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Abstract
This is a review of argument and evidence on the connection between social networks and social capital. My summary points are three: (1) Research and theory will better cumulate across studies if we focus on the network mechanisms responsible for social capital effects rather than trying to integrate across metaphors of social capital loosely tied to distant empirical indicators. (2) There is an impressive diversity of empirical evidence showing that social capital is more a function of brokerage across structural holes than closure within a network, but there are contingency factors. (3) The two leading network mechanisms can be brought together in a productive way within a more general model of social capital. Structural holes are the source of value added, but network closure can be essential to realizing the value buried in the holes.
... Thus, we propose that media coverage of a misconduct event may enhance the scrutiny effect of centrality, intensifying the shape of the inverted-U effect. Furthermore, a firm's power within a network cannot be attributable solely to its direct connections; rather, it also derives significantly from its unique position within the network structure (Burt, 2000). Thus, we propose that the power effect may become more pronounced when a focal firm occupies a brokering position in a network. ...
... The centrality advantage pertains to the extent to which a firm connects otherwise unconnected entities within the network. This positioning enables the firm to monitor and influence the distribution of resources (Burt, 1992(Burt, , 2000. Thus, central firms have considerable power because they have more resources at hand than their alliance partners (Gulati & Gargiulo, 1999;Stuart et al., 1999). ...
... In addition to the power it enjoys through centrality, a firm can further enhance its power through its brokering position-the position played in a network by an actor who links two otherwise disconnected "alters" across a structural hole (Burt, 1992(Burt, , 2000. Centrality and brokering position represent two types of power advantage that a firm can leverage (Gnyawali & Madhavan, 2001). ...
Building on social network theory and incorporating insights from the literature on corporate misconduct, this study examined how a firm’s centrality within a social network influences terminations of its strategic alliances following public allegations of corporate misconduct. Utilizing a sample of 264 publicly listed companies operating within the global computer industry, the study found an inverted U-shaped relationship between an accused firm’s centrality and terminations of its strategic alliances following corporate misconduct. This relationship was found to be influenced as well by media coverage and an accused firm’s brokering position. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of centrality in the context of a corporate crisis, emphasizing its critical role in shaping the dynamics of inter-organizational partnerships.
... including trust, norms, and reciprocity (Burt, 2000;Coleman, 1988;Putnam, 2000). Social network analysis, from a relational perspective, is employed to map and analyse these relationships by examining the centralities of the various actors in the network. ...
... Social network analysis, from a relational perspective, is employed to map and analyse these relationships by examining the centralities of the various actors in the network. Relations can be understood as indicators of social capital (Borgatti et al., 1998;Burt, 2000;Burt et al., 2013). Social capital explains how actors in local decision-making obtain and share information among other actors, thereby exerting more influence on the decision-making process (Portes, 2000). ...
... The connections between nodes in a network allow for an understanding of how different parts influence each other (Parnell & Robinson, 2018). SNA is useful for showing the connections among individuals in a system, particularly regarding how resources, such as information, are shared and who is involved or not involved in the exchange (Burt, 2000;Siegel, 2009). Decision-making provides a way to understand relationships among actors who are expected to collaborate with actors from different sectors and in both professional and personal relationships (Kabo et al., 2015). ...
Information sharing is crucial for decision-makers to enhance their capacity and influence in local decision-making. However, the mechanisms of information flow among different actors in local decision-making for urban transport are not well understood. This paper utilises social capital theory and social network analysis to investigate how actors control and share information based on their position in the decision network. The position of individuals in the network is critical to understanding how they receive and share information, as well as their influence on the decision-making process. Data were collected from documents and interviews with 28 participants in the decision-making process for a road expansion project in Kristiansand Municipality, Norway. These data formed the basis for conducting a social network analysis (SNA) of two networks, focusing on meeting and information sharing among participants. The results reveal centralised networks around four main actors with the highest centralities—two planners and two politicians. The social connections and resources among those involved in the project expose imbalances and internal dynamics not solely attributed to the structure of the decision-making process. The findings have implications for local decision-making. Understanding the centralities of actors allows decision-makers to identify key influencers and opinion leaders. It is also helpful for comprehending communication and collaboration barriers among decision-makers and developing strategies to overcome these barriers.
... Finally, larger social networks can improve the CEO succession process and guarantee a better rm-matching selected candidate (Wang, 2021). Burt (2000) has stated that social capital is an "advantage" to its owners and thus highly connected individuals have differential successes in their business and activities. Similarly, Horton et al. (2012) conclude that larger social networks allow the rm to access various resources that enhance its future pro tability and performance. ...
... This is explained by the implication that they can better understand the surrounding environment and the stakeholders' needs which will subsequently enhance the rm's performance (Bigley and The results conclude that the direction of change in the CEO successor's social network is signi cantly positively related to both the rm's ATO and OCF and thus (H3 and H4) are not rejected. Moreover, the results are consistent with Burt (2000) stating that social capital is an "advantage" to its owners, and thus highly connected CEOs have differential successes in their business and activities. Likewise, the human capital theory claims that socially connected CEOs with good quality network connections are considered prestigious, helping their rms attract better human capital quality (Chuluun et Furthermore, the results are in support of both the social network theory and the RDT claiming that the CEO's social network facilitates the CEO's accessibility to different information and resources through his connections. ...
This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the impact of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) succession on the firm’s post-succession performance, specifically through investigating the direction of changes in CEO successor attributes compared to the predecessor CEO. The paper uses a sample of 1,729 firms in twenty-six emerging countries from 2000 to 2019. The sample yields 9,498 firm-year observations embracing 913 CEO successions. Using fixed effect (FE) regression, the findings conclude that hiring an insider CEO successor significantly decreases the negative impact of CEO succession on the firm’s asset utilization. However, hiring a CEO successor of the same gender, younger, less experienced, or with smaller social networks significantly amplifies the negative impact of CEO succession on the firm’s asset utilization. Moreover, the direction of change in CEO education and busyness has revealed mixed results on the firm’s asset utilization. In addition, hiring an insider, of the same gender, more experienced, with a larger social network and less busy CEO successor significantly decreases the negative impact of CEO succession on the firm’s liquidity. Finally, hiring an outsider, a different gender, younger, less educated, less experienced, with a larger social network or busier CEO successor significantly amplifies the negative impact of CEO succession on the firm’s liquidity.
JEL: C12, C23, G41, O16
... Granovetter (1973) proposed the "weak tie strength" theory, which shows that weak ties (such as loose social ties) play an important role in information dissemination because they can span different social groups and provide more diverse information [4]. In addition, Burt's (2000) structural hole theory emphasizes that the structural position occupied by individuals or organizations in social networks, especially the intermediary position connecting different groups, can bring more information and control advantages [5]. These theories provide a basis for understanding how social networks affect the behavior of individuals and organizations. ...
... Granovetter (1973) proposed the "weak tie strength" theory, which shows that weak ties (such as loose social ties) play an important role in information dissemination because they can span different social groups and provide more diverse information [4]. In addition, Burt's (2000) structural hole theory emphasizes that the structural position occupied by individuals or organizations in social networks, especially the intermediary position connecting different groups, can bring more information and control advantages [5]. These theories provide a basis for understanding how social networks affect the behavior of individuals and organizations. ...
