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Proceedings of the 19th IAHR-APD Congress 2014, Hanoi, Vietnam
ISBN 978604821338-1
1
DETECTION OF DECADAL SHORELINE CHANGES ALONG DHAMARA AND MAIPURA COAST,
ODISHA, INDIA
R. MANI MURALI (1), R. DHIMAN (1), S. JAYAKUMAR (1), D. ILANGOVAN (1) AND P. VETHAMONY (1)
(1) CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, 403004 - Goa, India,
e-mail: mmurali@nio.org
ABSTRACT
Coastal erosion is one of the major problems of the coastal zone. The erosion is triggered by various reasons such as
high wave energy, reduction of sediments, natural disasters and climate change etc. In the era of industrialization, major
infrastructure developments are happening along the coast. Prior to the initiation of those projects, it is important to
understand the coastal processes of erosion, deposition, sediment-transport, flooding and sea-level-changes of the region
which continuously alters the shoreline. These processes disturb the stability and productivity of aquatic environment
and may have severe implications for proprietors. This study attempts morphological assessment of shoreline in the
middle coastal plains of Odisha state on the east coast of India. Shorelines changes study is carried out at Dhamra and
Maipura Coast to quantify erosion and accretion during years 1990 – 2012. Satellite derived remote sensing data of
LANDSAT and IRS P6 for the years 1990, 2000 and 2012 were used in this study. Dhamra coast has been modified in
between these years due to anthropogenic disturbance such as port development. Maipura coast which has large
mangrove cover, Bhitarkanika national park carries its ecological importance. These coasts experienced erosion during
2000-2012 compared to 1990-2000. Accretion is noticed in the nearby river mouths. Temporal variation of sediments and
frequent flood events will also be discussed in the paper. The detailed analysis reveals that the maximum erosion of 227
m, 47 m in a decade at Dhamra and Maipura coasts respectively. Area of Dhamra coast was under accretion during
1990-2000 and this area experienced erosion near Dhamra port just after the development of port in 2007. This study
concludes that shoreline of study area is under high risk of erosion and inundation due to natural as well as
anthropogenic activities in the area.
Keywords: Remote sensing; Erosion; Accretion; Odisha coast; DSAS.
1. INTRODUCTION
The coastline of India comprises of variety of habitats and
ecosystems such as sandy and rocky beaches, cliffs, water
and lagoons to bays, mangrove swamps, sea grass beds,
coral reefs and estuaries. Indian coastline is about 7,500
kms in length and the EEZ is having an area of 2.02
million sq. km (Ramesh et al., 2011). The recognition of a
‘‘shoreline’’ involves the selection of a shoreline indicator
within the available data source (Ron et al., 2001).
Shoreline change is considered as one of the most
dynamic processes in the coastal region and is caused
due to various physical and anthropogenic processes
(Chen et al., 2005). Shorelines are always subjected to
changes due to coastal processes, which are controlled by
wave characteristics and the resultant near-shore
circulation, sediment characteristics, beach form etc.
(Kumar et al., 2010). Assessment of long term erosion and
accretion rate of the coastal area is essential for the
selection of different types of coastal structures. Erosion
and accretion index is prepared for Kuwait coast
(Neelamani and Uddin, 2013). This study is helpful for
identifying better sites for coastal infrastructural activities
in the study area. Erosion has been observed at the region
around the ports of Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Ennore and
Nagapattinam on the east coast of India while deposition
has been observed south of these ports. These changes are
attributed to construction of artificial barriers like
breakwater, jetties, etc. (Nayak, 1992). The rising number
of coastal disasters along the world’s coastlines throws
light on the need for better and more efficient
methodologies for the assessment of coastal vulnerability.
A study at east coast of India was carried out to analyze
and illustrate the vulnerability linked with various coastal
hazards and can be used effectively by coastal managers
and decision-makers to devise better coastal zone
management plans as well as to ensure efficient
mitigation measures to lessen the losses during disasters
(Murali et. al., 2013).
