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Geographical Indications, Public Goods, and Sustainable Development: The Roles of Actors’ Strategies and Public Policies
Abstract
The protection of Geographical Indications (GIs) is being explored more and more worldwide as a tool for supporting local sustainable development. Focusing on wine and coffee value chains, this paper will set out in what way GI protection schemes can contribute to the provision of public goods, and illustrate how this contribution is being threatened by different failures that may occur within both valorization strategies and legal protection policies. By examining how private, collective, and public interventions front these failures, this paper will put forward economic arguments supporting a more comprehensive policy approach, to ensure GIs’ contribution to sustainable development.
... O reconhecimento das flores de Maracás como uma IG representa uma oportunidade estratégica para fortalecer a região como um polo produtor, Por sua vez, produtos reconhecidos como IG na espécie Denominação de Origem demonstram a sua especificidade local, a diferenciação quando comparado com os similares que podem ser característicos por influência de intervenção humana ou por atributo de fenômenos naturais, com possibilidade de geração de nicho e penetração em determinados mercados externos e/ou internos (Belletti;Marescotti;Touzard, 2017;Rocha et al., 2018;da Conceição et al., 2024ada Conceição et al., , 2024bZulfira, 2024;Ghose;Ali, 2025;Machado, 2025). ...
... O reconhecimento das flores de Maracás como uma IG representa uma oportunidade estratégica para fortalecer a região como um polo produtor, Por sua vez, produtos reconhecidos como IG na espécie Denominação de Origem demonstram a sua especificidade local, a diferenciação quando comparado com os similares que podem ser característicos por influência de intervenção humana ou por atributo de fenômenos naturais, com possibilidade de geração de nicho e penetração em determinados mercados externos e/ou internos (Belletti;Marescotti;Touzard, 2017;Rocha et al., 2018;da Conceição et al., 2024ada Conceição et al., , 2024bZulfira, 2024;Ghose;Ali, 2025;Machado, 2025). ...
... O reconhecimento das flores de Maracás como uma IG representa uma oportunidade estratégica para fortalecer a região como um polo produtor, Por sua vez, produtos reconhecidos como IG na espécie Denominação de Origem demonstram a sua especificidade local, a diferenciação quando comparado com os similares que podem ser característicos por influência de intervenção humana ou por atributo de fenômenos naturais, com possibilidade de geração de nicho e penetração em determinados mercados externos e/ou internos (Belletti;Marescotti;Touzard, 2017;Rocha et al., 2018;da Conceição et al., 2024ada Conceição et al., , 2024bZulfira, 2024;Ghose;Ali, 2025;Machado, 2025). ...
O município de Maracás, na Bahia, possui grande potencial para o cultivo de flores, sendo um dos principais polos produtores da região. No entanto, essa produção enfrenta desafios relacionados ao reconhecimento e à valorização de sua qualidade e autenticidade. A concessão da Indicação Geográfica (IG) pode ser uma estratégia importante para agregar valor às flores cultivadas no município, que é afamada como a “Cidade das Flores”, promovendo sua inserção em mercados mais amplos e fortalecendo a economia local. A relevância da IG reside na valorização do produto local, no fortalecimento econômico regional e na proteção do saber-fazer. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o potencial da IG para as flores de Maracás. Foi usada uma abordagem qualitativa por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica. Os resultados indicam que o município tem uma vocação para produzir flores de clima temperado e subtropical com qualidade diferenciada, relevância cultural na produção e uma entidade representativa. A análise indica que devido a qualidade e diversidade, as flores de Maracás têm potencial para ser reconhecida como uma IG por atender os requisitos determinados na legislação.
... GIs-which include Protected Denomination of Origin for food and wines and GIs for spirit wines beyond PGI for food and wines-are products with specific qualities tied to a given territory for at least 25 years (Belletti et al., 2017;European Commission, 2021). They express a marketing chain between producers and consumers, with both parties shaping the local tradition. ...
... They express a marketing chain between producers and consumers, with both parties shaping the local tradition. GIs are thus a tool for regional development (Teuber, 2011) and exhibit the characteristics of a-public good (Belletti et al., 2017). However, producers also aim to promote their products and sales beyond the original local borders. ...
... The degree of commercial return depends on their investments and the public resources they can attract for this purpose. The value derived from promotion is incorporated into the product's reputation, growing alongside consumers' knowledge of its geographical name (Belletti et al., 2017). ...
This paper presents the case of the newly established Consortium for the Protection of Cantuccini Toscani PGI’s search for consumer insights on product familiarity and PGI awareness through an innovative type of quick survey. After a comprehensive literature review and an analysis of other surveys carried out by PDO/PGI organizations, an original polling tool (based on five questions only) to be used on the occasion of food tastings and social media campaigns was designed and experimented for the first time on the occasion of The State of the Union (SOU), a summit organized annually by the European University Institute in Florence. Twenty-seven SOU2024 participants, including senior officials from the EU Commission and European policymakers, completed the questionnaire, providing insights into both product familiarity and PGI knowledge. Due to the limited number of respondents, the information related to the former aspect should be regarded as descriptive of the sample. However, given the unique nature of the SOU2024 population, the insights gathered on the latter element hold strategic relevance. They reveal a relatively high level of PGI unawareness and a widespread belief that PGI certifies only the product’s origin, not its quality. The authors suggest the adoption of countermeasures by the European Union, including the launch of a specific information campaign about European quality schemes directed at theso-called Eurocracy.
... Indeed, if these costs are significant, GIs may not align with the economic interests of certain potential users who lack the capacity to afford them, thus appearing as an innovation that excludes some potential users. Examples such as the Mèo Vac mint honey GI from Vietnam and the Vale dos Vinhedos wine Protected Designation of Origin , and the Penja Pepper GI (Belletti 2017) highlight this risk of exclusion due to the stringent requirements of specifications that demand investments inaccessible to certain types of users (the vulnerable). This effect is particularly noticeable in GIs where the specifications diverge from traditional practices, as demonstrated by the aforementioned examples of GIs. ...
... However, GIs that are solely oriented toward economic objectives are susceptible to generating negative effects on resources. Belletti et al. (2017) have asserted that the valorization of GI products can lead to negative effects in the case of over-consumption of resources. Although the Tequila GI has brought economic benefits in terms of job creation, it has encouraged increased use of chemical inputs (Bowen & Valenzuela Zapata 2008). ...
... The establishment of the GI Organization and the BoD leads to the construction of institutions regulating the GI and the GI system, which are the specifications and the internal regulations of the GI Organization (Phase 3). The process of Agricultural and Food Economics (2024) 12:48 constructing the specifications is based on discussions, exchanges, and negotiations (Belletti et al. 2017) concerning the delimitation of areas, rules regarding resources, and practices to reach a consensus. The internal regulations, on the other hand, concern the rights and duties of GI Organization members. ...
The emergence of geographical indications (GIs) in the Global South, particularly in Africa, has sparked political interest due to their potential as a development tool. GIs are perceived as important innovations within food systems, which lead to changes in how actors coordinate within the sector and the territory. These new forms of coordination can generate positive economic impacts across various scales. Drawing on theories of change, the commons and collective action, this article seeks to highlight the importance of collective actions to these potential economic impacts, as collective action is notably necessary to manage the common resource that is the collective reputation of GIs. The analysis of economic impacts of GIs in in the Global South through literature reviews shows that the institutionalization of the collective reputation management through GIs does not guarantee economic impacts on the one hand, and on the other hand, that it generates mixed economic impacts within the production system, value chain, and territory. The in-depth analysis of the mechanism underlying these economic impacts of GIs, which resulted in modeling an impact pathway of GIs, shows that the success of collective actions (CAs) is fundamental to the realization of the expected impacts. This success is explained by numerous factors, analyzed in the article, that vary depending on the impacts they contribute to. In delving into GIs in in the Global South, various constraints such as the top-down approach in GI implementation that inadequately involves upstream stakeholders in the GI process, and the heterogeneity of actors shaping rules in terms of resources and power, hinder the success of these CAs and consequently the success of GIs.
... The wine sector also has a particularly 'complex and sophisticated quality infrastructure' (Ponte 2009, p. 238). It accounts for nearly half the agri-food products that have geographically based EU quality certifications (European Commission, 'Adding value' database), which are associated with more equal relations among producers and lead firms (Ponte 2009) and can have positive developmental effects (Belletti et al. 2017, Crescenzi et al. 2022. Given their link to developmental goals in places with fragmented ownership structures, these financial and regulatory instruments are particularly interesting for scholars of decentralised cooperation. ...
... The heavy, traditional wines that Santorini produced in the 1980s were 'useless' for the tastes of modern consumers (interview #11): 'nobody was interested to buy such a degraded wine, neither in Greece nor abroad' (Thiraika Nea, Sept. 1988, issue 380). Shifting away from such an equilibrium is a costly process with uncertain results (Belletti et al. 2017). Starting in the late 1980s, a newly established private winery and the island's wine cooperative, which produced most local wine at the time, introduced major, costly innovations in cultivation and processing methods, which required vertical cooperation along the supply chain. ...
... To be granted a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), the most demanding GI, wine must be produced according to a code of practice or 'specification', which includes, among other elements, the wine's 'principal analytical and organoleptic characteristics', 'specific oenological practices, 'maximum yields per hectare', and grape varietals (European Parliament and Council Regulation 1308/2013, p. 720-1). These rules are not imposed from above, but they are agreed upon by local producers, winemakers, and their representatives in preparing a PDO application (Belletti et al. 2017). A GI can in principle only be granted to 'a group' of producers and/ or processors (Council Regulation 2081/1992, encouraging the creation of 'a common vision concerning the quality of the product' (Belletti et al. 2017, p. 46). ...
... "Government" is related to research that analyzes policies and legislation that define the criteria for granting and protecting GIs, which is crucial to guarantee the reputation of products associated with these indications. Among the most cited articles from this period and consistent with this theme, the following stand out: Effectiveness and synergies of policy instruments for land use governance in tropical regions, [57] Geographical Indications, Public Goods, and Sustainable Development: The Roles of Actors Strategies and Public Policies [58] and Linking protection of geographical indications to the environment: Evidence from the European Union olive-oil sector. [59] The three publications deal with the interdependent and synergistic relationship between IGs and government management. ...
... In general, the works discuss the role of GIs in different aspects. Belletti [58] analyzed the process of implementing GIs as a public policy instrument. Focusing on the wine and coffee value chain, the authors showed how products with a protection seal contribute to improving the provision of public services and illustrate how this contribution can be threatened by failures that can occur in valorization strategies and in legal protection policies. ...
