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L'innovation en PME et son accompagnement par les TIC : quels effets sur la performance ?
Abstract
Firms’ innovativeness and their ICT resources are seen as two factors of firms’ competitiveness. Our research tests these sources of performance in the context of small-and-medium enterprises (SMEs) and examines possible synergies with ICTs supporting innovation. Our research is based on a double empirical investigation : a survey is conducted among firms in the region of Brittany (France), complemented with an online investigation of their financial performance. With a final sample of 1086 firms, we perform an econometric assessment of SMEs performance, explained by their innovativeness, their ICT resources (skills and assets) and the combined effect of their innovativeness supported by ICTs. The interaction variable capturing the combined effect constitutes the major methodological originality of our research. Our investigation shows that ICTs contribute to performance improvement when supporting innovations : SMEs’ innovativeness positively influences performance when it is accompanied by specific investments in ICTs or by more intensive use of existing ICTs in the firm. However, innovativeness and the level of ICT resources have a direct negative effect on SMEs’ financial performance. We discuss these results in the specific SMEs organizational context.
... In light of the above, some authors (Bertheau & Garel, 2015;Cordellier1, 2011) suggest that each type of innovation project has different attributes, determinants and impacts on the dimensions of the organization's performance. Thus, by studying the adoption of three types of innovation projects (administrative, technological and marketing), several research projects (Deltour & Lethiais, 2014;DOHOU & BERLAND, 2010;Germain & Tré bucq, 2004;Hillier et al., 2004;Maurel & Tensaout, 2014) highlight that the adoption of certain types of innovation projects, over time, leads to the construction of distinctive skills that positively influence the organizational, social and economic performance of the company. ...
... Agreed with several authors (Ayerbe, 2006;Berger-Douce, 2014;Bertheau & Garel, 2015;Deltour & Lethiais, 2014;Mignenan, 2021;Noailles, 2011), innovation projects, especially organizational ones, are considered a high-performance work model and therefore an important source of productivity gains and competitive advantages for companies. These authors highlighted the different configurations of innovation, including organizational, social, and technological to explain the overall performance of the organization. ...
... Another group of authors (Akrich, Callon, & Latour, 2009;Blindenbach-Driessen & Ende, 2010;Maurel & Tensaout, 2014) further emphasized the causal links between technological innovation and the organization's economic performance. Some works (Ayerbe, 2006;Berger-Douce, 2014;Bertheau & Garel, 2015;Damanpour et al., 2009;Deltour & Lethiais, 2014;Roy et al., 2013) highlighted the causal effect between social and societal innovation and company performance. In any case, the organization's efforts to innovate are seen as an investment to generate positive spin-offs (Garel & Rosier, 2008) From the same perspective as the previous ones, several studies postulate that the link between innovation and performance is often apprehended in a positive way (Bertheau & Garel, 2015;Maurel & Tensaout, 2014). ...
Studies on innovation management, carried out so far, have clearly revealed its importance for the performance of companies. However, its control of overall performance combining organizational, social, economic, societal, and environmental dimensions remains little explored. Even research on its model combining integrated innovation projects, to explain the overall performance is few. To understand the relevance of conducting inclusive innovation projects, a study of companies in the agri-food sector was carried out. We have deployed the mixed methodology. Data production was conducted through 11 semi-structured interviews and 90 surveys per survey. The deconstruction approach of innovation management, from organizational innovation to environmental innovation, was used. The results showed that organizational innovation plays a decisive role in organizational, financial, and overall performance. De, technological and social innovations increase economic performance and contribute to the improvement of overall performance. On the other hand, societal and environmental innovations are less relevant for organizational and financial performance. However, they play a decisive role in the management of climate change and the reputation of the organization with society. But, above all, it is the combination of the four types of innovation that constitutes better actions for the overall performance of the company. The article is useful for researchers who will find renewed definitions of each configuration of innovation projects, performances, proven items, and that prove to be more relevant. While managers and consultants will find new performance factors to effectively improve and enhance the implementation of innovation projects. This article is part of resource theory and performance theory and suggests that there is a differentiated relational contingency to each of the factors.
... Face à la numérisation croissante de l'économie, de nombreux travaux se sont interrogés sur la contribution des TIC à l'innovation. Que ce soit parce que les TIC permettent de favoriser la capitalisation des savoirs R&D de l'entreprise (Pavlou et El Sawy, 2006), de mieux identifier les besoins émergents du marché (Tambe et al., 2012), ou encore de faciliter la coordination (Banker et al., 2006), ces technologies sont généralement perçues comme un levier de l'innovation (Deltour et Lethiais, 2014 ;Higón, 2012). ...
... Le recours au numérique est devenu fréquent dans les activités innovantes des entreprises (Cainelli et al., 2006), et notamment des PME (Deltour et Lethiais, 2014 ;Higón, 2012). Ce recours est justifié par le fait que les TIC, en tant que dispositifs numériques de collecte, de traitement, de stockage et de transmission d'information, ont bénéficié ces dernières années de gains exponentiels quant à leurs performances matérielles (capacités de calcul et de transmission…) et leurs performances socio-économiques (développement des fonctionnalités, convergence des supports, coûts réduits). ...
... Ce recours est justifié par le fait que les TIC, en tant que dispositifs numériques de collecte, de traitement, de stockage et de transmission d'information, ont bénéficié ces dernières années de gains exponentiels quant à leurs performances matérielles (capacités de calcul et de transmission…) et leurs performances socio-économiques (développement des fonctionnalités, convergence des supports, coûts réduits). Les travaux traitant du lien entre l'innovation dans les firmes et les ressources numériques ont appréhendé ces dernières via des mesures agrégées (Kleis et al., 2012) ou via différentes catégories de TIC plus ou moins détaillées (Deltour et Lethiais, 2014). Du fait de leur caractère pervasif et polyvalent, les TIC sont perçues comme des ressources clés de l'innovation mais également comme des moyens d'activation de ressources clés internes ou de mobilisation de ressources externes pour l'innovation (Cardona et al., 2013 ;Nambisan, 2013). ...
Cet article étudie le rôle du numérique et du territoire dans la capacité d’innovation des entreprises. Plus précisément, nous nous interrogeons sur les déterminants de la capacité d’innovation des PME, en mettant un accent particulier sur la localisation des firmes et leur aptitude à mobiliser des outils numériques. L’étude empirique porte sur la capacité d’innovation d’un échantillon représentatif de 1 253 PME, complété par des données de localisation issues du zonage en aires urbaines. Nos données nous permettent de montrer que la capacité d’innovation de la PME dépend moins de sa localisation que de ses caractéristiques propres, notamment son caractère multisites et sa capacité à mobiliser les TIC. Nous testons ensuite l’hypothèse d’un effet différencié de l’utilisation des ressources numériques sur la capacité d’innovation en fonction de la localisation de la firme. Les résultats des modèles ne nous permettent pas de valider cette dernière hypothèse.
... Les technologies numériques sont reconnues comme des leviers d'innovation, en particulier dans les PME (Deltour et Lethiais, 2014). La question de la capacité des PME à mobiliser les outils numériques pour accompagner leurs innovations mérite donc d'être creusée. ...
... Ces résultats sont d'autant plus critiques que conjuguer les technologies du numérique et l'innovation a un effet positif sur la performance (Deltour et Lethiais, 2014). Ils pourraient ainsi traduire l'existence d'un cercle vicieux en termes de performance pour les PME peu numérisées et situées en dehors des grands centres urbains. ...
Supporting innovation through digital technology: What opportunities for SMEs?
This article aims to better understand how SMEs support their innovation through digital technology. In particular, we explore whether this digital support depends on the firm’s general digital profile and its location. The empirical analysis relies on data collected in 2015 from 711 innovative SMEs located in areas of varying density within the Brittany region (France). It shows that digital support for innovation is far from systematic. Econometric models show that SMEs’ general digital profile positively affects the probability of them supporting their innovations through digital technology. This result indicates an accelerator effect for highly digitized SMEs, from which low-digitized SMEs do not benefit. The models also show a dropout effect for SMEs located in low-density areas, which invest less in digital technology to support their innovations than those located in large urban centers.
... et Nambisan (2013) pour l'ensemble des organisations indépendamment de la taille. Il a été également confirmé parHuang et Liu (2005) pour les grandes entreprises et validé empiriquement parDibrell et al. (2008) etDeltour-Lethiais (2014) pour les PME. Notre étude, fait apparaitre que la capacité d'innovation des entreprises augmente dès lors qu'on utilise de manière importante les TIC-SI comme vecteur des démarches d'innovation. ...
... Elle a également été mise en évidence en particulier pour les PME parBoly et al. (2014).Enfin, cette étude a permis d'évaluer empiriquement le processus central du modèle de maturité proposé qui est l'ingénierie d'innovation et donc elle a confirmé la robustesse du modèle de maturité d'innovation par les TIC-SI (ITNOVAE ® ) proposé parAchi et al. (2016c). Ces travaux permettent de généraliser la croyance selon laquelle l'usage des TIC-SI pour soutenir les activités d'innovation renforcerait effectivement la capacité d'innovation(Pavlou et El Sawy, 2006;Ben Aoun et Dubrocard, 2010;Tambe et al., 2012;Nambisan, 2013;Deltour et Lethiais, 2014). ...
La concordance de la révolution des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC), et des bouleversements d’une économie mondiale de plus en plus interconnectée amène à s’interroger sur le lien entre TIC, et capacité d’innovation des entreprises. Or parmi les travaux qui se penchent sur les processus d’innovation, très peu le font dans la perspective des Systèmes d’Information (SI), encore moins dans le contexte d’écosystèmes ouverts, perméables et interdépendants. Nous présentons dans cet article les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès des responsables d’innovation IT et de transformation digitale dans 81 entreprises françaises de plus de 5000 salariés. Partant de deux hypothèses, l’étude interroge les déterminants de la capacité d’innovation au sens large : innovation commerciale, organisationnelle, technologique, produit, procédé ou modèle d’affaires. L’enquête met en évidence les effets positifs des deux variables sur la capacité d’innovation, l’un révélant l’influence de l’usage des SI dans les processus d’innovation, l’autre montrant l’importance des activités des processus d’innovation. Analysés et discutés au regard de la littérature existante, ces résultats originaux montrent que les entreprises qui souhaitent renforcer leur capacité d’innovation ont intérêt à repenser en profondeur leur manière de s’appuyer sur les SI et le processus d'innovation.
