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The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention
... De este modo, el proceso proyectual comienza desde la fase analítica que a priori es considerada objetiva y distante. Sin embargo, el proceso de creación cartográfica, diagramatización y abstracción que precede al proyecto de planificación es en sí misma un acto creativo (Corner, 1999) ya que el conocimiento de los elementos y fuerzas que han transformado el paisaje a través de la selección, interpretación y relación de elementos es un acto subjetivo, personal y único. Así, las cartografías desarrolladas a lo largo del curso (Fig. 3) no pretenden ser construcciones infalibles de la realidad, sino interpretaciones subjetivas que permiten el desarrollo de un diagnóstico y visión del territorio. ...
... El profesorado guía al alumnado a través de este proceso de descubrimiento del territorio mediante pequeñas sesiones teórico -prácticas en las que se les introduce a distintas técnicas 800/889 de cartografía como el "layer cake" (Mcharg, 1992), el análisis de patrones de paisaje (Forman, 1999) o el mapeo de procesos y flujos a través de técnicas rizomáticas (Corner, 1999) o la identificación de procesos espaciales. Mediante la creación de estos gráficos el alumno va construyendo un argumentario que será fundamental en la definición de la visión del modelo territorial futuro (Fig. 4) 10 . ...
... En este sentido, la cartografía, el mapeo y sus técnicas derivadas son las principales herramientas utilizadas en el proyecto docente, empleadas para buscar evidencias, extraer conclusiones, y construir un argumento que establece la base del proyecto propositivo. Entendiendo la cartografía como el medio a través del cual desvelar procesos y dinámicas ocultas (ambientales, sociales, económicas, legislativas...) y al mismo tiempo visualizar y visibilizar dinámicas y flujos que de otra manera permanecen ocultos (Corner, 1999). ...
In the historical context we live in, where urbanization is a process that affects the entire territory and not only urban areas, and where natural resources are increasingly limited, but a critical reflection on operational landscapes is necessary from a perspective that considers both the natural and social environments. Contrary to the traditional approach that assumes an understanding of the landscape as something opposed to city-building, the theory of planetary urbanization asserts that infrastructures and productive territories have become part of the urban condition and therefore must be studied, planned, and designed. Thus, in this Landscape Planning course, the methodology established is based on projective cartography as a tool to rethink the territory, generating new perspectives and solutions to address contemporary challenges in land use and landscape management.
En el contexto histórico en el que vivimos en el que la urbanización es un proceso que afecta a todo el territorio y no solamente a las zonas urbanas y donde los recursos naturales cada vez son más limitados, es necesaria una reflexión crítica de los paisajes operacionales bajo una perspectiva que tenga en cuenta el medio natural y social. Frente al enfoque tradicionalista que presupone un entendimiento del paisaje como algo opuesto a la construcción de las ciudades, la teoría de la urbanización planetaria reclama que las infraestructuras y territorios productivos se han convertido en parte de la condición urbana y por lo tanto deben ser estudiados, planificados y diseñados. Así, en la asignatura de Planificación del Paisaje se ha establecido una metodología docente basada en la cartografía proyectiva como herramienta para repensar el territorio generando nuevas perspectivas para abordar los desafíos contemporáneos de la ocupación del suelo y la gestión del paisaje.
... Drawing on the imaginative and projective power of artistic mapping, speculative cartography has been widely adopted in urban studies, especially by architects and urbanists who have seized on it to make the shift from a pictorial and morphological to a performative approach to landscape (Duncan and Duncan 2009). Based on poststructuralist theories, Corner (1999) conceptualized the agency of mapping as inseparable from the construction and perception of the territory itself; hence, any "differentiation between the real and the representation is no longer meaningful" (222). What really matters is the imaginative power of the map, not its accuracy. ...
... These transformations in infrastructure, logistics and manufacturing areas are radically changing the Port landscape as presented in Figures 4 and 5. Figure 4 presents the overall map of the Port area, and Figure 5 analyzes land uses and functions through a deconstruction of the Port into three layers: terminal and port operations, manufacturing areas and industrial sites, and mobility and energy systems. As specified by Corner (1999), "the layers are not mappings of an existing site or context, but of the complexity of the intended program for the site" (235). With respect to the Port of Trieste, this technique reveals the variety of functions within this logistics site, thus challenging the view of contemporary ports as monofunctional platforms. ...
... Infrastructural cartographies of this kind are based on the theoretical framework and the techniques illustrated earlier. Their power derives from what Corner (1999) termed "facticity"; that is, the capacity of these materials to expose logical arguments that highlight critical issues, set up a collective discourse, and eventually open the way to new projects. In doing so, these maps claim neither to be completely objective and exhaustive, 5 nor an act of pure subjectivity; instead, they aspire to walk a line between the two. ...
... Such figures denote a discrete success for a non-recurrent academic conference. As a term of comparison, the conference was paired by a themed session on a similar subject, hosted by yet another conference taking place in Tallinn the same week (the 5 th international conference of the EAHN -European Architectural History Network [1]), and chaired by two MODSCAPES researchers. The call for paper for this session also yielded a clear interest. ...
... American landscape architect James Corner argues that mapping means "first disclosing and then staging the conditions for the emergence of new realities" [1]. In this sense, architects are "biased" map-makers, as their mapping is always finalized to alter the status quo. ...
... Laying emphasis on the "taxonomic power" of European-style maps, he suggested to question them as a product of a political agenda rather than an unbiased representation of reality [16]. This paper purports to appraise the role of architects as map-makers, arguing that conjectural maps may better empower inductive thinking aimed at entrenching a proposal in a given context [1]. In other words, spatial-related knowledge condensed in a map may usefully help us identifying grafting points for a project: be it physical features (i.e. ...
Mapping is a key research tool to understand the relationship between specific geographical features and territorial transformations (settlement patterns, hydraulic works, new rail and road infrastructure, land-use change). Starting from the Italian academic tradition (Muratori, Caniggia, Rossi) that focused mainly on the urban context we have developed mapping for fringe-areas at various scales: from city and countryside to expanding rural areas that mark the shifting boundaries (using the agricultural Behera-Region/Alexandria in Egypt and the Belgrade urban evolution in Serbia). Mapping should envision not only the geomorphological features but also the complexity of the landscape structure, as a repository of layers, questioning what are we looking for through mapping and constructing the legend accordingly: selecting which elements need to be highlighted or remain latent and which additional elements need to be identified with the help of complementary sources. GIS holds potential for showing key physical features, their extent, quantity and position in a single glance but is mapping the same as tracing? Is it capable of showing the space-time whirl in landscape transformations?
... In order to come up with renewed urban planning mapping strategies and tools, the first part of this study reflects on the mapping processes connected to the original nature of urban planners activity -which somehow falls in between the artistic creation and the scientific assessment -then illustrates the diversity of the parameters affecting contemporary practice -which are mainly environmental and digital -and finally identifies relevant indicators and mapping instruments to represent urban heat accumulation during heat waves. The second part of the study suggests catalysing mapping strategies -drift, layering, game-board, and rhizome (Corner, 2002) -for the integration of the urban heat into future urban planning processes. § 4.2 Methodology: overview of the role mapping as a design tool § 4.2.1 The nature of the urban planners' work Many instruments have been developed throughout history, in order to help increase the accuracy with which the physical world that surrounds us is represented. ...