A fruitful management of the coastal region requires alert
consideration of all the components of shoreline
movement, as it is a complex phenomenon resulting from
both natural processes and anthropogenic effects
(Camfield and Morang, 1996). Construction of seawalls
has resulted in shifting of erosion sites from one place to
another, whereas, breakwaters have been acting as
barriers for littoral drift at Mangalore coast (Kumar and
Jayappa, 2009). Accretion was predominant along the
coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin during 1969-
1999, but this area had undergone erosion from 1999
onwards. Morphologic and hydrodynamic changes arise
continuously subsequent to December 2004 tsunami
(Mujabar and Chandrasekar, 2011). A recent study
demonstrated shoreline changes and morphology of spits
for southern Karnataka area, India (1910-2005) utilizing
satellite data and statistical techniques which can be
incredibly practical in quantifying shoreline changes and
spit morphology (Kumar et al, 2010). Accurate
quantification of the dimensions of material lost using
erosion risk mapping assists decision making for the
implementation of protective measures. A research was
2
carried out to establish soil loss rates due to erosion by
water and wind in protected natural areas, to predict the
environmental effects of different land uses (Martinez-
Grana et al., 2014). Another study discussed an
alternative cost-effective methodology involving satellite
remote sensing images and statistics during their study
for shoreline change analysis and its application to
prediction (Maiti and Bhattacharya, 2008). DSAS is used
for studying Quantitative analysis of shoreline changes at
the Mediterranean Coast in Turkey. LANDSAT satellite
data for the years 1972 (MSS), 1987 (TM) and 2002 (ETM)
was used after image processing and coastline was
detected by self organizing data analysis technique
classifications, edge detection and overlay technique.
DSAS was used to calculate erosion and accretion rate at
different time intervals. A combined use of cartographic
data and statistical methods could be a trustworthy
technique for shoreline related studies (Kuleli, 2010).
Application of such data seems to be trustworthy in
qualitative monitoring of shoreline changes, while it is
the only available method for long term studies
(Bagdanavičiūtė et al., 2012). Dynamic geomorphology of
Mahanadi delta and problems of coastal dynamics and
shoreline changes after the construction of Paradip port
was studied (Meijerink, 1983; Rao, 1989). The extent of
coastal geomorphological changes induced by the
grounded ship MV River Princess was analysed on the
Candolim–Sinquerim coastline of Goa, India (Murali et
al., 2013). In this study, dynamics behind erosion is
discussed based on the southwest and northeast monsoon
wave patterns and alignment of the ship with respect to
the shoreline. (Rupali, 2007) studied the spit stability
adjacent to the Jatadharmohan creek based on
hydrodynamic conditions of the creek and slope stability.
A study was conducted to understand nearshore erosion,
deposition, sediment budget and longshore transports off
Paradip area (Ananth and Sundar, 1990; Sarma and
Sundar, 1988). Erosion, that is observed north of Paradip
and Ennore ports on the east coast of India, is due to
construction of artificial breakwaters and jetties (Nayak et
al., 1992, 1997; Chauhan et al., 1996). Coastal processes
along the Indian coast with reference to the erosion and
accretion was studied (Sanilkumar, 2006). Another study
was carried out to monitor the shoreline environment of
Paradip using remote sensing for the period 1973-2005.
The years 2001, 2002 and 2003 exhibited loss in length of
shoreline as well as area of the beach (Murali et al., 2009).
The Objective of this study is to monitor and quantify the
erosion and accretion for annual to decadal scales at
Dhamara and Maipura coasts of Odisha coast using
remote sensing data and GIS.
2. STUDY AREA
The area under investigation is the coastline of
Odisha state located on the east coast of India. The
Odisha coastline is 480 km in length and consists of six
coastal districts. Dhamara and Maipura coasts are
targeted for shoreline mapping in order to quantify the
erosion and accretion during the period 1990 – 2012 (22
years). The study area (Figure 1) is located between
20°43'17.26" N - 20°2'51.875" N, and 87°4'6.915" E -
86°26'0.235" E. The study area has a tropical climate and
summer maximum temperature ranges between 35-40° C
and the low temperatures are usually between 12-14°C.
The average rainfall is measured to be 1482 mm and
receives an average of 78% of rainfall between the months
of June and September and the remaining 22% of the
rainfall throughout the year. The source of the sand that
feed the beaches, dunes, and barrier beaches comes
primarily from the erosion of coastal landforms (Ramesh
et al., 2011). A unique feature of the adjacent Bay of
Bengal (BoB) is occurrence of tropical cyclones during
October-November and April-May (Sehgal et al., 1991).