... Nous détaillerons et caractériserons donc les écosystèmes, les acteurs, les jeux d'inf luences et les interactions dans le cadre de cette migration. Cette recherche basée en partie sur les travaux de Caseau (2011), centrés sur l'agilité, et sur ceux de Deltour et Lethiais (2014), centrés sur le triptyque innovation, TI et performance en PME, adopte une méthodologie qualitative portée par une posture interprétativiste. Nous mobilisons deux études de cas orientées sur le rôle des fournisseurs Cloud en mode SaaS (software as a service). ...
... Les approches d'intégration de systèmes d'information dans les PME étaient très souvent bien éloignées des typologies homogènes et des modèles archétypaux des grandes entreprises (Bidan et al., 2012 ;Deltour et Lethiais, 2014). Face à cette différence -et inégalité -majeure, l'orientation technologique du marché de l'externalisation des SI des PME vers le Cloud Computing peut être aisément décryptée au travers 1) de l'incompréhension des enjeux et défis du SI par le dirigeant lui-même, 2) du choix pragmatique de s'orienter vers le système le plus simple à piloter, à financer et à faire évoluer à court terme et 3) d'attitudes assez proches de ce qui est souvent qualifié de « mimétisme managérial » (Fimbel, 2003). ...
This article aims to study the mechanism of information systems migration of a SME towards the solutions offered by Cloud Computing. It also aims to explain and characterize ecosystems, actors and their interactions within the framework of this migration. This research adopts a qualitative methodology supported by a posture interpretativist through two case studies focusing on Cloud providers SaaS (software as a service). The major contribution of our research is to propose a model to explain the flow of data from SMEs to their Cloud provider.
... However, recent authors (Cordellier, 2011;Damanpour and Aravind, 2015;Deltour and Lethiais, 2014;Greco et al., 2022;Langston, 2022;PMI, 2017a;Roy et al., 2013;Schier, 2014) have shown that benefit management practices play an important role in the process of producing benefits/benefits. Their research indicates that PMAs and PMPs, such as communication management and monitoring-control of the benefits/benefits of the innovation project, etc. have more explanatory power over success than a task like managing the timeline and managing the budget. ...
... Toutes les informations produites par une organisation et ses données archivées historiquement peuvent être numérisées par numérisation/numérisation pour rendre les informations disponibles et rapidement accessibles. À ce titre, il favorise et accompagne la performance des entreprises en engageant de nouveaux investissements dans les technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) (Deltour and Lethiais, 2014). ...
Today, the need for companies to differentiate themselves in the global market has become increasingly important as skills shortages increase and the advent of digital technologies in industrial, logistics and commercial environments intensifies competition. All companies are going digital. Moroccan SMEs have experienced significant setbacks and delays in the digital transformation of their processes and organizations. This article aims to present the state of Moroccan SMEs at the digital level and present the business practices, the existing models in the literature and the most relevant digital tools to encourage Moroccan SMEs to transform digitally and to evolve effectively towards a digital environment. RESUME Aujourd'hui, la nécessité pour les entreprises de se différencier au niveau du marché mondial est rendue de plus en plus importante dans la mesure ou les pénuries de compétences augmentent et que l'avènement des technologies numériques dans les environnements industriels, logistiques et commerciaux intensifie la concurrence. Toutes les entreprises passent au numérique. Les PME marocaines ont connu des revers et des retards remarquables dans la transformation numérique de leurs processus et organisations. Cet article vise à exposer le statut des PME marocaines au niveau numérique et présenter les pratiques d'affaires, les modèles existants dans la littérature et les outils numériques les plus pertinents pour soutenir les PME marocaines à se transformer numériquement et à se développer efficacement vers un environnement numérique.
... However, recent authors (Cordellier, 2011;Damanpour and Aravind, 2015;Deltour and Lethiais, 2014;Greco et al., 2022;Langston, 2022;PMI, 2017a;Roy et al., 2013;Schier, 2014) have shown that benefit management practices play an important role in the process of producing benefits/benefits. Their research indicates that PMAs and PMPs, such as communication management and monitoring-control of the benefits/benefits of the innovation project, etc. have more explanatory power over success than a task like managing the timeline and managing the budget. ...
Innovation projects occupy a privileged place in human activities: they are carriers of socio-economic values and levers of strategic positioning. This article improves understanding of the success of innovation projects in Chad through project management practices (PMP) and benefits management practices (BMP). To achieve this, the literature has made it possible to propose a model for representing success. The mixed methodology was used. It was applied to the Grand Ecosystem Lacustres Tchadiens (GELT) project. The results show that PMPs are more effective in achieving innovation management success (β = 0.38) but also investment success (β = 0.21). On the other hand, BMPs are better predictors (β = 0.39) of investment success. However, PMPs and BMPs, when combined, are the preferred lever to generate (Δr2= 92%) the success of innovation projects.
... Par exemple, Curtis et al. (2010) ont identifié l'utilisation des médias sociaux par des organisations à but non lucratif. Certains se sont intéressés aux effets bénéfiques de ces outils numériques sur le développement et la performance des PME, notamment dans le domaine de l'innovation (Deltour & Lethiais, 2014 ;Deltour & Sargis, 2010 ;Ortiz de Guinea & Raymond, 2020). L'usage des médias sociaux en entreprise a également attiré l'attention des chercheurs en ressources humaines (Koo et al., 2011), en marketing (Atanassova & Clark, 2015), en entrepreneuriat (Olanrewaju et al., 2020) et en stratégie (Baptista et al., 2017 ;Culnan et al., 2010). ...
Les médias sociaux sont devenus des outils incontournables pour les entreprises tant en interne qu’en externe. Ces outils sont souvent mobilisés pour communiquer, faciliter le transfert de connaissances, gagner en visibilité, collecter des informations, développer et maintenir les collaborations. Pourtant, la plupart des études traitant de l’utilisation des médias sociaux ont analysé le point de vue de l’individu et de façon moindre celui de l’entreprise. Cet article vient dès lors enrichir les travaux traitant de l’utilisation des médias sociaux par les entreprises. Plus précisément, il examine l’utilisation des réseaux sociaux numériques (RSN) dans le contexte du développement international des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME). Au travers des principales approches théoriques de l’internationalisation, nous identifions les critères d’internationalisation des PME et analysons leurs impacts sur l’utilisation des RSN. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence la relation entre les approches d’internationalisation et l’usage des RSN. De nature quantitative, l’étude empirique s’appuie sur une enquête menée auprès de 359 PME belges actives à l’international. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les RSN sont fortement mobilisés lors de l’expansion internationale des PME. Le jeune âge, la performance et la perception qu’a la PME de la distance déterminent la place des RSN dans la stratégie d’internationalisation de l’entreprise. Nos analyses indiquent également que les RSN sont utilisés aussi bien pour leurs avantages informationnels que relationnels.
... Par exemple, Curtis et al. (2010) ont identifié l'utilisation des médias sociaux par des organisations à but non lucratif. Certains se sont intéressés aux effets bénéfiques de ces outils numériques sur le développement et la performance des PME, notamment dans le domaine de l'innovation (Deltour & Lethiais, 2014 ;Deltour & Sargis, 2010 ;Ortiz de Guinea & Raymond, 2020). L'usage des médias sociaux en entreprise a également attiré l'attention des chercheurs en ressources humaines (Koo et al., 2011), en marketing (Atanassova & Clark, 2015), en entrepreneuriat (Olanrewaju et al., 2020) et en stratégie (Baptista et al., 2017 ;Culnan et al., 2010). ...
Les médias sociaux sont devenus des outils incontournables pour les entreprises tant en interne qu’en externe. Ces outils sont souvent mobilisés pour communiquer, faciliter le transfert de connaissances, gagner en visibilité, collecter des informations, développer et maintenir les collaborations. Pourtant, la plupart des études traitant de l’utilisation des médias sociaux ont analysé le point de vue de l’individu et de façon moindre celui de l’entreprise. Cet article vient dès lors enrichir les travaux traitant de l’utilisation des médias sociaux par les entreprises. Plus précisément, il examine l’utilisation des réseaux sociaux numériques (RSN) dans le contexte du développement international des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME). Au travers des principales approches théoriques de l’internationalisation, nous identifions les critères d’internationalisation des PME et analysons leurs impacts sur l’utilisation des RSN. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence la relation entre les approches d’internationalisation et l’usage des RSN. De nature quantitative, l’étude empirique s’appuie sur une enquête menée auprès de 359 PME belges actives à l’international. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les RSN sont fortement mobilisés lors de l’expansion internationale des PME. Le jeune âge, la performance et la perception qu’a la PME de la distance déterminent la place des RSN dans la stratégie d’internationalisation de l’entreprise. Nos analyses indiquent également que les RSN sont utilisés aussi bien pour leurs avantages informationnels que relationnels.
... The digital transformation is an important factor for the performance of the organization through developing the investments and use of ICTs (Deltour & Lethiais, 2014). From another point of view, the transformation is the process that contains making a business with a traditional approach adopt new work and expenditure styles using the digital, social, mobile, and emerging technologies. ...
Abstract:
Lately, new Information and Communication Technologies ICTs have hugely developed. Their impact on the banks, has been great. Thus, this paper takes a sample of the Algerian public banks in the city of Oran as case study using a questionnaire in order to show their level of engagement and maturity regarding the digital transformation and use of digital technologies. Findings that the Algerian public banks are interested in making up for their late joining of the digital world.
Key words: Digital transformation; Algerian public banks; ICTs;Algeria.
JEL Classification Codes : M31, M39.
... The innovativeness of firms is often measured by their investments in research and development (R&D) activities (Raymond et al., 2013) or through the number of patents they registered for a given period of time (Kleis et al., 2012). However, Deltour and Lethiais (2014) pointed out that in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the measurement of innovativeness through investments in R&D and patents is not suitable because SMEs do not have enough budget to invest in such activities. Still, they are capable of developing a real capacity to implement other types of innovation (Forsman, 2011). ...
This research aims to understand the link between perceived innovativeness and customer satisfaction in the fine-dining catering segment. By employing a mixed-method approach, this paper proposes a multidimensional framework for measuring the perceived innovativeness of restaurants throughout the entire customer journey. Customer satisfaction was measured by considering online customer-generated data from TripAdvisor. The study not only finds a strong correlation between perceived innovativeness and customer satisfaction but also presents how fine-dining restaurants can employ user-generated data to co-innovate entire customer journeys and restaurant experiences. The results highlight menu-, service-, and customer experience-related innovativeness as the three most important criteria for fine-dining restaurant customers. Additionally, the results of the qualitative study indicate that in the context of fine-dining catering, the quality of the dishes, the service, and the customers' B Mustafeed Zaman experience with the service staff and chefs are the main elements of satisfaction that restaurants should consider in promoting innovation.
