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Bedeutung der Herkunft von Saatgut. Untersuchungen an Buntbrachen und anderen ökologischen Ausgleichsflächen
... e Herkunft von Corylus zeichnete sich durch eine geringere Frosthärte aus (Rumpf 2002). Gebietsfremde Herkünfte können auch anfälliger gegenüber Phytoparasiten sein. Nordische Herkünfte der Hänge- Birke (Betula pendula) wachsen in Deutsch land schlechter und sind für einen Befall mit dem Pilz Myxosporium devastans extrem anfällig (Spethmann 1997). Keller & Kollmann (1998) stellten bei Untersuchungen an Buntbrachen in der Schweiz fest, dass einheimische Prove nienzen krautiger Arten bessere Etablie rungsraten aufweisen. Das regionale Schweizer Handelssaatgut zeigte mit we nigen Ausnahmen höhere Etablierungs raten als importierte Sippen von Agro stemma githago, Centaurea cyanus, Daucus caro ta, Leuca ...
... Weitere Untersuchungen an sechs Grä sern (Alopecurus pratensis, Festuca arundina cea, F. pratensis, Lolium perenne, Phleum pra tense, Poa pratensis) ergaben eine geringere Parasitierung und ein vermindertes Räuber-Beute-Verhältnis auf den Kultur sorten im Vergleich zu den Wildsippen (Neugebauer & Tscharntke 1997, Tscharntke 2000). Bei Untersuchungen an Handelssaat gut für Buntbrachen in der Schweiz (Keller & Kollmann 1998) zeigten sich provenienzbedingte Unterschiede im Blühverhalten, wobei tendenziell die aus nördlicheren und östlicheren Regionen stammenden Pflanzen später blühten als die aus der Schweiz stammenden. Bei Daucus carota und Leucanthemum vulgare betrug die Verzögerung jeweils drei Wochen, bei Centaurea cyanus und Cichorium intybus zwei Wochen. ...
Perspectives for the use of autochthonous ("gebietseigene") woody plants The authors discuss the use of the ter m "autochthon". In the German language this term is proble matic because of its varying application. It is suggested to use the term "gebietseigen" instead. A defi nition for the term is proposed. It describes plant material originating from populations of indige nous taxa, which have grown in a region over a long time in multiple generations. A genetic diffe rentiation compared to populations of the same species of other regions is assumed. Economic and ecologic explanations for the use of autochthonous plants are given. Some exam ples show that autoc hthonous plants may be better adapted to the ecological conditions and show better growth than foreign provenances. With the planting of foreign provenances the biological diversity in and between taxa is endangered and ecological effects on animal taxa were observed. The use of native provenances is also demanded by German law: according to § 41 of the Federal Nature
... Concerns about such planting and landscaping programmes have been discussed in the UK (Akeroyd 1994) and in the USA (Millar & Libby 1991;Reinartz 1995;Guerrant 1996;Montalvo et al. 1997). Besides maladaptation of foreign plants, which causes decreased germination rates and poor establishment, or dysfunction of plant±animal interactions (Keller & Kollmann 1998Keller, Kollmann & Edwards 1999), genetic introgression of foreign genes is also a potential threat to native populations. Even though the sown vegetation is commonly removed after 2±6 years, and permanent establishment of introduced plants in the ®eld or at the ®eld margin has rarely been observed (Ramseier 1994), the increasing abundance of wild¯ower strips increases the risk of genetic introgression. ...
... Plants from local populations were always more productive than foreign parents, including the distant Swiss Papaver, but with the exception of the Agrostemma from central Germany (Fig. 4). This advantage of the local populations is consistent with results on plant establishment from a previous ®eld experiment at two arable sites, where the local plants of six out of eight species outperformed those from other countries (Keller & Kollmann 1998). The lack of environmental maladaptation in Agrostemma might re¯ect the Fig. 7. Seed mass of parents and hybrids from long-distance crosses of Agrostemma githago under experimental conditions. ...
1. Seed mixtures of wildflowers are used increasingly in schemes to restore biodiversity in intensively managed farmland. Usually, the seed mixtures are produced by commercial suppliers and they may be distributed over large geographical distances. It is therefore important to ask what problems may arise from using seed that is not of local origin. The aim of this study was to evaluate one potential problem, namely the effects of genetic introgression of foreign provenances on the fitness of local weed populations.
