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The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements
... For example, McAdam characterised it vaguely as a form of "cognitive liberation", but without explaining its development. 64 Gamson (2004) describes a frame as spotlighting 'certain events and their underlying causes and consequences, and direct[ing] our attention away from others. Like a building frame, it gives shape and support. ...
... particularly TV and radio, with close links to the state and elite commercial and political interests, created dilemmas and opportunities for social movements about how to project their message and narratives to wider constituencies and reinforce their identity with participants (Gamson 2004). However, the hostility of the mass media, in both democratic and authoritarian states, to challenger social movements meant their actions were usually framed negatively (Gitlin 1980). ...
Mexico’s partial democratic transition resulted in widespread violence, human rights violations, inequality, corruption and impunity, frustrating the hopes and aspirations of many sections of society. However, between 2011 and 2016 three major social movements emerged to challenge injustice and demand social change. The Movement for Peace and Justice with Dignity, YoSoy132 and Ayotzinapa 43 were plural non- institutional social mobilizations empowering those victimised and marginalized in the defective democratic settlement. Human rights discourse and digital and social media have become embedded in political discourse and social practice around the world, but their meaning, uses and implications are complex and contested. This thesis examines their role in contentious collective movements in Mexico’s specific socio-political context. Qualitative case study research methods are used to examine their dynamic uses and meanings in the three mobilization processes in order to explore their enabling and constraining features. The thesis also draws on the author’s previous experience as an international human rights advocate and researcher working on Latin America. The research shows the diverse ways that human rights discourse and digital and social media feature in the practice and meaning of each movement. They are understood to enhance key aspects of civil society mobilization processes, such as strengthening the impact of trigger events and enabling the configuration of skilled support networks, but also to entail certain constraining logics which the movements grapple with to sustain contention. They contribute shaping qualities to the movements but do not monopolise or determine their practices or meaning. These are rooted in the dynamic adaptive approaches of plural actors engaging with their concrete social and political context, creatively using the resources available to mount collective public sphere challenges to the powerholders of Mexico’s partial democracy.
... Ultimately, framing refers to the different ways collective action can be framed by different actors (Snow, 2004). Gamson (2004) discusses how frames can gain power by tapping into certain cultural narratives. Gamson (2004) discusses how cultural themes can be a source of resonance for consumers of media. ...
... Gamson (2004) discusses how frames can gain power by tapping into certain cultural narratives. Gamson (2004) discusses how cultural themes can be a source of resonance for consumers of media. The master frame was introduced as a concept to describe collective action frames that are larger in scope. ...
National attention began to focus on Northern Saskatchewan after 6 young,
Indigenous women, ages 10 to 14, died by suicide in in October 2016. Data collected in
Saskatchewan in 2017 has been made public, and it states that nearly 500 suicides have
been completed by First Nations people in the province since 2005. While governmental
bodies have made repeated pledges to work with these First Nations communities to solve the suicide crisis, no provincial or federal suicide prevention strategies have been enacted, and poor data collection methods further inhibit the ability to implement effective measures. Beginning with a theoretical discussion on Durkheim’s conceptualization of suicide, I will highlight the importance of social variables that should be viewed as enabling forces for suicidal behaviour. This will lead into a discussion on colonialism as a social determinant of mental health, as oppressive practices present in Canada’s history—such as The Indian Act, the reserve system, and a legacy of residential schools—have had considerable, negative consequences on the mental health of Indigenous people. However, symbolic healing through the act of cultural reclamation has been cited as a promising solution. Using the narrative of one individual’s story of symbolic healing as an entry point for inquiry, I will tie this healing process into a larger commentary on its potential to be applied as a preventive suicide measure for First Nations youth. The paper will conclude with a discussion on the current, biologically reductionist therapeutic responses being employed by the Saskatchewan government which should be viewed as an enabling force that perpetuates suicide rates in Northern Saskatchewan communities. It is necessary for the implementation of new mental health procedures that incorporate not only holistic worldviews into psychiatric practices, but also culturally relevant and trauma-informed approaches that are based in Indigenous knowledge and self-determination.
... We attempted to include all the media texts that referred to the debate in our database. Overall, we argue, these empirical materials provide us with a rich source of discursive evidence of the ways in which the media, corporate actors, and members of the public participated in the framing contest in our case (Gamson, 2004). ...