... Dans les années à venir, les secteurs économiques devront connaître une mutation significative pour répondre aux divers défis socioéconomiques et environnementaux. Le recours à des technologies numériques contribuent à faciliter la mobilisation de ressources situées à distance (Deltour, Le Gall, & Lethiais, 2016) et leur utilisation, notamment dans les PME, est devenu fréquent dans les activités innovantes (Deltour & Lethiais, 2014). La numérisation croissante favorise la capitalisation des savoirs R&D de l'entreprise (Pavlou & El Sawy, 2006), améliore la compréhension du besoin client (Kmieciak, Michna, & Meczynska, 2012) et facilite la coordination (Banker, Bardhan, & Asdemir, 2006). ...
L’objectif de cette recherche est d’expliquer l'adoption des pratiques d'innovation ouverte par les PME en explorant les caractéristiques stratégiques, organisationnelles et environnementales des PME. Nous posons tout d’abords les fondements théoriques nécessaires à la compréhension du concept d’innovation ouverte et fournissons une meilleure compréhension de sa spécificité dans le contexte de la PME. Nous utilisons ensuite un processus d'analyse documentaire pour identifier vingt-deux déterminants, trois stratégiques d’innovation et onze pratiques d'innovation ouverte et proposer un modèle intégratif pour l'adoption de l'innovation ouverte dans les PME qui lie les caractéristiques stratégiques, organisationnelles et environnementales aux pratiques d’innovation ouverte. Après avoir justifié nos choix épistémologiques et méthodologiques, à savoir le choix d’une démarche hypothético-déductive ancrée dans un positionnement réaliste critique et une méthodologie quantitative nous vérifions l’existence d’un lien statistiquement significatif entre les caractéristiques organisationnelles, stratégiques et environnementales des PME Normandes et l’adoption des pratiques d’innovation ouverte. Nos résultats montrent que l’exploitation n’est pas corrélée aux pratiques d’innovation ouverte et que l’ambidextrie est positivement corrélée aux pratiques d’innovation ouverte. Cependant, l’exploration n’est pas corrélée aux pratiques d’innovation ouverte puisque seule la co-conception est négativement corrélée à la stratégie d’exploitation et seul le capital venture est négativement corrélé à la stratégie d’exploitation et positivement corrélé à l’ambidextrie. D’autres régressions logistiques simples et multiples ont ensuite permis d’identifier les principales variables organisationnelles et environnementales expliquant le recours aux différentes pratiques d’innovation ouverte. Les résultats révèlent que les déterminants structurels et extra-organisationnels sont liés aux trois logique d’innovation ouverte, que les déterminants inter-organisationnels sont significativement corrélés aux pratiques d’outside-in et de coupled process mais d’inside-out. Les déterminants environnementaux sont significativement corrélés aux pratiques de coupled process et d’inside-out, mais pas d’outside-in. Les résultats montrent que les caractéristiques organisationnelles et environnementales sont significativement corrélées aux pratiques d’innovation ouverte adoptées par les PME. Pour finir nous avons réalisé une classification qui a fait apparaître trois groupes de PME : un groupe de PME dites innovatrices fermées, qui pratiquent peu l’innovation ouverte, un groupe de PME dites innovatrices d’acquisition qui cherchent à enrichir leur processus de R&D par l’achat de ressources externes, et le groupe des PME innovatrices interactives qui favorisent la collaboration entre différents acteurs pour aboutir à une innovation conjointe. Finalement, d’un point de vue théorique, ce travail doctoral nous a permis de synthétiser les connaissances portant sur l’innovation ouverte dans les PME, de construire un modèle intégrant à la fois les pratiques d’innovation ouverte et les caractéristiques stratégiques, organisationnelles et environnementales des PME et d’identifier trois groupes de PME ayant des profils distincts en terme d’adoption de pratiques d’innovation ouverte. D’un point de vue managérial, nos travaux permettent de sensibiliser les décideurs sur les différentes combinaisons favorisant ou freinant l’adoption de l’innovation ouverte et donnent la possibilité aux dirigeants de choisir les éléments les plus appropriés pour leur PME en termes de pratiques d’innovation ouverte en fonction de la combinaison de leurs caractéristiques stratégiques, caractéristiques organisationnelles et caractéristiques environnementales.
... These results can be explained by the fact that ICT resources are not specifically mobilized to support an innovation strategy. However, several studies show that firms which innovate but have not mobilized ICT to support these innovations have a poorer performance than firms that have not innovated (Deltour and Lethiais 2014;Huang and Liu 2005). Aligning the firm's ICT policy with its innovation strategy therefore seems necessary to optimize the Journal of the Knowledge Economy investments or the assets mobilized in these two spheres. ...
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the key drivers of inter- and intra-firm diffusion of technology taking as an example three groups of ICT: Software, Hardware, and Network communications. This is done by estimating an encompassing model of diffusion, proposed by Battisti et al. (2009), integrating rank, stock, order, and epidemics effects, which is extended to include technology-specific obstacles and Government subsidies. Our study is based on a dataset collected through the industrial upgrading survey carried out in Tunisia in 2016. It is a cross-section data from 238 Tunisian manufacturing firms. Econometric results show that the drivers of inter- and intra-firm are not the same in case of all ICT groups. Likewise, the determinants of ICT differ from one technology to another. Finally, ICT specific costs are no longer an obstacle to technology diffusion, yet Government supports are an important factor in explaining ICT diffusion.
... Les technologies numériques sont reconnues comme des leviers d'innovation, notamment dans les PME (Higón, 2012 ;Deltour et Lethiais, 2014 ;Deltour, Le Gall et Lethiais, 2016). Ces technologies modifient la manière, dont l'entreprise conduit l'innovation (Yoo, Boland, Lyytinen et Majchrzak, 2012) : tout d'abord, elles sont des éléments constitutifs des innovations, dont les fonctionnalités se retrouvent enrichies ; de plus, elles sont mobilisées pour activer et combiner des ressources internes ou externes nécessaires au processus d'innovation. ...
La mise en place de coopérations pour l’innovation constitue un réel enjeu pour les entreprises de taille réduite. S’inscrivant dans le champ de l’innovation ouverte, l’article analyse le rôle joué par la localisation et les ressources numériques des PME sur leur profil de coopération pour l’innovation. Ce profil de coopération combine le type de partenaires, leur diversité, mais aussi l’échelle géographique des partenariats. Nous mobilisons une double source de données. Une enquête quantitative nous permet de relier les profils de coopération à la localisation et aux ressources numériques d’un échantillon de 269 PME ; une enquête qualitative menée auprès de 7 PME représentatives des profils identifiés illustre et complète les résultats mis en évidence par l’analyse quantitative. Nous montrons que les profils de coopération pour l’innovation des PME sont plus fortement marqués par leurs pratiques numériques que par leur localisation.
... Le travail collaboratif qui est reconnu aujourd'hui comme un facteur de bénéfices organisationnels, économiques et sociaux, commence déjà à mobiliser la scène médiatique de la pensée managériale (Le Roux, 2007). Les entreprises sont incitées à travailler en équipe afin de garantir leur compétitivité (Deltour et Lethiais, 2014). Les PME n'échappent pas à cette injonction : de leur capacité à collaborer dépend leur avenir. ...
Bien plus qu'une opportunité permettant de faciliter les relations d'échanges entre individus, grâce aux technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC), la mise en oeuvre du travail collaboratif constitue une innovation sociétale aux multiples retombées, notamment la performance de l'entreprise. En effet, la capacité à travailler en équipe des entreprises est reconnue aujourd'hui comme des gages de leur compétitivité. Cependant, malgré cet intérêt gigantesque, il semble qu'on comprenne encore mal la source de performance des entreprises liée au travail collaboratif. Ce travail permet ainsi de combler quelque peu cette insuffisance. Dans notre article, cette source de performance est étudiée dans le contexte des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (PME). Nous avons adopté dans cette étude une démarche hypothético-déductive et l'outil de collecte des données est le questionnaire. Notre recherche s'appuie sur une investigation menée auprès des PME de quatre villes camerounaises. Sur un échantillon final de 126 entreprises, nous évaluons dans quelle mesure la performance des PME peut être expliquée par le travail collaboratif. L'investigation montre que le travail collaboratif, via l'autonomisation du groupe, la confiance et les technologies de l'information contribuent à augmenter la performance des PME.
... La méthodologie comme l'état d'avancement et l'agenda de recherche sont précisées dans le tableau 54 ci-dessous. (Downs et Mohr, 1976 ;Subramanian et Nilakanta, 1996 ;Deltour et Lethiais, 2014). La méthodologie employée pour étudier les liens entre ces deux termes est également importante : en fonction de la population étudiée (individu, collectif d'individus, projet, entreprise, secteur, branche, filière, territoire, institutions, etc.) ou du nombre d'indicateurs choisis, les relations entre l'innovation et la performance ne sont pas identiques. ...
Les transports génèrent un impact environnemental s’appuyant essentiellement sur deux vecteurs: l’approvisionnement en énergie et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Ces impacts sont visibles aussi bien sur un plan global (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) que local (congestion du trafic en milieu urbain, consommation d’espace, bruit, émissions de polluants, perte de temps, etc.). Les transports génèrent par ailleurs un impact social varié, illustré d’une part par des conditions de travail difficiles (un travail de nuit, un travail par roulement, faiblesse du nombre et des durées de pause...) qui semblent s’aggraver avec la concurrence internationale, et par l’accidentologie liée à cette activité. Ces effets environnementaux et sociaux ne sont pas cloisonnés et peuvent se combiner : la pollution engendre par exemple un impact social en dégradant la santé. L’exemple le plus médiatique est la pollution atmosphérique d’origine automobile. Le transport engendre donc à la fois de la croissance économique et des externalités environnementales et sociales négatives. Ces externalités ont un niveau élevé et une croissance particulièrement rapide dans le transport de marchandises. Nous avons ainsi focalisé notre travail exclusivement sur le fret.