... Regardless of the degree of intentionality with which these actions are undertaken, the four of them are inherent to the mapping activity. They all imply decisions that alter our way of representing and interpreting a given reality, unfolding connections between dissociated elements and revealing the emergence of hidden structures (Corner, 2002). § 4. ...
... New planning processes require updated mapping typologies that efficiently address climatic and social contemporary issues, while providing an overall spatial vision and direction. § 4.3 Results: Catalysing mapping strategies to suggest urban heat adaptation guidelines Drift, layering game board and rhizome are four creative mapping strategies that have been studied as urban planning catalytic strategies first by James Corner (Corner, 2002) and further by Arie Graafland (Graafland, 2010). Even though there are some overlaps and similarities between the before mentioned mapping principles (and the practical examples used to illustrate them) each of these techniques is meant to provide different visions of existing and future urban environments and landscapes. ...
The world is increasingly concerned with sustainability issues. Climate change is not the least of these concerns. The complexity of these issues is such that data and information management form an important means of making the right decisions. Nowadays, however, the sheer quantity of data is overwhelming; large quantities of data demand means of representation that are comprehensible and effective. The above dilemma poses questions as to how one incorporates unknown climatologic parameters, such as urban heat, in future urban planning processes, and how one ensures the proposals are specific enough to actually adapt cities to climate change and flexible enough to ensure the proposed measures are combinable and compatible with other urban planning priorities. Conventional urban planning processes and mapping strategies are not adapted to this new environmental, technological and social context. In order come up with more appropriate urban planning strategies, in its first section this paper analyses the role of the urban planner, reviews the wide variety of parameters that are starting to be integrated into the urban planners practice, and considers the parameters (mainly land surface temperature, albedo, vegetation and imperviousness) and tools needed for the assessment of the UHI (satellite imagery and GIS). The second part of the study analyses the potential of four catalysing mapping categories to integrate urban heat into spatial planning processes: drift, layering, game-board, and rhizome.
... Em seguida, são analisadas outras formas de mapear, desenvolvidas a partir de uma reflexão crítica sobre essa ação. Para tanto, foram selecionadas diferentes abordagens para análise que se focam na investigação da cidade de forma alternativa, com base nas práticas de mapeamento caracterizadas por Corner (2010), sendo: a) A internacional Situacionista, por meio da Deriva; b) o mapeamento da morfologia urbana proposto por Denise Scoott-Brown e Robert Venturi em Aprendendo com Las Vegas; c) a leitura de camadas, Raoul Bunschoten e o grupo Chora com o mapa como estrutura de jogo. ...
... Ao longo dos últimos anos, o mapeamento na concepção de novos projetos, foi realizado convencionalmente com levantamento quantitativos das condições existentes, de forma analítica. Os mapas de levantamento são tanto espaciais como estatísticos, inventariando uma série de condições, como econômica, social, ecológica (CORNER, 2010). Tais mapas são considerados convencionais, assim como sua leitura. ...
The term map, as well as the act of mapping, can be found in different fields of knowledge. Its understanding can be conceptualized through a common characteristic: the representation of data in a spatial distribution. The research starts from the premise that conventional maps "blind" or contribute to the difficulty of imagining better possibilities for the urban space, because it can be neglected by the physical scale, by the difficult understanding of everyday relationships. To reflect on the theme, we investigate experiences of mapping that take into consideration the public space as a physical space that supports forms of sociability in a collective way. As an application and methodological test, an experimental proposal is built in the central area of São José dos Pinhais, Paraná. The map is explored as a tool, related to a non-conventional vocabulary, based on databases, metrics and graphic logic that seek to expose possibilities of interpretation. Thus, it is understood that mapping can be used as a potential tool that allows alternating scenarios, reinterpreting reality, and serving as a basis for the proposition of plans and projects that seek to understand and highlight non-visible layers in the territory. Keywords: mapping, apprehension, public space, contemporary city.
O termo mapa, assim como o ato de mapear, pode ser encontrado em diferentes campos do conhecimento. Seu entendimento pode ser conceituado por meio de uma característica comum: a representação de dados em uma distribuição espacial. A pesquisa parte da premissa que mapas convencionais “cegam” ou contribuem para a dificuldade de imaginar melhores possibilidades para o espaço urbano, pois pode ser negligenciado pela escala física, pela difícil compreensão das relações cotidianas. Visando refletir sobre o tema, investiga-se experiências de mapeamentos que levem em consideração o espaço público como espaço físico que ampara formas de sociabilidade de modo coletivo. Como aplicação e como teste metodológico, constrói-se uma proposta, de caráter experimental, na área central de São José dos Pinhais, Paraná. Explora-se o mapa como uma ferramenta, relacionada a um vocabulário não convencional, fundamentado em base de dados, métricas e lógicas gráficas que buscam expor possibilidades de interpretações. Deste modo, compreendeu-se que o mapeamento pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta potencial que permite alternar cenários, reinterpretando a realidade e servindo de base para a proposição de planos e projetos que buscam compreender e evidenciar camadas não visíveis no território. Palavras-chave: mapeamento, apreensão, espaço público, cidade contemporânea.
... • in Section 8.2, a series of thematic maps showing how the mapping process can be used as a tool for the spatial representation of acquired experiences (Corner, 2011); ...
Over the past three decades, the digital and information revolution has reshaped design methodologies, offering dynamic and multi-level modelling approaches. Urban Digital Twins have emerged as a powerful tool for Smart Cities, facilitating scenario assessments and citizen engagement. However, rural and mountainous areas face challenges due to poor connectivity and digital infrastructure, hindering technological advancements in design processes. This doctoral thesis aims to develop sustainable workflows for virtual landscape reconstructions, integrating diverse data sources and tools to support landscape and urban design in mountainous regions. The concept of a ready-made model is introduced, assembling digital procedures to address specific contextual challenges. The research employs qualitative and quantitative methodologies across different landscape scales and case studies in the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy. Experimental-instrumental findings contribute to theoretical-methodological insights, enhancing understanding of complex territorial transformations. The thesis focuses on landscape topography, built environment, and green infrastructure, providing a holistic perspective for digital reconstruction and management. The ultimate goal is to create a Territorial Digital Twin, a three-dimensional repository of knowledge and simulator for resilient futures, bridging gaps in strategic planning and process management at the landscape scale.
... Where a straight photograph would terminate at surface recording, this map actively restructures the photograph into a tool for performative examination and representation of urban networks and interactions. In examining the evolving mapping approaches in design and planning, Corner (1999) identifies four emerging paradigms: 'drift, layering, game-board, and rhizome'. Corner determined that mapping should not be viewed as an endless accumulation of factual data. ...
In everyday life, between cobblestones, on asphalt or concrete surfaces, cracks are evident and visible to the naked eye. The crack appears as a flaw in the industrial material, turning it into an indistinct void, while a more profound fissure materializes as a state of disorientation and emptiness. As well as a physical entity through which one can notice what is lacking or absent in streets, the crack has long served as a powerful metaphor in philosophy, architecture, urbanism, and cultural studies, symbolizing potential and possibility. Recognizing the multifaceted interpretations of the term and looking literally into actual everyday cracks in the urban environment of Kültürpark in Izmir, Turkey, this paper presents the first steps of an ongoing study that proposes a critical and analytical vehicle via a crack toolkit to unfold the different dimensions of urban crack networks. Crack networks serve as a means for interpreting urban narratives that are collectively shaped by human and non-human actors and practices. Far from archiving, the paper demonstrates how an urban toolkit based on network theory and literary approaches to urbanism can provide insights into forces, perchance, things, people, and events forming cracks in urban environments and how, in turn, cracks can become a guide for other ways of reading the urban.