... By providing foodstuffs with distinctive positionings, GIs appeal to the preferences of discerning consumers willing to pay a premium price. Additional revenues can be invested in the regeneration, renewal, and improvement of the factors sustaining GI distinctiveness: human capital, production processes, and quality control (Belletti et al., 2017;Belderbos et al., 2022). Recent literature discusses the positive role of GIs as policy tools in rural areas in developing countries. ...
... A GI can transform locales and their firms. Producers can differentiate products from standard commodities and aim at higher price points and margins (Belletti et al., 2017). This translates into higher remuneration for rural labour, land, and capital. ...
Defined as signs denoting products linked to discrete characteristics of an area, geographical indications (GIs) acquired prominence in the economic development agenda. Gains from GIs triggered processes of redefinition and extension of the underlying territorial boundaries. Extensions increased the number of beneficiaries of the returns from GIs but also ignited tensions that deserve to be observed to distil theoretical insights on the evolution of indications and actionable guidelines for practitioners and policymakers. This study investigates the processes governing the settlement of tensions after the extension of a GI and attempts at understanding how contestations among incumbents and newcomers can be managed. Through a retrospective longitudinal analysis of the Prosecco extension, we find that incumbents and newcomers clashed based on different visions of the GI. Three elements allowed the management of tensions: political agency, the design of governance mechanisms, and a territorial portfolio strategy.
... Further issues emerge from an examination of the role that GIs play in sustainability. To begin with, most makers are either not mindful of the limit of GI cycles to add to maintainability or they come up short on abilities to incorporate all supportability components into the administration of their GI framework [13][14][15]. Second, GI procedures may have destructive externalities on their terrains, particularly once native manufacturers' perspectives are not taken into account. ...
... In this manner, the overall government doesn't want to concede restrictive freedoms to the conventional information on standard culture to save that culture. Furthermore, contrasted and the substance of other licensed innovation insurance frameworks, topographical signs contain a rich local social soul [15]. Indigenous individuals have their own unique way of life, range of actions, and food culture. ...
Geographical indications (GIs) allude to items with explicit attributes, features or notorieties coming about because of their geological beginning. This separates items in light of remarkable neighborhood elements, history or particular qualities connected to normal and human variables, like soil, environment, nearby ability, and customs. GIs are perceived as intellectual property rights (IPRs) as well as thusly provide both a supportive promoting device and insurance of the name. GIs can be utilized to encourage sustainable food systems and sustainable development (SD) by subsequent Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) practice of the virtuous ring of origin-linked quality. On the off chance that they live up to their capability to advance financial turn of events and food security, they could give a promising regional way to deal with accomplishment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this perspective, assuring economic feasibility is crucial, although there is scant empirical validation of the advantages of GIs, particularly in nations where GI processes are relatively new. Commencement with the authorized acknowledgement of a GI as well as the stages that follow, this research aims to offer empirical validation on the economic effects produced by the GI procedure. It examines nine cases with a focus on the food industry and provides a range of local value chains and national contexts. The strategy takes into account "operational" GI procedures: such where a training code (or determinations) is characterized and the GI is utilized as well as overseen by an aggregate association.
... In order to examine how the transformation reflects the digitalisation process and its interaction with the surrounding environment and its natural resources, this article builds on the conceptual and analytical tools of the institutional analysis and development framework (Ostrom, 2005). Namely, this article focuses, as a case study, on how the twin transition may affect geographical indications (GI) systems, which are collective organisations that aim to protect and promote the names of specific products and their unique characteristics linked to their geographical origin and traditional know-how (Quinones-Ruiz et al., 2016;Belletti et al., 2017). In doing so, this study also aims to contribute to the understanding of how digital innovation shapes collective action and interact with the process of ecological transition (Bowen, 2010). ...
... At the same time, safeguarding the credibility attribute of 'origin', consortia are expected to have an indirect but positive impact on the agro-ecosystem of a given territory (Mancini and Arfini, 2018). Therefore, GI systems both act for the production of private goods and for the generation of positive environmental impacts in farming systems (Arfini et al., 2019;Belletti et al., 2017;Reinhardt and Yasmine, 2023), for instance supporting the agro-ecological transition (Ruggieri et al., 2023). However, economic development, environmental preservation, and social welfare may sometimes be seen as having trade-offs (Vandecandelaere et al., 2020). ...
Agri-food systems increasingly rely on digital technologies for their governance in a scenario of ecological transition • The IAD framework allows to explore digitalisation strategy of collective actions in farming systems • We identify a network of action situations in the case of the Parmigiano Reggiano Consortium, representing its digitalisation strategy • The integrated use of digital tools strengthens the embeddedness of stake-holders in the production system • The twin transition of collective actions needs proper governance to enhance distinctive agri-food products A B S T R A C T Context: Agri-food systems in rural areas are increasingly dependent on collective and participatory actions to preserve traditional production and local agro-ecosystems. The deployment of digital technologies is expected to play a role in this context, provided that an integrated use of these tools is pursued. Objective: The paper analyses the characteristics of an integrated strategy of digitalisation led by a collective organisation, integrating the perspective of the Socio-Cyber-Physical System (SCPS) in the agri-food system. The aim is to reveal how the digitalisation process shapes and impacts on the governance of collective actions in a scenario of ecological transition. Methods: This case study examines the production system and Consortium for the protection of PDO Parmigiano Reggiano cheese, using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. Evidence from official documents , direct observations, semi-structured interviews, and focus group are used to identify action situations and their connections. Results and conclusions: The paper allows us to identify a network of applications of digital tools, adopted in different business areas of a complex organisation such as the Parmigiano Reggiano Consortium and its production system. This network of integrated business functions can be seen as the hallmark of the digitalisation strategy elaborated by this Consortium at the intersection with the surrounding social and physical domains, 2 strengthening the embeddedness in the PR production system. However, some obstacles and drawbacks of this strategy also emerged, such as a marginal integration with the ecological transition. Significance: This research makes a valuable contribution to the process of identifying the fundamental elements of the digital network that represents the digitalisation strategy of the Parmigiano Reggiano production system. It is important to address any existing limitations and emerging conflicts in order to guarantee effective quality monitoring and traceability of the cheese without any prejudice for the natural resources of the PR production area. This must be done in a way that does not compromise the distinctive production processes that are deeply rooted in local traditions and require specialised, labour-intensive techniques.
... -Identification of Unique Geographical and Cultural Attributes As abovementioned, since the distinctiveness of GI products is associated with certain geographical and cultural characteristics, it is important to investigate the aspects like climate, soil types and even elevation as they determine the qualities of the product (Belletti, Marescotti, & Touzard, 2017). Traditional production methods such as the artisan techniques and equipment also add value to these products (Tregear, Arfini, Belletti, & Marescotti, 2007). ...
Various researchers have expressed an interest in studying and analyzing the products with special characteristics linked to the territory, which fall under the category of PDO, PGI or TSG. These unique, specific and rare products products are strongly connected to agricultural activity. They support the territory identity and promotion, as well as economic development. To track the deep value and potential of such products, an in-depth literature review was conducted in order to understand and assess several components related to these products such as: Geographical Indication (GI) products and their marketing, impact of local products and GI schemes to rural development, factors affecting consumer behavior, products supporting culinary tourism etc.
... In Langhe, several institutions (Piedmont Region, Consortia, Schools and Universities, Associations, etc.) promote wine production and innovation, also enhancing the links within the producer cluster (Bell and Giuliani, 2007). These institutions, along with PDOs and quality control mechanisms, generate economies of scale and scope, and reduce transaction costs for producers (Belletti et al., 2017). A long tradition of prestigious wines, the initiatives to promote them abroad, even changing the technology (Negro et al., 2011), as well as institutions devoted to safeguarding and promoting wine quality, explain well the effect of this cluster. ...
While a large body of literature explores how international wine trade correlates with country, market and national industry characteristics, research at firm level on the choice to export (export propensity) and on the importance of exports on production or sales (export intensity) remains scarce. More importantly, a review of the literature reveals inconsistent results across the different studies regarding the variables correlated with export choices. No such analysis was conducted in Italy. Based on a survey of 180 wine firms in Piedmont (Italy), we estimate the variables correlated to export propensity and intensity. Our findings indicate that the most relevant factors include belonging to a wine producer cluster, wine quality and the firm’s legal status. Other variables are analyzed, confirming the divergent findings in the literature. We conclude that local and individual characteristics play an important role in these decisions.
... Although not a common term used in local and direct produce marketing, we integrated an assortment depth constraint to capture the availability of differentiated or niche products that specialized distributors, such as food hubs or farmers, sell and that might have special properties, such as being produced locally, which are inherent to geography or production processes (Belletti et al. 2017). While the assortment breadth constraint refers to the assortment of products available across categories, the assortment depth constraint refers to the assortment of products available within a single category which could be changed to reflect an SFA's higher or lower preferences for specialty or local products. ...
Public food procurement incentives and targeted policies by state and Federal governments are one of the most frequently enacted strategies to leverage food spending to promote co-benefits related to economic, environmental, and social outcomes. Here we use an optimization model to explore potential outcomes of policy alternatives and integrate co-benefit dimensions into schools' agri-food supply chains via Farm to School procurement incentives. We find that in the absence of policy supports, school food authorities are unlikely to participate in local food procurement programs. We then place the findings in context by inferring the level of financial incentives that are needed to reduce barriers to schools' participation. Our findings have implications for community and economic development policies, particularly those seeking to support agriculturally dependent areas via elevated institutional food procurement using the case of policies framed for a school setting.
... These activities not only provide livelihoods for local residents but also support ecological protection efforts. Profits from tourism and geographical indication products [24] contribute to restoring soil health, preserving biodiversity, and maintaining irrigation systems, thereby enhancing ecosystem functions. This positive feedback loop ensures that economic development and ecological protection reinforce each other. ...
Agricultural Heritage Systems (AHS) formed by the long-term synergistic evolution of the countryside and its environment carry significant ecological, cultural, and economic value. The protection and sustainable utilization of AHS has become a critical issue for promoting the sustainable development of heritage regions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive framework for research on value realization from ecosystem products of agricultural heritage system (EPAHS). The study establishes a systematic research paradigm, which includes “specialization analysis–value realization pathways–evaluation methods.” A dual classification system based on “functional and consumption attributes” is introduced. Based on the principle of attribute alignment, three primary value realization pathways are proposed: market-driven, government-driven, and market–government collaboration. Additionally, a dual-dimensional evaluation index system is developed, including total value and structural evaluation indicators, to quantify the composite value and conversion effects of EPAHS. The findings emphasize that EPAHS, due to their cultural attributes and regional uniqueness, differ from general ecosystem products. They require tailored value realization pathways that integrate agricultural production, community benefits, and AHS preservation. This study provides both theoretical and practical support for the sustainable protection and utilization of AHS and offers valuable insights for rural revitalization and the development of ecological civilization.