Face aux externalités du transport, une politique de transport orientée vers la durabilité a progressivement été mise en place. Au niveau international, les Transports Ecologiquement Viables, inspirés notamment des réflexions de Herman Daly, ont été définis en 1996 par l’OCDE comme « des transports qui ne mettent pas en péril la santé publique et les écosystèmes et répondent aux besoins de mobilité compatibles avec (a) une utilisation des ressources renouvelables à un rythme inférieur à celui de leur régénération et (b) une utilisation des ressources non renouvelables à un rythme inférieur à celui du développement de produits de remplacement renouvelables » (CEMT, 1996). Au niveau européen, le transport durable officiellement défini en 1991 veut « contribuer à la prospérité économique, au bien-être social, et ce sans nuire à l’environnement et à la santé des hommes » (CEMT, 1991). A partir de 1992 et jusqu’en 2005, l’objectif de transport durable prend alors corps dans la notion de report modal, qui « s'attache à transférer, à niveau de trafic constant, une partie de ses trafics sur des modes susceptibles de moindres impacts sociétaux » (CCE, 2001). Il ne s’agit en effet pas de réduire la croissance des flux mais d’inciter les citoyens à utiliser des modes plus « doux ». En 2006, une évaluation à mi-parcours du livre blanc de l’Union Européenne de 2001 dresse un bilan critique : non seulement les résultats économiques de la politique européenne des transports ne seraient pas satisfaisants mais l’évolution des nuisances environnementales et sociales serait également peu encourageante. Seule une amélioration de la congestion routière nuancerait ce bilan mitigé. Les raisons invoquées sont une concurrence internationale renforcée et une croissance économique plus faible que prévue, qui ont ralenti la mise en œuvre d’une mobilité durable. Une nouvelle orientation est donc engagée : la co-modalité. Autrement dit, le recours efficace à différents modes de transport remplace aujourd’hui le report modal. Plutôt que de stigmatiser le mode routier, il s’agit ici d’optimiser l’usage des différents modes, en utilisant notamment les avantages reconnus du mode routier, et en développant ses liens avec les autres modes.
La notion de report modal comme celle de la co-modalité invitent à dépasser l’activité de transport stricto sensu pour se concentrer sur l’organisation logistique des entreprises. Modifier ses choix modaux ou optimiser ses déplacements nécessitent de facto un changement dans la gestion des flux de marchandises. La Commission souhaite d’ailleurs soutenir la mise en place de solutions logistiques avancées afin de contribuer à la co-modalité. « La logistique permet d’améliorer l’efficacité des différents modes de transport et de leurs combinaisons. Aussi, davantage de marchandises devraient être transportées au moyen d’un nombre moins élevé d’unités de transport, telles que véhicules, wagons et navires » (CCE, 2006).
Est-ce le cas ? Assiste-t-on à une durabilisation des pratiques logistiques dans les entreprises ?
... respectively next two subsections). Subsection "Pressures and barriers for digital companies" purposes is the question of the radius of action and barriers of the companies action when being an actor in the development of knowledge in their own territorial environment (e.g. in the region in which they are located) provides firms some benefit (Deltour and Lethiais, 2014). ...
French digital companies are experiencing strong growth, both in terms of capitalization and turnover, which has spotlighted training needs and human resources more generally. In this sector, where value creation and therefore growth are strongly linked to innovation, knowledge generation and skill adaptation have become major challenges for both companies and their employees. The search for innovations is often based on the pooling of new, high-quality knowledge, which is fuelled by two complementary dynamics. On the one hand, companies need to recruit highly qualified operational staff. On the other hand, the various forms of vocational training appear to provide solutions to enable companies to remain competitive and at the cutting edge of innovation. Finally, the new skill adaptation practices could benefit from a matching dynamic between companies and actors in the training system. In the literature, social practice perspectives and knowledge management theory provide a stable organizational context within which tacit and operational knowledge can be acquired through socialization. A descriptive study of digital companies’ practices provides information in line with these approaches.
We draw on the results of the French training and employee trajectory surveys (dispositif d’enquêtes sur les formations et itinéraires de salaries/Defis) in order to investigate training and recruitment practices in the digital sector. The main results are that innovation is an indicator for a set of characteristics such as the level of the training, the balance between formal/informal training and the recruitment of highly educated personnel. Moreover, firms that recruit declare that they are satisfied with both the initial skills of new recruits and the employee onboarding process. Finally, the inclusion of shadowing functions among job characteristics provides a foundation for the use of social practices in innovation.
... According to Deltour and Lethiais (2014), the innovation capacity of banks, as well as their ICT resources, is generally recognised to ensure their competitiveness. ICT's contribution to performance can be analysed as the development of firm-specific capacity enabling it to develop a competitive advantage against its competitors (Liang et al., 2010). ...
... Ces technologies peuvent être considérées comme un levier à la coopération (Deltour et Lethiais, 2014), ces technologies permettant de s'affranchir des contraintes de la distance même pour les échanges de connaissances tacites (Aguiléra et Lethiais, 2011). ...
L’objectif de la recherche est d’investiguer la manière dont les PME mobilisent des relations de coopération locales et distantes dans leur processus d’innovation. Nous cherchons notamment à analyser si la localisation de la firme et son usage des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) affectent la spatialité des formes de coopération en vue d’innover. Nous nous appuyons sur une méthode mixte de recherche. Dans un premier temps, une investigation quantitative est menée suite à une enquête auprès de 1469 PME bretonnes. Une typologie basée sur les 269 PME qui engagent des coopérations pour innover nous permet d’identifier la diversité des pratiques et des contextes de mobilisation des coopérations. Dans un second temps, une phase d’investigation qualitative auprès de 10 PME appartenant aux différentes classes de la typologie permet d’approfondir l’analyse. Les résultats témoignent d’un effet de localisation plus nuancé que celui de l’usage des TIC sur les pratiques des firmes dans leurs coopérations locales et distantes.
... According to Deltour and Lethiais (2014), the innovation capacity of banks, as well as their ICT resources, is generally recognised to ensure their competitiveness. ICT's contribution to performance can be analysed as the development of firm-specific capacity enabling it to develop a competitive advantage against its competitors (Liang et al., 2010). ...
Recent innovative developments in banking activities are not without consequences on the corporate social responsibility (CSR). The CSR approach in the banking sector is subject to a reflection (Cheynel, 2010), where the company must assert its stakeholders, the social fabric and the natural environment. Based on the stakeholder theory, the aim of this research is to study CSR as a source of value for the banking sector. Using a qualitative approach, our research highlights the complexity of this concept with the pioneer of the banking sector in Lebanon, “Bank Audi S.A.L.”. This paper proposes to study the CSR initiatives, while focusing on information and communication technologies (ICT) contributions in integrating CSR within this very innovative bank in the field of ICT, in order to promote a regain of trust with its stakeholders.
Keywords: CSR; corporate social responsibility; ICT; information and communication technologies; stakeholder theory; Bank Audi; Lebanon.
... This is particularly true in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector owing to the opportunities created by information technologies and the Internet for preconfiguring offerings and creating disruptive changes in usage on the market. Deltour and Lethiais (2014), for instance, recently highlighted that ICTs contribute to improvements in performance when they support innovation, showing that performance is positively influenced by SMEs' innovativeness when accompanied by specific investments in ICTs or by more intense use of existing ICTs. Furthermore, the particular nature of ICT generates specific articulations among infrastructures, software, and terminals due to programming languages, interoperability interfaces, and proprietary standards (Lessig, 2006). ...
Technological rivalry is recognized as a key dimension of competition and innovation strategies in the digital era. It is particularly important in strategies focused on disruptive and repeated innovations, where each step contributes to shaping the design of the offering, the structuring of the market and the value chain. These technological trajectories are built on the basis of tensions between two contradictory objectives: specialization aimed at creating proprietary systems and standardization aimed at supplying the overall market. In the former case, successive innovations support competition between exclusive and proprietary ecosystems. In the latter case, commoditized devices create opportunities for alternative actors to engage in innovation and value creation. The e-book reader market serves as a key example of the issues at stake in terms of technological rivalry among technology suppliers, digital platforms, and publishers.
Although the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected the economy, society, and individuals worldwide, has ended, the new world order has prompted businesses to reconsider their marketing strategies. After the pandemic, individuals’ demands, interests, and tastes changed, transforming how businesses communicate with their customers. Although advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing, which are the promotional mix elements, still provide a competitive advantage, new strategies have emerged with digitalization after the pandemic. CGI (computer-generated images) ads and CGI influencers have taken their place in digital advertising. Novel digital marketing strategies such as remarketing, behavioral targeting, and geotargeting have been conducted by many businesses to attract their customers. Online sales promotions such as flash sales, social media contests, and loyalty programs have gained momentum. The businesses have begun to conduct social listening to understand and manage public opinion about their brand. Public relations strategies have also widely utilized sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs. Online sales systems have been established, robot salespeople have begun to enter the market, artificial intelligence (AI) has been used for sales demonstration and new payment methods such as buy now pay later (BNPL) have been offered to consumers. Finally, traditional direct marketing has been replaced by more interactive marketing strategies and businesses have started to utilize chatbots, AI, and metaverse to make direct contact with their customers. Businesses that are unable to adapt their promotional strategies to satisfy their target consumers in the changing new economic order will fail to survive in the marketplace in the long term. Therefore, in this study, how consumer behavior changed after the pandemic and how companies adapted their promotional mix strategies will be discussed with current examples and theoretical and practical recommendations will be offered to companies to survive.
The tourism sector is currently undergoing a digital transformation, with emerging technologies playing a pivotal role in redefining marketing strategies and improving the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study aims to examine, through a comprehensive literature review, the marketing applications of emerging technologies and the impact of these technologies on the business performance of SMEs. A rigorous methodology based on the PRISMA protocol for reference collection and NVIVO software for textual and thematic analysis was employed in this research. The objective was to demystify the complex relationship between emerging technology marketing applications and the business performance of tourism SMEs. The results revealed a convergence that linked these technologies to key performance indicators.
This study examines the dimensions of innovation and industry and tests the relationship between corporate culture and organisational performance. A survey was conducted among 70 companies listed on the Tunis BVMT stock exchange. The data are analysed using principal component analysis and the relationships are tested using linear regression. This result shows the importance of the implementation of an innovation system. They show a positive impact on company performance and competitive advantage.
