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Aspects of argument elaborated by Taqil-Din Ahmad b. Taymiyya (m. 728/1328) in his book of the Rejection of the contradiction between reason and Scripture (Dar ta aru al-aql wa-l-naql)

January 2014
Arabica 61(1-2):1-17

DOI:10.1163/15700585-12341289

Authors:

Résumé Le présent article s’intéresse à des aspects de l’argumentation élaborée par le théologien juriste ḥanbalite Taqī l-Dīn Aḥmad b. Taymiyya (m. 728/1328) dans son traité sur le Rejet de la contradiction entre raison et Écriture ( Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql ), un livre dans lequel l’auteur se donne pour but de réfuter la théorie herméneutique rationaliste enseignée par les plus grandes figures de la théologie spéculative sunnite. Sur les quarante-quatre réponses ou cas ( wuǧūh ) qui composent l’ouvrage, nous analysons les cinq premiers. Notre objectif est de faire connaître les prémisses de la dialectique élaborée par Ibn Taymiyya dans cet ouvrage majeur.

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Could meditation offer a privileged access to meaning and values? A semeiotic perspective

November 2015

Edilene De Souza Leite

Could meditation offer a privileged access to meaning and values? A semeiotic perspective Nowadays meditation is a topic of interest on many fields of research. In philosophy this interest is very related to the body-mind problem and consciousness issues, but to others areas the main motivation rests on its benefical effects. In 2014, a German researcher, Harald Walach in the article Towards an ... [Show full abstract] Epistemology of Inner Experience, proposed the hypothesis that by means of meditation we can have an specific access to reality that differs from the access we have through perception. Walach suggested that from a perspective of the first person, we could have access to insights about reality, in a wider perspective other than that of singular events, and by the practice of meditation, we could access “special” things like meaning making and values. Walach arguments are based on the concept that an emergent epistemic property could be resultant of the complementary nature of body-mind, which by its sum could generate that different/extra access to reality. In the one hand, sensory experience from the third person perspective informs us about the “form, shape and material of the world” (WALACH, 2014), while inner experience could be the kind of experience that operated without the “constrains of stimulus flux” (GIBSON, 1986, p. 256) and would tell us something about the “structure” of the world. In this case, meaning and values could be seen as part of the structure of the world viewed from the first-person perspective. In addition, when we talk about meaning, we often find that it is very related to the context of the interpretant and the sign, and most of the time signification can be instaured when and where there is no co-evolution. However, from a pragmatic view, if we are all part of a cosmological unity, we all do share co-evolution, even when we do not share the same space and time. Finally, the point we bring here is that, if meditation can allow access to meaning and values, we could trespass this barrier of context, that may lead to signification, and reach out meaning with the practice of meditation as a way to connect to our cosmic unity, or to our own goals (entelechia); or it could even convey information that is not grounded on your habits, or in the properties we usually instinctively capted from the objects we interact with. Based on Peirce’s triad of the sign and the idea of consciousness as an unity, we intend to approach here the question if the practice of meditation could provide or change, in a semiotic process, the passage of signification to meaning. Key words: Peirce- meaning- meditation References: GIBSON, J.J. The ecological approach to visual perception. Psycology Press: New York, 1975. SILVEIRA, L. F. B. Incursões semióticas. Coleção CLE, v. 65, 2014. p. 189-204. WALACH, H. Towards an Epistemology of Inner Experience. In: S. Schmidt and H. Walach (eds.). Meditation – Neuroscientific Approaches and Philosophical Implications, Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality. v. 2, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2014. p. 7-22. Pode a meditação oferecer um acesso privilegiado para “meaning” e valores? Uma perspectiva semiótica Atualmente meditação é um tópico de interesse para muitas áreas de pesquisa. Em filosofia este interesse está muito relacionado com o problema mente-corpo e questões da consciência, mas para outras áreas a principal motivação justifica-se pelos efeitos benéficos. Em 2014, um pesquisador Alemão, Harald Walach no artigo Towards an Epistemology of Inner Experience, propôs a hipótese que através da meditação nós poderíamos ter um acesso especifico à realidade que difere do acesso que nós temos através da percepção. Walach sugere que a partir da perspectiva da primeira pessoa, nós poderíamos ter acesso à insights sobre a realidade, em uma perspectiva mais ampla do que aquela de eventos singulares, e através da prática de meditação, nós poderíamos acessar “especiais” coisas como, meaning making e valores. Os argumentos de Walach baseiam-se na concepção de que uma propriedade emergente epistêmica poderia ser resultante da natureza complementar da mente-corpo, que por meio de sua soma poderia gerar um acesso diferente/extra à realidade. Enquanto que, da perspectiva da terceira pessoa, a experiência sensorial nos informa sobre a “forma, formato e matéria do mundo” (WALACH, 2014), inner experiência poderia ser o tipo de experiência que opera sem as “restrições do fluxo de estímulo” (GIBSON, 1986, p. 256) e nos informa algo sobre a “estrutura” do mundo. Neste caso, meaning e valores poderiam ser vistos como parte da estrutura do mundo e visto a partir da perspectiva da primeira pessoa. Além disso, quando nós falamos sobre meaning, nós frequentemente descobrimos que este está muito relacionado ao contexto do interpretante e o signo, e na maioria das vezes signification pode ser instaurada quando e onde não há coevolução. De qualquer forma, a partir de uma perspectiva pragmática, se nós somos todos parte de uma unidade cosmológica, nós todos dividimos coevolução, mesmo quando nós não dividimos o mesmo espaço e tempo. Finalmente, o ponto que trazemos aqui é que, se a meditação pode permitir acesso à meaning e valores, nós poderíamos transpassar esta barreira do contexto, que talvez conduza à signification, e alcançar meaning com a prática de meditação, como uma forma para nos conectarmos com nossa unidade cósmica, ou para nossas próprias finalidades (entelechia); ou isto poderia “transmitir” informação que não está fundada em nossos hábitos, ou nas propriedades que nos usualmente captamos instintivamente dos objetos que nós interagimos com. Baseado na tríade do signo Peirciano e na ideia de consciência como uma unidade, buscamos abordar aqui a questão se a prática de meditação poderia proporcionar ou mudar, em um processo semiótico, a passagem de signification para meaning. Palavras chaves: Peirce- meaning- meditação

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January 2002 · Cuadernos Dieciochistas

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