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Performance in kimono grip strength tests among Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners from different levels

Authors:
Bruno Da Silva at University Center of Belo Horizonte - UNI-BH
Bruno Da Silva
  • University Center of Belo Horizonte - UNI-BH
Moacir Marocolo at Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
Moacir Marocolo
Mário Antônio de Moura Simim at Federal University of Ceará
Mário Antônio de Moura Simim
Emerson Franchini at University of São Paulo
Emerson Franchini
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Abstract and Figures

Summary Introduction. In combat sports involving grappling, muscular strength is considered one of the most important physical components to be developed, specifically in upper limbs. The objective of our study was to examine if there are differences between elite and non-elite Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners, in two kimono grip strength endurance tests. Material and methods. Forty Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners were divided in four groups: Advanced; Non-Advanced; Recreational and Beginners. All participants performed the kimono grip pull-up tests, both maximum static lift and maximum number of repetitions, until maximal volunteer fatigue with appropriated interval. A One Way analysis of variance was used to compare the groups. Tukey test was used as post hoc test. Results. There were no difference in maximum static lift and maximum number of repetitions tests between Advanced (18 ± 3 rep; 62 ± 14 s) and Non-Advanced (17 ± 3 rep; 60 ± 0 s). There was difference (p<0.05) in maximum static lift test between Recreational (43 ± 5 s) and Beginners (28 ± 9), but not in maximum number of repetitions test between Recreational (9 ± 3 rep) and Beginners (7 ± 3) respectively. Moreover, we observed differences (p>0.05) between both tests in the Recreational and Beginners groups compared with Advanced and Non-Advanced groups. Conclusions. We conclude that isometric kimono grip pull-up test is able to discriminate isometric strength endurance between 4 different levels of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu players groups, but dynamic kimono grip pull-up test only discriminate strength endurance with larger differences concerning practice levels.
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Introduction
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu - BJJ is a grappling sport characterized
by high-intensity intermittent effort separated by low-intensity
periods [1,2]. The match duration in the official championship
for adults graded from blue belt is 5 min, purple belt 7 min,
brown belt 8 min and black belt 10 min [3,4]. It is very similar
to judo and wrestling in many aspects, although there are dif-
ferences in these styles generally involving gripping, throw-
ing, ground grappling, chokeholds, and joint locks [5].
In combat sports involving grappling, muscular strength is
considered one of the most important physical components to
be developed, through dynamic and static actions, specifical-
ly in upper limbs [5-8]. Such strength manifestations are vital
in BJJ performance [5,8], specially to maintain the grip and to
control the opponent, to perform new attacks, and defenses
or counter-attack actions [8,10].
As a mechanism to evaluate the muscular strength kimo -
no grip pull-up test (KPU) has been considered a useful
instru ment to indicate dynamic muscular endurance in judo
[13] and BJJ [10]. Studies [10,13] have confirmed the effec-
tiveness of this method to discriminate muscle strength in
upper limbs of athletes from different competitive levels,
Franchini et al. [13] with judo athletes and recent work per-
formed from our laboratory evaluating BJJ athletes [10]. Addi -
tionally, the isometric version has been used successfully to
evaluate the impact of a typical BJJ training session on iso-
metric strength endurance [14].
11
Performance in kimono grip strength tests
among Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners from
different levels
Bruno Victor Corrêa da Silva1(A-E), Moacir Marocolo Junior2(C,D),
Mário Antônio de Moura Simim1(A,C,D), Emerson Franchini3(A,C,D),
Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota2(A,C,D)
1Master Science in Physical Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
2Department of Sport Sciences, Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba,
MG, Brazil
3Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Key words: strength training; athletes; sports.
Summary
Introduction. In combat sports involving grappling, muscular strength is considered one of the most important physical com-
ponents to be developed, specifically in upper limbs. The objective of our study was to examine if there are differences between
elite and non-elite Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners, in two kimono grip strength endurance tests.