Based on the industrial revolution model, the informational and service age’s main challenge, also falsely named the digital revolution, is to generate economic and social value and reinvent business models. Unfortunately, Solow’s paradox is still valid despite the work of Brynjolfsson, who has tried to prove the contrary generating a kind of Halo effect among the research community. The purpose of this integrative literature review was to understand better the arguments put forward and conceptualize the real stakes of this new revolution, which impacts almost every organization. The reasons why Solow’s paradox is still valid could be found among three primary syndromes: technology fantasy, IT engineering approaches instead of IS engineering, and a lack of executive governance, fueled by a poor understanding and mastering of the critical building blocks of this new Age. On one side, they are the raw material: data-information-knowledge, and on the other side, the tool and its usage. Therefore, clarifying the concepts of IT, digital, and information systems is vital. Compared to traditional IT budgets, assessing digital and IS budgets gives a brand-new perspective and provides three main levers to optimize and reinvent current organizations: information technologies, data, and new digital concepts. Based on different cases, we describe how to design the optimized digital company by distinguishing the machine (“M”) on the “producer side” from the “consumer side” with its different types of usage: Machine to Machine (“M2M”), Human to Machine (“H2M”) and Human to Human (“H2H”). The results are presented in both the form of conceptual reasoning and with practical exploratory cases and models. Finally, we introduced the theory of nanoeconomics, which, together with mesoeconomics fostered by GAFAM, could well marginalize traditional macro and microeconomics.
Investir dans un progiciel de gestion intégré (PGI) au sein des PME relève d’une décision majeure. Cette étude met globalement en exergue les principaux facteurs qui déterminent l’adoption des PGI. Plus spécifiquement, elle montre l’importance du facteur humain dans un tel projet. Une exploration effectuée au sein de deux sociétés de différents secteurs (industriel et hôtelier), ayant chacune adopté ces systèmes, révèle que les déterminants d’adoption de ces applications reposent sur leurs caractéristiques techniques (couverture fonctionnelle, sécurité informationnelle), l’environnement relationnel du promoteur (appartenance à un groupe, relation amicale) et la taille de l’entreprise. En outre, on note que la participation et l’implication de tous les acteurs (dirigeants et agents opérationnels utilisateurs), renforcées par des moyens de communication (formels ou informels) favorisent l’acceptation d’une telle solution dès le démarrage du projet.
The relevant evolution of social networks and the expansion of digitalization has led to significant changes in the classical processes used by Moroccan companies in different fields such as marketing, human resources management, etc. This paper investigates the effects of digitalization on the attractiveness of Moroccan companies in terms of recruitment and safeguarding these constructs by using structural equation models according to the PLS approach. The study was carried out to touch 74 companies in different sectors. The study showed positive relationships between management support, digitalization, and recruitment performance (defined as the attractiveness of a company for recruitment and federalization of employees). The results show that the T-statistics are equal to 67.55, 6.862, and 5.941, respectively. The Q² value is 0.884 for scanning and 0.937 for performance, which means that the model is predictive in nature. The GoF is 1.388, which means that model is sufficiently large for the overall validity of the PLS model. While jobseeker behavior and competitive intensity did not affect recruitment performance because the test T-statistics is less than 1.64, the two factors have no moderating effect as the p-values are 0.228 and 0.082, respectively, exceeding the threshold of 0.05.
Dans cet article détermine la relation positive entre la digitalisation et la performance du processus de financement des entreprises au Maroc. De ce fait, plusieurs variables ont été choisies pour expliquer la performance à savoir : les attitudes positives ou proactives par lesquelles la direction soutient le processus de financement (SD), la digitalisation, le comportement des entreprises à l’égard de la digitalisation du processus de demande de financement (CDC) et l’intensité concurrentielle (IC). Cette étude est basée sur des données collectées auprès d’un échantillon d’entreprises marocaines qui opèrent dans différents secteurs. Le traitement des données et l’analyse des relations de causalité entre les variables précédentes sont faits par les modèles d’équations structurelles estimés par l’approche PLS. L’étude a montré l’existence des relations positives entre les variables SD, digitalisation et performance du processus de financement alors que les variables CDC et IC n’ont pas d’effet sur la performance du processus de financement. Aussi, l’analyse des trois variables SD, digitalisation et performance du processus de financement, montre que la digitalisation modère positivement l’effet de la variable SD sur la performance du processus de financement.
L’objectif de cet article est de comprendre comment la digitalisation de l’économie affecte les Business Models dans les PME de l’agroalimentaire. Nous avons cherché à comprendre quelles sont les caractéristiques et les compétences d’innovation mobilisées dans ce cadre, en faisant l’hypothèse que toutes les PME ne vont pas s’adapter de la même façon à cette transition. Nos résultats suggèrent que si les PME ont toutes recours à une large palette d’innovations, la forme prise par ces transformations dépend largement de la catégorie d’entreprise, de sa capacité d’absorption et de sa perception quant à la radicalité du saut à faire. Cette recherche apporte des éléments de compréhension de la diversité des innovations de Business Model mises en place par les PME d’un secteur low-tech.Codes JEL : L20, M2, O3
The spread of the Internet and digital technologies is reshaping the landscape of entire industries and revolutionizing the traditional flows of goods, services, finance and people. This technological development that impacts the global economy is not without consequences for Algerian companies, because they must engage and succeed in their digital transformation to be competitive. This digitalization shove companies to have a clear and coherent digital strategy, to integrate new technological tools, to question their business models, as well as the way in which value is created and delivered. It is in this context, we are interested in the necessary skills and capabilities that enable Algerian companies to succeed in their digital transformation. To do this, we conducted a quantitative survey of 94 companies of different sizes and sectors, and used the principal component analysis method for processing the collected data.
Managérial Dorénavant, les Systèmes d'Information (SI) constituent un atout stratégique incontournable contribuant à l'amélioration de la performance de l'organisation. Agissant sur la structure des organisations, influençant de par ses effets les interactions sociales entre les différents acteurs au sein de l'institution en modelant le mode de management, l'intégration des SI nécessite un alignement stratégique visant une cohérence et une adaptation entre structure, mode de Management et Système d'Information (Peppard et Ward, 2004 ; Henderson et Venkatraman, 1993 ; Luftman et al, 1999). Par conséquent, la Gestion des Ressources Humaines se voit dotée d'une nouvelle mission stratégique ; l'adaptation et l'accompagnement du changement structurel au niveau organisationnel et du changement attitudinal des acteurs en termes de mode de management découlant de l'adoption et de l'intégration des SI au sein des bureaucraties professionnelles. En se basant sur des entretiens menés auprès de douze enseignants provenant de trois établissements scolaires ayant procédé à l'implantation et l'intégration des Techniques d'Information et de Communication (TIC) au sein de leur institution, cet article cherche à explorer les nouvelles formes de management ainsi que les nouvelles missions stratégiques de la GRH liées à l'effet adaptation Structure-Système d'Information au sein des établissements scolaires.
Dans un monde de plus en plus concurrentiel, l’entreprise se doit d’avoir un système d’information performant. L’ERP est devenu la solution pour de nombreuses entreprises et un élément clé de la stratégie. Mais l’implantation d’un tel produit en interne est une opération lourde du point de vue financier, organisationnel et de délai de mise en oeuvre. L’ERP en ligne (cloud) peut alors se révéler être une solution intéressante face à ces contraintes. Les avantages qu’il présente faciliteraient son adoption au sein des PME. Aussi, cette recherche s’attache-t-elle à déterminer les facteurs qui peuvent inciter ou freiner les PME dans l’adoption d’une telle solution. Elle s’appuie sur le modèle TAM, enrichi de propositions issues de la théorie de la diffusion de l’innovation. Notre modèle a été testé auprès d’entreprises de la région Centre, sur la base d’un questionnaire en ligne et de 64 réponses exploitables.Il ressort que les décideurs sont sensibles à deux variables qui influent directement sur l’intention d’adopter ou de continuer à utiliser un ERP en ligne pour les entreprises qui en seraient déjà équipées, l’utilité perçue ainsi que la sécurité et la confiance qu’ils mettent dans une telle solution. Mais il apparaît aussi que d’autres variables agissent indirectement, comme l’influence sociale, qui joue un rôle central dans le modèle, mais aussi la taille de l’entreprise, les bénéfices perçus en termes de statut et l’attitude envers les innovations technologiques.
The introduction of an Innovation in Information Systems: What organizational change for the health and social sector?
The research focuses on change management triggered by the introduction of innovation in information system for SMOs in the healthcare and social sector. The research is based on a longitudinal qualitative approach (participating-observation) over 12 months and 3 case studies. It deals with the emerging phase and focuses on middle management. The results show that the pulse of organizational change comes from a set of representations offset from the content of the new information system implanted. Middle managers build a double "representational" system of innovation in order to incorporate it gradually. During its emerging phase, change management also includes the management of two systems of interactions run by middle managers who incrementally introduce innovation through the new system.
Report financed by the Centre National du Livre (CNL), Paris, March 2015, pp. 1-131. Ce rapport est le résultat d’un projet de recherche conduit grâce au soutien du CNL et portant sur les modalités de la R&D dans l’édition.
La structure du rapport est organisée comme suit :
1) Une synthèse générale résume les principaux résultats du travail et le cadre de la recherche;
2) Une large bibliographie des références existant sur la question
3) Un article focalisé sur la reconstruction de la chaine de valeur visant à comprendre le nouvel écosystème numérique du secteur de l'édition et les stratégies d’investissement réalisées par les maisons d’édition concernant les partenariats en R&D et les nouvelles innovations technologiques ;
4) Un article dédié à l’analyse de trajectoires technologiques de toutes les différentes versions de six liseuses choisies parmi les plus importants sur le marché ;
5) Un article focalisé sur l’analyse de 66 plateformes françaises de vente de livres électroniques.
Le rapport inclus ainsi un Annexe avec la liste de toutes les publications obtenues à partir de différents étapes de travail liées à ce projet : revues académiques, présentations à conférences, séminaires, rapports du travail des étudiants de l’Ecole polytechnique. Enfin, le rapport inclus la liste de 22 entretiens fait entre janvier 2013 et janvier 2014 à Paris.
Authors: Benghozi Pierre-Jean, Salvador Elisa
The role of organisational innovativeness, or innovative capability, in attaining competitive advantage has been widely discussed. Most research examines innovation activities and their associations with organisational characteristics, or investigates certain perspectives of innovative capability, such as product innovation. Much less attention, however, has been paid to develop and validate measurement constructs of organisational innovativeness. Through an extensive literature review, five dimensions of an organisation's overall innovativeness are identified. These five dimensions form the component factors of the organisational innovativeness construct. Following a three-step approach, a final 20-item measurement construct is validated. Theoretical and methodological issues in relation to application of the organisational innovativeness construct are discussed in light of these findings.