It examines the mechanism of influence on institutional investors by social networks, specifically looking at the dual roles of information dissemination and social capital accumulation. This paper collects financial data, transaction records, and social network data concerning institutional investors. Descriptive statistical analysis and multivariate regression analysis were adopted to test the critical impact of social networks on investment decisions. The results show that information sources and social capital have a significant positive impact on investment amounts. Institutional investors who can obtain direct information sources have significantly increased their investment amounts, and the accumulation of social capital also has a significant promoting effect on investment amounts. Descriptive statistical analysis reveals the differences in the social capital and information sources of different investors on their investment behaviors. Regression analysis further quantifies these effects. It can be seen that information sources and social capital were 200000 and 10000 respectively, while the P value was far less than 0.01, highly significant in general. This paper not only verifies the key role of social network in institutional investors' behavior but provides a very important reference to sponsoring actual investment decisions. It shows how social networks have a significant role in information dispersion and accumulation of social capital on the behavior of guiding institutional investors. This promotes more extensive use of the scope of social network theory applications in the context of finance literature and provides newer perspectives and strategies for institutional investors.
... Understanding the interplay between social and financial capital is thus essential for unlocking the full potential of SMEs and driving sustainable economic development in Indonesia. Studies have shown that SMEs with strong social capital networks are more likely to attract venture capital investments, secure bank loans at lower interest rates, and achieve higher profitability and growth rates than those with limited social capital (Burt, 2000). ...
... Furthermore, social capital builds a positive organizational culture characterized by mutual respect, support, and trust among employees (Coleman, 1988). This supportive environment enhances employee morale and job satisfaction and fosters a greater sense of loyalty and commitment to the organization (Burt, 2000). Additionally, strong social ties and networks within the organization can lead to better problem-solving and decision-making processes, as employees are more likely to seek and receive help from their colleagues when needed (Lin, 2002). ...
This study aims to study how leadership strategies and business capital influence the performance and resilience of Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia, particularly in dealing with rapid financial fluctuations in 2023. The goal is to offer valuable insights for managing MSMEs effectively. This study used quantitative research to collect primary data from 101 MSMEs with valid business licenses in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia. It employed the partial least squares (PLS) analysis method, covering measurements and structural models. A leader’s management style does not directly affect how well a business can handle challenges, and having good business connections does not make a big difference. However, certain aspects of a leader’s plan can improve the business’s overall performance. Surprisingly, the business’s current performance does not strongly impact its ability to handle tough situations, and it does not change how a leader’s management style and connections influence this resilience. These findings help us understand how these factors interact in small businesses in the province. This study demonstrates the connections between leadership strategies, social capital, business performance, and resilience in a specific location. Small business leaders in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province can utilize this research to enhance their strategies. Improved resilience among MSMEs can contribute to the economic strength and growth of the local community in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. This study is unique because it looks closely at one particular place and how leadership, social capital, business performance, and resilience are all connected in small businesses. The results help manage these businesses, especially when dealing with the challenges of fast-changing finances in 2023.
... In the realm of Inter-organizational Networks, numerous scholars have applied the principles of SNA, interpreting network structures and organizational positions within the network as indicators of social capital, performance, and power [59,60,61,7,5]. Additionally, some studies emphasize the concept of "open innovation", also referred to as collaboration for innovation [62]. Engaging in inter-organizational collaboration grants access to valuable knowledge and can generate resources, ideas, and insights not currently accessible to individual firms [62]. ...
... Existing research suggests that the strength of inter-organizational ties has generally positive effects on firms' ability to acquire knowledge, thereby enhancing the outcomes of research collaborations [63]. Analyzing these network structures also aids in understanding the influence and evolution of the network [60,57], thereby contributing to the development of influence mechanisms within business ecosystems. ...
... These negative effects suggest that, while holding tie diversity constant, higher out-degree centrality and more ties in the "weak network" are associated with decreased project innovativeness. This observation could be attributed to the increased constraints within a local community associated with higher out-degree, as discussed by Burt [67]. Such constraints can lead to a reduced inclination for combining packages of diverse functions within the project, consequently contributing to the reduced novelty of the project. ...
In a real-world social network, weak ties (reflecting low-intensity, infrequent interactions) act as bridges and connect people to different social circles, giving them access to diverse information and opportunities that are not available within one's immediate, close-knit vicinity. Weak ties can be crucial for creativity and innovation, as it introduces new ideas and approaches that people can then combine in novel ways, leading to innovative solutions and creative breakthroughs. Do weak ties facilitate creativity in software in similar ways? In this paper, we show that the answer is ``yes.'' Concretely, we study the correlation between developers' knowledge acquisition through three distinct interaction networks on GitHub and the innovativeness of the projects they develop, across over 38,000 Python projects hosted on GitHub. Our findings suggest that the diversity of projects in which developers engage correlates positively with the innovativeness of their future project developments, whereas the volume of interactions exerts minimal influence. Notably, acquiring knowledge through weak interactions (e.g., starring) as opposed to strong ones (e.g., committing) emerges as a stronger predictor of future novelty.
... This facilitates and potentially accelerates the spread of information in online environments, contributing to viral-like diffusion patterns. Some researchers have examined influencers as brokers of information, analyzing their role in facilitating the spread of content created by others [11,12,9]. Despite these research advances, significant gaps remain. ...
Cultural evolution theory suggests that prestige bias (whereby individuals preferentially learn from prestigious figures) has played a key role in human ecological success. However, its impact within online environments remains unclear, particularly regarding whether reposts by prestigious individuals amplify diffusion more effectively than reposts by non-influential users. Here, we analyzed over 55 million posts and 520 million reposts on Twitter (currently X) to examine whether users with high influence scores (hg-index) more effectively amplified the reach of others' content. Our findings indicate that posts shared by influencers were more likely to be further shared compared to those shared by non-influencers. This effect persisted over time, especially in viral posts. Moreover, a small group of highly influential users accounted for approximately half of the information flow within repost cascades. These findings demonstrate a prestige bias in information diffusion within digital society, suggesting that cognitive biases shape content spread through reposting.
... 223). Such networks provide opportunities for knowledge exchange and learning, they offer opportunities for interaction across members that may encourage sense-making, and they can make risk-taking easier for individuals promoting change by providing the support of peers (Burt, 2000;Rogers, 2003;Tenkasi & Chesmore, 2003). Within the sciences, a number of such networks of individuals have emerged, connecting scientists based on discipline (e.g., American Society of Plant Biologists), an adherence to a reform agenda (e.g., Science Education for New Civic Engagements and Responsibilities, SENCER), or policy advocacy (e.g., American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS). ...