... In contrast to the conventional definition of these goods which is based on the concept of 'non-excludability' , and is therefore focused on the consumption of goods, the procedural definition considers also the 'publicness'-that is, the openness and accessibility-of other processes (i.e. decision-making) or social benefits (Belletti et al. 2017). While the 'shared resources' of the commons managed for the benefit of the collective (De Angelis and Harvie 2014) are an important part of this, we follow authors who position the processes-especially those of value construction, membership development, and collaborative governanceas part of the commons itself, rather than as incidental tools. ...
Industrial grain production, driven by large-scale monoculture and intensive use of synthetic inputs, has become a cornerstone of global food systems. However, its environmental, social, and economic sustainability is increasingly called into question. The depletion of soil health, biodiversity loss, high carbon emissions, and the marginalisation of small farmers highlight the unsustainability of this model. A growing movement of farmers, millers, and bakers from across Europe are beginning to find collaborative ways around these problems by creating territorially-situated networks to govern the use of genetically diverse and/or ecologically produced and processed grains. However, these emergent ‘alternative grain networks’ (AGNs) remain poorly understood, especially in terms of their use of novel governance structures, economic arrangements, and their scaling potential. This article presents and systematically analyses three AGN case studies from across Europe. Using an adapted four-part ‘food as a commons’ framework, we assess each case to understand the genesis of these initiatives and their constituent elements; namely, who are the actors involved, what motivates them, and how governance is being enacted. Our analysis revealed several important aspects which we believe must be considered in the development of AGNs as collaborative initiatives. We argue that the AGN initiatives’ capacity to collaborate is based on a process of creating a ‘commons for food’, not only including material resources and sector-specific knowledge, but also the tools of governance in territorial supply chains. Beyond material resources and sector-specific knowledge, shared values and governance tools in territorial supply chains must also be recognised and governed as shared resources to ensure AGNs deliver collective benefits, but also a sustainable and equitable grain system in the long term.
... In addition, the close proximity could provide opportunities for lower input procurement costs, information on skilled labor. They could also cooperate in the creation of marketing campaigns, information sharing regarding export opportunities and other cooperative initiatives to reach domestic and international markets, achieving scale economies (Belletti et al. 2017). Lastly, the protected denomination of origin boosts the production process by creating economies both inside and outside of the local system and outside of the individual businesses. ...
Wines are complex products. They historically have been identified by country and/or region of origin as well as by the producer or, in recent decades, marketed using grape varietal descriptions that gained 'generic brand status' (Spawton, 1999). Spawton (1990) supports a multi-faceted view of a wine brand. This brand hierarchy includes country of origin, region or appellation, variety of grape from which the wine is made, domain, bodega, or estate, and producer label. It may also include family heritage, production facility and equipment, winemaker, specific vineyard, soil type, climate, and even regional tourism characteristics and cuisine (Lockshin et al., 2000). Because of its agricultural nature, the wine industry has many brand-building sources to draw upon that go beyond primary product attributes. The proliferation of means of identifying wines leads to various product variants and types and a complex buying situation for consumers; this is a significant difference between wine and other consumer goods.
... Analyzing their successful experiences and existing problems is crucial. Exploring ways to combine regional characteristics with GI products to create unique agricultural product brands is also an important aspect to consider [56]. ...
As an intellectual property product that is highly farmer-friendly, geographical indication (GI) products have always garnered significant attention. In recent years, research on how GI products promote agricultural development has been increasing, yet the academic community remains divided on this issue. On one hand, some studies point out that GI products can drive agricultural development; on the other hand, other studies suggest that the impact of GI products is not significant or varies. Meta-analysis is a method that leverages statistical techniques to integrate the findings of multiple studies with a common research objective, addressing controversial issues and arriving at generalizable conclusions. Therefore, to more precisely uncover the intrinsic relationship between GI products and agricultural development and to delve deeper into the root causes of the aforementioned discrepancies, this study employed a meta-analytic approach. We extracted 478 correlation coefficients (r) as effect sizes from 82 empirical articles worldwide. Using these coefficients, we calculated the overall effect size and moderating effects of GI products on promoting agricultural development. Research indicates that GI products exert a positive influence on agricultural development. There is a low positive correlation between the two (r = 0.197). Further analysis reveals that various factors at the sample, data, literature, and methodology levels all impact the outcomes of GI products’ promotion of agricultural development. Research has shown that, in pursuit of sustainable agricultural development goals, it is further recommended that governments should accord high priority to the cultivation and development of GI products. This is aimed at providing practical insights to facilitate the sustainable advancement of GI products and bolster agricultural competitiveness.
... It helps strengthen the competitiveness of food products in the global market. This system also serves as a form of protection for the concept of terroir and is a foundation for local, sustainable development (Belletti et al., 2017). Specifications of wine GIs are gradually becoming indicators and substitutes for the intrinsic attributes of products related to quality, safety, and authenticity, thereby becoming tools in purchasing decisions (Garavaglia et al., 2017;Costanigro et al., 2019). ...
The EU GI scheme has enabled Croatian producers to new creative marketing, increasing label diversity. The aim of this study is to explore consumer attitudes toward the Traditional terms and the PDO/PGI terms implemented in wine labeling after Croatia’s access to the EU. The results of 428 wine consumers’ questionnaires were analyzed regarding age, gender, and subjective knowledge. The awareness of the meaning of PDO/PGI and certification differ among consumers; women and younger demonstrated a lower understanding of new labels. Understanding Traditional terms is much better, but younger are less familiar with their qualitative meanings. Trust in the labels significantly increases with age. Attitudes toward the PDO/PGI and Traditional terms with respect to age and gender do not significantly affect behavior in wine purchases. Whether buying wine for themselves or as a gift, consumers have similar approaches to these labels, indicating the deep and strong influence of inherited tradition. However, the importance of PDO differs significantly depending on subjective knowledge. The research findings signal the need for consumer education and promoting the PDO’s meaning and value.
... It is evident that regarding Cluster 5 "Strategy and Management in GIs", the authors Belletti, Marescotti and Touzard (2017), point out that the expansion of management strategies focused on rationalizing the relationship between public and private organizations in the GI environment can play a fundamental role in the outcome of a GI. ...
The objective of this reserach is to propose a framework of elements for the analysis of the organizational performance of Geographical Indications in the light of international studies. To this end, based on an integrative review of the literature, supported by the content analysis, 1110 articles were selected from the Web of Science and Scopus databases and analyzed using cluster and categorical analyzes. Ten possible dimensions of performance elements were identified, namely: 1 Classification and authenticity; 2 Cultural aspects; 3 Quality attributes; 4 Sustainability; 5 Strategy and management; 6 Brand management; 7 Cultivars; 8 Certification; 9 Marketing; 10 Technology, knowledge and tradition. This information indicates a possible consolidation of GI studies in developed countries, which could justify the need for studies in developing countries. As a focus for potential future studies, could be conducted to examine the elements
... This means that agricultural product geographical indications are also faced with the dilemma of 'free-riding' and 'public tragedy'. Effective paths to getting rid of the dilemmas above include improving the government supervision intensity of the market, establishing an integrated quality supervision system and information disclosure mechanism for agricultural product geographical indications, strictly drawing up market access standards for agricultural product geographical indications and products of the same kind, and improving criteria for deciding infringements on geographical indications as well as criteria for damages and facilitating brand operation and maintenance of industrial organizations (Belletti, Marescotti & Touzard, 2017;Barjolle et al., 2017;Penker et al., 2022). ...
In the pursuit of high-quality agricultural development and rural vitalization, China has embarked on an ambitious journey with its Agricultural Product Geographical Indication Program. This research paper delves into the multifaceted effects of this policy initiative, focusing on the dynamic Yangtze River Delta region. The study employs a robust difference-in-differences (DID) model to analyze the policy’s net impact on rural residents’ income within Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui Provinces from 2017 to 2020. Our findings reveal that the program implementation has yielded tangible benefits, significantly increasing rural residents’ per capita disposable income in these provinces. This positive outcome can be attributed to the program’s funding allocation, accelerating agricultural infrastructure development, enhancing product productivity and quality control. Consequently, this amplifies the market premium effect, contributing substantially to income growth. However, the research also underscores the importance of considering regional heterogeneity. While Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces have experienced significant gains, Anhui Province lags due to varying resource endowments and development stages. Moreover, the time-lagged effect of policy implementation plays a role in these disparities. Based on these insights, we propose a set of policy recommendations. First, continued implementation of the Agricultural Product Geographical Indication Program should be prioritized, focusing on enhanced funding management and multi-party participation. Second, harnessing regional cooperation and resource sharing is vital for optimizing policy outcomes. Finally, the establishment of a comprehensive risk prevention and control mechanism is crucial for the industry’s resilience in the face of unforeseen challenges. This research provides empirical evidence of the program’s economic benefits and valuable policy implications for China’s journey towards high-quality agricultural development and rural prosperity, aligning with the overarching goals of innovation, entrepreneurship, and societal progress.
... some of the criteria used for Gi registration include cultivation areas, processing methods, and quality characteristics of coffee products (Bérard & Marchenay, 2006). Gi registration is perceived as a tool to protect coffee cultivation regions and enhance product branding and marketing to increase the economic benefits for coffee producers (Belletti et al., 2017). Furthermore, in combination with appropriate indicators, such as those derived from the terroir framework, Gi registration can function as part of the climate change adaptation approach (ashardiono, 2020b). ...
Indonesia, the fourth-largest coffee producer in the world, mainly produces the Robusta variety, while also being well-known for producing high-quality Arabica coffee beans. This is largely due to the government’s promotion of the cultivation and production of Arabica coffee beans. While the Arabica variety can bring significant economic gains, given the characteristics of Indonesian specialty Arabica coffee beans, there are many challenges in further increasing its production. Geographical indications have been utilized by coffee industry stakeholders to further differentiate coffee products and highlight their origins. This study found that most Indonesians drink coffee regularly, with higher demand for specialty coffee in urban areas. With improvements in cultivation systems and post-harvest processes, higher productivity levels can be achieved for both Arabica and Robusta coffee varieties. The Arabica variety has high potential to compete with other well-known specialty coffees in the international market. Simultaneously, the production yield of Robusta coffees should be further increased, as there are increasing trends in domestic coffee demand.