Material and methods. Forty Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners were divided in four groups: Advanced; Non-Advanced;
Recreational and Beginners. All participants performed the kimono grip pull-up tests, both maximum static lift and maximum num-
ber of repetitions, until maximal volunteer fatigue with appropriated interval. A One Way analysis of variance was used to com-
pare the groups. Tukey test was used as post hoc test.
Results. There were no difference in maximum static lift and maximum number of repetitions tests between Advanced (18 ±
3 rep; 62 ± 14 s) and Non-Advanced (17 ± 3 rep; 60 ± 0 s). There was difference (p<0.05) in maximum static lift test between
Recreational (43 ± 5 s) and Beginners (28 ± 9), but not in maximum number of repetitions test between Recreational (9 ± 3 rep)
and Beginners (7 ± 3) respectively. Moreover, we observed differences (p>0.05) between both tests in the Recreational and
Beginners groups compared with Advanced and Non-Advanced groups.
Conclusions. We conclude that isometric kimono grip pull-up test is able to discriminate isometric strength endurance
between 4 different levels of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu players groups, but dynamic kimono grip pull-up test only discriminate strength
endurance with larger differences concerning practice levels.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts
© MEDSPORTPRESS, 2014; 1(2); Vol. 5, 11-15
DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1127447
Although previous researches [10,13,14] have investigat-
ed KPU tests no other investigative studies compared KPU
tests between more than two differently groups of BJJ ath-
letes. We believe that the knowledge about physical profile of
BJJ players will help athletes, coaches, and conditioning spe-
cialists to establish a guideline for training programs to im -
prove athlete performance. Therefore, this study aimed at
com pare maximal static lift (MSL) and maximal number of
repetitions (MNR) between 4 different levels of BJJ players.
We hypothesized that these tests could properly differentiate
BJJ athletes from different levels.
Material and methods
Forty BJJ male players participated voluntarily and were
subdivided in four groups: a) 10 Advanced athletes (AD); b)
10 Non-advanced athletes (NA); c) 10 recreational (R) and d)
10 beginner practitioners (B). The following criteria were con-
sidered to include the subjects at the moment the study was
conducted: a) to present age between 20 and 38 years; b) to
be at least 3 month of experience in BJJ; c) to be training from
3 to 18 h per week, d) not to present any physical limitations
to the tests; e) not being using nutritional supplements or
potential ergogenic aids of any kind; (f) being familiarized with
the exercises. The criteria to be include in each group were:
a) Advanced – to be graduated as brown or black belt, and
medalist at state, national or international competitions; Non-
Advanced – to be graduated as blue or purple belt and medal-
ist at state, national or international competitions; c) Recre -
ational – to be graduated from blue to black belt and occa-
sionally participate in competitions; d) Beginners - to be grad-
uate as white belt and to be at maximum 1 year of experience
in BJJ. This study was approved by local Ethics Committee
and was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Decla -
ration of 1975, as revised in 2008. Prior the study the volun-
teers signed an informed consent form.
The physical, strength and BJJ training characteristics of
the 40 subjects who completed the study are shown in Table 1.
Procedures
This study was performed during pre-competitive period
for G and NG players. All participants undertook familiariza-
tion with tests, including theoretical instructions and anthro-
pometric measurements. The reliability for both tests was
assess ed in a previous study, which reported an intraclass
correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.9 and a confidence interval
95% inferior/superior limits of 0.927/0.989 and 0.966/0.995
for both tests. Both in the familiarization and in the days of the
tests the participants were instructed to arrive at the gym in a
rested and fully hydrated state, at least 4-hr postprandial, and
to avoid strenuous exercise in the previous 24h. Each subject
was tested at the same period of the day (16:00 h - 18:00 h)
in a room with constant temperature (23 ºC).
Measures
Maximum static lift (MSL)
The participants cycled 5-min on a stationary bicycle (Mo -
nark®, 60 rpm, 25 Watts). Following this warm-up, they did two
sets of 5-s of grip holding on kimono rolled around the bar, with
the elbow joint in maximal flexion, and 1-min of pause between
the sets. After 3-min (passive pause), the BJJ athletes were
required to sustain this position during the maximal possible time.