Organization Change Networks (OCNs) are increasing in use as a lever for fostering systemic change in higher education. OCNs are inter-organizational networks composed of institutional members that seek to advance targeted goals such as improving STEM education. This study presents findings from a six-year study of six STEM education-focused networks. Using extensive qualitative date, the results suggest that OCNs experience a four-stage life cycle (including Formation, Development and Growth, Maturity, and Transformation or Sunsetting), as well as manage a set of critical considerations (i.e., purpose; leadership; membership; and funding) that weave throughout the life cycles but manifest differently across stages. Offering a framework that situates OCNS in relationship to other kinds of networks in higher education, the article contributes to emerging conceptual understanding of OCNs as unique collaborative forms designed to advance significant change goals. Additionally, the findings provide ideas for higher education leaders considering institutional membership in OCNs, policy makers considering supporting them, and current and potential leaders of OCNs pertaining to navigating network developmental stages and addressing such considerations as leadership pipelines, scaling network size, and institutionalizing network processes. Finally, the article highlights further questions that should be examined about OCNS, such as how they impact their member institutions and interact with other organizations in the broader context in which universities and colleges are situated.
... Sociology has called such figures "brokers" (Granovetter, 1973;Gould & Fernandez, 1989;Burt, 2000Burt, , 2004Small, 2009;See Stovel and Shaw 2012). African studies scholarship has examined 'African intermediaries' (Lawrance et al., 2006;Osborn, 2003). ...
At key moments in history, political understanding and action are irrevocably transformed. What makes such moments of transformation possible? This article examines the emergence of African nationalism in South Africa, following the multivocal appeal to African nationhood made by proto-nationalist leaders and intellectuals. In doing so I examine how new political imagination can reconfigure the structure of political relations and create powerful new possibilities for political organizing and action. African proto-nationalist leaders were ‘intermediary intellectuals’ who used African nationhood to speak to three different political logics of their key audiences: a ‘progressive nationhood’ to their white colonial audience, a ‘unifying nationhood’ to their missionary-educated African audience, and a ‘traditional nationhood’ to their rural African audience. African nationhood thus had a multivocal appeal which allowed proto-nationalist leaders to bring otherwise divided audiences to support a common political project. By bridging these divided communities, proto-nationalist leaders were able to combine resources and strategies from once separated domains into novel forms of political power. Transformation in political understanding was thus a critical enabler of innovation in organization and action because it built a political project where new connections between African and colonial worlds were made politically ‘thinkable’. Speaking to the scholarship on political repertoires and the sociology of anti-colonial intellectuals, this study has broader implications for the role political ideas play in political transformation.
... Integration takes place across diverse combinations of domains for different refugees, but the 'social connections' domain is seen as 'key to both the definition and achievement of integration' (Ndofor-Tah et al., 2019: 16). Social connections' importance is often linked to the formation of social capital (Burt, 2000), that is individuals' capacity to acquire benefits through the investment in their membership of social networks (Portes, 1998). Such investment may be significant for refugees resettling in a new country as developing new relationships can improve access to information, power, and identity (Adler and Kwon, 2000), which are important in refugee integration. ...
Globally, resettlement is considered one of the most durable solutions for refugees. The UK has introduced a Community Sponsorship Scheme that enables communities to resettle refugee families providing them with enhanced integration support aided by volunteers. This paper investigates the nature of integration support that sponsored refugees receive utilising the analytical framework of UK’s Indicators of Integration (IoI). Data was collected from interviews with refugee adults resettled in diverse and less diverse areas. Our findings illustrate the importance of support given by volunteer groups to enable access to resources and connections. We establish that there is much potential for sponsorship programmes to add value to refugee support suggesting that the current expansion of sponsorship from its Canadian roots may help facilitate refugee integration. However, further research is needed to uncover the long-term experiences of sponsored refugees and to compare their outcomes to those of forced migrants arriving via different mechanisms.
... Burt (1992) proposed the concept of a structural hole as an advantage of brokerage opportunities, arguing that the structural hole reinforces an individual's unduplicated and wide-range access to information. As a result, individuals gain the advantage of access and control a variety of information (Burt, 2000). A structural hole can be measured by network efficiency in relation to non-redundant access to resources and information (Zaheer & Soda, 2009). ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the dual mediation role of creativity and academic coping in network efficiency and academic performance, using Folkman and Lazarus’s transactional model of stress. Data were obtained from 39 students taking business administration at a Korean university. Social network analysis was performed to check the ego network of students. The double mediation model was applied to analyze the path from network efficiency to academic performance. The results showed that network efficiency, in relation to the structural hole in social network parameters, was double mediated by creativity and academic coping, which had a positive effect on academic performance. However, the effect of double mediation through avoidance was insignificant. Based on the research results, the theoretical and practical implications for the dual mediation effect of creativity and academic coping were presented.
... For individuals already possessing better social networks and higher social status, the Internet mainly serves to maintain and marginally expand their network (Ellison et al., 2011). This maintenance can be crucial for entrepreneurial activity by ensuring the flow of information and resources but does not fundamentally alter the landscape of opportunities available to them (Burt, 2000;2 In the 2010 wave, we identify this variable as equal to one if a respondent answered 'Internet' to the question: 'What is your main way to get information?'; otherwise, it is equal to zero. ...
We examine the relationship between Internet development and entrepreneurship in China, using survey data from the China Family Panel Studies on individual entrepreneurship and administrative data on new firm registration. Employing instrumental variable (IV) and difference-in-differences (DID) approaches to address the endogeneity of Internet development, we find that Internet development increases the likelihood of individual entrepreneurship and the number of new firm registrations. Our IV model suggests that a one standard deviation increase in the Internet development index increases the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur by 0.588 standard deviations. Our DID model finds that the Broadband China Program – the inaugural national broadband infrastructure initiative – increases annual new firm registrations by 14,358 in the selected prefectures. These results are robust to a battery of robustness checks. We find that improved access to information and finance are the key mechanisms through which Internet development affects entrepreneurship.
... However, it is essential to recognize the challenges and limitations associated with harnessing community resources for SME development. Regulatory constraints, institutional barriers, and cultural factors may hinder effective resource mobilization and collaboration among stakeholders (Burt, 2000). Moreover, power dynamics and inequalities within communities can exacerbate social exclusion and marginalization, limiting the participation of certain groups in entrepreneurial activities (Stryker, 2008). ...
This qualitative study explores the utilization of community resources for small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development. Grounded in grounded theory and thematic analysis, the research aims to uncover insights into the complexities surrounding this phenomenon. Scholarly literature serves as the primary data source, and a systematic search strategy is employed to identify relevant articles. Data analysis involves open, axial, and selective coding techniques to identify emergent themes and patterns. Ethical considerations are paramount throughout the research process. The findings reveal that social capital plays a crucial role in SME development by fostering innovation, collaboration, and access to critical resources. Moreover, management strategies such as microfinance initiatives, entrepreneurial ecosystems, and social entrepreneurship offer promising avenues for leveraging community resources. However, challenges such as limited access to financial capital, inadequate infrastructure, and regulatory constraints hinder SME growth and sustainability. Collaborative partnerships and capacity-building initiatives emerge as potential solutions to overcome these barriers. The implications for future research and practice highlight the need for further empirical studies to explore the effectiveness of different management strategies and the impact of emerging trends on SME development. Policymakers and practitioners should collaborate to design targeted interventions aimed at enhancing SME access to community resources and fostering an enabling environment for entrepreneurial activity.