... By relying on a multi-level governance system, the general regulative framework of GIs, which is the same for all EU Member States and products, is adopted for each specific production through the Product Specifications. In this way, the scheme succeeds in valorising the heterogeneity of geographical, historical and socio-economic features of the territory where the policy will be implemented without losing the shared nature of this scheme (Huguenot-Noël and Vaquero-Piñeiro 2022; Belletti et al. 2017a). This is crucial evidence for the redefinition of the role of GIs in a global context. ...
Do Geographical Indications (GIs) have an impact on local export dynamics? This paper uses a panel geo-referenced dataset and a quasi-experimental approach based on Propensity Score Matching and Difference in Differences methods. Specifically, the study focuses on the impact of the European GI scheme on the wine sector export dynamics of Italian municipalities. Findings suggest that GIs positively impact wine export performance. Additionally, the positive impact of GIs spills over to the overall agri-food sector: taking similar non-GI municipalities as a benchmark, GI municipalities saw a higher increase in the value, volume, and unit value of export both in the wine and the overall agri-food sector. The positive impact involves both extra- and intra-EU trade flows and it is confirmed for rural areas as well for municipalities belonging to regions with weak institutions.
... Na mesma perspectiva, verificou-se que, apesar de as questões de sustentabilidade agroalimentares ter sido desenvolvidas e fortalecidas consideravelmente por um longo tempo, do ponto de vista operacional, a agricultura sustentável ainda está em evolução e melhorias de sistemas de produção são cada vez mais necessárias (Falcone et al., 2015). As preocupações ambientais não são consideradas em grande medida nas especificações do produto, pois resultam mais da necessidade de atingir qualidades específicas do produto do que de qualquer interesse pelo meio ambiente (Belletti et al., 2017) As verificou-se que a fruta ao ser colhida antes de atingir seu pico de maturidade para atender as expectativas de qualidade visual requeridas pelos consumidores conduz a altos níveis de desperdício de alimentos, altos custos produtivos e a perdas financeiras e ambientais (Millet et al., 2020) Os impactos negativos são destacados quanto às IGs produtoras de queijos europeus e derivados, que apesar da importância econômica, causam impactos negativos (Famiglietti et al., 2019). Isso porque a produção de queijo gera impacto ambiental, desperdício de água, emissão de gases e alto gasto de energia. ...
Objetivo. Avaliar se a literatura específica aponta impactos positivos, neutros ou negativos das atividades geradas pelas Indicações Geográficas sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável. Metodologia. A abordagem é qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados na base de dados Scopus e a amostra final é de 29 artigos. Utilizou-se a definição da Organização das Nações Unidas sobre os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável como critério de avaliação dos possíveis impactos das Indicações Geográficas sobre a sustentabilidade. Os dados são analisados por análise de conteúdo. Resultados. Mais da metade dos artigos mostram que as Indicações Geográficas impactam positivamente o desenvolvimento sustentável, enquanto cerca de 1/3 apontam impactos negativos. Contribuições para a literatura e prática gerencial são feitas ao final.
... REGULATION No 1151/2012Sylvander et al., 2005). Les IG peuvent aussi être un instrument en faveur de la préservation de l'environnement et de la biodiversité de par leur ancrage sur le territoire et la protection des terroirs (Hirczak et Mollard, 2004;Thévenod-Mottet, 2010 ;Belletti et al. 2017;Vandecandelaere et al., 2010Vandecandelaere et al., , 2021. Le projet de nouvelle régulation des IG porté par le Conseil de l'Europe et le Parlement Européen enfonce le clou et met en avant explicitement le lien entre IG et durabilité 2 , et ce faisant inscrit les IG comme un instrument politique en faveur d'un développement durable. ...
Cet article vise à évaluer l'impact de la politique de protection des Indications Géographiques (IG) sur le développement durable de l'agriculture en France métropolitaine. Plus précisément sont analysés ici les impacts durant la dernière décennie de l'augmentation de l'importance territoriale des IG agroalimentaires sur la performance économique de l'agriculture, l'emploi agricole ainsi que sur les pressions d'origine agricole sur l'environnement (biodiversité et qualité de l'eau). L'importance des IG est approchée par deux indicateurs distincts, la part des agriculteurs engagés dans une IG et la diversité des produits bénéficiant d'une IG au sein de chaque territoire. Nous adoptons une échelle territoriale fine (échelle cantonale-NUTS4) et une approche méso-économique. Nous utilisons un modèle économétrique de double différence sur des variables continues, et nous contrôlons pour l'effet de la présence des opérateurs engagés en agriculture biologique sur le territoire ainsi que des aides du second pilier de la politique agricole commune pouvant influer sur l'évolution des indicateurs de développement durable. Les résultats montrent que, toute chose égale par ailleurs, les cantons où il y a eu une hausse de la présence d'IG durant la dernière décennie ont connu de plus fortes augmentations de leurs performances économique, sociale et environnementale que les cantons n'ayant pas connu de hausse. Ils indiquent par ailleurs des effets distincts et complémentaires de la diversité et de l'intensité des IG sur le territoire pour contribuer au développement durable.
A Indicação Geográfica certifica a proteção a produtos/serviços originários ou procedentes de uma área geográfica. A falta de clareza referente ao processo que a legitima impede a comprovação da qualidade e reputação dos produtos, reprovando as solicitações. Este trabalho teve por finalidade apresentar um fluxo integrado de processos adotado para o registro da Indicação de Procedência do artesanato em tear manual do município de Resende Costa – MG, a fim de compreender os passos necessários para se construir o todo integrado, despertando interesse de outras localidades em adotar esses sinais distintivos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa tendo como estratégia a pesquisa-ação. Os resultados geraram um fluxo composto de 11 subprocessos desde a mobilização da comunidade local até o reconhecimento do pedido pelo INPI. Isso confere notoriedade, valoriza o local, fortalece empresas, pode atrair turistas, aumenta o fluxo de produtos para fora da região e acrescenta a arrecadação tributária do município.
In the region of Extremadura (southwest of Spain) there are 15 protected designations of origin (PDO) and six protected geographical indications (PGI) registered within the European Union, almost all of them related to agri-food. Of these 21 differentiated quality figures, 12 PDOs and five PGIs are exclusively from Extremadura. Most are based on the maintenance of dehesa farming systems, extensive/semi-extensive livestock farms or traditional agricultural crops. In these areas, often located in disadvantaged regions or at risk of depopulation, the PDOs and PGIs constitute an important contribution to sustainable development. In addition, the concurrence with other natural attributes or significant elements of different kinds (protected areas, high biodiversity, heritage values, cultural and tourist attractions, etc.), multiplies the potential capacity of the PDOs and PGIs to contribute to the implementation of a green and circular economy, within the framework of the corresponding regional Action Plan (Extremadura 2030). The aim of this chapter is to show these aspects and the actions that, from the regional Administration, have been carried out to promote these quality figures as drivers of sustainable rural development.
This chapter investigates the system and practical implementation of Geographical Indication (GI) protection in Türkiye. Türkiye is a rich country in origin-linked products, thanks to its varied climate zones, fertile lands, history and cultural diversity. The initial legal framework regarding GIs was established in 1995 and then took its final form with the Industrial Property Law in 2017. There exists a strong interest in origin-linked products and GI issues. As of 2023, there are 1466 registered GIs in Türkiye and 14 in the European Union. Turkish Patent and Trademark Office is the competent authority for GI registration. Nonetheless, numerous public institutions, especially the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, are active in the promotion and implementation of GIs. A top-down approach is predominantly observed throughout Türkiye. Despite the high number of GI registrations, the number of successful implementations are relatively few. Today, there are registrants who have successfully managed GIs through collaborative efforts, capacity building, marketing and promotion activities, establishment of traceable systems and continuous control. These examples of successful implementation of GIs serve as a guide for many other registrants across the country. Looking ahead, Türkiye holds considerable potential in terms of development of GIs in the coming years.
This study aimed to analyze the scope of geographical indication (GI) coffee using bibliometric review. A bibliometric approach was applied using data from 292 documents published between 2003 and 2024 using keywords coffee AND geographical AND indication OR origin. The analysis was conducted through Bibliometrix R package, VOSviewer, and Microsoft Excel 365, retrieving data from the Scopus database in October 2024. The results showed that interest in GI coffee grew from 2016, increased significantly in 2022 with over 40 publications. The research field of the top ten journals was mostly in the fields of food science and technology, with Food Chemistry as a top journal. Among all countries, Italy contributed to the most publications, meanwhile the most institutions contributor was the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. Recent studies have increasingly focused on chemometrics, adulteration, and food quality. This review certainly serves as a reference for further research on GI coffee. This review certainly can provide a reference point for further research related to GI coffee.
The Mediterranean Diet is a highly sustainable diet, and legumes are among the products that best characterize this concept. This study evaluates the environmental sustainability of the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) legume Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivated in the Asturias region, Spain. Employing a multi-indicator approach, the study aims to define and measure certain biodiversity indicators useful for assessing the ecological quality and sustainability of the agroecosystems under consideration. Spatial analyses were conducted with GIS-based methodologies, integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to generate a Sustainability Index (SI). The study found that a significant positive spatial autocorrelation was observed using Moran’s I test (Moran’s I = 0.74555, p < 0.01), indicating that the SI values were not equally distributed but clustered around particular regions. Furthermore, the Getis-Ord Gi* analysis determined statistically significant hotspots, mainly distributed in the western and southwestern areas, including regions near Cangas del Narcea and Tineo. This paper highlights the importance of integrating spatial analysis for environmental assessments to develop sustainability approaches. Soil quality, water use, biodiversity, and land management are some of the factors that affect sustainability outcomes in the region. The results underscore the role of PGI in promoting sustainable agricultural practices by meeting geographical and quality requirements for local production.
As a sui generis intellectual property scheme in its base, the Geographical Indications regimes (PDO, PGI and TSG), were designed to protect product names against fraud and counterfeit. Nearly 30 years after their enter into force, they are also seen in Portugal as catalysts for enhancing the gastronomic assets of a certain region and as mechanisms of territorial branding. In this chapter, a literature review and a thematic and content analysis using NVivo software have been carried out. The latter focused on the prevalence of GI's connections with historical, landscape, tourism and gastronomy aspects and the presence of such narratives on the 151 Portuguese registered Food GI's Product Specification Sheets (as of July 30th, 2024). This “quadrangle” of elements, as an important sustenance matter of the Product Specifications sheets was assessed and the findings report a primordial importance of the Landscape and Gastronomic aspects regarding the inscribed narratives. Additionally, the relevance of Tradition and Ethnographic aspects was also identified and debated.