This paper offers an understanding of how hybrid models of corporate social responsibility (CSR)-models combining society-centric mandatory (implicit) and business-centric voluntary (explicit) approaches to CSR-are communicatively constructed through institutional struggles over the roles and responsibilities of business in society, in the context of a Nordic welfare state. We develop a model of hybridization as a dialectical process of communicative activity, framing and counter-framing, in which conflict and contestation over normative under-standings about CSR drive the process. The model explains the emergence of hybrid models of CSR in terms of gradually evolving issue development and frame changes that are driven by discursive struggles over moral obligations of business in society, appropriate configuration of legitimacy relationships, and appropriate institutional arrangements for CSR governance. In contrast to prevailing accounts, which tend to theorize hybridization as resulting from isomorphic, mimetic, and normative pressures, our account explicitly attends to the politics of hybridization.
... Because journalists rely on external sources for a regular and reliable supply of news content, media relations practitioners try to persuade journalists to treat them as a credible media source. Having then gained media standing (Gamson, 2004), organizations' distribution of information subsidies (Cook, 1998), such as press releases, fact sheets and backgrounders, to journalists becomes more effective. Multiple actors (e.g., corporations, politicians, activists and trade unions) typically compete to gain a voice in media reports relating to a topic or issue of importance to them. ...
... But only with the public participation in large numbers can they gain attention and achieve their goals of want of change or no change in a particular system. In order to gain the large support or participation in any agitations demonstrated in front of important political meetings, the use of new media and mainstream media are critical to reaching out to the protestors and the public (Gamson, 2004). Pressure groups use various strategies to get media coverage. ...
A key element that drives today’s networked society is big data. Journalism too has been impacted by data revolution, resulting in a new field of news reporting known as Data Journalism. Unlike in traditional reporting, data journalists apply the rigors of inquiry-based research writing style to their data stories. For arriving at precise inferences, they use statistical analysis methods and to support their argument, use interactive data visualization techniques and tools
While it is already popular in the west, data journalism in India is still in its nascent stage. And is not practiced widely by the mainstream media, with the sole exception of the Hindu, the country’s second most circulated newspaper. Therefore, this paper studied the Hindu’s data journalism section on its website, called the ‘Data tab’. Through content analysis, study found that, akin to global best practices, multiple data sources and interactive data visualizations are prominently evident. However, the data stories lacked depth in their narrative and were without the access to the data sets used for analysis. The study concludes that data journalism immense potential to become a powerful, definitive means of news reporting in India.
... Zukas [96] views the framing of wind energy as a competition between environmental, political, and industrial frame sponsors (i.e., actors that supply frames that the media cite [96]). According to Zukas [96], the environmental advocacy groups are not as prominent in media as political and industrial actors, which resonates with a general problem for social movements to obtain media coverage [98]. Furthermore, the different positive and negative aspects are presented as competing frames to obtain optimal media coverage for their cause [96]. ...
The social acceptability of wind farms has been researched for several decades now, with the first research tracing back to the 1980s. This paper aims to deliver a literature review within the structural framework proposed by the paper of variables influencing the acceptability of wind farms. The large amount of research published on the social acceptability of wind farms requires an effort to identify and categorise variables to deliver a holistic understanding of opposition and support to wind energy. We classify the variables into three main categories: first, ‘psychological variables’, including perceived benefits and costs, emotions, and attitudes; second, ‘contextual variables’, including community energy schemes and media influence; and finally, third, ‘personal resources’, including income or wealth, place of residence, and relevant knowledge in relation to the wind farm. In agreement with other scholars, we argue that NIMBYism (not in my backyard) is an outdated and simplistic explanation for opposition to wind farms. Instead, we provide a theoretical framework to explain the acceptability of wind energy and show how these variables might influence both acceptance and opposition.
... A complexidade e a dimensão das sociedades contemporâneas fazem com que porção significativa dos processos de produção de visibilidade e deliberação pública se viabilize via meios de comunicação. Daí decorre o fato de que o acesso à visibilidade midiática é hoje premissa essencial a praticamente todo processo de mobilização social (Ryan, 1991;Gitlin, 2003;Gamson, 2004;Della Porta & Diani, 2006;Rucht, 2007). Movimentos sociais lutam para obter atenção da mídia e cobertura positiva, o que pode se revelar essencial para se alcançar adesões e objetivos. ...