... The study found that students' network centralities and their membership in small groups, which manifest social capital, correlate with academic performance in all four cohorts. This finding is in line with previous studies, where social capital emerges from dense networks of relationships (Coleman, 1988;Coleman, 1990), a higher number of alters that ego is directly connected to (Borgatti et al., 1998) and through the brokerage of data (Burt, 1992;Burt, 2000). ...
Is there always a statistically positive correlation between academic achievement and social capital? What is the role of individual characteristics in this correlation? The present study combines quantitative Social Network Analysis (SNA) with qualitative interviews to examine these questions among students in a 'bachelor's degree program. The research operationalized students' social capital as friendship ties and social network centralities and correlated these parameters with their academic performance. The study uses and elucidates the relationship between academic performance and social position. It uses this data and qualitative data obtained through in-depth interviews to characterize students who are both academic and social high-performers.
... As the social status of outside directors increases, the high expectations placed on them confer a heavier burden; furthermore, high expectations are more likely to cause conflicts regarding firm expectations in the future. Conversely, the network-embeddedness perspective suggests that extremely low-level social status does not create an advantage stemming from the individual's position in a social network (Burt, 2000;El-Khatib et al., 2021). This perspective posits that only high-level social status can act as a buffer, shielding tainted outside directors from penalties due to expectancy violations (Schepker & Barker, 2018). ...
Although a tainted outside director’s social status may serve as a buffer against devaluation owing to an affiliate firm’s corporate financial misconduct, the extent of this buffer effect is unclear. We propose a threshold approach by introducing the expectancy violation perspective, which generates a theoretical tension from the network-embeddedness perspective, to clarify the following question: From which perspective does the buffer effect of social status become more salient? Specifically, we propose an inverted U–shaped relationship between the directors’ social status and the departure of tainted outside directors from host firms. We theorize that when directors’ social status exceeds a certain threshold, the network-embeddedness perspective is more dominant than the expectancy violation perspective. Moreover, a host firm’s external stakeholder attention and board social status moderate the inverted-U effect such that its turning point shifts to the right because such contingencies increase the threshold for the buffer. Using a sample of tainted outside directors penalized for associated firms’ financial misconduct, we find evidence that supports our predictions. Our study helps clarify the boundary between the competing theoretical perspectives of expectancy violation and network embeddedness to explain the phenomenon of tainted director departure.
... Consultants through their individual practice and wide networking activities collect immense precedent data, knowledge, and experience that can be used to develop their current and future clients (Burt, 1992). Business organizations that employ the services of consultants create long-term relationships with them leading to continuous organizational development efforts (Ocasio, 1997). ...
The purpose of this article was to propose various training programs for the development of owners and managers of private Greek enterprises. The author of this article has been examining, analyzing, evaluating, and critiquing the state of management practices in private Greek enterprises since 1971. He has written and published a dissertation on private Greek enterprises for his doctoral degree from the Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki and a number of peer-reviewed articles on the same topic, the last of which was published in 2023. The absence of effective and efficient training of the managers and owners of private Greek enterprises was mentioned in each of the above-cited publications; however, no suggestions for training were presented because training was not a topic of discussion in any of the above-cited publications.
... In this context, social capital is understood as the sum of actual and potential resources embedded within, available through, and derived from the network of relationships possessed by an individual or organization (Adler and Kwon, 2002;Bolino et al., 2002). It is broadly categorized into structural social capital, which refers to the impersonal configuration of linkages between individuals or units (Burt, 2000;Coleman, 1988), and relational social capital, which emphasizes the personal relationships developed through a history of interactions, characterized by trust, reciprocity, and mutual respect (Putnam, 1995;Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). These dimensions of social capital facilitate cooperative behaviors and knowledge exchange, enhancing organizational and individual performance (Le and Lei, 2018;Reagans and McEvily, 2003). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed formidable challenges to economic mobility and corporate expansion. Among these challenges is its pronounced effect on knowledge innovation, a cornerstone upon which many organizations depend. To re-establish the flow of internal knowledge, organizations are compelled to refine their knowledge management strategies and amplify employees’ motivation and eagerness to share and transfer information. This study delves into the influence of knowledge management processes on employees’ knowledge-sharing and transfer behaviors, viewed through the lens of the social exchange theory. It also probes the role of social capital in fostering and augmenting employees’ involvement in refining these processes. Data was gleaned from 30 information service firms in mainland China, resulting in 483 valid responses. Our findings highlight that both relational and structural forms of social capital positively influence the knowledge management processes, subsequently enhancing employees’ knowledge-sharing and transfer behaviors.
... A partir de las características de las relaciones que se establecen en la red, se identifican dos categorías de redes (Burt, 2000;Evers y Knight, 2008): la red social (personal) y la red comercial (empresarial). En la primera, las relaciones son informales y se basan en asuntos personales. ...
Este trabajo propone un modelo teórico para el estudio de la intención de emprendimiento internacional de las pymes. Desde la Teoría de las Redes de la Empresa, y de acuerdo con los modelos clásicos de la intención emprendedora, se propone un modelo integral que pueda servir para explicar los factores antecedentes que influyen en la intención de emprender una estrategia de internacionalización. El modelo pretende servir para profundizar en el origen de la internacionalización desde la perspectiva individual del emprendedor. Desde un punto de vista práctico, puede ayudar a fomentar la internacionalización empresarial para el caso concreto de las pymes.
... Similarly, skill-sharing workshops help to build social capital by allowing people to share their knowledge, expertise, and resources (Adler & Kwon, 2002). Patrons who participate in skillsharing activities at cafes can improve their talents, extend their professional networks, and receive access to valuable resources, ultimately fostering a sense of belonging and collective efficacy within the community (Burt, 2000). ...
The global transition to hybrid work patterns following COVID-19 has accelerated the growth of the Work from Café (WFC) phenomena, changing traditional work paradigms and productivity expectations. The study digs into WFC's revolutionary potential, as shown in Buraydah, Saudi Arabia, which is known for its thriving coffee shop scene. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as environmental psychology, attention restoration theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and social exchange theory, the study investigates WFC's complex dynamics. Overcrowding, noise levels, restricted amenities, and patronage expectations are compared to chances for innovation and collaboration. Infrastructure improvement, community participation, work-life balance promotion, local economic integration, and policy lobbying are among the proposed tactics for long-term WFC practices. These initiatives, based on theoretical foundations and practical facts, seek to maximize WFC's economic and social effect while cultivating thriving, resilient communities in the post-pandemic era.
... Therefore, firms bridging structural holes in alliance networks can improve the efficiency of their innovation activities and produce greater innovation performance by leveraging their control over external resources. Firms that obtain more structural holes in alliance networks will learn and adapt to surrounding technologies and market practices more quickly due to the benefits of information and control [16]. Organizational learning, enhanced by structural holes, is particularly valuable for firms Highlights in Business, Economics and Management ...
