sity in the United Kingdom, hence, he just followed European references. How-
ever, STOROZHENKO (1994) found out that the long winged form of Tettigonia in
the North-east Asian mainland must be identified as Tettigonia dolichoptera and
gave details about form and length of wings and cerci. In the meantime this opin-
ion has been supported by KIM & KIM 2001, STROZHENKO & PAIK 2007, KIM 2009
and KIM 2010.
Materials and Methods
Morphology and distribution of the three species in question are described in
several studies: T. viridissima (e.g., HARZ 1969), T. dolichoptera (STOROZHENKO
1994, STOROZHENKO & PAIK 2007), and T. orientalis (UVAROV 1924, OGAWA &
ARTICULATA 28 (1/2) [15.10.2013] 105
OHBAYASHI 2003). Also the song of T. viridissima and T. dolichoptera has been
published (e.g., HELLER 1988, RAGGE & REYNOLDS 1998, KIM 2009, KIM 2010) and
the song of T. orientalis has been described by OGAWA & OHBAYASHI (2003) and
later published on CD by ICHIKAWA et al. (2006). My own records of T. viridissima
and T.dolichoptera agree with these data.
For the measurements, description and figures I have used specimens and re-
cordings from my collection. However, I do not have specimens of Tettigonia
orientalis, therefore, I consulted the notes from UVAROV and STOROZHENKO and
OGAWA & OHBAYASHI for description and used the CD data from ICHIKAWA et al.
T. viridissima:
Germany: 4 males 17.6.2011, Berlin Airport Tempelhof; 5 males and 3 females
28.6.2011, Colbitz Lower Saxony; 1 male 29.6.2011, Magdeburg Lower Saxony.
Greece: 2 males and 1 female from 24.6 to 15.7.2009, Paleokastro Hagios Geor-
gios, Central Greece.
T. dolichoptera:
South Korea: 2 males and 1 female 29.7.2007, Gyeonggi-do Incheon Onjingun
Island of Muui; 1 male 26.6.2003, Gyeonggi-do Yangju-gun Jangheung-myeon
Wudaeri; 2 males 19.7.2006, Gyeonggi-do Yangju-gun Jangheung-myeon Wu-
daeri.
To measure the body size, I used a 15 cm ruler for both species. The songs were
recorded from captive animals on a balcony or during bush-cricket catching time
with a Samsung Mp3, Nikon Coolpix 4500 camera as video (T. viridissima) or a
custom computer microphone (T. dolichoptera). In addition, some data on the
eastern border of Tettigiona viridissima in Asia were provided by STOROZHENKO
(pers. comm.).
Results
Morphological description of Tettigonia viridissima (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Fig. 7a, b, c, d)
The body is green or yellowish brown. Sometimes the whole body is green but
only all femora are light brown. There is a clear dark stripe on the dorsal parts
from head to metazona with a dark yellow or yellowish spot between the stripes
at sulcus (Fig. 5a). The colour of the stripe and its extension over the tegmina is
variable (red brown or brown or dark brown or black or brown with black spot).
The tegmina surpass the hind femora obviously (Fig. 6a). The front of the male
stridulatory apparatus is rounded but sharply at the end (Fig. 4a). The cerci of the
male are almost two times longer than the styli and the inner teeth are located
within the basal one-third (Fig. 8a and Fig. 9a). The ovipositor of the female is
slightly curved and does not reach behind the wingtip.
Measurements: See Table 1.
Distribution (STOROZHENKO 1994, CHILDEBAEV & STOROZHENKO 2004): North Afri-
ca, Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Afghanistan, North India, Central Asia, Ka-
zakhstan, North-west China (Tian-Shan), West Siberia (from Ural to Altai Mts.)
and - possibly - North Mongolia (Fig. 3).
106 [15.10.2013] ARTICULATA 28 (1/2)
Data for the eastern border of the range provided by STOROZHENKO (pers.
comm.): West Siberia, Altai Mts., Pankrushikha, ca 300 km SE from Barnaul, 2
females [Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Peters-
burg]. Altai (TARBINSKY, 1925: 178): vicinity of Barnaul, 2-27 August 1923 (num-
ber of studied specimens not recorded).
Morphological description of Tettigonia dolichoptera Mori, 1933
(Fig. 7e, f).
The body is usually green, only rarely with light brown femora. There is an indis-
tinct spot or a light indistinct stripe on the back of the head or the frontal part of
the pronotum or both of them, but not on the metazona, only rarely a indistinct
stripe on it (Fig.5b). The colour of the spot or stripe is black or red brown or light
brown. The tegmina surpass the femora, but not obviously. At one third of the
distance from the wing basis towards its tip, the wing is wider than at the begin-
ning of its apical third, which is similar to T. orientalis (Fig.6b). The male stridula-
tory apparatus is slightly triangular (Fig. 4b) The styli of the males extend to
about half the length of the cerci and the inner tooth of cerci are covered by an
epiproct, which is longer than in T. viridissima (Fig.8b). The ovipositor of the fe-
males is straight and about half of its length extends over the wingtip.