Este trabalho investiga a relação entre mídia e movimentos sociais a partir da trajetória da campanha Ficha Limpa (2008-2010), que resultou na coleta de 1,3 milhão de assinaturas e aprovação de projeto de lei de iniciativa popular que tornou mais rígidos os critérios para postulação de candidatos em eleições no Brasil. Inicialmente apresenta-se uma proposta de abordagem comunicacional dos fenômenos sociais, a captá-los em processos de interação entre sujeitos em produção e interpretação de sentidos. Discute-se aspectos da relação entre mídia e democracia. Argumenta-se, a despeito do reconhecimento do cenário de crise na comunicação pública contemporânea, pela manutenção do potencial da mídia de revigoramento do debate em esferas públicas diversas. Nesse sentido, considera-se o papel da internet e de novas mediações tecnológicas na reconfiguração das ações estratégicas de atores coletivos cívicos. À luz desse referencial, examina-se o papel da mídia na promoção de debates públicos ampliados, bem como características das relações entre meios de comunicação e movimentos sociais, analisados integralmente em suas dimensões de oportunidade política, mobilização de recursos e processos simbólicos. Recorre-se a uma visão integrada do conceito de enquadramento, em sua tradição na literatura da comunicação e dos movimentos sociais, para o estudo de discursos mobilizados durante a campanha. Descrito o panorama histórico da iniciativa, com ênfase nas estruturas de oportunidade política que envolveram seu surgimento e desenvolvimento, passa-se à análise empírica de como os temas da campanha Ficha Limpa Este artigo analisa a relação entre mídia e movimentos sociais a partir da trajetória da campanha Ficha Limpa (2008-2010), que resultou na coleta de 1,3 milhão de assinaturas e aprovação de projeto de lei de iniciativa popular que tornou mais rígidos os critérios para postulação de candidatos em eleições no Brasil. Inicialmente apresenta-se uma proposta de abordagem comunicacional dos fenômenos sociais, a captá-los em processos de interação entre sujeitos em produção e interpretação de sentidos. Discute-se aspectos da relação entre mídia e democracia. Argumenta-se, a despeito do reconhecimento do cenário de crise na comunicação pública contemporânea, pela manutenção do potencial da mídia de revigoramento do debate em esferas públicas diversas. Nesse sentido, considera-se o papel da internet e de novas mediações tecnológicas na reconfiguração das ações estratégicas de atores coletivos cívicos. À luz desse referencial, examina-se o papel da mídia na promoção de debates públicos ampliados, bem como características das relações entre meios de comunicação e movimentos sociais, analisados integralmente em suas dimensões de oportunidade política, mobilização de recursos e processos simbólicos. na reconfiguração da ação coletiva e na promoção de práticas de participação social.
... Mola-Yudego and Gritten (2010) demonstrated, with a similar database approach, the diverging focus between academics and ENGOs both in geographical areas and forest conflict types, which could result in bias concerning coverage or misleading conclusions. Differing interest for media attention (Gamson, 2004) and funding mechanisms were proposed as possible causes for this difference. In this study, however, the focus on EU countries may attenuate this possible bias; it can be argued that, if not unbiased or fully exhaustive, academic sources can be a representative basis to illustrate the ongoing conflicts in the region. ...
As a result of increasing demand for forest products and expanding bioeconomy uses, the relevance of forest conflicts is increasing in Europe. This study explores the distribution and occurrence of forest conflicts and their main characteristics across European countries. Conflicts usually arise when some party's interests are not considered or are not aware of the other party's measures affecting their use of the forest. A total of 84 conflicts are identified and analysed based on academic literature from the period 1999–2020, and each case is further characterised by its location, type of conflict, intensity and involved stakeholders. The location patterns show that forest conflicts mainly occur in and around urban areas, and often include urban forestry and forest conservation. Forest conflicts are mainly restrained (i.e., low-intensity) characterised by disagreements or disputes. However, several low-intensity conflicts escalate into open conflicts, of which typical actions are protests, blockades, and court actions. A minority of conflicts (N = 6) involve violent attacks, which in some cases resulted in physical exchange and death. The analysis of the conflicts' most common features results in three emerging patterns: conflict over forest protection, over development in forest areas and over recreation. Information about parties involved, forest conflict profiles, and concerns about stakeholders' involvement in planning and decision-making is often present. Effective communication, transparency of the planning process and involvement of all stakeholders are essential actions to prevent harmful high-intensity forest conflicts.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
This article examines the representation of sustainability on the online lifestyle site Goop as a case study of how promotional media deal with environmental and social concerns. Specifically, the paper presents how promotional intermediaries address or conceal a tension between (1) the promotion of conspicuous consumption and (2) the advocacy of sustainable living. The paper contributes to cultural intermediary scholarship by showing how promotional intermediaries attempt to reconcile this tension, advocating consumerism favorable to them while still enhancing critical cultural citizenship. By presenting sustainable brands and environmental advocates, and different—at times, incommensurable—narratives on the relationship between sustainability and consumption, promotional intermediaries signal that sustainability is important while promoting actions that can be considered to contradict the idea of sustainability, such as excessive consumption. In this way they produce a safe space for brands and consumers but arrive at a sustainability paradox.