Multiplicative interaction models are common in the quantitative political science literature. This is so for good reason.
Institutional arguments frequently imply that the relationship between political inputs and outcomes varies depending on the
institutional context. Models of strategic interaction typically produce conditional hypotheses as well. Although conditional
hypotheses are ubiquitous in political science and multiplicative interaction models have been found to capture their intuition
quite well, a survey of the top three political science journals from 1998 to 2002 suggests that the execution of these models
is often flawed and inferential errors are common. We believe that considerable progress in our understanding of the political
world can occur if scholars follow the simple checklist of dos and don'ts for using multiplicative interaction models presented
in this article. Only 10% of the articles in our survey followed the checklist.
Several studies support the positive link between information technology capability and firm performance, including Bharadwaj (2000) and Santhanam and Hartono (2003), which appeared in MIS Quarterly. We conducted a study to see if this link is still statistically significant. It is now over a decade since the first study was published, during which several significant developments in the IT industry have taken place. Unlike the 1990s, when proprietary information systems prevailed, the 2000s are characterized by more standardized and homogeneous information systems and with the rapid adoption of ERP and web technologies. Thus, we attempted to reexamine the link between IT capability and firm performance with data from the 2000s. Surprisingly, the results of our current analysis showed no significant link between IT capability and firm performance. Contrary to earlier studies, IT leader firms in our study didn't show better financial performance than control firms. We discuss several possible causes for the change in findings and present an in-depth comparison in business performance between the two groups--IT leader and control--over a period extending from 1991 to 2007.
Innovativeness is the capability for innovation or the ability to innovate, and has been acknowledged as a key organizational capability. Process innovativeness is considered as an organization's capability to marshal, integrate, and leverage organizational resources to improve or create new processes. Researchers have noted that though growth in the service sector has been strong in recent years, research on innovation in service processes is sparse. Further, as information and communication technologies become an important component of many service firms' offerings, there is a growing need for research on service firms offering technology intensive services, i.e., technology service firms (TSFs). TSFs may be defined as firms that sell or provide technology in the form of management consultations, evaluations, tests, analyses, maintenance, purchasing advice, studies, designs, plans, and other artifacts. Our research, therefore, examines the relationship between process innovativeness and firm performance in TSFs. Using contingency theory arguments, our model proposes that environmental hostility (external contingency) and aggressive posture (internal contingency) moderate the relationship between process innovativeness and performance in TSFs. Based on data from 108 firms, our results show that firm performance in TSFs is positively related to process innovativeness. Further, we find that while environmental hostility has a moderating effect on the relationship of process innovativeness with TSF performance, no such relationship is found with aggressive posture.
Purpose
This study aims to ask two important research questions: “Do the investments of innovation capital and information technology (IT) capital have a non‐linear relationship with firm performance?” and “Does the interaction between innovation capital and IT capital have synergy effects on firm performance?”
Design/methodology/approach
The authors employ multiple regression models and add the squared terms of research and development (R&D) intensity and IT intensity to examine the non‐linear relationship between innovation capital, IT capital and performance. The research sample includes the top 1,000 companies in Taiwan.
Findings
The main findings of the study are that: innovation capital has a non‐linear relationship (inverted U‐shape) with firm performance; and IT capital has no significant impact on firm performance. However, after considering the interaction between innovation capital and IT capital, there is a positive effect on firms' performance.
Research limitations/implications
This study can be extended in the following ways: researchers can adopt panel data and use more representative measures to examine the dynamic relationship between intellectual capital and performance; and future research should seek to examine the interaction effects of other perspectives of intellectual capital to understand further the comprehensive influence on performance.
Practical implications
The research results suggest that more investment in intellectual capital is not always better. Companies should coordinate different perspectives of intellectual capital to improve firm performance.
Originality/value
This paper extends prior research's viewpoint and suggests the non‐linear relationship between innovation capital and performance with empirical evidence. The results can provide the reference for further research about the relationship between intellectual capital and performance.
Purpose
The present study aims at a deeper understanding of the performance outcomes of the alignment between the e‐business capabilities of manufacturing small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) and their business strategy in terms of Miles and Snow's recognised strategic typology that includes prospectors, analyzers, and defenders.
Design/methodology/approach
From a contingency theory perspective, a survey of 107 Canadian manufacturers was used to collect data that were analyzed through correlation analysis.
Findings
Results indicate that the ideal e‐business profiles vary in the relation to the firms' strategic orientation, whether it is of the defender, analyzer or prospector type. E‐business alignment has positive performance outcomes for manufacturing SMEs in terms of growth, productivity and financial performance.
Research limitations/implications
The nature of the sample impose care in generalizing the results of the study. These results also allow us to emphasise the nature rather than the investment value of the SMEs' information technology investment, given that certain forms of e‐business would be more appropriate for certain firms, depending upon their strategic orientation.
Practical implications
For SME owner‐managers that require greater manufacturing flexibility, increased systems integration, products and services of better quality, and higher levels of product and process innovation, the results of this study allow us to prone an examination of their firm's level of e‐business assimilation, this being done in conjunction with their strategic intent.
Originality/value
This is one of the first studies to have used a rigorous conceptualisation and measure of alignment to confirm the theoretical validity and empirical usefulness of this notion and of the strategic contingency approach for research on e‐business, and to compare this approach with the universalistic approach founded upon “best practices”.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to aggregate previous research that adopts the resource‐based view (RBV) to examine whether information technology (IT) and organizational resources have significant effect on firm performance.
Design/methodology/approach
A framework that includes direct and indirect‐effect models is proposed. A meta‐analysis was conducted on 42 published empirical studies to examine how different factors in the RBV affect firm performance.
Findings
First, it was found that the mediated model that includes organizational capabilities as mediators between organizational resources and firm performance can better explain the value of IT than the direct‐effect model without organizational capabilities. Second, technology resources can improve efficiency performance but may not enhance financial performance directly. Third, internal capabilities affect performance but it is external capabilities that affect financial performance.
Research limitations/implications
The limitation of meta‐analysis is that findings are based on prior research conducted on different sources at different times. This may cause observation biases. Nonetheless, the large sample size can also increase the robust of the findings.
Practical implications
The findings indicate that companies should focus on how IT resources can be used to enhance their capabilities, which will result in better performance.
Social implications
The findings provide strong evidence that IT has contributed to both financial performance and organizational efficiency through strengthening organizational capabilities. The IT has been effectively used so far and the suspected productivity paradox does not exist.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to information management by increasing the theoretical and practical understanding of how IT resources affect organizational capabilities and firm performance. The findings provide valuable guidelines for future research on IT investment and firm performance.
Research on exploration and exploitation is burgeoning, yet our understanding of the antecedents and consequences of both activities remains rather unclear. We advance the growing body of literature by focusing on the apparent differences of exploration and exploitation and examining implications for using formal (i.e. centralization and formalization) and informal (i.e. connectedness) coordination mechanisms. This study further examines how environmental aspects (i.e. dynamism and competitiveness) moderate the effectiveness of exploratory and exploitative innovation. Results indicate that centralization negatively affects exploratory innovation while formalization positively influences exploitative innovation. Interestingly, connectedness within units appears to be an important antecedent of both exploratory and exploitative innovation. Furthermore, our findings reveal that pursuing exploratory innovation is more effective in dynamic environments whereas pursuing exploitative innovation is more beneficial to a unit’s financial performance in more competitive environments. Through this richer explanation and empirical assessment, we contribute to a greater clarity and better understanding of how ambidextrous organizations coordinate the development of exploratory and exploitative innovation in organizational units and successfully respond to multiple environmental conditions.
The resource-based view of the firm attributes superior financial performance to organizational resources and capabilities. This paper develops the concept of IT as an organizational capability and empirically examines the association between IT capability and firm performance. Firm specific IT resources are classified as IT infrastructure, human IT resources, and IT-enabled intangibles. A matched-sample comparison group methodology and publicly available ratings are used to assess IT capability and firm performance. Results indicate that firms with high IT capability tend to outperform a control sample of firms on a variety of profit and cost-based performance measures.
This paper describes a study that investigates the mediating effects of information technology (IT) on the relationships among product and process innovations and firm performance (measured in multiple profitability and growth rate metrics). Using structural equation modeling on a sample of 397 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we find evidence that (1) increases on the strategic emphasis placed on innovation, both product and process, positively impact the prominence managers place on IT; (2) the impact of innovation (both product and process) on performance (both profitability and growth) is primarily indirect, felt via the mechanism of the importance managers place on IT; and (3) an increased emphasis on IT abets managers’ perception of their firms’ performance, as compared with that observed among peer firms (other SMEs).
When a statistical equation incorporates a multiplicative term in an attempt to model interaction effects, the statistical significance of the lower-order coefficients is largely useless for the typical purposes of hypothesis testing. This fact remains largely unappreciated in political science, however. This brief article explains this point, provides examples, and offers some suggestions for more meaningful interpretation.I am grateful to Tim McDaniel, Anne Sartori, and Beth Simmons for comments on a previous draft.
The topic of organizational transformation is particularly related to the specialty of information systems. From an interpretation of a chosen literature this article proposes a perspective on the phenomenon of transformation and provides a synthesis in four themes: 1) the nature of the transformation initiative, 2) the transformation ecology, 3) the transformation process, 4) the results and measures of the transformation. Then it comes back to the theories which deal more directly, yet partially, with the phenomenon, and portrays their postures, strengths and weaknesses, thus situating the contributions of this special issue of Systèmes d’Information et Management. It shows that research on organizational transformation must be reinforced on the process theme, to which this special issue contributes particularly, and on the outcomes evaluation and measure theme.
Although much research is devoted to high reliability contexts, relatively few works focus on the reliability of more conventional processes in industry or services. In these more traditional situations of performance improvement, the criterion of reliability is often coupled with that of productivity. This article captures the contribution of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) technology to the reliability and productivity of new product development. Through a longitudinal case study within an industrial group of small appliances, we study the effects of PLM on productivity and reliability through explicit knowledge integration, routines and actors' vigilance. We highlight the non-adversarial nature of productivity and reliability in two different contexts, co-development and internal development, and discuss the joint effects of PLM and of context on these two dimensions of performance.