2. The problem was investigated using the arable weed species Agrostemma githago , Papaver rhoeas and Silene alba , all of which are commonly included in commercial seed mixtures in Switzerland. Hybrids (F 1 and F 2 backcrosses) were made between local Swiss plants and plants of English, German and Hungarian provenance (plus F 1 from one US source in Silene ). In a field experiment the growth of the hybrid plants was compared with that of the parents. Above‐ground dry matter after one growing season was taken as a measure of fitness. Additionally, survivorship and seed mass were determined for some of the hybrids.
3. The biomass data revealed negative outbreeding effects caused by epistasis in all four F 2 backcrosses of Papaver and in the F 2 of Agrostemma hybridized with plants of German provenance; no such effects were found in Silene . Survival was slightly lower in the F 1 hybrids of Papaver , and considerably reduced in the F 2 backcrosses. For Silene , a heterosis effect was evident in seed mass in the F 1 generation, while seed mass decreased in the F 2 . The same trend, although less strong, was also observed in Agrostemma .
4. The results suggest that only plants of relatively local origin should be used in wildflower mixtures, although it is not possible to specify precisely over what distance seed can safely be transferred. The same recommendation is also valid for schemes to reinvigorate endangered plant populations. The relevance of the fitness components that were measured, and the long‐term effects of genetic introgressions, are discussed.
... ecotype) performs best at its native site [9,43]. Given the potential for the disruption of local adaptation by translocation, investigators have tested the home-site advantage hypothesis in several plant taxa used in restoration [9,41,44,45]. Strong evidence of local adaptation was discovered in 11 out of 13 species, suggesting that interpopulation transplants would suffer significantly reduced fitness at transplant sites [9,45,46]. ...
... Given the potential for the disruption of local adaptation by translocation, investigators have tested the home-site advantage hypothesis in several plant taxa used in restoration [9,41,44,45]. Strong evidence of local adaptation was discovered in 11 out of 13 species, suggesting that interpopulation transplants would suffer significantly reduced fitness at transplant sites [9,45,46]. However, there might be translocation risks even in the absence of local adaptation, when hybridizing populations represent epitypes rather than ecotypes. ...
Recent studies illustrate the emerging field of restoration genetics, which is a synthesis of restoration ecology and population genetics. The translocation of organisms during the restoration of native ecosystems has provoked new questions concerning the consequences of sampling protocols and of intraspecific hybridization between locally adapted and transplanted genotypes. Studies are now underway to determine both the extent of local adaptation among focal populations and the potential risks of introducing foreign genotypes, including founder effects, genetic swamping and outbreeding depression. Data are needed to delineate ‘seed transfer zones’, or regions within which plants can be moved with little or no consequences for population fitness. Here, we address the revival of transplant and common garden studies, the use of novel molecular markers to predict population genetic consequences of translocation, and their combined power for determining appropriate seed transfer zones in restoration planning for native plant populations.
... Weitere Untersuchungen an sechs Gräsern (Alopecurus pratensis, Festuca arundinacea , F. pratensis, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense , Poa pratensis) ergaben eine geringere Parasitierung und ein vermindertes Räuber-Beute-Verhältnis auf den Kultursorten im Vergleich zu den Wildsippen (Neugebauer & Tscharntke 1997, Tscharntke 2000). Bei Untersuchungen an Handelssaatgut für Buntbrachen in der Schweiz (Keller & Kollmann 1998) zeigten sich provenienzbedingte Unterschiede im Blühverhalten, wobei tendenziell die aus nördlicheren und östlicheren Regionen stammenden Pflanzen später blühten als die aus der Schweiz stammenden. Bei Daucus carota und Leucanthemum vulgare betrug die Verzögerung jeweils drei Wochen, bei Centaurea cyanus und Cichorium intybus zwei Wochen. ...