Storm surges that are generated by the cyclones in the
Bay of Bengal cause tremendous destruction along the
east coast of India. A study was carried out for projected
sea level rise estimation for regions surrounding
Nagapattinam, Kochi and Paradip. According to this
study, Paradip is known for the occurrence of storm
surges resulting from the passage of cyclones
(Unnikrishnan et al., 2010). The cyclones that affected the
Orissa coast between 1877 and 1987 show irregular tracks
and they occurred in between the mouth of the Dhamra
River and Paradip. Between 1891 and 1970, there were
1036 depressions in the Bay of Bengal and among them,
360 intensified into storms (Ramesh et al., 2011). The
Mahanadi River deltaic coast is micro-tidal with a mean
tidal range of 1.29 m. The currents measured in the
coastal waters of Odisha indicate that the flow is towards
south with speeds varying from 14-29 cms-1. An average
annual total sediment load of 29.77 million tons are
carried by the Mahanadi River at its delta head (Kumar et
al., 2010). Mudflats, spits, bars, beach ridges, creeks,
estuaries, lagoons, flood plains, paleo-mudflats, coastal
dunes and salt pans are observed along the Mahanadi
delta of Orissa.
Figure 1. Location of study area
3. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Data used
The LANDSAT satellite images were downloaded from
Global land- cover facility website and IRS-R2 satellite
imagery was purchased from National Remote Sensing
Centre, Hyderabad. The following Table shows the
various images that were procured, their resolution and
date of pass.
3
Tabl
e 1.
Satel
lite
data
infor
mati
on
used
for
Stud
y
3.2 Methodology
The satellite images of the study region were searched
and accordingly, the above listed satellite images were
used for this study. The important factors which need to
be considered for finalizing the satellite images are cloud
cover, similar tide conditions, similar season data,
uniform projection factors, etc. In this study, the above
factors were considered for the available images. The
satellite data undergoes radiometric correction and data
scaling to enable maximum visual interpretation. All
images were geo-coded with UTM projection WGS 84
datum parameters. Geo-coded data are images that have
been rectified to a particular map projection and pixel
size, and usually radiometric corrections are already
applied. About 30 Ground control points were used for
this purpose.
One of the objectives was to understand and predict
annual- to decadal-scale shoreline change along the study
area using remote sensing and GIS. The study was
conducted for different years i.e. 1990-2000, 2000-2012
depending upon the data availability.
First of all Image processing was done for different
satellite images in ERDAS Imagine 9.1. The study area is
a part of different scenes of satellite imagery. Mosaic
image was prepared for different scenes and then subset
of study area was created for further processing. All
satellite imagery was geo-referenced and RMSE error was
less than one only. Resampling of all satellite imagery
was done in Erdas Imagine 9.1 to prepare same pixel size
(23.5 m) for different datasets.
Preprocessed satellite imagery is used to digitize
shorelines. Maps are line digitized so that shoreline can
be marked. These marked boundaries are then overlaid
for different years and difference can be brought out
using ARC GIS 10.1. DSAS is used to compute rate-of-
change statistics for a time series of shoreline vector data
(Thieler et al. 2009). Transects were created on baseline at
a distance of 50 m for all shorelines under study area.
4. RESULTS
Mapping of shoreline lengths for Dhamara and Maipura
coasts were done at a temporal scale of 22 years. Detailed
results of length of shoreline are given below.
Table 2. Decadal shoreline mapping results
Sr.
No.
Coast
Name
Length
in 1990
(km)
Length
in 2000
(km)
Length
in 2012
(km)
Net Results
in 2012 (km)
1.
Dhamara
16.94
18.22
18.83
Gain
1.89
2.
Maipura
10.71
10.01
10.24
Loss
0.47
These results show that shoreline behavior is highly
dynamic in this area. This can be due to deltaic
characteristics of rivers and cyclonic activities in the area.