With the development of globalization, firms are facing increasingly fierce competition. In such an environment, innovation has become an inevitable choice for companies to survive and develop, and is a hot topic studied by management scholars. Especially in high-tech industries, innovation has a particularly prominent impact on a company’s survival and prosperity. Technical innovation involves high levels of uncertainty and requires significant amounts of time and resources, so firms typically engage in strategic alliances to conduct joint research and exchange knowledge and information. In this process, innovation networks become an important source of innovation for companies, and the transfer, sharing, integration, and absorption of technical knowledge are all accomplished through innovation networks. As an important structure in innovation networks, structural holes can provide novel and heterogeneous information and knowledge. firms occupying positions in structural holes have information and control advantages, and by integrating different information, firms are more likely to create new knowledge. Therefore, the study of structural holes has become a focus of management research, and can play a significant role in promoting the development of social network and social capital theory. This paper systematically studies structural holes and innovation performance by reviewing existing research and defining the basic concepts and classifications of structural holes. In addition, relevant studies on the relationship between structural holes and innovation performance are summarized from the organizational, team, and individual levels, with a focus on the relationship between structural holes and firm innovation performance. Finally, based on the shortcomings of current research on structural holes and innovation performance, future research prospects are proposed to further promote the development of research in this area.
... The "weight" of penal power affects social relationships due to the multiple rules and regulations governing prisoners' contact with the outside world. It may weaken strong ties or cause weaker ties to dissolve (Burt, 2000;Cornwell, 2009). A break or sometimes a weakening of relationships with partners and children of the prisoners was usually reported and was perceived as painful. ...
Imprisonment generates polyvalent “pains”. Decades of research show these pains are embedded in the different dimensions of penal power. This article draws on interviews with 30 mothers and 30 fathers in a medium-security prison in Ghana to explore the nature of the pains experienced by parents. The parents were in prison for long sentences, an average of 6.8 years for mothers and 17.4 years for fathers. Their accounts of prison life reveal prison to be a threat to parents’ “functionings” and “ground projects”. Prisons eviscerated the lives they imagined for themselves and their families; the parents lived in constant anxiety about the well-being of their children; they feared the deterioration of the economic conditions of their children and agonized about severed relationships due partly to the prison policy of non-visits for minors. These findings have implications for the sociology of imprisonment.
... Brokers are considered actors with ties to disconnected individuals, communities, and collaborators [79][80][81], taking structural holes (non-tie condition) to define brokerage [82][83][84]. However, Obstfeld suggests that brokerage can take many forms of activities and does not require strict prerequisites of disconnected structural patterns [85]. ...
Creative social enterprises are increasingly emerging in rural regions, motivated by a desire to take social responsibility through creative approaches. These enterprises integrate entrepreneurial activities with creative social attributes and are sometimes set in rural collaborative workspaces (CWSs) facilitating entrepreneurial activities. Under the frame of entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs), we argue that CWSs can be seen as brokers, who (1) link resources as liaisons, (2) hold and pass resources as gatekeepers, (3) enhance resource flows as coordinators, and (4) reproduce experiences as representatives. Against this backdrop, this paper presents a case study of two creative social enterprises in a CWS with a cooperative structure in rural Upper Austria by analyzing entrepreneurial biographies about the demand and use of entrepreneurial resources. Through a comparison between before and after the emergence of the CWS, the findings suggest that the EE for creative and social entrepreneurship undergoes two different types of transformation, a radical and a gradual one. The brokerage process of the CWS enhances local resource networks’ transformation of EE and brings the transformation in terms of translocal resources and integral EE of enterprises in the CWS. Additionally, the CWS generates social impacts on the local community through social enterprises. This paper contributes to ecosystem literature by introducing an actor-centric perspective and giving new insights into social entrepreneurship and the transformative power of CWSs as brokers.
... Relational gatekeeping in business relationships is well documented Gao, Ren, & Miao, 2018;Liu, Gould, Rollins, & Gao, 2014). Gatekeepers typically 7 occupy a critical position within or between organizational networks (Burt, 2000). According to Gao et al. (2014), key roles of relational gatekeepers are reciprocal, adaptive, and symbolic gatekeeping, and their functions are buffering and connecting (Gao et al., 2018), as well as offering guidance (Burt, 1992). ...
Wasta, the informal network context omnipresent in the Middle East, is widespread in human resource management (HRM) practices. Yet, its influence on the behaviour of HR managers has not been explored. Utilizing relational gatekeeping theory and the informal network perspective in conjunction with in-depth expert interviews with HR managers, we seek to explore whether and how informal networks (wasta) influence and shape their role in an Arab Middle Eastern context. Our findings indicate that the level of wasta penetration in organizations is reliant on the relational gatekeeping behaviours of HR managers. Furthermore, we show how HR managers compensate for structural deficiencies by leveraging their wasta-derived power to amplify their voices. Nevertheless, the findings also emphasize the significance of power sharing in reducing the expansion of culturally derived power associated with wasta, thereby limiting power dynamics and authority to that derived from the formal organizational hierarchy. These insights advance knowledge on gatekeeping behaviour in the Arab Middle Eastern context and contribute new knowledge regarding the operational modes of informal networks within organizations. Our findings underscore the pivotal role that HR managers play in shaping the organizational culture. From a practical perspective, we offer actionable solutions, such as power sharing through committee work, to enhance the effectiveness of the HR function.
Keywords
HRM; role of HR managers; informal networks; relational gatekeeping; wasta; Middle East; emerging markets
... In addition, the process of undertaking entrepreneurial activities involves taking risks and putting oneself under pressure, which may reduce entrepreneurs' willingness to start a business and give up their entrepreneurial pursuits, but social support can mitigate these risks and pressures [35]. While prior research has analyzed entrepreneurs' social network structures and their impact [36], scholars increasingly explore social support's role, making it a key variable in the field of entrepreneurship [37]. ...
Colleges and universities play a pivotal role in nurturing students' entrepreneurial aspirations, as evidenced by a significant increase in entrepreneurial education. Improving its quality and igniting students' motivation are crucial. This study, grounded in established theoretical frameworks, introduces variables such as entrepreneurial intention, attitude, and self-efficacy, forming a moderated mediation model. An analysis of 347 questionnaires using Mplus 8.0 reveals the following insights: (1) Collegiate-level entrepreneurship education is positively correlated with students' entrepreneurial intentions; (2) Entrepreneurial attitude and self-efficacy mediate the relationship between entrepreneurship education and students' entrepreneurial intentions; (3) Entrepreneurial social support moderates the link between entrepreneurship education and students' entrepreneurial intentions. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge in entrepreneurship education and provide valuable guidance for enhancing its effectiveness and fostering students’ entrepreneurial aspirations.
... Sosiaalisen pääoman syntyminen ottaa aikaa (esimerkiksi Putnam 2000), edellyttää keskinäistä riippuvuutta (Coleman 1990) ja poiketen esimerkiksi taloudellisesta pääomasta se kasvaa käytettäessä (Nahapiet & Ghoshal 1998, 258). Kaikki sosiaaliset suhteet, sijoitettiinpa ne sosiaalisen pääoman suhdeverkostoista tuleviin hyötyihin ja motivaatiotekijöihin (Putnam 2000), sosiaalisen pääoman verkostoihin (Burt 2000) tai käsitettiinpä ne ennemmin hyödyiksi ja resursseiksi, joita suhteista saadaan aikaan (Bourdieu & Richardson 1986), synnyttävät sosiaalista pääomaa. ...