Über die Hälfte der globalen Erwerbsbevölkerung ist nur prekär beschäftigt – produktive, formale Beschäftigung fehlt. In dem Beitrag frage ich nach den ökonomischen, sozialen und politischen Gründen. Die Antwort basiert auf einem historisch-materialistischen Ansatz, der die geopolitischen Kontexte und den Stand der Produktivkräfte der frühen und der nachholenden Industrialisierung vergleicht: der lange Schatten der Kolonialzeit, das deutlich größere Produktivitätsgefälle zwischen Industrie und Landwirtschaft, das erheblich schnellere Wachstum der Erwerbsbevölkerung (medizinischer Fortschritt und engeres Migrationsventil) und weltwirtschaftliche Regeln, die ein Aufholen erschweren.
Purpose
This study explores the strategies of value creation and value capture adopted by two companies producing and processing almonds to measure their effectiveness.
Design/methodology/approach
The study takes a quantitative approach based on the analysis of two cases study. The value created and captured is esteemed by using the "transformation value" of agricultural products, developed by the Italian economic-estimative school.
Findings
The research shows how vertical integration, product differentiation and direct sales can increase the value created and captured by companies. The results demonstrate that effective supply chain management allows firms to retain a greater share of the value created, thereby improving their competitiveness.
Originality/value
This quantitative approach, scarcely present in the literature, makes a significant contribution to the literature on value creation and capture and proposes a replicable methodology for analyzing the impact of business strategies in the agribusiness sector.
While the importance of the agroecological transition is widely recognized today, approaches and transition strategies vary considerably depending on the individual representations of the actors involved in this process. The agroecological transition (AET) therefore requires an understanding of the ecological and socio-economic causes and constraints, particularly in the case of the wine sector. In France, 95% of wine production is under Geographical Indications (GI), so practices are largely regulated by product specifications. GIs are particularly concerned with the AET in France, especially since the EGalim law (Law No. 2018-938 of 30/10/18), which required the integration of agroecological principles into the specifications associated with GIs.
This research aims to analyze the agroecological transition at multiple scales in a winegrowing area under PDO, developing a new analytical approach based on an adaptation of E. Ostrom's IAD/SES framework to the study of viticultural agroecosystems. The thesis aims to analyze the change in practices of winegrowers under PDO, and how decision rules and the collective organization modalities of producers within the ODG associated with GIs influence the conduct of the agroecological transition at the territorial level. Specifically, based on a case study in the wine region of Anjou-Saumur, it revolves around three objectives: (i) characterizing collective action for the development of collective agroecological transition strategies at the institutional level of the territory; (ii) analyzing the process of winegrowers’ changes of practices towards agroecology at the farm level in the context of an evolution in PDO specifications; and (iii) analyzing the role of knowledge networks in changing representations allowing transformative practice change towards agroecology.
To address these objectives, I use the IAD/SES framework applied to agroecosystems. Firstly, I revisit the concept of focal action situation of this framework in order to analyze the different collective transition strategies that have been developed at the institutional level, and how these strategies overlap and complement each other. I identified the key role of the wine federation, the chamber of agriculture, and elected winegrowers in the development and implementation of these strategies at the level of winegrowers. Secondly, I extend the concept of resource system from the IAD/SES framework to agroecosystems, defining the "agroecological resource system", allowing to encompass both productive and non-productive areas at the scale of the field-margin complex. This allows me to analyze the diversity of changes in ground cover management practices of winegrowers, in the context of a change in specifications prohibiting herbicides in the inter-row. I classified winegrowers into five ground cover management strategies reflecting a potential trajectory towards a reduction in herbicide and tillage use. I identified bottlenecks along this potential trajectory, and found that they were sometimes due to differences in representations of the agroecological resource system. Finally, in a third step, I use network analysis to understand the role of knowledge networks in changing representations to overcome these bottlenecks. I observed that geographical proximity facilitated the link between people with different viticultural practices, while cognitive proximity favored a knowledge-sharing network within the community of organic winegrowers. I then identified certain winegrowers, accompanying technicians, and collectives such as the wine federation as bridges between knowledge-sharing communities.
This thesis makes a dual scientific contribution. Firstly, it enriches the understanding of the determinants and processes of practice changes in the wine sector under PDO. Furthermore, it introduces a new methodological approach that allows the analysis of agroecological transition at different scales and explores the interactions between these scales during the transition process.
Institutional analysis of rural development (IARD) is characterised by systematic attention given to the institutional dimensions of the rural development process. While different research enquiries have been developed in recent decades, which can be framed by rural development, a systematic understanding of its analytical features, research method and main results has not yet been achieved. This study aims to elaborate on a particular series of studies connecting agricultural economics and rural sociology by categories drawn mainly from new institutional economics. Therefore, the objective is to identify the contribution of this approach to IARD. Two subsequent stages of reflection are identified: the first articulates the analysis of the nexus between the concept of organisation and that of farming style, and the second makes the picture more complex based by connecting the territory, the sociotechnical systems and the organisation effectively and coherently. Finally, this study seeks to delineate possible areas of research that could contribute to advance IARD.
Geographical indications have been protected internationally since 1883 and have been protected by the European Community since the 1970s. Currently, there are about 3,500 names of agricultural products and foodstuffs in the EU register of geographical indications. The purpose of this article is to verify how selected aspects related to EU membership, i.e., EU policy on the quality of agricultural products and foodstuffs are perceived in terms of the functioning of entrepreneurship in the Carpathian countries: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Ukraine. The results of focus group interviews conducted in 2021 as part of a study commissioned by the New Direction Foundation on Carpathian products, their producers and surrounding institutions were used to achieve this goal. The scale of use of EU solutions analyzed indicates that 20 years of experience is only the beginning of the road for Central European countries in terms of product protection. The lack of a GI protection system means the demise of local and regional producers.
: Geographical indications have been protected internationally since
1883 and have been protected by the European Community since the 1970s.
Currently, there are about 3,500 names of agricultural products and foodstuffs
in the EU register of geographical indications. The purpose of this article is
to verify how selected aspects related to EU membership, i.e., EU policy on the
quality of agricultural products and foodstuffs are perceived in terms of the
functioning of entrepreneurship in the Carpathian countries: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Ukraine. The results of focus group interviews conducted in 2021 as part of a study commissioned by the New Direction Foundation
on Carpathian products, their producers and surrounding institutions were
used to achieve this goal. The scale of use of EU solutions analyzed indicates
that 20 years of experience is only the beginning of the road for Central European countries in terms of product protection. The lack of a GI protection
system means the demise of local and regional producers.
The shortage of young people in agriculture and the decline of rural areas are increasingly pressing issues that capture the attention of European policymakers and researchers. Despite the low rate of youth involved in agricultural production, recent data reveal a significant proportion of young farmers in Italy that are engaged in geographical indication (GI) production. Statistics provide trend analysis, but they alone are not sufficient in clarifying the motivations behind young people’s decision-making. We conducted a qualitative study of Sicilian youth involved in GI to understand their motivations to pursue GI certification and the implications for youth embeddedness in rural areas. Using a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM), qualitative data have been translated in quantitative, giving evidence on key variables and their inter-relationships that influence young people's decision-making in a GI complex system. A total of twenty-two categorized variables have been identified. Results show how the young entrepreneurs' thinking in GI is structured, based on the cause-effect relationships between the variables. This study finds evidence that the GI system facilitates young generations of farmers in developing a personal approach to modern agribusiness starting from traditions and origins. At the same time, it gives evidence of a new perspective for involving young people in agricultural careers. In this sense, the present research contributes to the literature on factors that add attractiveness to the agricultural sector, to lead researchers and policymakers in dealing with alternative strategies for incentivizing youth involvement in farming.
Purpose
This study aims to identify factors influencing the comparative advantages of leading olive oil exporting countries. It focuses on production, consumption, agricultural capital stock, GDP per capita and export prices.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper analyzes data from 10 leading olive oil producing countries around the world. The study period covers the last decade from 2013 to 2022. Panel data analysis was used to assess these variables’ impact on the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index.
Findings
The results show that higher agricultural capital stock and GDP significantly improve export performance. Domestic consumption and pricing strategies also affect market competitiveness. The study offers insights for optimizing production and enhancing global competitiveness for policymakers and industry stakeholders.
Research limitations/implications
The main objective of this study was to determine the factors affecting the RCA index in olive oil exports. However, due to limited data for the study period, additional factors that may affect competition, such as regional policies, production costs and agricultural subsidies, were not included.
Originality/value
Although there are many studies related to the competitiveness of olive oil exports, this work adds originality to the research by studying the dominant olive oil-producing countries as a whole for a multi-crisis decade due to significant economic, environmental and political changes that have changed the parameters of the international trade. This temporal scope enhances the relevance and applicability of the findings.
One of the main goals in the establishment of Geographical Indications (GIs) for European agri-food products was to help fostering development in rural communities. Given the cultural and economic importance of wine production in Italy, this paper aims to understand how a wine GI in the Umbria region may have influenced local socio-economic development and, if so, what is its perceived magnitude among local stakeholders. By conducting semi-structured interviews and carrying out a qualitative analysis through the grounded theory model, results indicate a mirroring ascent, during the last three decades, in the pursuit of a unique identity, for both the territory and the wine product.
Amaç –Bu çalışma, "Karadeniz'in Zeugması" olarak adlandırılan Karabük'ün Eskipazar ilçesinin coğrafi işaret tescilli ve tescil alma potansiyelli ürünlerini belirleyerek bu ürünlerin pazarlama faaliyetlerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.Yöntem –Bu çalışma nitel araştırma desenlerinden fenomenoloji/olgu bilim ile yapılmıştır ve veriler yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat yöntemi ile toplanmıştır. Bulgular –Elde edilen verilere göre, coğrafi işaret tescili alma potansiyeline sahip olan Kelem Dolması, Eskipazar Köy Peyniri, Keşkek Çorbası, Cevizli Yahni, Soğan Salması, Kaz Banduması ve Miyane Helvası gibi gastronomik ürünler, pazarlama açısından önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Tescilli ürünlerin, bölgenin görünürlüğünü artırdığı, gastronomi turizmini çektiği ve yerel ürünleri daha geniş pazarlarda farklılaştırarak benzersiz bir marka kimliği oluşturduğu görülmüştür. Eskipazar'da mevcut coğrafi işaret tescilli veya başvuru sürecinde olan bir ürün bulunmaması, bu süreçte stratejik destek ve kaynakların sağlanması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Tartışma –Araştırma bulguları, Eskipazar’ın geleneksel mutfak kültürünün yerel halkın beslenme alışkanlıklarına ve günlük yaşamına derin bir şekilde kök saldığını göstermektedir. Coğrafi işaret tescili alma potansiyeli olan bu ürünler, bölgenin gastronomik mirasının korunması ve tanıtılması açısından önemli bir rol oynayabilir. Eskipazar’ın geleneksel yemekleri, gastronomi turizmi açısından da önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir ve bu potansiyelin doğru bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi durumunda yerel ekonomiye ciddi katkılar sağlayabilir.