Relationships among the variables in political and sociological analyses are often conditional; the magnitudes of relationships frequently change among different types of people, and in different contexts. A common practice in studying such relationships has been to calculate and compare correlation coefficients, or other standardized measures of association, among subsets of observations defined by the conditioning variable. This method is criticized, and in its place we advocate a general linear model approach to assessing the extent of change in relationships among groups of observations. The approach consists of comparing a series of linear regression models with three criteria being offered for evaluating differences among the models. The analysis strategy is then illustrated in partial replications of two earlier studies.
Pour les PME, investir dans un progiciel de gestion intégré - ERP - correspond à un investissement informatique majeur, assimilable à une décision stratégique. L’article teste l’influence des priorités stratégiques des PME sur leur choix d’utiliser ou non un système ERP. Une investigation auprès de 1977 PME montre que la recherche de réactivité est le seul positionnement stratégique augmentant la probabilité d’adopter un ERP. Les stratégies d’affaires centrées sur les caractéristiques des produits n’ont, elles, pas d’influence. De plus, l’investigation confirme que la taille, l’appartenance à un groupe ainsi que la maturité informatique des PME favorisent leur adoption des ERP.
In theory, IT integration through applications such as enterprise resource planning, manufacturing resource planning, and electronic data interchange provides an organization with the ability to exploit innovation capabilities. Based on survey data obtained from 309 Canadian manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), this study aims to identify the enabling effect of IT integration on the innovation capability of manufacturing SMEs—in terms of growth and productivity outcomes—and to verify if this effect is subject to industry influences. While the firm's innovation capability was found, as expected, to be positively related to the growth and productivity of manufacturing SMEs, the results underline paradoxical effects of IT integration in this regard. While IT integration was not seen to enable the innovation capability of manufacturing SMEs in terms of growth, it was seen to have a disabling effect on this same capability with regard to productivity.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore two basic research questions: what are the effects of information technology (IT) capability and employee empowerment on the innovativeness of small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), and what are the effects of innovativeness and IT capability on firm performance in SMEs?
Design/methodology/approach
Data from 109 Polish SMEs were collected. In order to identify empirical dimensions of innovativeness, empowerment and IT capability, a factor analysis was carried out. Multiple regression analysis was employed to examine the effects of IT capability and employee empowerment on innovativeness, and the effects of IT capability and innovativeness on firm performance.
Findings
The following results are offered: innovation activity of SMEs is positively related to technological turbulence, climate for innovation, investments in innovation and use of IT in internal communications; innovation activity and IT knowledge have a positive effect on subjective measures of firm performance; and subjective measures of firm performance are significantly correlated with objective ones. The results of this study do not confirm that IT capability has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between innovativeness and firm performance.
Practical implications
The findings identify the factors that are significantly related to innovation activity and the dimensions of the constructs under study that contribute to firm performance in SMEs.
Originality/value
To the knowledge of the authors, no previous studies conducted with regards to SMEs have examined the relationships between innovativeness, empowerment, IT capability and firm performance in an integrated way. The findings suggest some direct and indirect relationships between different dimensions of these constructs.
Innovation drives economic competitiveness and sustained long-term economic growth. Especially the emergence and intensive utilization of information and communication technologies (ICTs), which spawned the beginning of the digital economy two decades ago, heavily affected the opportunities and efficiency of how firms produce and provide goods and services. We provide an overview of the empirical literature on ICT and productivity and highlight the main results and methodological differences. The majority of studies indicates that the productivity effect of ICT is indeed positive and significant. However, methodological approaches of how to appropriately estimate the ICT effect matter. While aggregate and sectoral growth accounting exercises suggest stronger differences of the ICT effect between US and Europe, firm-level analyses suggest no significant country differences. Moreover, we shed light on the notion of ICT being a General Propose Technology (GPT) enabling further innovations. Most of the GPT evidence on ICT is found for the US, while evidence for European countries is harder to come by. However, more theoretical and empirical research is needed to better understand spillovers and externalities of ICT and how these technologies transform our economies.
Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm, this study addresses the dynamic capability-generating capacity of market orientation on firm performance. Whereas prior literature has examined environmental turbulence as a contextual condition shaping the market orientation-firm performance relationship, this study takes an internal approach by focusing on existing stocks of resources within the firm while controlling for environmental conditions. A conceptual model is developed that explains how market orientation can be transformed into dynamic capability when complemented by transformational (reconfig-urational) constructs, such as innovativeness. The empirical results support the authors— theory that the effect of market orientation on firm performance is strengthened when market orientation is bundled together with internal complementary resources, such as innovativeness. The authors discuss the findings in the context of varying stages of the product life cycle and at different levels of market development.
We gather detailed data on organizational practices and information technology (IT) use at 253 firms to examine the hypothesis that external focus—the ability of a firm to detect and therefore respond to changes in its external operating environment—increases returns to IT, especially when combined with decentralized decision making. First, using survey-based measures, we find that external focus is correlated with both organizational decentralization, and IT investment. Second, we find that a cluster of practices including external focus, decentralization, and IT is associated with improved product innovation capabilities. Third, we develop and test a three-way complementarities model that indicates that the combination of external focus, decentralization, and IT is associated with significantly higher productivity in our sample. We also introduce a new set of instrumental variables representing barriers to IT-related organizational change and find that our results are robust when we account for the potential endogeneity of organizational investments. Our results may help explain why firms that operate in information-rich environments such as high-technology clusters or areas with high worker mobility have experienced especially high returns to IT investment and suggest a set of practices that some managers may be able to use to increase their returns from IT investments.
This paper was accepted by Sandra Slaughter, information systems.
The resource-based view is presented here as the theoretical framework for empirical research on the determinants of technological innovativeness in small firms. These determinants include the characteristics of the owner/manager (O/M) and the firm and some technological assets (resources and capabilities). Evidence based on case studies is used for the evaluation of their effect on innovativeness and their interaction. The study highlights the key role of the O/M and the importance of some of his/her characteristics. It also shows the impact of certain resources and capabilities. The O/M emerges as the orchestrator of resource accumulation and capability development in the innovative firms.
The purpose of this study was to develop the yet limited empirical knowledge on the intensity of customer interaction and on specific customer roles in service innovation processes. An empirical study of twelve (12) business service innovation projects was conducted in cleaning and security, financial, and ICT services. Overall, direct customer interaction in service development can be characterised as being limited and focused on specific, well-defined tasks in these service sectors, which offer support services to their customers. In the analysis, three highly important customer roles emerged: 1. Customers act as catalysts of service development processes. 2. Customer feedback is often decisive in nature, allowing for go/kill decisions and directing other key decisions. 3. Customers have a key role in internal marketing of the new service idea within the provider organisation.
Despite evidence of a positive relationship between information technology (IT) investments and firm performance, results still vary across firms and performance measures. We explore two organizational explanations for this variation: differences in firms' IT investment allocations and their IT capabilities. We develop a theoretical model of IT resources, defined as the combination of specific IT assets and organizational IT capabilities. We argue that investments into different IT assets are guided by firms' strategies (e.g., cost leadership or innovation) and deliver value along performance dimensions consistent with their strategic purpose. We hypothesize that firms derive additional value per IT dollar through a mutually reinforcing system of organizational IT capabilities built on complementary practices and competencies. Empirically, we test the impact of IT assets, IT capabilities, and their combination on four dimensions of firm performance: market valuation, profitability, cost, and innovation. Our results---based on data on IT investment allocations and IT capabilities in 147 U.S. firms from 1999 to 2002---demonstrate that IT investment allocations and organizational IT capabilities drive differences in firm performance. Firms' total IT investment is not associated with performance, but investments in specific IT assets explain performance differences along dimensions consistent with their strategic purpose. In addition, a system of organizational IT capabilities strengthens the performance effects of IT assets and broadens their impact beyond their intended purpose. The results help explain variance in returns to IT capital across firms and expand our understanding of alignment between IT and organizations. We illustrate our findings with examples from a case study of 7-Eleven Japan.
The small business sector is one of the fastest growing sectors of the economy. The firms in this sector are becoming increasingly dependent on information systems (IS) for their operations. Traditional research in IS has primarily focused on large corporations. The problems, opportunities, and management issues encountered by small business in the IS area are unique, and research is too limited to provide useful guidelines. This study compares the research literature on IS implementation and research on IS in small business, examines the commonality and differences, and identifies research gaps. An overall research framework is developed to review the research in the two areas and determine areas of opportunity. As a follow-up of this analysis, a research model is developed to explore the factors influencing the adoption of computer-mediated communication technologies in small business. The model incorporates some of the innovation factors that are identified as potential gaps in the earlier analysis. The research model evaluates the impact of 6 factors-perceived usefulness, cost, compatibility, top management support, competitive advantage, and size-on the adoption of computer-mediated communications technologies. A telephone interview was used to collect data from 207 firms. The results of data analysis reveal that competitive advantage, top management support, and size are important determinants of adoption of computer-mediated communication technologies.
Although the econometric evaluation of R&D has attracted wide interest in many countries, it has not attracted much in the UK. The main objective of this paper is to fill this void, i.e., to estimate the impact of R&D on productivity growth of the UK manufacturing sector. However, there are some additional objectives. Firstly, we estimate the impact of R&D on productivity growth of large and small firms and we discuss a number of theoretical arguments regarding the role of firm size. Secondly, given that the technological infrastructure influences the innovative capacity of a firm, we compare the impact of R&D on productivity growth of high-tech firms with the corresponding impact on productivity growth of low-tech firms. Thirdly, we investigate whether the contribution of R&D to productivity growth has changed over time. Based on firm-level data (78 firms, 1989-2002), we find that the contribution of R&D is approximately 0.04. Although the R&D-elasticity of large firms (0.044) is higher than the corresponding elasticity of small firms (0.035), the difference is small. In contrast, the R&D-elasticity is considerably high for high-tech sectors (0.11), but statistically insignificant for low-tech sectors. Finally, the investigation of the elasticity of R&D over time revealed an interesting discontinuity showing that although until 1995 the R&D-elasticity was approximately zero, after 1995 it increased dramatically to 0.09. We investigate the potential causes of such non-linearity and we suggest a number of possible explanations.