... A decomposição em camadas permite revelar características previamente invisibilizadas de um território. A cartografia é o instrumento base deste método e é fundamental para compreensão dos processos, forças e transformações naturais, históricos e socioeconômicos (Corner, 1999). ...
The municipality of Macapá has an unique relation with waters, manifesting itself in its form and lifestyle. The advance of urbanization has “erased” several water bodies from the urban landscape. This research aims to show that this process has also “buried” certain ways of experiencing the municipality. This study seeks to analyze and identify “erasures” and “survivals” in four different periods of the history of the municipality, focusing its analysis on the leisure areas related to waters and their enjoyment. This mapped these leisure spaces and manifestations that are linked to the site and its biophysical conditions, resulting in a cartography that inventories, maps, and classifies its different uses. This study contributes to scientifically describes the fading process of experiencing and accessing the enjoyment of water in the municipality of Macapá.
... As geography, sociology, ethnology, and anthropology have been combined with urban planning, regional planning, landscape architecture, and architecture-as well as further economic, ecological, or historical fields of research related to urban spaces-urban research has detached cartographic methods from their role as descriptive tools. Just as descriptivetheoretical and design-related disciplines come together in urban research, the field of cartography has evolved (like the field of ethnography, which is not discussed in detail here) from geography, to landscape architecture, and architecture from a visualization tool into an analytical tool and finally into a design tool (Corner 1990;Cosgrove 2004 Cosgrove [orig. 1999. ...
Listening, experiencing, drawing or interpreting spaces: narratives, experiences, visualizations and discourses can be helpful for the empirical investigation of spaces. This interdisciplinary handbook presents a broad spectrum of established methods and innovative method development to capture and understand different facets of spaces. Instructive explanations and concrete examples make the varied qualitative methods of spatial research understandable and applicable across disciplines. The theoretical and methodological aspects of qualitative spatial research form the framework of this handbook.
... The methods that are becoming widespread (Corner 1990;Cosgrove 1999;Müller et al. 2010) are primarily mapping techniques used in design and planning, which are largely disseminated in teaching and practice. Like many tools used in architecture, mapping has become part of the embodied, practice-based knowledge of the profession. ...
Listening, experiencing, drawing or interpreting spaces: narratives, experiences, visualizations and discourses can be helpful for the empirical investigation of spaces. This interdisciplinary handbook presents a broad spectrum of established methods and innovative method development to capture and understand different facets of spaces. Instructive explanations and concrete examples make the varied qualitative methods of spatial research understandable and applicable across disciplines. The theoretical and methodological aspects of qualitative spatial research form the framework of this handbook.
... In this guide Paris is divided into pieces and connected by arrows based on psychogeographic surveys, that is, the city is reimagined from subjective experience, as a result of the psychic effects that the urban context causes on the individual. Also from 1957 is Naked City, which takes the form of a collage in which Paris is reassembled through unusual routes in a chaotic manner, stripped of utilitarian grids: through psychogeographical dérive the Situationists naked the city and playfully reimagined the territory (Pinder 1996;Corner 1999). ...
The monster appears in geographical texts throughout the ages as a ‘guardian of the border’ that defines the limits of the possible, inducing action or averting behavior and restricting movement for political or economic purposes. Through a philosophy that uses unorthodox means, I intend to present a climate monster by which, based on a possible imagery about the current climate crisis, an invitation for a change in our habits is produced. I propose that repopulating maps with situated imaginary monsters can deploy specific education of attention that invites focusing on concrete aspects of our surroundings. To do this I will present the mixed media art project Biston betularia carbonaria, an eco-distopia created in collaboration with the photographer Valeria Scrilatti.
... The drawing above, which was sketched on-site to observe and illustrate everyday practices along riverfronts spatially, is the initial stage of three-step iterative sketching and reflecting. (Corner, 2011;Taussig, 2011). For instance, placing drawings that show the same area in consecutive years, one after another, has demonstrated the increased appropriation of river corridors as the settlements grew along the river corridors. ...
... Moreover, in a dynamic context, mapping can be connected to the concept of "itinerary" by Michel de Certeau which expresses the temporary form of spatial experience, "spatial trajectories" 8 rather than "a totalizing stage on which elements of diverse origin are brought together to form the tableau of a "state" of geographical knowledge, […]." 9 The purpose of mapping goes beyond mere reflection of reality; rather, it serves to catalyze the transformation of the environments in which individuals reside. 10 Therefore, maps are not disembodied representations or neutral constructs; rather, they emerge as dynamic and potent tools that actively shape spatial perceptions, influence geopolitical strategies, and imbue geographical spaces with nuanced layers of meaning, reflecting the complex interplay of political, cultural, and imperial motivations. 11 Creating buffer-zone and then making frontier thorough mapping were the tactics wielded by Europeans during colonialism and manifested their power through a scientific and aesthetic representation of space, encapsulating the totality of places, and then colonizing the spaces. ...
In the late 19th century Qajar Dynasty, British imperialism in Iran changed the essence of the Sistan region by imposing a new border line between Iran and Afghanistan. The British redefined territorial boundaries, all influenced by a “colonial gaze”— seeing the region as a miserable space, awaiting reclamation by supposedly more civilized cultures. This paper takes a qualitative, interpretive-historical approach along with visual analysis to examine five historical maps of Sistan as primary sources. This study examines how the border imposition was artificially created through mapping and cartographic representations, how the British showed various moments of confrontation and displacement of regional identities, and how Persians resisted to save their territoriality and reverse the colonial gaze. Initially, a 10th-century world map crafted by Ibn Hawqal indicates the historical significance of Sistan in both Persian culture and the Islamic world. Then, Dhulfaqar Kirmani’s 1871-1873 map invokes the “mythical unity” of Sistan, drawing inspiration from Abu’l Qasim Firdausi’s Shahnameh (Book of Kings) to assert Iran’s claim. Frederic Goldsmid’s 1872 map, reflecting British interests, serves as an “ideological construct” to assert colonial control. Mirza Mohammad-Reza Tabrizi’s map as a “cultural construct” blends indigenous territoriality with British influence, showcasing a complex hybrid. Finally, Henry McMahon’s 1905 map highlights the interplay between meanings and power while revealing the impact of local resistance on Sistan’s cartographic representation. These interpretations demonstrate that maps are not disembodied representations or neutral constructs. Sistan is depicted on these maps as a “region interrupted” by Eurocentric perspectives, a “region united” by Persian maps, and a “region in-between” when the British maintained their political order and relied on the locals to resist the imposed border, resulting in an ongoing “place of conflict.” Overall, this paper unveils how these maps transformed Sistan into an “in-between” region, striated by delineated boundaries, disrupting its seamless territorial perception.