Sustainable development is the power source to promote rural economic and social prosperity and the necessary guarantee for rural revitalization, while rural relative poverty alleviation is the inherent requirement for promoting sustainable development and realizing rural revitalization. The pro‐agricultural attribute of geographical indication determines that it can be an important tool to alleviate rural relative poverty. This study analyzes the relationship between geographical indication and rural relative poverty alleviation, as well as the mediating role of agricultural industry agglomeration and the moderating role of agricultural scale operation. We use global Moran's I and spatial Durbin models to achieve these objectives, using panel data from 218 cities in China spanning from 2008 to 2019. The results show that: (1) During the study period, relative poverty in China exhibits a distinct pattern of contiguous distribution, and there has been a significant reduction in the number of areas with high levels. Notable progress has been made in alleviating relative poverty in the central, northeastern, and southern regions of China. (2) Geographical indication can alleviate rural relative poverty not only within its region but also in neighboring regions. (3) Geographical indication can alleviate rural relative poverty through agricultural industry agglomeration, and agricultural scale operation can strengthen the relative poverty alleviation effect of geographical indication. This paper enriches the study of relative poverty alleviation mechanisms and reveals how geographical indications can help. The results can provide useful insights for poverty alleviation in poor areas through geographical indication and a new practice path for rural revitalization.
The combination of insights from sociological institutionalism and neo-Gramscianism underpins my main claim, which is that power dynamics in GVCs need to be understood in the context of institutions in different fields and at different levels. While economic logic can explain certain patterns of power asymmetries, the power dynamics among particular actors at particular times and places are shaped by the specifics of the context. Therefore, universal claims about the character of power relations in global sourcing need to be qualified by considerations of particular contexts. I will illustrate the arguments with examples drawn from smallholder agriculture.
The notion of social innovation is of interest to academics, civil society and public authorities alike. Theoretical interest in this concept has recently shifted towards a better understanding of the processes underlying its production. This is the focus of this special issue, in a context of creative and digital economy. This special issue highlights a number of important features of social innovation production processes : 1) their embeddedness in particular socio-economic and political contexts, 2) the importance of digital tools conceived as commons fostering their development and concretization, 3) the importance of combining social innovation production processes with organizational dynamics.
Coğrafi işaret tescilli gıda ürünlerine olan talebin
günümüzde tüketiciler arasında gittikçe yaygınlaşmakta
olması, doğal olarak bu ürünlerin üretim ve pazarlama
hacmindeki artışı da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu alanın
gelişmesi ve kârlılığı ancak başarılı bir tedarik zinciri
yönetimiyle yakından ilgilidir.
Coğrafi işaret tedarik zinciri ekosistemi dâhilinde faaliyet
gösteren kişi ve kuruluşlara bilimsel katkıda bulunmak, ayrıca
coğrafi işaretli gıda ürünlerinin avantajlarına dikkat çekerek
bunların üretimi ve tedarik zinciri ekosistemlerinin etkin
yönetimi konularında bilinç oluşturma amacı ile bu kitabın
hazırlanmasına karar verilmiştir.
Bu kitabın hazırlanmasında teorik kaynaklarla birlikte elde
edilen ampirik bulgulardan da faydalanılmıştır. Teorik kısım,
özellikle coğrafi işaret kavramı ile ilk kez karşılaşan okurların
coğrafi işaretli ürünler ve coğrafi işaret sistemi konusunda
fikir edinebilmesi için ulusal ve uluslararası kaynaklardan
yararlanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Ampirik kısımda ise coğrafi
işaret tedarik zinciri ekosistemleri için önemli olan ilişkisel
faktörlerin performansa olan etkisi tartışılmıştır.
Bu eserin ortaya çıkmasında maddi ve manevi desteklerini
esirgemeyen babama, anneme, kardeşlerime ve sevgili eşime
sonsuz şükranlarımı sunarım. Bu kitabın hazırlanmasında
kuşkusuz akademik çevremizden aldığımız önerilerin de
katkısı oldu. Bu sebepten bu katkıları veren değerli bilim
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Geographical Indication (GI) is an industrial property instrument that seeks to distinguish the geographic origin of a certain product or service. The challenge is associated with identifying how the Geographical Indication seal could be a useful tool to leverage local and regional development. The objective of this study is to review the international literature on the topic of Geographical Indication, especially for wine production. The SCOPUS database was used as a search engine. The expression “geographical indication” was used as a search key in the title, keywords or summary fields, resulting in 2224 publications. Publications were analyzed without filter. It was noticed that “Protection” has a negative inclination, that is, it is being left aside as a research interest. The words associated with Wine, Food and Sustainability showed a positive slope in the linear regression, which suggests that they are causing increasing interest among researchers.
La mise en place de signes de qualité se référant à l’origine a été considérée comme un outil pour le développement local. Néanmoins, les attentes par rapport à ces signes sont multiples, parfois divergentes. La mise en place d’un signe de qualité ne peut alors se faire sans un processus de négociation, débouchant sur un compromis, un accord quant à ses caractéristiques : type de figure juridique, cahier des charges ou règles d’usage, délimitation de l’aire. Cela nous amène à étudier les indications géographiques (IG) sous deux angles complémentaires : celui des théories sur les biens communs et leur gouvernance, et celui de l’économie des conventions par rapport aux notions de justification, négociation et compromis, l’IG étant alors considérée comme un arrangement institutionnel. Appliquée à deux études de cas, au Mexique et en Indonésie, cette perspective met en évidence la complexité de la mise en place d’une IG et des intérêts qui la soustendent, et les asymétries entre les différents acteurs y participant.
Are labels good or bad for consumers and firms? The answer may seem straightforward since
labels improve information, yet economic theory reveals situations where their introduction
reduces the welfare of at least some market participants. This essay reviews the theoretical literature
on labels in order to identify and explain the main reasons that may cause labeling to
produce undesirable side-effects. In contrast to earlier reviews that either concentrate on narrow
topics or treat the subject in a more or less informal way, we bring together the main results
from all the relevant topics by presenting and discussing the assumptions and model-building
techniques that underpin them. The advantage of this approach is that it identifies the origin of
the differences between results, thus allowing the synthesis of results that sometimes appear even
to be contradictory. We focus on “quality labels” and examine the impact of labeling on market
structure, the side-effects of costly certification, issues related to the label’s trustworthiness, the
rationale for mandatory vs. voluntary labeling, the level at which the label’s standard is set according
to the agency that selects it, the political economy of labels, that is, pro- or anti-label lobbying,
lobbying to affect the label’s standard, and lobbying in favor or against the label’s mandatory
imposition. These topics cover a wide range of applications, including Genetically Modified Organism
(GMOs), organic produce, geographic indicators, controlled origin, eco-labels, etc. We conclude
by identifying topics that require further research.
Specific quality, local governance and systems of innovation.
There is currently a consensus among the agricultural professional officials, the development and research organizations' executives and the rural economists about the emergence of a new model of production. This latter is rather unanimously described as a shift from a «productivist logic» to a «logic of quality», with the taking into account of a diversified demand and opportunities linked to the transformations of the rural areas functions (an agriculture of service), of the relationships with the environment (a durable agriculture ), and of national and regional development objectives (a «citizen agriculture» one could say). In the analysis of the technical aspects of that transformation North-European and North-American authors put the stress on biotechnology and, at the same time, on the economy's globalization whereas the French, Spanish and Italians are more interested in the normalization of the specific quality products, which, for them, goes along with the international integration of the markets.
The aim of this paper is to emphasize the role of territory and as corporate as professional networks in agrifood system of innovation and in this shift. The localization of economic activities implies a cooperative process in order to build up specific resources that is supported by localized institutional networks. The taking into account of the innovation systems' territorial dimension implies the analysis of the part held by firms and local but also sectorial, professional or «global» institutions that take part in the innovation processes. This paper is limited to the question about the transformation of the innovation management modes and the institutional mechanisms of normalization and qualification of products. First, we deal, in a general way, with the relationships between innovation and territory, we then analyze the consequences of the European integration on competition, according to the different forms of normalization. Then, after noting the ambivalence of the new regulation and its enforcement, we show that a great and relatively stable diversity of the production modes of the specific quality products, basically corresponds to that regulation. We deal with the diversity of the innovation systems and the specific qualities production in accordance with the three dimensions, technology, market and territorial governance, after reviewing the different public and professional systems that manage the world of products of specific quality. Compromises between actors provide a contractual management of innovation systems' transformation and an «adjustment» between the micro and macro levels. But, it is not a convergence process towards sectorial models. Among «appellation d'origine» cheeses and «Red Label» poultry brand, one can distinguishes some «typical» produces with narrow market (with «connoisseur» patronage), some differencied «industrial» produces and some featuring intermediate combinations, like generic produces supported by local agencies.
Geographical Indications (GIs) are intellectual property rights in placenames that evoke the typical qualities of agricultural products and foodstuffs that originate in particular districts. Presently, the EU is the dominant holder of protected GIs and the EU asserts that they are used extensively and effectively in EU countries as a rural and regional development tool. To date, Australia's response to GIs has largely been driven by perceptions of their impact upon trade gains and losses. Currently, Australia only has legal protection for wine-related GI's because of an agreement with the EU. Given an increased focus on GIs internationally, particularly in China and India, we raise the question of whether Australia should more deeply consider a special regime for the legal protection of GIs in relation to agricultural products and foodstuffs more generally, something that has not been investigated to date because of Australia's negative attitude towards GI protection in international trade negotiations. This paper sets out the challenges and opportunities of considering GI development against the backdrop of Australia's regional, rural and remote diversity. Keywords Georgraphical indications of origin, property rights, rural regional and remote development Cover Page Footnote The authors would like to thank Diana Knight for her input into this paper.