Measurements: See Table 1. (Fig. 1)
Distribution (MORI 1933, STOROZHENKO 1994, KIM & KIM 2001, STOROZHENKO &
PAIK 2007): South Korea (without southern islands), North Korea, Manchuria,
North-eastern China, Pacific Coast of eastern Russia (Fig. 3).
The syntypes of Mori were lost during the Korean War. However, the measure-
ments of KIM & KIM (2001) demonstrate clearly that Mori had used unusually
large specimens as types, probably to have a clear difference to his "T. viri-
dissima" which may have been T. ussuriana. Most Korean specimens are dis-
tinctly smaller (Fig. 1). So the validity of the smaller subspecies T. d. maritima
from the Russian Far East has to be considered as doubtful. In addition, it would
be only a junior synonym of T. uvarovi Ebner, 1946. STOROZHENKO (1981) syn-
onymised T. uvarovi with T. ussuriana; however, applying his own key (STOROZ-
HENKO & PAIK 2007) on the type reveals clearly that it belongs to T. dolichoptera
(Fig. 1).
Description of Tettigonia orientalis Uvarov, 1924
According to UVAROV (1924) and STOROZHENKO (1994), the tegmina slightly sur-
pass the hind femur and the basal third of the tegmina is wider than its apical
third.The length of it is quite variable (data in OGAWA and OHYBAYASHI 2003). The
cerci of the species are shorter than in T. viridissima and extend to the ends of
the styli (Fig. 8c).
Measurements: See Table 1.
Distribution (UVAROV 1924, STOROZENKO 1994, OGAWA and OHYBAYASHI 2003,
ICHIKAWA et al. 2006): Japan; Honshu and Shikoku (Fig. 3). Not in Korea (com-
pare between STOROZHENKO & PAIK 2007 and PAIK et al. 2010).
ARTICULATA 28 (1/2) [15.10.2013] 107
Table 1: Comparative measurements of the three Tettigonia species.
Species
Reference
Hind Femur [mm]
Pronotum [mm]
Tegmina [mm]
male
female
male
female
male
female
T. viridissima
HARZ (1969)
22-28
25-29.5
6-9
8-9
34-47.5
43-54
T. viridissima
STOROZHENKO (1994)
22.3-28
25.3-29.5
7.-8.5
7.2-9
40-47.5
44-53.5
T. viridissima
Own data
21-27
25-30
6.5-9
7-9.5
40-50
49-57
T. viridissima
MORI (1933)
= T. ussuriana?
22-24
24-26
7-7.5
8-8.5
28-34
27-32
T. dolichoptera
maritima
STOROZHENKO (1994)
24-25.1
24.5-29.2
7.9-8.2
8-9.1
37.5-38.5
36-43
T. dolichoptera
Own data
25-30
30
7.5-9
9
40-45
42
T. dolichoptera
MORI (1933)
31
29
9
8
47
45
T. orientalis
UVAROV (1924)
27
28
9
33.5
38
T. orientalis
OGAWA & OHBAYASHI
(2003)
25.6-31.1
28-33.2
8.2-10.4
9-10.5
33.5-40.8
38-40.8
Song of Tettigonia viridissima (Linneaus, 1758)
The song type is a continuous trill, which is often broken by short gaps at larger,
irregular intervals (not shown; see also HELLER 1988, RAGGE & REYNOLDS 1998).
The syllables are always arranged in pairs: Between first and second syllable
there is a short gap, after the second syllable, there is a larger one. This pattern
is repeated continuously.The song can be heard from late afternoon to night.
(Fig. 2a, b). According to INGRISCH & KÖHLER (1998), as a result of NIELSON &
DREISIG (1970), the beginning time of the song depends on temperature.
Song of Tettigonia dolichoptera Mori, 1933
The song is a continuous trill which may last for many seconds (see also KIM
2009) (Fig. 2c). It can be heard in the night usually and habitually, both males
and females have a break time in the bush during the day, but if there is hard
wind at the day, suddenly, males sing reflected tone (?), warming up tone (?) and
come out into above bush to move into other place, that is somewhat similar to
Heller's work about Hexacentrus unicolor Serville, 1831 (HELLER 1986). However,
this song is not introduced in this work because of lack of data. Thus, I will exam-
ine this song in the future.
Song of Tettigonia orientalis Uvarov, 1924
The song is a continous homogenous trill lasting for many seconds (syllable
repetition rate 36 Hz at 30 ºC; OGAWA & OHBAYASHI 2003). In the recording shown
here the opening hemisyllables are clearly visible (Fig. 2d).