... In other words, Austen does not treat space as a setting but as an objectified image of an ensemble of social relations. Just as with the cartographic ordnance map, the novel's accurately produced representations are 'stable, indisputable mirrors of reality […] quantitative and rational, such representations are also seen to be true and neutral.' 43 38 Whilst the splendour of the country estates performed the task of 'complementing and ratifying the social position of the landowner,' the landscape connected to the estate was portrayed as natural, timeless and unchanging; its existence was maintained through a 'natural order': 'The actual men and women who rear the animals […] who trap the pheasants and partridges and catch the fish; who plant and manure and prune and harvest the fruit trees: these are not present; their work is all done for them by a natural order' (Williams, The Country and ...
The process ofnaturalising the country will be examined as a practice of domestication andregulation and ultimately a consolidation of both domestic and colonialauthority. With reference to Jane Austen’s MansfieldPark, the paper will focus on domestic order, as it was sustained throughnineteenth-century educational literature, foregrounding the premise on whichdomestic authority and the household became intangible strongholds ofputatively political power.Acting as agents of another body, women ofnineteenth-century domestic novels assume their role as the ambassadors ofabsolute power exercising a moderated supervision within the domestic sphere.Surrendering their individual selves and relinquishing their subjectivity andmaterial presence, they practice an internalised form of domestic authority,effectively regulating the household to the degree that they have disciplinedthe self. Shifting between the authority of the domestic woman and thepatriarch, the novel reveals how the overt force of patriarchal oppression, aswell as practices of undetectable self-regulation, are capable of eitherrelinquishing or sustaining power within the domestic realm. The paper willexplore how the processes of domestication and “ordaining” of the protagonistsbecome a way of augmenting patriarchal power as well as of maintaining theeffective regulation of the household.
... James Corner contributes to the debate stating that these mapping technologies "remain largely unquestioned", becoming "legitimization of future plans" for its "true and neutral" basis. In this century, this development was to venture into the digital environment, moving away gradually from the material reality (Gumbrecht, 2010;Virilio, 1993), although «issues of selectivity, schematization and synthesis remain generally oriented around the same conventions used a hundred years ago» (Corner, 1999). ...
This paper presents some results obtained by the Research Group SEL-RJ through spatial analysis carried out with GIS technology as applied to urban and regional scales. It also discusses the need for complementarity of the research strategies conducted in Brazil, where this technology is not widely used and where it is difficult to obtain data on the urban space at the government agencies. Thus, GIS mapping has characterized one of the major efforts of the group and has produced a set of analysis that previously could not have been made. However, it is argued that if, in one hand, this technology allows for complementarity and cross-database, on the other, it can also exclude important social groups due to the complexity and cost of the software and training. The authors present the research methodology applied on the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro where the team performs a cross analysis between the information obtained through mapping based on GIS technology faced with the maps produced in participatory workshops.
... Perceptions of spatial structures can be sensitive. For example, in Guy Debord's "Psychogeographic Guide of Paris," a spatial structure was built based on the drifting experience and psychological connections of different spaces [43] . Spatial structures can also be perceived by measurement. ...
(Full Article is Available at: https://.doi.org/10.15302/J-LAF-0-030007)
Replacing abstract form-making training with the perception of landscape site has been an important trend in the basic course of landscape architecture. Based on theoretical research and the authors’ teaching practice, this article aims to explore the significance, objects, and methods of site perception training. The authors argue that because landscape design is stemmed from the perception and interpretation of site characteristics, experiencing landscape sites must precede form-making training to become the foundation of design learning. Human-scale spaces that concern elements, structure, processes, and feelings for perception, representation, and design would be a suitable object of focus and the starting point for site perception training in basic courses. Five methods for landscape site perception and representation are introduced then, including sketch of space, sequential sections, notation, sketch model, and spatial structure mapping. These methods provide a visualized and operable pathway for site perception, which also involve preliminary design training, offering a reference for the teaching of site perception in basic courses of landscape architecture.
... "Both maps and territories are 'thoroughly mediated products' and the nature of their exchange is far from neutral or uncomplicated." 19 In this regard, the mapping exercises enacted each professor's research and teaching models and sought to strategically expose "hidden forces" 20 acting within the site and suggest potential alternative projective outcomes. The subsequent projects within the studio emerged from the collective mapping of the three sections. ...
It’s a cliché hardly worth noting. Big box stores swoop into new territory, push out smaller mom-and-pop stores, creating a homogenous, ubiquitous condition that erases local culture and disrupts economies. While sharing some of these same familiar dynamics, however, the “small box” poses a unique threat to the vibrancy of local communities.Dollar General is a key example of the small box. Its 7,400 square foot stores are instantiations of an interconnected infrastructure of distribution centers and interstate highways. This system’s efficiency allows each Dollar General store to capitalize on its context while thriving with an extreme amount of resiliency in conditions that other businesses and wholesalers find untenable. This allows Dollar General to wield considerable control over the towns and communities it infiltrates, making it a power center packaged in the small box, leveraging a nostalgia for the general store.This paper synthesizes work from an undergraduate design studio with faculty research that investigates a specific Dollar General location in a dying retail center. The specificity of this context reveals DG’s power in overcoming many common limitations of retail development. Utilizing James Corner’s ideas on mapping and Fumihiko Maki’s concepts of collective form, the work investigates the impacts the small box has on local communities, and imagines how architecture and its discourse on the city can develop productive responses. Architecture can make a unique contribution to understanding how and why this condition occurs and arm future practitioners and researchers with the tools they need to be projectively critical of the ever-changing urban context.
... James Corner highlighted the creative meaning of mapping in his article 'The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention', revealing more content by expressing and reproducing the hidden forces existing in reality. 7 'What already exists' not only refers to the physical properties of the terrain of a given location (topography, rivers, roads, buildings), but also includes many forces that are not visible but still support normal operation. For example wind, sunlight, historical events and local stories, economical and legislative bodies, even political interests, regulatory mechanism and organizational structure and so on. ...
This paper focuses on exploring a quantitative approach to mapping street space. Characteristics of street space can hardly be described and explained using only the traditional architectural forms of street space. The difficulty arises because of the lack of relevance between these forms and people’s activities in them. This phenomenon presents a challenge to mapping methods. Expanding mapping elements is one viable and ongoing path. Which element could be an effective one and how it should be measured and mapped, are vital questions. Interface signs have been selected as the experimental elements, with an area of central Nanjing selected as the research sample. Database and statistics of interface signs and pedestrian flows have been established and inserted into the GIS (Geographical Information System) where a series of correlation analyses between basic mappings and pedestrian flows are carried out.
... The history of maps in human society can provide insights into how power is operationalized in digital platforms. The act of mapping or cartography is a dual construct (Corner, 1999). On the one hand, maps are analog representations of space, but they are also abstractions which represent the perspectives of those people who make the maps to produce memories in space that can perpetuate certain memories over others (Harvey, 1996). ...