De nombreux spécialistes du gouvernement des économies s'accordent à considérer que leur objet comporte une triple dimension politique. Il renvoie à une compétition pour les postes de pouvoir, à une logique d'action fondée sur les valeurs et à une capacité à peser sur les principes qui encadrent l'action collective et publique. Toutefois, lorsque l'on tente d'appliquer de tels principes à l'étude de régulations sectorielles concrètes, on se trouve confronté à la question de savoir comment identifier avec précision le rôle joué par la politique. Ce texte relève ce défi à partir de l'étude du cas de la réinvention d'une filière palmipède en Dordogne. Il défend une hypothèse selon laquelle le management public dans ce secteur a des effets « paradoxaux ». En effet, au-delà des jeux de pouvoir observés, il ressort que les représentants de l'intérêt général prennent des risques économiques en invoquant et défendant une logique d'intervention publique « territoriale » a priori sans lui accorder de critères d'appréciation transparents et robustes et sans prendre en compte la totalité de l'action politique dans une filière. Plus généralement, nous défendons que le management public confronté à de tels dossiers est nécessairement politique et économique alors qu'il se présente volontiers comme essentiellement économique.
A geographical indication (GI), which is one of the intellectual property rights, is a sign used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that origin (WIPO, 2012). In general, GIs draw attention to product quality, local identity and cultural traditions such as Champagne, Cuban Cigars, Roquefort Cheese, Turkish Carpet etc. GIs provide differentiated and high value-added products to local producers in the rural areas while the willingness of the purchasing these kind of traditional products are high. The way of benefit from the marketing power of GIs is an effective registration system and also active marketing process is required to gain a place in domestic and world market. In the context of rural development and marketing, the purpose of this study is to investigate the application of GIs in Turkey along with famous examples around the world and to raise the awareness of the importance of GI for the rural development. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Huseyin Arasli
RÉSUMÉ Est souvent décrit le passage de l'agriculture d'une logique productiviste à une logique de qualité qui prend en compte une demande diversifiée. Ce papier vise à éclairer le rôle des territoires dans les systèmes d'innovation agro-alimentaires et dans ce changement. La localisation des activités économiques valorise de façon plus ou moins importante un processus coopératif de construction de ressources spécifiques soutenu par des dispositifs institutionnels localisés. Dans cette perspective, est développée une analyse des réglementations et systèmes de production de produits de qualité spécifique. L'évolution des réglementations et des procédures de normalisation correspondantes s'inscrit dans une transformation générale des systèmes d'innovation qui réactualise tant la contrainte marchande que le rôle des territoires et qui maintient une diversité des produits. Parmi les appellations d'origine fromagères et les labels poulet, on peut distinguer : des produits typiques aux marchés étroits ; des produits "industriels" différenciés sur des marchés vastes ; et une variété de combinaisons intermédiaires comme des produits génériques et peu spécifiques disposant du soutien d'une organisation territoriale.
This paper presents a scientific assessment of ten years of research on the model of 'panier de biens'. It tries to evaluate the possible generalization of connections between quality of products and services, environment and territories as sources of positive externalities to be internalized for a territorial sustainable development prospect. This evaluation is based on observations which began in 1996 in the Baronnies, extended to Aubrac in Massif Central and near ten Rhône-Alpes regions. The first part defines concepts and methods which makes it possible to build a general model of 'panier de biens' and its various possible configurations. This leads to the constituent elements of this model and the concept of territorial quality rent which increase the value of quality products and environmental services. The second part compares the elements of this model with the plurality of observed forms of meeting between specific demand and composite supply of territorial quality products, in the context of public goods and externalities. It leads to a grid of analysis that allows testing the general nature of this model, its conditions of existence and perpetuation
In the wine sector, prompted by the changes in consumption and in the international trade, mass production vineyards are transforming in quality wine systems. New economic interactions relative to geographic space are emerging, strengthening the wine basic anchorage in the territory. This process can be assessed through the construction of “Wine Routes”, combining territorial resources such as physical and cultural elements. This article focuses on the emerging “Wine Routes” in two regions : Languedoc Roussillon and Mendoza (Argentina). “Wine Routes” are first analysed through an interactionnist framework. The diversity of these territorial networks can be explained by two factors : the selection organized by the “wine route”members; the nature of their territorial relations. This analysis is completed by the proximity approaches that raise new questions for the next researches.
Climate change will impact vine growing in France and the quality
of wines in any regions. We summarized here the main information
provided throughout the different contributions to this special
issue. We attempted to draw some general conclusions in terms of
adaptation strategies and to show how the interactions developed
between scientists and actors as part of the LACCAVE project can
contribute to fulfill the expectations of the French wine industry for
the future.
Study dealing with geographical indications (GIs), documenting best practices and drawing lessons
from a number of case studies in this area – explores the development potential for countries wishing
to use GIs; outlines the elements of a successful GI strategy, and examines the different mechanisms
available for protecting and fostering new GI products and services; includes a glossary of related
terms, and bibliographies.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1760e/i1760e00.pdf
The European debate on the future orientation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is increasingly shaped by the role of agriculture in providing agri-environmental public goods, and there is a broad consensus that this approach will be particularly relevant in legitimating the EU policy intervention in agriculture in the future. Nevertheless, in the institutional and academic debate it is not clear to what extent collective action could be taken into consideration as a valuable alternative to market or state regulation to increase the environmental performance of agriculture, and to what extent it is possible to design and implement agricultural policies that incorporate a collective approach for the provision of agri-environmental public goods.
Could collective action be an important driver of workable solutions regarding the provision of agri-environmental public goods through agriculture? Which are the main drivers that stimulate the participation of farmers into collective action? How can government stimulate collective action? At which level of government collective action can be better stimulated? What kinds of policies are necessary to promote collective action?
The book aims at addressing these questions by exploring, through participatory methods, two case studies of collective action for the provision of agri-environmental public goods that have been recently developed in Central Italy. The in-depth analysis of these case studies was completed with a critical review of the literature, in order to provide some insights to the theoretical development on the role of collective action for the public goods associated to agriculture.
Notions such as terroir and “Slow Food,” which originated in Mediterranean Europe, have emerged as buzzwords around the globe, becoming commonplace across Europe and economically important in the United States and Canada, Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Given the increased global prominence of terroir and regulatory frameworks like geographical indications, we argue that the associated conceptual tools have become more relevant to scholars working within the “alternative food networks” (AFN) framework in the United States and United Kingdom. Specifically, the Local Agrifood Systems (Systèmes Agroalimentaires Localisés, or SYAL) perspective, first articulated in 1996 by French scholars, seeks to understand the relationship between the development of local food systems and specific territories. We review the empirical and theoretical literature that comprises each of these perspectives, highlighting three areas in which SYAL scholarship may be relevant to AFN researchers. First, while AFN scholars tend to understand the “local” in terms of positionality, in a distributionist sense (vis-à-vis one’s relation to sites of food production or consumption or along commodity chains), SYAL studies frame local food systems as anchored within particular territories. Second, SYAL research places significant emphasis on collectivity, both in terms of collective institutions and shared forms of knowledge and identity. Third, although both perspectives are framed in opposition of the industrialization of the global food system, AFN scholars focus more on alternative distribution schemes (e.g., organic, fair trade, and direct marketing schemes), while SYAL researchers favor territorially anchored structures (e.g., geographical indications).
Agri-food clusters have generated great interest in recent years and prompted a new wave of research dedicated to ‘Localized Agri-Food Systems’ (SYALs in French). However, the specific nature of relations between firms who belong to SYALs has rarely been studied. Our purpose is to show how the analysis of company directors’ advice networks helps to better understand the specificity and innovative dynamics of SYALs. Our research was based on a case study in the Biterrois wine growing region of southern France. We conducted a survey to collect information on advice relations between wine cooperative managers, who play a key role in the innovation process toward quality wine. Sociometric analysis of the advice relations, coupled with interviews, led to three main results: the first was that managers simultaneously cooperate on technical projects and compete for business ends. The second was a correlation between the innovations implemented by the cooperatives and the degree of centrality of the managers in the networks, revealing the relational and local conditions of innovations in SYALs. The third was that managers can modify their own network to improve the competitiveness of both their own cooperative and of the SYAL as a whole. In conclusion, we show that advice network analysis is an appropriate tool to describe the relational dimension of SYALs, to better understand their process of innovation, and to help managers improve the collective strategies they apply within the SYAL.
This book seeks to set geographical indications (GIs) in the context of the overall development of today's economies and societies as marked by globalization and the interaction of cultures that this entails. The book is divided into two parts. The first part (chapters 1-6) sets out the findings of a decade of research into GIs in Europe in the global context. The second part (chapters 7-10) is based on the existence of GIs as a sector in itself in the context of globalization. Included in the appendixes are GI case studies in Europe and maps of protected designations of origin and geographical indications (PDOs and PGIs). Also included are a glossary and a subject index.
This book seeks to set geographical indications (GIs) in the context of the overall development of today's economies and societies as marked by globalization and the interaction of cultures that this entails. The book is divided into two parts. The first part (chapters 1-6) sets out the findings of a decade of research into GIs in Europe in the global context. The second part (chapters 7-10) is based on the existence of GIs as a sector in itself in the context of globalization. Included in the appendixes are GI case studies in Europe and maps of protected designations of origin and geographical indications (PDOs and PGIs). Also included are a glossary and a subject index.
This book seeks to set geographical indications (GIs) in the context of the overall development of today's economies and societies as marked by globalization and the interaction of cultures that this entails. The book is divided into two parts. The first part (chapters 1-6) sets out the findings of a decade of research into GIs in Europe in the global context. The second part (chapters 7-10) is based on the existence of GIs as a sector in itself in the context of globalization. Included in the appendixes are GI case studies in Europe and maps of protected designations of origin and geographical indications (PDOs and PGIs). Also included are a glossary and a subject index.
Avec l'apparition des marques et appellations, du contrôle statistique et de l'assurance-qualité, normalisation et certification ont tant et si bien modifié la question de la qualité en matière d'agro-alimentaire, qu'il est permis de se demander si l'on n'entre pas aujourd'hui dans une "économie de la qualité". Cet ouvrage, qui s'adresse à un public averti de professionnels agricoles, industriels et administratifs, d'enseignants et de chercheurs, s'appuie sur un colloque organisé par la Société française d'économie rurale. Il prend le parti de souligner les débats en cours plutôt que d'adopter une définition univoque de la qualité. Economistes, sociologues, spécialistes de la gestion, historiens, géographes et agronomes ont travaillé sous quatre angles théoriques différents : les consommateurs, les institutions, la concurrence et le management ; ils abordent ainsi la plupart des grands secteurs agro-alimentaires.