This paper explores what kinds of innovations have been developed in small manufacturing and service enterprises and what has been the degree of innovation capacity that small enterprises possess. In addition, it compares what differences there are across the manufacturing and service sectors. The empirical evidence is based on quantitative data gathered through an email questionnaire which yielded 708 qualified responses from the representatives of Finnish small enterprises with fewer than 50 employees. The analysis is based on descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. The evidence displays a rich diversity of innovation patterns in small enterprises. The empirical evidence demonstrates only slight differences between the manufacturing and service industries while it indicates significant differences across the sectors within these industries. The value of the present study lies in the better understanding of innovation development in small enterprises. The rich diversity of innovation patterns in small enterprises suggests that diversity should also direct the policies aiming at supporting innovation development in the context of small business. Finally, applying these results will provide more specific questions for studying the nature of innovation development in small enterprises.
The main objective of this research is to highlight the need to reconceptualize the theoretical construct of innovativeness. There is a large body of research on the adoption of innovations. Although research studies in this area are motivated by fundamentally different objectives, there is a common thread that runs through all of them—the identification of innovative firms.In order to identify innovative firms, a variety of unidimensional measures of innovativeness have been employed in past research. Thus, innovation diffusion research studies have used the time of innovation adoption as a measure of a firm's innovativeness. Other studies have assessed innovativeness on the basis of the number of innovation adoptions. This research contends that the conceptualization of innovativeness as a unidimensional construct is incomplete. Innovativeness, we believe, is an enduring trait that is consistently exhibited by innovative firms over a period of time. In other words, a valid measure of innovativeness must represent this temporal dimension. This study proposes and tests the validity of a multidimensional measure of innovativeness.
Small businesses represent the lifeblood of the economy. Variations in the innovativeness of these firms may help explain why some succeed, but many fail [Frambach, R. T. (1993). An integrated model of organizational adoption and diffusion of innovations. European Journal of Marketing, 25(5), 22-41; Nord, W. R. & Tucker, S. (1987). Implementing routine and radical innovations. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.]. To understand how small businesses develop and use innovations, a series of depth interviews were conducted with small, family-owned firms in the US and Spain. Results suggest several factors affect innovativeness, including industry-specific, firm-specific, and innovation-specific factors. The study ends with a series of propositions, potential managerial implications of the study, and suggestions for further research.
In this study, we address three research questions: (1) Why are some industrial firms more innovative than others? (2) What effect does innovativeness has on business performance? (3) Does the linkage between innovativeness and business performance depend on the environmental context? Accordingly, we draw on various theoretical perspectives to develop hypotheses that propose market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and learning orientation as key antecedents to innovativeness, as well as a direct relationship between innovativeness and business performance. A model is devised and tested that examines these relationships in general and in the context of varying market turbulence. Findings confirm the validity of the model and afford various insights on the role of market turbulence in the proposed relationships. Lastly, implications are offered on the antecedents and consequences of organizational innovativeness.
Although research has made significant strides in recent years in evaluating the performance impacts from information technology (IT), a dearth of easily accessible objective measures, particularly at the process level, continues to limit IT research. Suggestions that researchers use perceptual measures instead are met with claims that the biased nature of perceptions renders them imperfect proxies for the true extent of IT impacts. In this paper, we use sensemaking theory to explore this claim. We outline a model relating what executives notice about process-level IT impacts with sensemaking-based perceptions of IT impacts at the firm level, and firm performance as the ultimate arbiter of perceptual accuracy. Estimating the model with survey data from executives in 196 firms, we find that executives' perceptions are more fact than fiction. While perceptions are not a perfect proxy for hard-to-find objective measures, perceptual accuracy should stimulate greater consideration of executives' perceptions in future IT business value research.
Despite the importance to researchers, managers, and policy makers of how information technology (IT) contributes to organizational performance, there is uncertainty and debate about what we know and don’t know. A review of the literature reveals that studies examining the association between information technology and organizational performance are divergent in how they conceptualize key constructs and their interrelationships. We develop a model of IT business value based in the resource-based view of the firm that integrates the various strands of research into a single framework. We apply the integrative model to synthesize what is known about IT business value and guide future research by developing propositions and suggesting a research agenda. A principal finding is that IT is valuable, but the extent and dimensions are dependent upon internal and external factors, including complementary organizational resources of the firm and its trading partners, as well as the competitive and macro environment. Our analysis provides a blueprint to guide future research and facilitate knowledge accumulation and creation concerning the organizational performance impacts of information technology.
Payoffs from information technology (IT) continue to generate interest and debate both among academicians and practitioners. The extant literature cites inadequate sample size, lack of process orientation, and analysis methods among the reasons some studies have shown mixed results in establishing a relationship between IT investment and firm performance.
In this paper we examine the structural variables that affect IT payoff through a meta analysis of 66 firm-level empirical studies between 1990 and 2000. Employing logistic regression and discriminant analyses, we present statistical evidence of the characteristics that discriminate between IT payoff studies that observed a positive effect and those that did not. In addition, we conduct ordinary least squares (OLS) regression on a continuous measure of IT payoff to examine the influence of structural variables on the result of IT payoff studies.
The results indicate that the sample size, data source (firm-level or secondary), and industry in which the study is conducted influence the likelihood of the study finding greater improvements on firm performance. The choice of the dependent variable(s) also appears to influence the outcome (although we did not find support for process-oriented measurement), the type of statistical analysis conducted, and whether the study adopted a cross-sectional or longitudinal design. Finally, we present implications of the findings and recommendations for future research.
Prior research suggests that supply chain collaboration has enabled companies to compete more efficiently in a global economy. We investigate a class of collaboration software for product development called collaborative product commerce (CPC), and estimate its impact on product quality, design cycle time and development cost. We develop a theoretical framework to study the impact of CPC on product design and development. Based on data from CPC implementations in 72 firms, we test and empirically validate research hypotheses on the impact of CPC. We find that CPC implementation is associated with greater collaboration among product design teams which, in turn, have a significant positive impact on product quality and a reduction in cycle time and product development cost. Based on a subset of firms for which operational metrics were collected, we find that CPC is associated with substantial quantifiable improvements in product design quality, design turnaround times, and product development and rework costs.
A burning question for information systems (IS) researchers and practitioners is whether and how IT can build a competitive advantage in turbulent environments. To address this question, this study focuses on the business process level of analysis and introduces the construct of IT leveraging competence—the ability to effectively use IT functionalities. This construct is conceptualized in the context of new product development (NPD). IT leveraging competence is shown to indirectly influence competitive advantage in NPD through two key mediating links: functional competencies (the ability to effectively execute operational NPD processes) and dynamic capabilities (the ability to reconfigure functional competencies to address turbulent environments). Environmental turbulence is also shown to moderate the process by which IT leveraging competence influences competitive advantage in NPD. Empirical data were collected from 180 NPD managers.
Through the construct of IT leveraging competence, the study shows that the effective use of IT functionalities, even generic functionalities, by business units can help build a competitive advantage. The study also shows that the strategic effect of IT leveraging competence is more pronounced in higher levels of environmental turbulence. This effect is not direct: It is fully mediated by both dynamic capabilities and functional competencies. Taken together, these findings suggest that IS researchers should look beyond the direct effects of firm-level IT infrastructures and focus their attention on how business units can leverage IT functionalities to better reconfigure and execute business processes. In turbulent environments, focusing on these aspects is even more vital.
[fre] La petite et moyenne entreprise requiert des critères de gestion spécifiques, qui tiennent compte de la très grande diversité de ces entreprises. Cette spécificité résulte tout d'abord du caractère global du système de gestion, qui exige d'analyser ensemble les buts, l'environnement, l'organisation et les activités, en dégageant des concepts reliant ces pôles. La spécificité est également due au rôle prédominant de l'entrepreneur. Bien des classifications existent. Nous proposons de distinguer l'entrepreneur préoccupé par un logique patrimoniale et celui préoccupé par une logique de flux. [eng] The small and medium sized entreprise needs specific managerial criteria, taking account of the high level of diversity among those firms. That specificity results from the global character of the management system, needing to analyse together the goals, the environment, the organization and the activities, getting concepts connecting those poles. The specificity is also due the proéminent role of the entrepreneur. Many classifications exist. It is suggested to make a distinction between the entrepreneur focusing on a patrimonial logic, and the other one focusing on a flow logic.
Une théorie en vigueur a été intégrée pour expliquer l'introduction de progiciels administratifs au sein de petites entreprises liées a une profession libérale. Trois dimensions de diffusion organisationnelle des systèmes d'information (SI) ( utilisation étendue, intégrante ou émergente) sont conceptualisées à un niveau général, puis sont mises en oeuvre de manière spécifique dans le contexte particulier des petites entreprises liées a une profession libérale. La maturité du système informatique, l'intervention des cadres supérieurs, la réceptivité au changement, la communication avec des sources externes, les opinions du personnel au sujet des SI, leurs opinions sur les tâches de travail et leur capacité de reconceptualiser les tâches de travail par le biais du SI sont autant de facteurs qui déterminent l'infusion des SI dans les organisations. Ces facteurs ont été étudiés dans 404 cliniques vétérinaires par l'intermédiaire d'une modélisation structurelle et d'une modelisation de régression hiérarchique. Les implications des résultats pour une implantation réussie de SI dans les petites entreprises liées à une profession libérale sont examinées.
This study investigates the impacts of R&D on firm performance. It extends previous research by constructing alternative stocks of R&D-Capital that take into account that time plays an important role in assessing the pay-off of industrial research. The results show that even when we employed R&D-Capitals that placed more emphasis on the industrial research that had been undertaken 7 years ago, the effects of R&D were very (statistically) significant and relatively high, thereby suggesting that the life of R&D (on average) tends to be long. The results however, vary across organizations depending on both firm size and the technological opportunities that a company faces. It appears that the depreciation rate of R&D investments is higher in the case of technologically sophisticated firms. In contrast, strategic investments in industrial research generate a relatively constant effect on the performance of other firms, supporting the notion that the corresponding returns for such firms decay slowly.
- Kleis
Information Technology and Intangible Output : The Impact of IT Investment on Innovation Productivity
- L Kleis
- P Chwelos
- R Ramirez
- I Cockburn
Innovations et performances - approches pluridisciplinaires
- D Foray
- J Mairesse
« La contribution de l’IT à l’innovation - les facteurs constitutifs des démarches d’innovation », Étude
- Cigref
Gestion de l’innovation, 2e édition, éditions EMS
- T Loilier
- A Tellier
« Constats et hypothèses pour mieux comprendre l’appropriation des TIC en PME
- M C Monnoyer
- M Boutary