Building on the need for developing educational responses to the impact of data practices in our everyday lives, a new curriculum called Nayah-Irú was designed and implemented in the context of five alternative schools in Uruguay. Nayah-Irú aimed at fostering Critical Data Literacy (CDL) using speculative civic literacies, helping youth and educators envision possible futures for the use of data in their lives while challenging oppressive practices in digital platforms. By engaging in YPAR and Speculative Education, this curriculum aimed to facilitate the development of alternative perspectives to understand how data influences our lives while disrupting the normalization of datafication. The implementation of the curriculum involved artifact documentation and a youth research conference, followed by interviews with educators. This dissertation research explores how youth develop critical data literacy through the Nayah-Irú curriculum. It also examines how youth research projects serve as examples of civic participation and how educators facilitate the development of critical data literacy. Following the multiple-case study design, 7 interviews with educators and over 60 artifacts were analyzed that were collected over 12 weeks. The cross-case qualitative analysis revealed four overarching themes: (a) speculative storytelling and real-life experiences, (b) overcoming discursive loops through civic participation, (c) guided discovery as an approach to engage in CDL and (d) remapping challenges into opportunities. Based on these themes, the study proposes the Cartographies of Possibility framework to support CDL through a place-based approach that intersects speculative play and YPAR, aiming to overcome discursive closures in relationships with data. The research holds significance for educators, researchers, and stakeholders interested in fostering critical data literacy among youth from a sociocultural perspective, positioning data literacy as a liberatory practice that cultivates awareness of systemic injustices and inspires youth to imagine more equitable futures.
As cidades contemporâneas são consideradas suportes para as intervenções artísticas de graffiti. Cotidianamente, existem grafiteiras que se manifestam graficamente na paisagem urbana. Os desenhos podem carregar símbolos e significados que, embasados pelas lutas femininas pelo direito à cidade, amplificam as vozes das cidadãs contra seus ocultamentos provocados pelo histórico de opressões sociais. Em meio a este cenário, este artigo tem o intuito de mapear e analisar as intervenções não instituiconais de graffiti realizadas por mulheres no Centro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro no periodo de 2015 a 2022. A partir de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, entre o urbanismo, a história da arte e o design busca-se entender as obras gráficas femininas como marcas que evidenciam suas identidades em determinados lugares. Portanto, o georreferenciamento do graffiti feminino pode ajudar a entender onde estão as intervenções que também constituem a paisagem simbólica da cidade contemporânea, podem estreitar as experiências nos espaços físicos e digitais a partir da cartografia e documentam a durabilidade do impacto socioespacial dessas ações efêmeras.
Kolböra mosse i Djurslöv och Enskifteshagen i Malmö är platser som använts gemensamt sedan medeltiden. I den här studien har jag använt narrativ kartografi för att analysera hur användningen och markerna förändrats över tid. Enskifteshagen har varit fäladsmark och är idag en park i centrala Malmö. Kolböra mosse har varit torvtäkt och idag finns vandringsleder dit allmänheten har tillträde. Kunskap om historiska förändringar bidrar till att vi idag kan främja och försvara det som finns kvar av våra gemensamma allmänningsmarker.
This article provides the reader with a theoretical framework and a method of representing cities called cartographies of infrastructural imaginations. The study employs mapping methods from the fields of architecture, urban geography and visual cultures. The research inquires about the role of cartography in the analysis of discourses that define policies of water supply, food distribution and land-use regulation, which are three environmental challenges in cities. How can we identify and situate the urban actors that attend to such challenges in cities from the Global South?
The research is empirically grounded in Mexico City, Shanghai and Bangalore, urban
settlements with a history of colonial occupation in previous centuries. Their foreign
interventions still shape urban imaginaries of these cities. The method of blending photographic analysis with maps aims to offer objective precision of geographical data and subjective street-level views of local stories. The intention is to understand where the infrastructural ideas come from, and how imaginaries flow to communicate visions about the development of the city. A central task here is to frame how power structures interact and represent their interests via utopian and dystopian narratives.
This paper presents and proposes a cartographic teachingof empathy, inclusion, and sharing of place. Through developinga multi-media technological atlas that would exhibitthe potential fruitfulness of highlighted multiplicities alreadyfound in shared places, this paper looks for ways to representland as a better representation of its many inhabitants– human and otherwise.
The community of Idlewild, located in Yates Township, Michigan, United States, possesses a significant history as the largest historic African American resort community created during the Jim Crow Era. Established in 1912, it thrived for more than fifty years but declined in 1964, with the passing of the Civil Rights Act. Listed in the Green Book, the historical impor¬tance of Idlewild was recognized at the time as a safe space for African Americans to vacation during the segregation era. At a time when African Americans were systematically pushed to the margins of society, Idlewild was viewed as a place where the luminaries of the black community could safely gather and discuss issues of vital collective interest. With a history of vacillation, today, Idlewild is experiencing a measured resur¬gence in its re-population. and has begun to revitalize, with a new influx of full-time residents. These citizens are moving to Idlewild looking for work-life balance in a rural context as a result of societal factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Black Lives Matters Movement and most importantly, seeking residency in a historically safe African American community. Notably, this incoming population resides within infrastruc¬ture that was originally designated for seasonal residents, resulting in a new set of needs for community sustainment. The community’s current needs are twofold: first, significant changes to the system that support full-time residents and second, progress that will respect and revive the historical origins of Idlewild. As an African American community discrim¬inatory infrastructure impedes the ability of the community to thrive, and prevents the support required for a robust quality of life. Local systemic change is required, beginning primarily at the township level. Significant concerns include rural tourism, worker retention, cooperative economics, and local living, among other considerations. Recognizing the need to rectify these burgeoning issues, the Yates Township Board approved the pursuit of development of a Strategic Plan. Overarching Outcomes of the approved Strategic Plan were twofold: first, the township grows strate¬gically with prosperity impacting the township’s year-round residents and tourism, and second, the township celebrates and promotes Idlewild as a nationally historic African American cultural community. This paper will focus on the process and introduce the projects of the Ferris State University fourth-year Small Town Studio as they worked with stakeholders in the Idlewild community and aligned their designs with the needs of the client and the newly Overarching Outcomes implemented in the Strategic Plan. This studio is designed to address challenges that archi¬tects face in the field in its social and environmental context. Students research and analyze existing conditions and client needs, define project requirements, and develop macro-level schematic solutions based on input and feedback of a client community. Emphasis is placed on the analysis, process, and synthesis of architectural problems and their solutions.
La proximité du rivage et l’exposition aux aléas climatiques, notamment d’inondations, apparaissent comme thèmes d’actualités qui interrogent l’habitabilité des « marges » à Montevideo. Émergeant notamment à partir des années 1950, pour la réalité d’une marginalité sociale et spatiale, le thème focalise alors particulièrement les attentions des disciplines des sciences sociales. Si la forme que prend l’habitat interroge l’architecte, elle questionne d’autant plus sa capacité à le regarder à partir de l’espace et de son processus de formation. La matérialité de l’habitat apparaît changeante, non fini, en évolution permanente, et interroge progressivement la prise en compte de la particularité des situations géographiques. La lecture, dessinée et cartographique, de ces processus spatiaux-socio-environnementaux imbriqués, devient un enjeu avant de penser toute transformation qui risquerait de produire de nouvelles exclusions. Notre travail1 révèle une intégration progressive des dimensions du site, de la nature du sol, et une conscience de la présence de l’eau et des aléas. La plage du Cerro Montevideo est une des situations qui cristallise ces processus. Lieu privilégié pour l’installation de l’industrie de la viande au XIXème siècle, il devient ensuite lieu de plage et de loisirs. Et alors que le développement économique montrera des signes de faiblesses et des fractures, la plage deviendra progressivement investie par un habitat informel au cours de la seconde moitié du XXème siècle, se densifiant et s’étendant. Alors, si l’actualité du changement climatique interroge avec plus de force cette situation, l’enjeu est aussi à la reconnaissance de ces processus de fabrication.