Media attention is both an important outcome and a resource for protest groups. This paper examines media-movement dynamics using television news coverage of 1,277 protests in Belgium (2003–2019). We situate protest coverage in media issue attention cycles and scrutinize whether features of protest or rather media issue attention fluctuations are key for protest’s agenda-setting effect. Our results show that while most protests fail to alter the attention cycle, a considerable share of protests is followed by a significant increase in media issue attention, especially when surfing issue attention already on the rise. Overall, media issue attention cycles rather than protest features affect protest’s agenda-setting effect, suggesting that protest agenda-setting is more a matter of exploiting discursive opportunities than of forcing one’s issue on the media agenda by signaling newsworthiness. These findings have serious implications for our understanding of protest group agency in news making and agenda-setting.
Bystander publics lack the long‐standing political motivation of the engaged publics of political parties or social movements, and so are important for different reasons, depending on one's direction of analysis. For those interested in expanded political agency, bystander publics are the standing reserve of political action, available for recruitment to parties and movements. For those concerned with apathy, bystander publics signal entropy in political systems: the temporarily mobilized lose interest and revert to the “bystander frame” which simply wants an end to conflict. These two contrasting scenarios make this difficult‐to‐define group of rich interest.
In 1999, Koopmans and Statham introduced the term “discursive opportunity structure” (DOS) to identify ideas in the broader political culture believed to be “sensible,” “realistic,” and “legitimate” and whose presence would thus facilitate reception of specific forms of collective action framing – forms, that is, that would align well with these preexisting ideational elements. The notion of DOS, therefore, provides social movement scholars with a conceptual tool to understand which social movement frames are likely to have the greatest capacity to mobilize existing and new recruits, to convince the public of a movement's demands, and to persuade authorities to alter policy and practices in line with the movement's agenda. The conceptualization of discursive opportunities synthesizes theories of social movement framing and political opportunity structure. Framing theory by itself is limited in its ability to explain why some collective action frames are more successful than others. Political opportunity theory, while drawing our attention to political‐institutional opportunities for successful movement mobilization, tends to neglect cultural dynamics that also play a pivotal role in movement outcomes. Discursive opportunity structures reveal that cultural elements in the broader environment facilitate and constrain successful social movement framing.
Social movements not only challenge political institutions, but also interact with them in diverse arenas. The characteristics of these interactions affect the form and intensity of the challenge as well as its probabilities of success. These are the main tenets of the so‐called political process approach that pointed at the links between social movements and politics. Developed especially by political scientists, this approach allowed a correction of a vision of social movements as belonging to a civil society, separated from the political system.
Penelitian analisis framing berita pencalonan kandidat di portal berita online lokal di pilkada Pacitan 2020. Tujuan penelitian untuk melihat bagaimana berita pencalonan kandidat di portal berita online lokal yakni www.pacitanku.com dan www.lintas7.net di pilkada Pacitan 2020. Penelitian kritis dengan analisis framing Entman dengan seleksi isu dan penekanan serta penonjolan di teks berita. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Pertama, politikus santun dengan penonjolan; Gagarin kader santun dan Sudijono politikus santun. Kedua, kader rakyat, dengan penonjolan Gagarin kader rakyat. Ketiga, pengusaha suskes dengan penonjolan Winarni pengusaha sukses. Keempat, Guru besar dengen penonjolan Sudijono sang guru. Kelima, Pembangunan Sektor Agraris dan Wisata; dengan penonjolan Roni Wahyono rencanakan pembangunan dengan ahli dan pembangunan agrowisata.