The transition to remote work and virtual leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic was a radical change in many workplaces, also in municipalities. In municipalities remote work was applied whenever possible, and multi-locality has remained a permanent part in local governan-ce and services. This article approaches virtual leadership from the point of view of social capital. We are interested in how the dimensions and mechanisms of social capital are realized in the work of the top and middle management of municipalities during the transition to remote and hybrid work in 2020-2021. Our interest is in how local governance leaders see leading and interaction in the context of virtual leadership, how the social capital mechanisms appear in the expanding and diversifying networks, and what kind of virtual interaction enhances social capital. The research method is qualitative case study. During spring 2021, we interviewed 22 top and middle level leaders of two municipalities. The results show that virtual meetings covered most
of the working hours, but mostly the purpose was to share information and to draw common policy, which restricted conversations. We identified community talk, that underlined community spirit, solution orientation and humanity. Another type of talk, I-talk consisted of problem orientation, and hierarchical, traditional idea of management. The central finding is to organise such virtual management structures and work monitoring, that increase participation and conversation, and strengthen social capital.
... Being in a social network has many advantages. It produces various kinds of capital, for example social capital (Burt 2000;Sabatini 2009), trust (Buskens 1998) or sometimes economic capital (Svendsen et al. 2010). Other very important roles of social networks are giving way to spreading of information, new ideas, promoting and producing collective action, etc. ...
Social network analysis (SNA) is one of the fields in the social sciences which went through a huge development in the last two decades. With the availability of new tools and methods, in-depth analysis of huge networks became possible resulting in important results at various fields. Despite this advancement, the strength of a tie — a foundation of this theory — is still a hot topic in SNA. This paper aims to show that there is a connection between the extent of fair behaviour and friendship and thus to suggest that the extent of fairness may be used as another measure for tie strength. An analytical utility model is introduced including fairness and tie strength. The model is analyzed and an experimental method is shown to test the model. The paper also introduces pilot results.
... Network theories have cited social capital, role modelling and abiding by perceived social norms as possible mechanisms through which social networks influence behaviours [18,[48][49][50]. PWID may model behaviours of their peers based on perceived social norms and/or to maintain social ties, particularly if injecting partners simultaneously provide social support, as previously demonstrated [25,51]. ...
Introduction
Injection drug networks may influence their network members’ health‐seeking behaviours. Using data from a sociometric injecting partner network of people who inject drugs (PWID) in New Delhi, India, we assessed the role of injecting partner (alter) behaviours on individual engagement in HIV prevention services.
Methods
We enumerated injecting partner linkages among 2512 PWID using coupon referrals and biometric data from November 2017 to March 2020. Participants completed interviewer‐administered questionnaires and provided information on injection behaviours, injecting partners, HIV/hepatitis C (HCV) testing and service engagement. Multilevel multiple‐membership models (MMMM) evaluated individual PWID HIV testing, medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and syringe service engagement as a function of alter attributes, accounting for membership across multiple ego‐networks. Logistic regression models assessed parallel associations among socially proximal injecting peers, defined as PWID ≤3 path length from ego.
Results
Median age was 26 years; 99% were male. PWID had median 2 injecting partners and 8 socially proximal peers; 14% reported HIV testing, 33% accessed MOUD and 13% used syringe services 6 months prior. In MMMM analyses, PWID with ≥1 versus 0 injecting partners who received HIV testing were significantly more likely to report HIV testing (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68–3.16), MOUD (aOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.60–2.53) and syringe service use (aOR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.21–2.39). We observed similar findings for individual MOUD and syringe service use. Having ≥1 versus 0 HIV‐positive partners was associated with decreased HIV testing and MOUD but increased syringe service use (aOR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.09–2.17). PWID with ≥1 versus 0 socially proximal peers who used non‐sterile injection equipment reported increased HIV testing (aOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01–1.92), MOUD (aOR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.10–1.77) and syringe service use (aOR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.23–2.68).
Conclusions
We found differential associative relationships between individual HIV prevention service engagement and the health or risk behaviours of direct and indirect alters. Characterizing network exposure beyond direct injecting partnerships provided important context on possible mechanisms of behavioural influence. Findings could be leveraged to design peer‐based interventions that promote network diffusion of health‐seeking behaviours.
The Sustainable Dryland Agricultural Development (SDAD) in this study of socio-cultural aspects aims to understand: (1) the application of its main principles in the Kupang Barat sub-district, (2) to identify social elements that have the potential to become social capital in SDAD, and (3) its role in supporting PPKLB. The research that uses a qualitative approach with a case study strategy purposively selects 40% of the total number of villages as the observation object. In addition to farmers whose lands are designated as research subjects, there are also several key informants selected for in-depth interviews. Data analysis was conducted using the interactive model by Miles and Huberman. (1992). The results of this research conclude that (1) the agricultural conditions of PLKB in this area are categorized as "Advanced Agriculture," characterized by the application of SDAD principles that are quite good; (2) there are several elements within the structure that can be identified as social capital, namely: (a) social relationships within the kinship system according to the patterns regulated by the existing ethnic groups in the village; (b) community leaders; (c) land institutions; (d) farmer groups, as well as other social and economic groups; (e) patterns of cooperation and mutual assistance in various agricultural production activities for development; (3) these forms of social capital have significant potential roles and are interconnected to support SDAD programs in the West Kupang region.
Social innovation in the public sector has become an important focus for governments around the world over
the last decade, as they try to solve intractable policy problems. The pressure on governments to do more
with less in response to shrinking budgets and expanding community expectations and obligations has
increased attention on how the public sector manages change and innovation. This heightened focus has
created a need to understand the social innovation capacity of public sector environments. Work package 1
of the LIPSE project on social innovation, examined this for four municipalities in different nations.
Document analysis of the organizational structure of the municipalities, a survey of administrators and
politicians, and interviews with community-based innovators were used to gather information on the
innovation capacity of the municipalities (Copenhagen, Rotterdam, Barcelona and West Lothian - adjacent to
Edinburgh).
Innovation capacity is related to the innovation environment. For municipalities, this includes national
governance structures and societal traditions, the local socioeconomic context, and formal organizational
structures. There are some striking similarities in the socioeconomic challenges faced by the municipalities
(demographic changes, economic growth, unemployment, health care and educational problems). In regard
to innovations, a mixture of internally driven innovations, concrete products, service delivery innovations
and externally driven innovations were described. Each of the municipalities nominated different drivers for
innovation. Copenhagen had the most positive view of its structures, procedures and context as supporting
innovation.
Municipalities rated their own innovativeness differently to what could be expected based on local
socioeconomic conditions, international innovation rankings, and the perceptions of those outside the
municipality. Copenhagen leads the international rankings (out of these four), and the community rating of
its innovativeness, but has the lowest self-rating. The socioeconomic challenges and significant innovations
nominated by the community were very similar to the nominations from within the municipality for
Copenhagen and Rotterdam, but quite different for Barcelona.