Design methodologies in Landscape Architecture have historically evolved within two distinct realms-science and culture. This dichotomy often underscores a divide between process-oriented large-scale master planning and site-specific form-making combined with artistic expressions and cultural cues. A unified framework adaptable to various scales, Geoart emerges as a novel and evolutionary extension of the Geodesign process, aiming to address this divide. It aims to provide a foundation for artistic expressions, from individual to collective, in support of Geodesign projects. By delving into the agency of mapping facilitated by digital technologies and GIS, Geoart empowers both collaborative and solo design endeavours, fostering participation and imagination to inspire the future. This paper proposes a broader concept Georesilience, to define distinct realms of actions to support the continuity and implementation of projects in uncertain times. This multifaceted approach offers a comprehensive framework for action research, specifically in the context of urban poverty and informal settlements facing the impacts of climate change. This inclusive framework can potentially integrate into STEM degrees to include place-based and culture-based creativity and experimentation for deeper engagement and communication with culture.
The contributors to this book represent a wide breadth of scholarly approaches, including law, social and environmental science, engineering, as well as from the arts and humanities. The chapters explore what environmental violence is and does, and the variety of ways in which it affects different communities. The authors draw on empirical data from around the globe, including Ukraine, French Polynesia, Latin America, and the Arctic. The variety of responses to environmental violence by different communities, whether through active resistance or the creative arts, are also discussed, providing the foundation on which to build alternatives to the potentially damaging trajectory on which humans currently find themselves. This book is indispensable for researchers and policymakers in environmental policy and peacebuilding. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
In 2019 Indigenous Business Australia (IBA) hosted 60 of Australia’s emerging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander business, organisation and management leaders in a four-day intensive event; the Futures Forum. Participants were prompted to conceive a “50-year Vision for Re-Shaping the Culture of Indigenous Business”. They were immersed in Indigenous Knowledge experiences such as yarning (talking) circles and cultural walks, combined with critical, speculative and strategic design techniques including relational futures mapping to help them design narratives of Indigenous business futures. The intention of the Futures Forum was to be a decolonising event both in its pre-event organisational qualities and in the workshop steps. On the former, this chapter discusses communication and design tactics undertaken to organise and build interest in the event that deliberately acted to decentre mainstream neoliberal conceptions of business forums towards an Indigenous-led decolonising approach. On the latter, it describes how the elucidation of forms of coloniality in past, present and future is relationally unpacked in the event. This chapter describes the theoretical frameworks, methodologies and reflections of the event.
This paper discusses two experimental Augmented Reality (AR) projects conducted by collaboration between the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and the Levine Museum of the New South in the City of Charlotte, USA between 2018 and 2021. These projects employ 2D mapping, 3D procedural modeling, and marker-based mobile AR techniques for data visualization focused on social and economic issues in Charlotte on a neighborhood scale. AR offers an interactive method to expand visualization capabilities in GIS. These projects show that mobile AR applications can support local community events that are aimed at expanding overall public participation with a goal of increasing awareness of neighborhood changes over time through 3D data visualization. Surveys from the demonstration events show that a majority of event participants learned new information about the demographic and economic changes over the past two decades in their communities through the AR experiences with 3D data mapping.
In a period of climatic breakdown, the instruments of sensing environmental change are critical. Aerial photography was the first tool in the development of modern remote sensing, and various technologies have historically ‘stacked’ and ‘fused’ together to offer new possibilities in terms of coverage, definition and automation (Cureton, Drone Futures: UAS in Landscape & Urban Design. New York: Routledge, 2020). For Landscape Urbanism, Waldheim (Aerial Representation and the Recovery of Landscape. In J. Corner (Ed.), Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture (p. 135). New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999) has asserted the indexical trace of aerial photography for the recovery of landscape as a subject, and Kullmann (Landscape Research, 43(7), 906–907, 2018) has identified the unique relationship of remote sensing including drones, to the field with concurrent developments in GIS datasets and accessible satellite data which supported large-scale analysis, design and planning intervention for regions. The forms of the socio-technical practice of drones through a media ecology approach have been discussed (Milligan, Journal of Landscape Architecture, 14(2), 20–35, 2019) and the mobilities of the drone and volumetric operations have been unpacked (Jensen, Visual Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2020.1840085, 2020). The current state of research raises questions around repositioning the drone to make the climate crisis more visible. This chapter discusses the requirements for this repositioning, with the author’s assertion via case studies and speculative projections, of seeing the drone as an epistemological engine, which moves through three phases. The first phase is the sensing capability of the drone ‘as matter of fact’ in terms of precision ‘reality capture’ of spaces through photogrammetric processes and other sensing payloads. The second phase is in terms of the invisible mobilities that are novel in drone deployment which we term ‘matters of concern’ (waymarked paths, flight logs, sensing instructions, tracking, navigation of regulatory geo-fences etc…) which contribute to debates of atmosphere, volumetrics and airspace. Thirdly, the post-processing of imagery through AI results in a socio-technical relationship in the interpretation of aerial time-based data or ‘drone knowledge’ for design and planning decisions made upon resulting models. This critical repositioning corrects misconceptions of the aerial drone medium as a 2D static representational tool, but as a dynamic device shaping the future sociology of the sky actively changing the terrain below.
In both practice and academic pedagogy, the initial pro forma analysis of site performed in order to lay the groundwork for design has left the profession with an incredibly shallow and even inimical understanding of place. Physical geographies alongside the extension of human construct (buildings, street grids, nodes, axes, etc.) have become the framework for the reading of identity within place; identity, however, is driven by an array of agents traditional cartography often neglects. These agents are especially evidenced in geopolitically fragile environments within the arctic where an intimacy with place is rooted in diurnal and seasonal patterns and migrations, fleeting phenomena stemming from climatic arcs, ecological frameworks and sequencing, and histories and cultures tied directly to spatial landscapes. Without factoring these agents into analysis, these very places are left to be perceived against a fictional background that promotes singular architectural strategies and policy decisions devoid of equitable impacts.
Internationally, Canada is a country known for its iconic, expansive landscapes. Images of the Rocky Mountains and destinations such as Lake Louise and Banff are instantly recognisable, drawing visitors from around the world each year. Wilderness is a term that has become irrevocably linked to Canadian national identity and Canadian culture. Nowhere is the significance of wilderness within Canadian culture and history more visible than in the country’s vast network of provincial and national parks. This article explores the history of Canada’s oldest national park, Banff, and the creation and evolution of its boundaries. It explores how park boundaries act as spatial tools to project legal frameworks and cultural values, creating landscapes and an experience of place rather than simply preserving existing conditions or ecologies. The history of Banff National Park is also used to explore the broader implications that idealised or romanticised notions of wild spaces have had in shaping Canadian cultural values, which in turn have shaped attitudes towards landscapes and the defining of landscapes into industrialised zones and zones of conservation. Fundamentally an architectural study of site, this article explores the evolution of the national park boundaries of Banff through their interactions with industrial interests, cultural landmarks and historical narratives, dissecting their capacities to control intensely layered and contested areas. Through a study of the park boundary and the forces that have shaped it over time, the dynamics of power, exclusion, exploitation and commercialisation inherent to the definition of landscapes and boundaries are investigated.