This article theorizes the relationship between social movements, public opinion, and presidential power. While sociologists and social movement scholars have long neglected these interconnections, we argue that they form a key foundation of American political life. Drawing on civil sphere theory, we show that, at least in formally democratic regimes, the exercise of state power is continuously subject to public opinion, via social movements that pressure states in the public’s name. We demonstrate how social movements compete with one another to speak on behalf of ‘public opinion.’ In giving expression to the desires of ‘the public’, imagined as a putative whole, movements exercise what we call ‘civil power.’ Taking the second-wave feminist movement and the countermovements that arose against it as our empirical case study, we examine their interaction with three particularly illustrative presidential administrations: that of Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan. While presidents organize state power, we argue, the effective functioning of this formal power is enabled by the civil power of social movements, whose roots are located in collective meanings and whose generation occurs outside the state.
The European Union (EU) is in search of a new narrative to create a sense of common purpose, but it is unclear around which values that narrative should be built. To analyse how different narratives resonate in Europe's public spheres, this article presents a novel dataset based on claims analysis of newspaper articles from Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland and Denmark between 2012 and 2019 on the issues of migration, the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), trade and counterterrorism. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses show how different frames have been used for various policy agendas. This reveals considerable variation, but comparatively low levels of explained variance. Europe's public spheres can thus be described as a ‘justification jungle’, where many actors use a range of arguments to back up diverging political demands. This poses a formidable obstacle to any single narrative of European integration.
This research explores the concurrent effects of radical and reformist approaches to animal advocacy on how animal welfare is institutionalized in laboratory research. The long‐term outcomes of militant animal rights activism are not adequately explained by the two current radical flank effect models: a positive effect where militancy helps moderates, and a negative effect where militancy compromises the movement as a whole. Interviews and participant observation were used to identify a third model—good cop‐bad cop radical flanking—that more accurately captures how a longstanding radical fringe of activism affects the institutionalization of animal advocates' demands. Contrary to existing models that describe immediate radical flank effects, a good cop‐bad cop model helps explain the long‐term effects of militancy and reformism on institutional practices, where activists' seemingly opposing efforts are, in fact, mutually reinforcing.
Social movements are dissatisfied with the status quo. That unites them and mobilizes them to the streets. They express dissent and are thus an object of disruptive communication. Environmental movements disagree with political and societal responses to global environmental challenges and demand, for example, more rigorous climate protection. To achieve their goals – motivating supporters and promoting climate change mitigation – they must be covered in mass media to reach out to the public and influence public opinion. However, a fundamental challenge is that most movements are not necessarily represented in mass media. Furthermore, although social movements must be disruptive to some degree, this can also have negative consequences as it may be negatively presented by mass media which hinders public support. In this chapter, we discuss disruptive protest and ponder the question of whether and to what extent artistic activism offers a potential to be disruptive without limiting public support.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Conflicts over the conservation of biodiversity are increasing and are serious obstacles to wildlife conservation efforts worldwide. Changing patterns in land use, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change and the threat posed by invasive species all challenge the way we currently maintain and protect biodiversity - from the local management of single species to the international management of resources. Integrating approaches from different academic disciplines, policy makers and practitioners, this volume offers a radically new, cross-disciplinary, multi-scale approach to deal with conflicts. Groundbreaking strategies for conservation are analysed and a large section of the book is devoted to exploring case studies of conflict from around the world. Aimed primarily at academics, researchers and students from disciplines relating to conservation, ecology, natural resources management and environmental governance, this book will be equally valuable to conservation NGOs and practitioners, and the policy community at national and international levels.
Despite massive environmental impacts and socioeconomic risks, hydropower dams continue to be widely adopted and unquestioned in developing countries. This study analyzes two decades of mainstream media coverage of dams in Brazil, where two-thirds of energy consumption comes from hydropower. Through a content analysis of news articles published by the largest outlets in the country, we found coverage has relied on official and construction companies’ voices and focused on economic progress, bureaucracy, corruption, and partisan politics. News rarely covered the socio-environmental risks and impacts caused by dams or questioned the country’s reliance on hydropower. Overall, newspapers presented dams as highly necessary projects for national progress, conforming to a modernization-oriented mindset prevalent in newsrooms when it comes to coverage about energy. As a result, journalism has contributed to the invisibility of the struggles faced by people and the environment directly impacted by hydropower dams.