Informal networking activities are crucial to innovation, because they provide the means for overcoming the
‘hard wiring’ of formal structures, allowing people to meet in more open and informal spaces, inside and
outside an organization. Openness is important for innovation, as are boundary spanners who can bridge the
gaps between groups to improve information flows. Barcelona stands out as having the most external contact
and doing the most boundary spanning.
Network ties to generate new information and ideas, and closeness to support smooth exchanges, are both
important for innovation. In each of the municipalities, the informal networks are shaped by the formal
organizational structure. Brokers play an important function in innovation through their capacity to draw
upon diverse sources of information. Two types of brokers were observed in each of the municipalities – one
with diverse and unconnected ties, and one with ties that are linked to each other. Both types might be
necessary in public sector environments.
Finally, leadership is also important to innovation capacity. It influences individuals’ scope to put forward
new ideas within an organization. A ‘motivator-risk taker’ leadership type is regarded as important in each
municipality, which combines skills in motivation, collaboration and risk-taking.
6
LIPSE Research Report no. 1
This report provides an important advance in linking innovation environments to innovation capacity in the
public sector (specifically, municipalities). Additional research will progress this even further and generate
much needed information on how to increase social innovation capacity.
The importance of entrepreneurship for women extends beyond mere economic empowerment,encompassing enhanced decision-making abilities and leadership skills. Entrepreneurial endeavors,particularly in self-employment, significantly impact women's empowerment. In Odisha, women areincreasingly involved in network marketing, which serves not only as a platform for entrepreneurship butalso for empowerment. This form of marketing diverges from traditional methods by focusing on networkfacilitation, employment opportunities, product benefits, and digitalization. To investigate thisphenomenon, this study aims to assess the impact of digitalization on women entrepreneurs and comparetraditional entrepreneurship with network marketing. Primary data was gathered from 200 women engagedin network marketing companies (such as Amway, Herbalife, Vestige, Modicare) in Balasore district,Odisha, utilizing the snowball sampling technique. Additionally, secondary data from sources such as theIDSAannual report, various journals, and websites were used. The study findings indicate that women showa greater inclination towards network marketing compared to traditional marketing. This preference isattributed to the ease of managing business alongside household responsibilities, and digitalization playinga crucial role in expanding networks and ensuring business sustainability. Thus, prioritizing digitaleducation is imperative to augment women's capabilities in this domain.
Recently, many descendants of the Koryuin diaspora are returning to their ancestors’ homeland, South Korea, for work and a better life. The current study examines the social capital and the civic engagement of family-unit Koryuins living within one of the largest Koryuin ethnic enclaves, Hambak village in Incheon, to understand how they contribute to democracy in a host nation. As to how Koryuins identify and use social capital, findings of in-depth interviews show that the participants have close-knit bonding capital through their family and friends’ network at the individual level. At the community level, there were much online capital on social media communities. And Koryuin-founded grassroots organizations were important capital for the participants. Yet, both online and grassroot organizations were weak ties. As to why participants engage in civic engagement, findings suggests that the desire to settle down and raise children in Korea function as an important motivational factor. Moreover, local community was found to provide much needed resources, which allowed and prompted them to be good members of the society. The authors argue that the strong desire to settle down and raise their children in Korea so that their children can be successful have led Koryuins to act in good morals and be active in civic duties.
This study aims to address the research gap in understanding the mediation of self-efficacy in the relationship between social capital and self-employment among persons with disabilities. While previous research has explored the individual roles of self-efficacy, social capital, and self-employment within this population, limited attention has been paid to the specific mechanisms by which self-efficacy mediates the influence of social capital on self-employment outcomes. This study employs quantitative surveys to capture the relationships between self-efficacy, social capital, and self-employment outcomes. 106 Participants included individuals with diverse disabilities, backgrounds, and entrepreneurial experiences recruited through disability support organizations, entrepreneurship networks, and online platforms, especially those supported by the National Union of Disabled Persons of Uganda (NUDIPU). The data collected were analyzed using PROCESS MACRO to examine the direct and indirect effects of social capital on self-employment outcomes mediated by self-efficacy beliefs. The findings of this study provide insights into the mechanisms underlying disability entrepreneurship and inform the development of targeted interventions and policies to support economic empowerment and inclusion of persons with disabilities. By understanding how social capital influences individuals’ self-efficacy beliefs and motivations to pursue self-employment, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of disability entrepreneurship and informs efforts to promote economic independence and empowerment within this population.
In the context of green development, eco-innovation is a critical way for firms to pursue high-quality development. Drawing on institutional theory and network embeddedness theory, this study investigates the influence of regulatory pressure on eco-innovation, and examines the mediating role of eco-motivation and the moderating role of network embeddedness. Based on the data collected from 426 smart manufacturing firms, the empirical findings uncover that both coercive pressure and incentive pressure exert direct effects on eco-innovation. Notably, these pressures also indirectly affect eco-innovation via the partial mediating role of eco-motivation. Moreover, the research reveals that coercive pressure significantly facilitates radical eco-innovation, whereas incentive pressure is more conducive to incremental eco-innovation. Additionally, the study unveils that network embeddedness moderates the relationship between eco-motivation and eco-innovation, and higher levels of relational and structural embeddedness strengthen the positive impact of eco-motivation on eco-innovation. This research not only elucidates the mechanisms of regulatory pressure on eco-innovation but also provides new insights for government environmental regulation and facilitating eco-innovation of smart manufacturing firms.
This study aims to identify the emotional intelligence and psychological well-being of prospective special educators with their personal variables. Balanced emotional intelligence and psychological well-being are marking a good teacher. The prospective teachers have to be emotionally matured and psychologically stable to express their teaching competency in an effective way. Quality teachers are to be emotionally balanced in controlling the classroom situation. The good health and psychological well-being play a vital role for the teachers who handle children with special needs. The purpose of the study is to explore the emotional intelligence and psychological well-being of prospective special educators with their personal variables. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
This research aims to discover the challenges and propose effective strategies to empower women by ameliorating the gender wage gap in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry among the APEC members. The study applied document review analysis and conducted focus group discussions, where thirty female professionals in the AEC industry from APEC participated. The results report four challenges contributing to the gender wage gap, namely gender bias and stereotyping, work-family conflicts, physical strength and lack of transparency. Based on the challenges, the study suggests several key strategies focusing on women's participation in the AEC industry, encouraging gender-friendly workplaces, healthy and safe workplaces, and fair career development opportunities to reduce the gender wage gap effectively. The findings suggest that by increasing awareness of the value of women's involvement in the AEC industry, pragmatic policies should be formulated for APEC members to break down the barriers to the gender wage gap.