Los procesos de representación y el estudio de mapas y espacios se han modificado en la actualidad con la llegada de herramientas como las imágenes satelitales y los programas de renderizado. Vivimos en un mundo desbordado en imágenes de los lugares, lo cual lleva a que reconozcamos más los lugares a través de estas representaciones que por la experiencia. Al respecto del mapeo, necesario para la arquitectura, existen metodologías como la de James Corner o la descrita por Guy Debord, que proponen maneras para desarrollar e involucrar la cartografía en los procesos de diseño. Ante la crisis de la cartografía tradicional existe una necesidad de conocer el territorio a partir de las experiencias con el mismo, la realización de mapas participativos lleva a un entendimiento del territorio de una manera más crítica y con sentido político. La cartografía resulta una herramienta esencial para el diseño si éste se propone construir desde las narrativas otros mundos posibles, libres de las desigualdades e inequidades del actual.
Este artículo aborda Río Turbio (2020) de Tatiana Mazú González, un documental que retrata un territorio patagónico minero atravesado por conflictos políticos, ecológicos y feministas. Desde una perspectiva ecofeminista del cine y los aportes de los tiempos profundos y de la geología de los medios, que piensan la relación del mundo mineral con las máquinas y tecnologías que nos rodean, se busca trazar algunas conexiones entre cine y geología para observar cómo en esta película los tiempos y estéticas fósiles se traducen y vinculan con el montaje de los diversos archivos visuales y sonoros que construyen el documental.
Maps are preeminent ways of collecting, organising, verifying, historicising, and even mystifying territorial knowledge. They embrace a multiplicity of readings and readers, and mediate between the visible and the invisible. In constant re-definition, maps transform and maximise themselves by connecting different layers of information and initiating uninterrupted performances. Without delineating a fixed meaning, maps respond to the city’s openness via diversity, incompleteness, and unpredictability. New developments in computer science and information technologies have turned maps into grittier models that define the new granular front of the open map. This article studies open maps in terms of participation and multiplicity, part and whole relationships, and resolution vis-à-vis Jasper Johns’s paintings, Buckminster Fuller’s Dymaxion Map and the World Game, and the MIT’s Real-time Rome project.
In the complex field of urban phenomenon analysis and representation, this text addresses the evolution of works specifically dedicated to investigating the relationships established between individuals and the city. It focuses its attention on one of the less studied aspects: the cartographic representation of subjective, emotional, and perceptual aspects related to the experience of navigating and inhabiting an urban space. The city cannot be considered as a neutral or objective space; on the contrary, there will always be an imaginary construct that shapes and accompanies it. This imaginary construct, which determines our way of perceiving, being, and moving within the city, is fundamental for a comprehensive understanding of urban processes and dynamics. Approaching this dialectical relationship between the physical and subjective dimensions of the city, which is intangible in itself, through analysis and graphic representation is now possible thanks totheoretical and, above all, technological advancements. The objective of this text is to contextualize this process by presenting two frames of reference: one conceptual, linked to the evolution of the term “landscape,” and another methodological, focused on presenting the technical advancements that have been decisive in the evolution of this type of representation. We take a journey through cartographic experiences initiated in the 1960s and arrive at some of the most innovative research lines in this field, such as Biomapping, real-time cartographies, or intelligent cartographies. The aim of the article is to reinforce and emphasize the utility of graphic expression as a tool for urban and territorial decision-making, highlighting its capacity to represent even the most sensitive and complex data. Through a panoramic view of the advancements achieved in recent decades regarding these types of cartographies, it illustrates the interesting convergence that can be delineated today between the traditionally connected areas of graphic expression in Architecture and Urbanism and the new scenarios of data management and analysis.
Coasts and deltas constitute extraordinary environments built by geological forces in a geological timeframe. They are spaces constantly evolving, altered by the actions of natural and man-made transformation processes. This landscape is dotted with natural and man-made scenes where dynamism and unpredictability are exacerbated by the forces of rising sea levels and climate change. They are simultaneously territories of opportunity to interrogate about the challenges and posibilities for an unpredictable urban and landscape scenario in the climate emergency. Design Studios, conceived as an ongoing series of interconnected themes, explores the implications of living in the threshold between land and water as space altered by the transitory action of water, man-made transformations and unpredictable events exacerbated by climate change. Studio’s briefs are interrogating whether such dynamic and vulnerable environments and spaces can remain inhabited by humans, and if so, how that should occur? What are the models for coastal and delta habitation that can survive and prosper in a disintegrating territory between the unpredict¬able rivers and ocean, and the unstable land? What are the new urban landscapes and architectures design for a planet exposed to the effects of the climate we are changing? What are the operations that are needed to navigate new coastal and delta scenarios?
Over 2 billion people will live in informal settlements by 2030, often in slum conditions. UN-Habitat has recommended countries adopt city-wide participatory slum upgrading projects and integrate the informal settlements into the formal plans of the city. While there might be honest intentions by the formal governance bodies to do so, often the settlements are invisible from the gaze of the state. In other words, often they are quite literally “off the map.” More problematically, even when mapped, the maps are reduced to a single aspect, based on the agenda of the mapping body such as an NGO and often become useless for any slum upgrading purpose. How could these settlements be put “back on the map,” and more importantly, in a way that matters? In this paper, firstly, I share a “multi-scalar mapping framework” developed for my dissertation research in Karail, the largest informal settlement in Dhaka. Secondly, I briefly describe the methods used to produce the 94 maps. Thirdly, I use an auto-ethnographic narrative to provide a thick description of the process of mapping that I conducted for six months in Karail. The particular methodology can provide pointers to other researchers enabling better practice in informal settlements globally. Lastly, I end the paper by analyzing the maps that were produced based on their potential to be used in a city-wide slum upgrading project. I conclude that such multi-scalar mapping is essential in understanding the socio-economic complexity of informal settlements and engaging as architects and urban designers.KeywordsInformal settlementMappingSpatial justiceMulti-scalarSlum upgrading