The configuration of protests as hybrid media events not only enables them to reach wider audiences but also favors the transformation of those audiences into active publics. In this increasingly common scenario, our study proposes a set of indicators to scrutinize how the public reacts during such hybrid media events, and to test such reactions in light of the mass protests that took place in Spain to mark the 2019 International Women’s Day (IWD). We analyze a nationally representative survey sample collected through daily tracking over 20 days before and after the 2019 IWD. Findings confirm the ability of hybrid media protests to broaden their audience, generate interest, spark conversations on gender inequality, and contribute to opinion conformation. They also reveal that some of these reactions were conditioned by prior exposure to similar events and by gender. Our study contributes to a recent line of research testing the influence of protests on the public and shows the possibilities of using rolling cross-sectional designs to capture those effects. The study also contributes to the discussion on the political significance of these mass protests as hybrid media events.
The Olympics are a media behemoth. Much media coverage of the Games is straight-up sports fare delivered in the predictable rhythms of victory and defeat. However, with the Beijing 2022 Winter Games, US media outlets offered significant coverage exploring the political and human-rights concerns. This paper identifies and analyzes the predominant frames that US media outlets employed when covering the Beijing Olympics. The empirical data for this study derive from the New York Times, USA Today, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post, the four most-circulated newspapers in the country. The timeframe includes the lead-up to the Games, the actual Olympics, and the aftermath. This systematic content analysis—which examines both hard news and opinion journalism—also engages in indexing analysis: tracking who journalists turn to for insight and comment and how this affects the discourse bandwidth and the emergence of predominant frames.
This study examines how four key French newspapers that vary in their positions and outreach, (Le Monde—central leftist, Le Figaro—central rightist, L‘Humanité—leftist, and La Croix— Catholic) covered the Yellow Vests (YV) movement. Specifically, it examines how the newspapers vary in their use of positive and negative frames, sources, and tone towards the YV protests during a six-month period. Analyses of frames reveal that the most prevalent across all newspapers was the legitimising frame (positive), and the least used was the delegitimising frame (negative). Additionally, Le Monde and Le Figaro shared slightly similar results of negatively framing the events in just more than half of their coverage despite their distinct political leanings. Several differences were also found between L‘Humanité and the remaining publications; while official sources were the most used sources by Le Monde, La Croix, and Le Figaro, L‘Humanité relied mostly on YV sources and presented the most overwhelmingly positive tone toward the YV movement. These results lend support to some perceived public concerns over the critical portrayal of the YV protests and overreliance on official narratives in the French press but show that significant disparities remain in the news coverage among newspapers with different ideological orientations.
Finding limited representation in established unions, a growing number of precarious and migrant workers of the gig economy have been turning to self-organization. Yet little is known about how these workers can compensate for their lack of material resources and institutional support and negotiate effectively with employers. Drawing on interviews, frame, and content analysis grounded in ethnographic research with the precarious and migrant workers of British ‘indie’ unions, we examine the significance of self-mediation practices in facilitating effective negotiations. We find that the effectiveness of campaigns can be enhanced by strategically integrating vibrant direct action of workers and allies with self-mediated messages, which are framed to resonate with the general public and mainstream media – a practice that we call communicative unionism. These findings extend labour movement scholarship by showing the analytical importance of considering workers’ discursive power-building practices. They also contribute to addressing social movement studies’ historical neglect of workers’ collective engagements with employers.
This article analyzes how a formerly mocked policy idea became a widespread solution. Through content analysis of newspaper articles and legal documents, I develop a framework that extends timelines of social movement influence, expands the range of actors and locations of mobilization, and traces how activists frame policy ideas over time: the policy relay. This framework allows for an analysis of how opponents unintentionally advanced the reform process in 1993 by turning its originators into laughingstocks. Anti-rape advocates eventually reformulated the policy in 2014. This time, the origin was removed from the story, presenting a concise narrative that credited politicians and college administrators, rather than activists, for the reform. By tracing the ideas of a movement, rather than focusing on organizations or public protests, I uncover a complicated process of social change, where consequential actors work across different settings to ignite reforms and strategically remove controversial aspects from narratives of social change.