The discipline of International Entrepreneurship (IE) conceptually rests upon the foundations of entrepreneurship and international business – with theory typically derived from larger corporations and mature markets. Through comparison between IE in emerging and mature contexts, and individual and corporate entrepreneurship, distinctive features of individual IE in emerging markets are identified. A series of case studies conducted in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam document how incremental innovation underpins IE; how foreignness helps IEs spot opportunities (unrecognized by locals); how simple bureaucracies (commonly found in emerging markets) invigorate IE; how startups in emerging environments embody assimilation (larger international corporations cannot match) – and how this assimilation (combined with being small and nimble) enables IEs to thrive within ambiguity and institutional voids. Most importantly, this study challenges the applicability of institutional and transaction cost theory to explain market entry modes of individual IEs in emerging markets. Contrary to conventional wisdom, institutional voids were not found to deter these IEs. Rather, these IEs’ primary concerns relate to pro-business dispositions among authorities, simple bureaucracies, and uncomplicated investment climates.
Girişimciliğin kentsel ve bölgesel kalkınmayı tetikleyecek düzeyde etkin hale gelmesinde bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmenin yanı sıra girişimcilerin kurdukları ilişkilerin de büyük önem taşıdığı görülmektedir. Nitekim bireylerin ağ ilişkileri ve bu ilişkilerin harekete geçirdiği sosyal sermaye, girişimcilik faaliyetlerini tetiklemekte ve ulusal ekonomilere katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu noktada, göçmen girişimcilerin, kentsel ve bölgesel gelişmeye katkı sağlayan itici aktörler olarak gündem konusu olduğu görülmektedir. Göçmenlerin, güven ve iş birliğine dayanan sosyal sermayelerini kullanarak ev sahibi ülkede ekonomik faaliyetlerini daha kolay gerçekleştirdiğini söylemek mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, göçmen girişimcilerin ağ ilişkilerini oluşturma süreçlerinde sosyal sermayenin önem ve katkısının araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada, göçmen girişimci ağları ile sosyal sermaye arasındaki ilişki, ulusal ve uluslararası akademik yazındaki kuramsal ve ampirik çalışmaların bulguları ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, göçmen girişimci ağlarının oluşum sürecinde sosyal sermayenin önemli ve etkili olduğu doğrulanırken; sosyal sermayenin göçmen girişimci ağlarının kuruluşunda hem menşei ülke hem de varış ülkesi ekonomisine katkı sağladığı ve menşei ülkeden ulusötesi sosyal alana gömülü olarak yayıldığı belirlenmiştir.
This research navigates the dynamic terrain of global academia, where an increasing number of scholars seek international opportunities for diverse academic growth. Recognizing a significant gap in the existing literature, this study proposes to delve into the often-overlooked dimension of adaptive performance among foreign academics. Building on the foundation of cross-cultural adaptation theory, the research empirically tests the interplay between emotional intelligence and psychological resilience in shaping the adaptive performance of foreign lecturers. In an effort to ground this exploration, a structured questionnaire was administered to 800 lecturers based in tier 1 cities, including new tier 1 cities, in China. These cities were strategically chosen due to their dense populations and being hubs for a majority of higher educational institutes. The ensuing analysis, conducted through PLS-SEM, yielded compelling evidence affirming the pivotal roles of emotional intelligence and psychological resilience as influential factors in determining adaptive performance. Crucially, the study unraveled the significant mediating role played by psychological resilience in linking emotional intelligence and adaptive performance. These findings not only contribute to the academic discourse but also offer actionable insights for practitioners.
This research investigates the role of institutional pressures, dynamic managerial capabilities, strategic agility and digital readiness as mediating factors in the gap of the healthcare sector's post-pandemic digital transformation. This study employed strategic and managerial questionnaires involving 308 medium-sized private hospitals in Indonesia and LISREL 6.0 was used for the analysis. Findings indicated that strategic agility did not mediate dynamic managerial capability for strategic renewal. Moreover, the private healthcare sector was found to be influenced by pressures to imitate other hospitals and competitors, and digital readiness had a stronger mediating effect than strategic agility. The study enriches organization theory by investigating institutional pressures driving strategic renewal. It also enhances the literature on strategic management by exploring the mediating role of strategic agility and digital readiness in strategic change. Lastly, it highlights the association between digital readiness and managerial and organizational aspects resulting from strategic change and further emphasizes the need for integrated teams and digital health services in hospitals to achieve strategic renewal.
The existence of e-commerce has two sides of the coin for marketers. E-commerce can be very effective in marketing products or services. On the other hand, it also makes it easier for consumers to switch their choice to competing brands due to the ease of features in comparing prices and quality. Therefore, maintaining consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the online shopping experience is very important for companies to retain their consumers. This study explores the relationship between dissatisfaction and switching behavior in e-commerce. The research was conducted qualitatively using the Critical Incident Technique (CIT) to achieve this goal. Informants in this study were consumers who experienced dissatisfaction when making online purchases in the last six months. The results show that even though consumers experience dissatisfaction, they persist in not switching behavior. The existence of switching barriers in online shopping in the form of ease of use of technology, time efficiency, convenience, and variety seeking are why consumers continue using e-commerce platforms even though they have experienced disappointing services.
In China, private-owned cooperatives are becoming increasingly involved in agricultural production. In order to find the key characteristics of smallholders’ social networks after the appearance of cooperatives and better organize different farmland operators, this study completed a field survey of 114 smallholders who adopted farmland trusteeship service of a private-owned cooperative in China and applied the social network analysis to reveal the following results. (1) Compared to the theoretical ideal value, smallholders’ social networks showed low network density, efficiency, and little relevancy. (2) In the social network of mechanical-sharing, neighbor, kinship, and labor-sharing relationships, some isolated nodes existed, but no isolated nodes are found in the synthetic network. (3) The mechanical-sharing relationship among smallholders was stronger than the other relationships. (4) Machinery owners, farmers whose plots are on the geometric center and experienced older farmers showed higher centralities in the network, but village cadres did not. (5) The centralities and QAP correlation coefficients among different networks inside the cooperative were lower than that inside a single village. As a result, this paper confirmed that the ability of cooperatives to organize farmers’ social networks is not ideal. Farmers’ trust of farmland to a cross-village cooperatives does not help them to form a larger social network than their villages. In the future, the answer to the question of “who will farm the land” will still lie with the professional farmers and highly autonomous cooperatives.
Megaproject Social Responsibility (MSR) is widely acknowledged as contributing to project performance. However, the effect of Megaproject Social Responsibility Behavior (MSRB) implemented by organizations participating in construction on project performance remains a subject of considerable debate, and the intrinsic mechanism of MSRB’s effect on the performance of megaprojects has not been elucidated. Therefore, this study employs resource-based theory to investigate the mechanism underlying MSRB’s effect on project performance, taking into account both internal and external social capital as well as resource integration capacity as pivotal influences. Drawing on sample data from 206 experienced project managers across the various parties involved, this study develops a Bayesian network model to elucidate the MSRB effect mechanism. Through inference and sensitivity analysis, this study discovers variations in the enhancement effects across the four dimensions of MSRB on project performance. Notably, a combination strategy yields superior enhancement effects. Furthermore, when project performance is suboptimal, resource integration capacity emerges as a significant mediator between MSRB and project performance. Conversely, at high levels of project performance, MSRB directly contributes to enhancing project outcomes. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for the governance of MSR and the enhancement of project performance in megaprojects.
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