The authors discuss the use of the term “autochthon”. In the German language this term is problematic because of its varying application. It is suggested to use the term “gebietseigen” instead. A definition for the term is proposed. It describes plant material originating from populations of indigenous taxa, which have grown in a region over a long time in multiple generations. A genetic differentiation compared to populations of the same species of other regions is assumed. Economic and ecologic explanations for the use of autochthonous plants are given. Some examples show that autochthonous plants may be better adapted to the ecological conditions and show better growth than foreign provenances. With the planting of foreign provenances the biological diversity in and between taxa is endangered and ecological effects on animal taxa were observed. The use of native provenances is also demanded by German law: according to § 41 of the Federal Nature Conservation Act (BNatSchG) a permit is required for the release of both non-native species and
non-native provenances. Supply and demand of autochthonous plants were investigated with an inquiry among nurseries in Brandenburg. So far the demand was low. However, there is a pronounced interest in this market segment among nurseries, even though there is little supply and certified proof of origin is lacking. Basic principles and a concept for the production and certification of autochthonous plant material
of woody species are developed within a research project currently going on at the Institute of Ecology of the Technical University of Berlin in co-operation with two nurseries and landscape planning consultants in Brandenburg. It is supported by a consulting working group, consisting of representatives from administration, science and nurseries. A producers association for the promotion of autochthonous plants in Brandenburg will be founded.
... the area. This approach has often been justified with specifications of the Commercial Seeds Act, but has been regarded critically from a nature conservation point of view. The use of seeds of non-native origin of species occurring in the natural area can lead to a bastardisation of the flora and possibly to the elimination of local eco-types (cf. Keller & Kollmann 1998, Klingenstein & Eberhard 2003, Bischoff & Müller-Schärer 2005, Zahlheimer & Schuhwerk 2006). Additionally, these species 'occupy' sites with potential for more valuable restorations. The later enrichment of these sites with species of autochthonous origin is hardly possible due to the competitiveness of commercial varieties. ...
Interactions between flower visiting insects and nectar resp. pollen producing plants belong
to the most important in terrestrial ecosystems. Their diversity and dominance relationship
are important indicators for stability and functionality of ecosystems and belong
to the ecosystem services. They should be strongly concerned especially regarding
anthropogenic impacts on the habitats. We studied the cover of flowering plants (flowering
aspect) on two locations near Vienna. In each location semi-natural grassland
and flowering strips within vineyards were investigated. Recording took place from
May until July 2015 every two weeks. Quantity and diversity of flower-visiting insects
have been recorded simultaneously to vegetation surveys. We found a significant correlation
between flowering aspect and number of insects and insect taxa especially for
Hymenoptera. In some cases flowering strips in organically farmed vineyards showed
higher values of flowering aspect and number of insects than semi-natural grassland.
However, the latter provide a much more constant supply with nectar producing plants
replacing each other in their flowering phase during the vegetation period. In contrast,
flowering strips are often dominated by one or a few short-living and also short-flowering
species. Thus, flowering strips within organically farmed vineyards seem to be
more similar to semi-natural grassland regarding the diversity of flower visiting insects
than in conventional farmed vineyards.
Maps are one result of landscape ecological analyses showing the spatial arrangement of landscape complexes (see Chapter 2.2). With regard to different spatial dimensions of investigation landscape ecological maps vary in scale and content. Moreover, mapping methods, tools and techniques are individually transposed according to different approaches. Practical threats of landscape ecological research as well as needs in application necessitate the effort of maps as investigation, presentation and communication instruments, since:
the results demonstrated in maps represent a spatial scale-bound message that can be used for multifarious purposes
the statements being illustrated are more or less quantitative, and
synthesized landscape units are characterized in substance reducing and qualifying the significance of boarder lines between the single units (Leser 1997).
In Germany since the seventies of the last century large areas of floodplain grasslands have been meliorated, ploughed and used for intensive cropping. Since 1996, a local NGO – the NABU Köthen – works
successfully in restoring species-rich floodplain grasslands in the “Wulfener Bruch” area (Saxony-Anhalt).
Bit by bit, more than 40 ha of former arable land were bought and restored. This study shows the successful restoration of two former arable fields that have been abandoned in the years 2001 and 2002 respectively. After abandonment, a year-round grazing regime with Heck-cattle and Przewalskihorses without additional feeding and low stocking density was applied. In the year 2003, three different treatments were realized on the sites: natural recovery, hay transfer, and seeding of a commercial seed mixture. Until 2007, on sites with natural recovery and hay transfer, species-rich plant communities developed, comprising many target species of floodplain grasslands. With ongoing time, problematic species such as Cirsium arvense decreased their coverage without specific management measures. Furthermore, our results show that restoration success depends strongly on the groundwater table. The more the groundwater table converges towards its original state, the better the establishment of typical floodplain grassland species. Especially on drier sites, the sowing of commercial seed mixtures led to dense grass swards, thus impeding the colonization of target species.
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