At noon on August 9, 2014 when Michael Brown was killed on Canfield Drive in Ferguson, there was little protest. But by 9 pm, dozens were nonviolently defying police armed with military style weapons, armored vehicles, helicopters, and snarling dogs. The structural situation alone cannot account for the emergence of insurgency in Ferguson. To explain mobilization, I advance a theory of Contested Legitimacy. The stakes of each action by insurgents, authorities, and third parties for mobilization concern regulatory repression. Actions that undercut the validity of repression encourage mobilization. Video, photo, and textual data make it possible to unpack the complex interactive process of mobilization. Given longstanding grievances concerning racist policing in Ferguson, reclaiming the site where Michael Brown was killed on Canfield Drive as a memorial provided means to challenge unjust police authority. When police responded as accustomed– disproportionately, callous, and indiscriminate – their actions galvanized local Black support for activists.
Drawing on data from Facebook, this article examines how elements of nationalism discourse were invoked by political actors to advance their agenda. In this paper, a novel mixed‐method approach is introduced. The analysis begins with the quantitative phase, and topic modelling is used to identify the recurring themes in corpus. A topic network is generated based on the semantic association and centrality measures from social network analysis are used to identify the core topics in the discourse. In the qualitative phase, texts from the core topics are analysed discursively. The findings reveal that Hong Kong nationalism discourse includes three frames: the threat frame that constructs the overarching narrative of China Threat, the identity frame that engages with the debate on localism and nationalism and the action frame that discusses the actions to be taken in response to the threats.
This empirical research investigates the uses of Twitter and long-term communication practices in the construction process of Occupy Gezi’s collective identity since the eruption of the Gezi protests until the constitutional referendum campaign in 2017. This article emphasises the latent phase of the movement, by combining Melucci’s processual and dynamic approach to collective identity with a practice-oriented ecological perspective to the media/movements studies. Based on in-depth interviews and the analysis of the common Twitter followings among the interviewees, this article provides empirical insights into the use of Twitter in the collective identity construction process through analysing its three main elements: (1) the identification of we and them, (2) development of informal networks and (3) expression and negotiation of collective identity. Extending the existing body of literature, which focus on instantaneous uses and short-term instances, it complements the research on the nexus of collective identity and social media, by focusing on the daily practices, motivations and experiences of the activists on Twitter in interaction with evolving media ecology and other actors in its local context. This study indicates the uses of Twitter and new communicative practices in the latent phase for the continuity of Occupy Gezi, in which they maintained, promoted and negotiated collective identity. Thus, they could still keep and pass the movement’s repertoire, values, language and resistance culture to successors, even in the direct antagonistic confrontation of the authorities.
Why do some people perceive more injustice, feel more anger, or hold higher collective efficacy beliefs, and thereby are readier to engage in collective action than others? Our understanding of collective action is incomplete without a better understanding of what shapes variation in its antecedents. In this paper, we highlight and elaborate historical narratives’ role in driving engagement in collective action. By integrating research and theory on historical narratives and collective action, we propose a theoretical model specifying historical narratives’ impact on three main predictors of collective action—perceived injustice, group efficacy beliefs, and group identity—as well as the forms of collective action. We elaborate on how different dimensions of historical narratives (e.g., historical trajectories, historical attributions) influence each antecedent of collective action and shape action choice. This paper contributes to literature by establishing a theoretical basis that explains how historical narratives can either impede or foster collective action tendencies.
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This article examines the meanings of Indian nationhood at the grassroots level in “settled” locales where no state‐seeking separatist movement exists but local identifications of caste, language and religion are politically prominent. Based on ethnographic data from four rural and urban locales, the article extends the literature on Indian nationalism and everyday nationalism. At the grassroots, Indian nationhood is fuzzy and intermittent in nature; “conceptual frames” are a useful analytical tool to examine this, with a focus on territory, community and political leadership. Indian nationhood is not conceptualised predominantly as a cultural category; it is meaningful as a journey towards an ideal horizon defined by the values of dignity, rights, freedom, equality and socio‐economic development. Non‐elites play an active role in nation‐making and invoke these frames strategically and self‐consciously for local and particular purposes.
The dismantling of the Tupac Amaru Neighborhood Organization in Jujuy, Argentina, a major provider of jobs and services, generated limited resistance even among people who had benefited from it. Exploration of the role of counterhegemonic challenges in this process through ethnographic fieldwork, interviews with activists and scholars, newspaper archives, and social movement materials shows that the organization purposefully increased the visibility of stigmatized segments of Jujuy society, defying official narratives about the province. This strategy allowed the organization to recruit members and raise its national profile but also engendered the unified opposition of local elites, which used their control of strategic assets to turn public opinion against activists, portraying them as violent, corrupt, and above all foreign.