Cet encadré se trouve dans la Partie 4 - Terminology and types of tourism, chapitre "Agri-tourism: in between rural change, tourism restructuring and environmental imperatives" de Theodosia Anthopoulou et Yorgos Melissourgos, p. 359-370.
This work aims to present the most recent developments regarding territorial governance, placing particular emphasis on rural and periurban areas. The reader will find information on the processes of development of European regions, as well as on the behaviours and strategies adopted by the different actors who live in these territories and contribute to the latter's livelihood. The first part of the book analyses the structural changes in the modes of production that have affected these territories. The second part addresses the questions of methodology and of the structures of governance of local development in rural areas. The last section makes an assessment of the geographical indications as tools of governance of local agrifood chains. The book was written by economists, geographers, land use planners and specialists of the questions of governance and management of rural and periurban areas.
Elaborating on the concepts first introduced in Global Public Goods, this book addresses the long overdue issue of how to adjust the concept of public goods to today's economic and political realities. The production of global public goods requires the orchestration of initiatives by a large
number of diverse actors across different levels and sectors. It may require the collaboration of governments, business and civil society, and in most cases it almost certainly calls for an effective linkage of the local, national, regional, and global levels. In light of today's new realities, this
book examines a series of managerial and political challenges that pertain to the design and implementation of production strategies and the monitoring and evaluation of global public goods provision.As participatory decision-making enhances the political support for - and thus the effectiveness of
- certain policy decisions, this volume offers suggestions on a number of pragmatic policy reforms for bringing the global public more into public policy making on global issues. Nine case studies examine the importance of the global public good concept from the viewpoint of developing countries,
exploring how and where the concerns of the poor and the rich overlap.Providing Global Public Goods offers important and timely suggestions on how to move in a more feasible and systematic way towards a fairer process of globalization that works in the interests of all.
Capter 3, Interests in question. Case Study 2.ISBN : 9780230605947
This book contributes to the literature on Geographical Indications (GIs) by providing key theoretical reflections from a five-year review process on the potential of GIs for agri-food products in Southern Africa. The contributors reflect on diverse GI processes and dynamics which operate at the local, national and international levels, thus enriching the understanding of GI dynamics and of the variety of policy options available for GI protection in Southern countries. Following a discussion of the legal framework and governance of national GI schemes in Southern countries, the book emphasizes the main dimensions underlying the development of GIs and their potential for enhancing sustainable rural development and market access in particular. This provides the structure for the chapters that build on the different experiences of Southern African industries that have embarked on GI strategies. The book includes chapters on designing an appropriate legal framework and governance system for the development of GIs in Southern countries.
Agri-food traditional, regional and typical products are an important resource for agricultural and rural development in many areas of the European Union. These Origin Labelled Products (OLPs) activate a complex system of relationships involving the local production and marketing and distribution systems, rural development dynamics and the consumer. Based on research conducted in European countries, this book provides an account of the current state of OLPs, enabling a better understanding of their characteristics and evolution in the agri-food system. It also assesses public policies at various levels and the effects of legal protection, financial support and public promotional initiatives on those involved, and consumers' and citizens' concerns and expectations.
This chapter aims to analyse how the quality and reputation dimension is built and sustained through collective action dynamics. It explores the key features of collective action that underlie origin based product development and their protection through GIs. The chapter which departs from a literature review which identified the key dimensions of GI related collective action and structure the analysis. It then builds on the analysis of two highly contrasted cases, Karoo lamb and Karakul pelts, to deepen the understanding of the diversity of ways in which collective reputation can develop at industry level and of the different situations that this creates for implementing GI schemes. The discussion empirically confirms the importance of collective action to successfully exploit the benefits of collective reputation and shows that the capacity of industries to establish successful GIs critically depends on the collective basis on which product reputation has been built, as this determines an industry’s ability to act collectively in protecting the collective reputation. It is argued that distinguishing between collective action features attached to the building of the collective reputation and those linked to maintaining and protecting this reputation, creates an interesting direction for a more robust approach to collective action analysis oriented towards supporting GI implementation.
The paper explores the question of geographical indications (GIs) in developing countries. It begins with GIs in the TRIPS agreement and the positions of developing countries within these negotiations and how these countries have been implementing the obligation to protect GIs within their territories. The paper explores the potential benefits of GIs for developing countries but cautions that developing countries are likely to face considerable constraints in developing GI strategies. It makes the point that while GIs offer significant benefits, legal protection alone will not bring about the desired effects. Instead, it calls for developing countries to follow a well-informed and locally grounded approach in the design of GI strategies.
Cet article présente un bilan scientifique de dix années de recherches sur le modèle du panier de biens. Il tente d'évaluer le caractère général des liens mis en évidence entre produits et services de qualité, environnement et territoires comme sources d'externalités positives valorisables dans une logique de développement territorial durable. Ce bilan s'appuie sur des observations commencées en 1996 dans les Baronnies, étendues ensuite à l'Aubrac dans le Massif Central et à une dizaine de régions en Rhône-Alpes. La première partie définit les concepts et méthodes qui ont permis de construire un modèle général du panier de biens et ses différentes configurations possibles. Ceci débouche sur les éléments constitutifs de ce modèle et la notion de rente de qualité territoriale, rente qui valorise les produits de terroirs et les services environnementaux. La deuxième partie confronte les éléments de ce modèle à la pluralité des formes de rencontres observées entre demande spécifique et offre composite de produits de qualité territoriale, dans un contexte de biens publics et d'externalités. Ceci débouche sur une grille d'analyse qui permet de tester la généralité de ce modèle mais aussi ses conditions d'existence et de pérennisation.
The mountain environment is perceived today by vine-growers as a strong structural constraint. Yet in the current context of climate change, in which we turn to genetics, irrigation or innovation in cultural practices to maintain production quality, could the mountain environment emerge as a solution for adapting to climate change in vine-growing? Here we explore the role of cooperative policies that may be deployed on the territorial scale, using an agent-based model. Our model was based on the viticulture of the Banyuls–Collioures AOC area, which is characterized by small-scale vine-growers and marked by widespread involvement in cooperative systems. The simulation results showed an important role of cooperative policies not only to conserve narrow production window and required vine quality, but also in respect of the emblematic landscape structure. These results should foster vine-growers to strengthen their cooperatives and adequately use these organizations to mitigate future climate change impacts.
We address the question of how the strength of protection for geographical indications (GIs) affects the GI industry's promotion incentives, equilibrium market outcomes, and the distribution of welfare. Geographical indication producers engage in informative advertising by associating their true quality premium (relative to a substitute product) with a specific label emphasizing the GI's geographic origin. The extent to which the names/words of the GI label can be used and/or imitated by competing products-which depends on the strength of GI protection-determines how informative the GI promotion messages can be. Consumers' heterogeneous preferences (vis-A -vis the GI quality premium) are modeled in a vertically differentiated framework. Both the GI industry and the substitute product industry are assumed to be competitive (with free entry). The model is calibrated and solved for alternative parameter values. Results show that producers of the GI and of the lower-quality substitute good have divergent interests: GI producers are better off with full protection, whereas the substitute good's producers prefer intermediate levels of protection (but they never prefer zero protection because they benefit indirectly if the GI producers' incentives to promote are preserved). For consumers and aggregate welfare, the preferred level of protection depends on the model's parameters, with an intermediate level of protection being optimal in many circumstances.
The district of Kodagu, also called Coorg, in the Western Ghats of India produces 2% of the world's coffee, the expansion and intensification of which have reduced the forest cover by more than 30% in 20 years. Innovative actions are therefore urgently required to link economic development and biodiversity conservation, and stakeholders are exploring three strategies to add value to coffee from Coorg and prevent further biodiversity erosion: registration of trademarks; geographical indications; and environmental certification, via eco-labels. This article analyses their respective strengths and weaknesses and discusses the synergies between them.
Adopting a gravity framework and using data from 1995 to 2009 for France, Italy and Spain, we investigate whether the designation of the production area has a positive pay-off in terms of greater export values, volumes and presence in different export markets. We find that quality wines produced in specified regions (QWPSR) are associated with higher exports values, while higher export volumes tend to materialize only towards high-income destination markets. Besides, the geographical designation appears increasing the extensive margin of trade. Therefore, QWPSR may represent a strategic tool for differentiation granting competitiveness in both traditional and less habitual markets. Not all producers, yet, seem to have benefited to the same extent from the geographical designation, raising the question of what harmonizing and/or promotional strategy should be adopted to enhance the effectiveness of the quality wine protection system.
The contract between growers and merchants for the exchange of grapes on the Champagne market is a long-term agreement based on quantities. Commitments on quantities are made for several years and negotiated individually between growers and merchants. Each year, prices are negotiated at the interprofessional level, the interprofessional committee including members of the growers union, members of the merchants union and a government commissioner. It turns out that industrial organization theory, and more precise mechanisms outlined by incomplete contract theory are relevant to the analysis of such contracts in which prices and quantities are negotiated sequentially and by different groups of actors. We show that imposed pricing by the interprofessional organization can, in some cases, balance the bargaining power between growers and merchants and thus increase social welfare. At a time when the European Common Organization of Wine Markets casts doubt on interprofessional organizations, this result tends to justify their positive role. (JEL classifi cation: L42, L50)
Washington State enjoys an extraordinarily fast growing wine industry and is now the second largest wine producing state in the U.S. This paper examines the impact of this growth on the revenue of hotels and restaurants. Employing a dynamic quarterly panel model at the county level we show that the regional reputation as high quality wine county, as expressed by critical wine points in the national wine press, has a significant effect on the tourism industry. For Walla Walla, the most prominent wine county in the state, less than 17% of all restaurant and approximately 40% of all hotel revenue is tied to the wine cluster (2007). However, regional reputation is not long-living and needs constant replenishment. (JEL Classification: R11, R15, Q19)
The commodity nature of green coffee is the main cause of the 'coffee paradox' (falling producer prices and rising consumer prices). Geographical Indications (GIs) may be an effective 'decommodifier' of the coffee market, but many constraints have to be overcome. Based on an analysis of how the characteristics of the coffee production system shape the positions of local stakeholders and, thus, the GI building process, this article identifies some constraining factors that can seriously undermine the capacity the GI has to decommodify the market and attain a fairer distribution of the benefits for local producers