Mimarlık Temel Alanından Mimari Tasarım, Eleştiri, Kuram mümkünse Çevresel Psikoloji alt alanından hakem atanmalıdır. İLİŞKİSEL MEKÂNIN ALGILANMASINDA DUYUSAL EŞİKLER: KİŞİSEL BİR DENEYİM ÖZ İnsan ve mekân arasında önemi yadsınamayacak olan ilişki vardır ve bu ilişki mimarlık yazınında sıklıkla beden ve mekân ilişkisi olarak karşılık bulmaktadır. Mekân, tasarlanmış ve bitmişliğin temsili olmaktan öte; onu deneyimleyen bedenle yeniden kurulan ve artiküle olan, anlam veren, ayıran ve toplayan, izin veren veya engel olan ilişkisel bir olgudur. Her bireyin bir mekânı deneyimleme serüveni, kendi benliğinde taşıdığı -kültüründen, geçmiş deneyimlerinden, kazandığı öğretilerden, amaçlarından, vb. sebeplerden kaynaklanan- özellikleri ile farklılaşmakta; her mekân da kendi içinde keşfedilmeyi bekleyen izler, uyarıcı/duyusal eşikler, sınırlayıcılar ve çeşitli potansiyeller barındırmaktadır. Dolayısı ile mekân deneyimi her beden için farklı anlamlara bürünen ve her bireyin kişisel özellikleri ile özgünleşen bir eylem halini almaktadır. Bu çalışma; beden ile mekân arasındaki iletişimin hangi parametreler altında şekillendiğini ve bir bireyin bir mekân içindeki yönelimlerinin nelerden etkilendiğini öznel bir metot yardımı ile sorgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda; beden ile mekân arasındaki etkileşime yönelik bir literatür taraması yapılmış olup, algısal sürecin bileşenlerini okurun zihninde somutlaştırmak adına bir mekânsal okuma modeli önerilmiştir. Önerilen sistem öznel bir alan çalışması ile desteklenmiştir. Alan çalışması, belirlenen bir mekânda bireysel bir deneyim üzerine planlanmış olup mekân ile beden arasındaki etkileşime yön vereceği ön görülen mekânsal bileşenlerin not edildiği duyum haritalarını içermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mekân Algısı, İlişkisel Mekân, Mekânsal Eşikler, Duyum Haritası, Kişisel Deneyim SENSORY THRESHOLDS IN THE PERCEPTION OF RELATIONAL SPACE: A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE ABSTRACT There is an undeniable relationship between humans and space, which is often referred to as the body-space relationship in architectural literature. Space, beyond being a representation of design and finality, is a relational phenomenon that is reestablished and articulated with the experiencing body, giving meaning, separating and bringing together, permitting or obstructing. Each individual's journey of experiencing a space differentiates based on their own characteristics derived from their culture, past experiences, acquired knowledge, intentions, and so on. Likewise, each space contains traces waiting to be discovered, stimulating/sensory thresholds, constraints, and various potentials within itself. Therefore, the experience of space takes on an active role, transforming into different meanings for each body and becoming personalized through individual characteristics. This study aims to investigate the parameters shaping the communication between the body and space and examine the influences on an individual's orientations within a space through a subjective method. In line with this objective, a literature review on the interaction between the body and space has been conducted, and a spatial reading model has been proposed to concretize the components of the perceptual process in the reader's mind. The proposed system is supported by a subjective field study. The field study is designed to focus on an individual experience within a designated space and includes sensory maps that record spatial components predicted to influence the interaction between space and the body. Keywords: Perception of Space, Relational Space, Spatial Thresholds, Sensory Map, Personal Experience.
In under-served, poor U.S. urban and suburban neighborhoods, years of racialized policy maneuvers and corporate wrangling have clouded architects’ prospects of impactfully engaging communities. This project offers another lens on conceptualizing sites complicated by those invisible economic forces. Ferguson, USA is part of a mapping project that spatializes the political, together with the formal and processual. It updates inherited conventions of “site analysis,” and helps us expand the landscape urbanist notion of a productive “urban surface,” as a new pedagogy for more critically engaging place.1 The pages here present a snapshot of drawings that re-cast the contested suburban landscape of Ferguson, MO through the particularities of the political economy that shape it.2
The aim of this paper is to explore the role played by visualization in urban planning from a perspective related to that of the researchers in the Science, Technology and Society field. It adopts certain of the conceptual and methodological instruments elaborated in their work on scientific representations. It concentrates on identifying a series of essential bifurcations in the modalities of visualization of urban space, whether they were specifically designed as instruments of urban planning or not. Examinations are made at crucial points in the history of urban planning and at its most important sites: the Rome of Leon Battista Alberti and Pope Nicholas V in the 15th century, the Germany of the first planning civil servants towards the end of the 19th century, and the London of the Victorian slums around the same period. This will show at close quarters the strong link between the construction of an 'ordinary' representation during the Renaissance and the constitution of urban planning as an autonomous field of practices. Then an attempt is made to describe the structuring role played by visualizations produced ad hoc when urban planning first became institutionalized in Europe at the end of the 19th century.
A central characteristic of the often ambiguous term ‘landscape’ is that it is first a schema, a representation, a way of seeing the external world, and, based on one's point of view, such schemata vary significantly. Geographers and painters see the land in different ways, as do developers and environmentalists. If asked to draw the landscape, each party would no doubt produce a wholesome variety of graphic models and representations, reflecting their own peculiar mode of (re)cognition. Drawings might range from a cartographer's map, to an ecologist's transect, to an artist's perspective rendering. A poet might prefer words and tropes to visual images when describing a landscape. Collectively, each of these texts would ‘draw out’ of an existing landscape a particular description, or analytique, as seen through a specific conceptual lens, and would subsequently alter or transform the meaning of that landscape. Landscapes are thus the inevitable result of cultural interpretation and the accumulation of representational sediments over time; they are thereby made distinct from ‘wildernesses’ as they are constructed, or layered.2
This book provides an essential insight into the practices and ideas of maps and map-making. It draws on a wide range of social theorists, and theorists of maps and cartography, to show how maps and map-making have shaped the spaces in which we live.
In this paper I focus on a local initiative to produce a hiking map of Valtaleggio (in northern Italy). In the effort of redrawing the valley to attract tourism a group of locals engaged in planning and negotiating visibility, but also got involved in an exercise of memory, remembering the history of their valley through recent changes in the landscape. The ethnographic observation of the 'map enterprise' spurs reflections on differing local perceptions of the landscape-and, accordingly, on how practices of locality shape identities.
The past decade has been witness to a remarkable resurgence of interest in landscape. While this recovery invokes a return of past traditions and ideas, it also implies renewal, invention, and transformation. Recovering Landscapecollects a number of essays that discuss why landscape is gaining increased attention today, and what new possibilities might emerge from this situation. Themes such as reclamation, urbanism, infrastructure, geometry, representation, and temporality are explored in discussions drawn from recent developments not only in the United States but also in the Netherlands, France, India, and Southeast Asia. The contributors to this collection, all leading figures in the field of landscape architecture, include Alan Balfour, Denis Cosgrove, Georges Descombes, Christophe Girot, Steen Hoyer, David Leatherbarrow, Bart Lootsma, Sebastien Marot, Anuradha Mathur, Marc Treib, and Alex Wall.
The authoritative appearance of modern maps belies their inherent biases. To use maps intelligently, the viewer must understand their subjective limitations. Each of the modern maps discussed in this paper makes its own claim to special accuracy, and yet the results could hardly look more dissimilar. This is the contradiction maps present: a claim to represent objectively a world they can only subjectively present, a claim made to win acceptance for a view of the world whose utility lies precisely in its partiality. Given that the usefulness of maps derives from their bias and subjectivity, these are qualities to be highlighted and celebrated. The future of carography lies in transcending the dichotomy between the utility of the subjective and the authority of the objective. Beyond lie maps that will be ever more useful because they will be more open about their real relation to the world. -from Author
Recuperación de los distintos modelos de planeación y política urbana que se pusieron en operación a lo largo del siglo XX (para ser exactos, el análisis empieza en 1880), en alrededor de quince grandes urbes.
Artificial ecologies
- Allen S.
Representation and landscape
- Corner