El desmantelamiento de la Organización vecinal Túpac Amaru en Jujuy, Argentina, un importante proveedor de empleos y servicios, generó una resistencia limitada incluso entre las personas que se habían beneficiado de ella. Una exploración de trabajo de campo etnográfico en torno al papel que jugaron los desafíos contrahegemónicos en este proceso, así como entrevistas con activistas y académicos, y consulta de materiales hemerotécnicos y de movimientos sociales muestra que la organización aumentó deliberadamente la visibilidad de segmentos estigmatizados de la sociedad jujeña, desafiando las narrativas oficiales sobre la provincia. Esta estrategia permitió a la organización reclutar miembros y elevar su perfil nacional, pero también engendró la oposición unificada de las élites locales, que utilizaron su control de activos estratégicos para volver a la opinión pública en contra de los activistas, presentándolos como violentos, corruptos y, sobre todo, foráneos.
Tables and figures Foreword Friedhelm Neidhardt Preface Glossary Part I. Introduction: 1. Two related stories 2. Historical context 3. Methods Part II. Major Outcomes: 4. The discursive opportunity structure 5. Standing 6. Framing Part III. Representing Different Constituencies: 7. Representing women's claims 8. Representing religious claims 9. Representing the tradition of the left Part IV. The Quality of Abortion Discourse: 10. Normative criteria for the public sphere 11. Measuring the quality of discourse 12. Metatalk 13. Lessons for democracy and the public sphere Methodological appendix References Index.
In this article, some organizing principles and hypotheses are offered concerning the ways in which social movements interact with the news media and the outcomes for both parties. The structural part of the analysis focuses attention on the power and dependency aspects of the relationship and the consequences of the asymmetries. The cultural part focuses attention on the more subtle contest over meaning. Hypotheses on how social movement characteristics affect media coverage focus on movement standing, preferred framing, and sympathy. The authors argue for the importance of organization, professionalism, and strategic planning and for the benefits of a division of labor among movement actors. Hypotheses on how media characteristics affect movement outcomes focus on leadership, action strategy, and framing strategy. The authors argue for audience size, emphasis on the visual, and emphasis on entertainment values as influencing movements.
List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. "Don't Panic, I'm Hispanic": The Trends and Economy of Cultural Flows 2. Knowledges: Facts and Fictions of a People as a Market 3. Images: Producing Culture for the Market 4. Screening the Image 5. Language and Culture in the Media Battle Zone 6. The Focus (or Fuck Us) Group: Consumers Talk Back, or Do They? 7. Selling Marginality: The Business of Culture Notes References Index
Four aspects of mobilization are distinguished: formation of mobilization potentials, formation and activation of recruitment networks, arousal of motivation to participate, and removal of barriers to participation. Four steps toward participation in social movements are then distinguished: becoming part of the mobilization potential, becoming target of mobilization attempts, becoming motivated to participate, and overcoming barriers to participation. The relevance of these distinctions is justified theoretically by the claim that different theories are needed to explain separate aspects of mobilization and participation, and practically with the argument that different efforts are required from movement organizations depending on which aspect they are handling. Empirical support from research on mobilization and participation in the Dutch peace movement is presented. Nonparticipation in a mass demonstration can be based on four grounds: lack of sympathy for the movement, not being the target of a mobilization attempt, not being motivated, and the presence of barriers. These results are interpreted in terms of the literature on mobilization and participation.
Media discourse and public opinion are treated as two parallel systems of constructing meaning. This paper explores their relationship by analyzing the discourse on nuclear power in four general audience media: television news coverage, newsmagazine accounts, editorial cartoons, and syndicated opinion columns. The analysis traces the careers of different interpretive packages on nuclear power from 1945 to the present. This media discourse, it is argued, is an essential context for understanding the formation of public opinion on nuclear power. More specifically, it helps to account for such survey results as the decline in support for nuclear power before Three Mile Island, a rebound after a burst of media publicity has died out, the gap between general support for nuclear power and support for a plant in one's own community, and the changed relationship of age to support for nuclear power from 1950 to the present.
- Gamson
- Zaller