108 [15.10.2013] ARTICULATA 28 (1/2)
Fig. 1:
Measurements of Korean
Tettigonia (mainly from KIM &
KIM 2001, supplemented with
the data of the types of T.
uvarovi and T. d. maritima and
own data). Blue: Tettigonia
ussuriana in South Korea.; Red:
Holotype of Tettigonia
ussuriana; White: Tettigonia
dolichoptera in South Korea;
Green: Syntype of Tettigonia
dolichoptera; Grey: one speci-
men of own Tettigonia
dolichoptera; Black: Holotype of
Tettigonia dolichoptera mariti-
ma; Brown: Holotype of
Tettigonia uvarovi.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Fig. 2:
Oszillogram of songs
of (a) an isolated
male of T. viridissima,
(b) two males of T.
viridissima,
(c) T. dolichoptera
(d) T. orientalis.
(a) Isolated male in
the cage recorded by
Samsung Mp3 in
Germany in Berlin
2.7.2008 on 23:30 at
20 °C; (b) two males
singing with distance
in Urtica sp. recorded
by Nikon Coolpix
4500 camera as vid-
eo in Greece in
Paleokastro Hagios
Georgios; (c) isolated
male in the cage
South Korea, Seoul
6.7.2003 on 23:00 at
29 °C; (d) Recording
from CD in ICHIKAWA
et. al (2006), 26.5 °C.
ARTICULATA 28 (1/2) [15.10.2013] 109
Fig. 3: Distribution of three Tettigonia species in Northeast Asia: 1) Tettigonia
viridissima (Linneaus, 1758); 2) Tettigonia dolichoptera Mori, 1933;
3) Tettigonia orientalis Uvarov, 1924.
Fig. 4:
(a) stridulatory apparatus of Tettigonia
viridissima. (b)Tettigonia dolichoptera.
Fig. 5: (a) dorsal view of Tettigonia viridissima. (b)Tettigonia dolichoptera.
a)
b)
a)
b)
110 [15.10.2013] ARTICULATA 28 (1/2)
Fig. 6: Tegmina of (a) Tettigonia viridissima, (b) Tettigonia dolichoptera.
Fig 7: Tettigonia viridissima (a) Male, Greece; (b) Female, Paleokastro Hagios Geor-
gios. (c) Germany Male 14.8.2009 Berlin Wuhletal; (d) Female 3.8.2010 Berlin
Airport Tempelhof.
Tettigonia dolichoptera South Korea (e) Male, (f) Female Gyeonggi-do Yang-
ju-gun Jangheung-myeon Wudaeri on 14.7.2006 and on 19.7.2006.
a)
b)
a)
b)
c)
e)
f)
d)
ARTICULATA 28 (1/2) [15.10.2013] 111
Fig. 8:
(a) Cerci of Tettigonia viridissima.
(b) Cerci of Tettigonia dolichoptera.
(c) Cerci of Tettigonia orientails
(STOROZHENKO 1994);
Fig. 9:
Subgenital plate of
(a) Tettigonia viridissima
(b) Tettigonia dolichoptera.
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
112 [15.10.2013] ARTICULATA 28 (1/2)
Discussion
Although T. viridissima is not distributed in the eastern most part of the Eurasian
continent, it has been notified to live in the North Pacific Coast of the continent
for a long time. Its range seems to be limited in the East to the Altai Mts.
(STOROZHENKO 1994) and Xinjang (Western China at the border between Ka-
zahkhstan and China – Tian-Shan; JIN & XIA 1994). The wing morphology of the
two species T. viridissima and T. dolichoptera is similar, however, the species
are distinguished clearly by the form of the tegmina and the form of the cerci.
According to SCHUL (1998) females of T. viridissima will not be attracted to the
song of T. cantans (Fuessely, 1775) which has a song similar to that of T. doli-
choptera, because they need long sound pulses and large intervals. Obviously
they combine both syllables of a syllable pair to one sound unit (see Fig. 7 in
SCHUL 1998). Females of T. cantans, however, use syllable rate for song recogni-
tion. In Japan, there are several, partly undescribed Tettigonia species with dif-
fering song patterns (ICHIKAWA et al. 2006). Probably SCHUL's (1998) work will
give an idea how to identify species of the Tettigonia orientalis complex in Japan.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Dr. Klaus-Gerhard Heller (Magdeburg, Germany) and Prof.
Dr. Klaus Reinhold (Bielefeld University, Germany) for intensive discussions, cor-
rections of my manuscript, for providing lots related papers and help with my
song files. I also sincerely thank Dr. Tawoo Kim (National Institute Biological Re-
sources, South Korea) for sharing his knowledge on Tettigonia species. I am also
grateful to Dr. Sergey Storozhenko (Vladivostok, Russia) for some data and
comments on the manuscript, to Prof. Dr. Johannes Schul (University of Mis-
souri, USA) for sending his doctoral thesis and to Prof. Dr Michael Sergeev (No-
vosibirsk State University, Russia) for manuscripts. Finally, I really thank my
mother Young-Sun Kwon for her assistance in packing to import bush-crickets
from Germany to South Korea.
Author:
Howon Rhee
Massey University
Private Bag 11 222
Palmerston North
4442, New Zealand
E-Mail: gampsocleis@hotmail.com
ARTICULATA 28 (1/2) [15.10.2013] 113
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