Dhamara coast showed a net increase in length of 1.89
km in 22 years. Maipura coast confirmed the net loss of
470 meters in length of coastline. Erosion and accretion
measurement was done using DSAS by creating transects
at a fixed distance spacing of 50 meters. High distance
spacing of transects increases the uncertainty in results
and very low distance spacing increase the huge amount
of data values. Therefore the transect spacing was taken
50 meter in this study. These results are calculated for
1990-2000 and 2000-2012. Each coast under study area
shows different behavior under different time scale.
Dhamara Coast
A maximum erosion of 227 m at transect id 42
and accretion of 537 m at transect no 136 is observed in
1990-2000 at Dhamara coast. Transect id 69 shows 269 m
erosion and transect id 150 shows 513 m accretion in
2000-2012 (Figure 2).
Maipura Coast
A maximum erosion of 47 m at transect id 44
and accretion of 183 m at transect id 66 is observed in
1990-2000 at Maipura coast. Transect id 02 showed 93 m
erosion and transect id 186 shows 177 m accretion in
2000-2012 (Figure 3).
Dhamara coast has undergone an average
erosion of 5.05 m/year from 1990 to 2000, which is
increased in next decadal interval i.e. 8.57 m/year during
2000 – 2012. Net erosion increase during 2000-2012 was
34% as compared to 1990 – 2000 (). Dhamara port is
constructed in 2007 is also located in the area under
erosion. Erosion at this site might be because of
anthropogenic activities. Middle part of the coast is
accreted and erosion is observed in northern and
southern part. The area near Dhamara river mouth is
accreted; this may be because of heavy sediment
transport activities at river mouth. Northern part of coast
is under high erosion.
Maipura coast experienced an average erosion of
1.41 m/year from 1990 to 2000, which is increased to 3.87
m/year in 2000 – 2012. Net erosion increase during 2000
– 2012 was 12% as compared to last decade. This coast
has sediment transport activities at both ends. North part
of the coast is affected by Dhamara river and southern
part is affected by Maipura river. In northern part near
mouth of dharma, maximum erosion is observed and the
area near maipura mouth is maximum accreted during
2000 - 2012.
Date
and
Year
Path/
Row
Satelli
te
ID
Sensor
Reso
lutio
n (m)
Resol
ution
(m)
after
resam
pling
28.11.
1990
140-46
Lands
at 5
TM
30
23.5
23.10.
2000
139-46
Lands
at 7
ETM+
30
23.5
24.02.
2012
107-58
IRS-R2
L3
23.5
23.5
Proceedings of the 19th IAHR-APD Congress 2014, Hanoi, Vietnam
ISBN 978604821338-1
1
Fig 2. Erosion and accretion mapping for Dhamara coast for years 1990-2000 and 2000-2012
Fig 5. Transects wise NSM for Maipura coast
Fig 4. Transects wise NSM for Dhamara coast
Fig 3. Erosion and accretion mapping for Maipura coast for years 1990-2000 and 2000-2012
2
5. CONCLUSIONS
This study concludes that shoreline of Odisha coast is
under high weight of erosion and this might be due to
natural as well as anthropogenic activities in the area.
Erosional activities increased during last few years
compare to the last few decades. There may be some
natural causes, for example – wave energy, cyclones from
Bay of Bengal, floods in coastal plains and deltaic
characteristics of rivers in the area. Area of Dhamara
coast under accretion during 1990-2000 resulted into
erosional area near Dhamara port just after the
development of port in 2007. It is due to the
anthropogenic involvements on the shoreline, the
shoreline conservation measures are recommended near
to the port areas. Dhamara coast is under accretion in
northward direction and erosion is elucidating in
southward direction, which shows dynamic ocean
current flow direction from northward to southward.
This result can be helpful in study of sediment
transportation from Dhamara River into Bay of Bengal.
Large mangrove area at Maipura coast revealed erosion,
which is not a good indicator for biodiversity.
Biodiversity conservation measures are recommended
near the Maipura coast.
A physical approach of shoreline change
detection is recommended for better accuracy of
morphological assessment. Anthropogenic activities such
as dredging, mining, etc. also contributed in quantum of
erosion at study site. Studies of sediment dynamics from
land into oceans by rivers in this region is also an
inevitable in the study. Increased activities including
anthropogenic emissions, erosions and their intended
conservation draw the attention of scientific community
to this region.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors acknowledge Director, CSIR-National
Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India, for the
support of this study.
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