Maximum number of repetitions (MNR)
Fifteen minutes after the MSL test, the participants under-
took the MNR. Before, however, they cycled 3-min and did
two sets of five repetitions with 1-min break. Following 3-min
of passive pause, the volunteers performed the MNR from a
fully flexed to a fully extended elbow position, with the same
grip position applied at MSL.
Statistical analysis
The normality of the data was tested by Kolmogorov-
Smirnov test. A One Way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
used to determine whether differences existed between the
groups for physical and training characteristics and for MSL and
MNR tests. Tukey post hoc test were used to determine where
those differences existed. Statistical significance was accepted
at an alpha level of p≤ 0.05. Effects size were assessed using
partial eta squared (η2). Statistical Package for Social Sciences
17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) was used to perform analyses.
Results
Figure 1 and 2 present results in absolute values of ki -
mono grip pull-up test (KPU) dynamic and isometric to evalu-
ate endurance strength from G, NG, R and B groups.
Silva B.V.C. et al. Differences between Ju-Jitsu practitioners in two kimono grip strength endurance tests
12
Tab. 1. Age, body mass and height of BJJ players (n = 40) from different levels
For the dynamic test there was a significant effect of
group (F = 35, 45; P = 0.001; effect size = 0.747) on number
of repetitions. Advanced athletes presented higher performance
compared to recreational (P = 0.001) and beginners groups
(P = 0.001). Non-advanced athletes also were superior to
recreational (P = 0.001) and beginners groups (P = 0.001).
There was also a significant effect of group (F = 20, 13; P
= 0.001; effect size = 0.627) on time of suspension in the iso-
metric test. Advanced athletes presented higher performance
compared to recreational (P = 0.004) and beginners groups
(P = 0.001). Non-advanced athletes also were superior to
recreational (P = 0.014) and beginners groups (P = 0.001)
and recreational were superior to beginners (P = 0.017).
Discussion
We compared maximal static lift (MSL) and maximal num-
ber of repetitions (MNR) between 4 different levels of BJJ
players. The main results obtained in MSL and MNR from this
study were: a) in both tests, the AD presented a better per-
formance compared with R and B groups; b) in both tests, the
NA performance was significantly better than R and B groups;
c) in both tests, there were no differences between AD and
NA. Besides, in MSL test the R group performed better per-
formance than B group.
The results from this study reveled similarity to recent
works based on KPU tests to differentiate combat sports’ ath-
letes [10,13], as verified in MNR test by Franchini et al. with
judokas athletes [13] and Silva et al. with BJJ players[10]. The
Silva B.V.C. et al. Differences between Ju-Jitsu practitioners in two kimono grip strength endurance tests
13
Fig. 1. Maximal number of repetitions performed by advanced (AD), non-Advanced (NA), recreational (R) and beginners (B) BJJ athletes. *
= AD different from R and
B. (P < 0.05); # = NA different from R and B. (P < 0.05)
Fig. 2. Maximal static lift performed performed by advanced (AD), non-Advanced (NA), recreational (R) and beginners (B) BJJ athletes.* = AD different from R
and B (P < 0.05); # = NA different from R and B (P < 0.05); † = R different from B (P < 0.05)
AD athletes studied in the current work performed a slightly
higher number of repetitions in the MNR (18 ± 3 rep) com-
pared to elite BJJ athletes (15 ± 4 rep) [10] and a higher num-
ber compared to judokas [13] (12 ± 5 rep). However, recre-
ational (9 ± 3 rep) and beginners BJJ players (7 ± 3 rep) from
our study had very close performance compared to non-elite
BJJ athletes from Silva et al. study [10] (8 ± 3 reps), recre-
ational had similar values and beginners slightly lower to state
level judokas (9 ± 4 rep). Concerning the isometric strength
endurance time, the results presented by the athletes groups
in our study are quite similar to those reported by Santos et
al. in the control condition from their study [14]. Our results
indicate that PUK tests are a discriminatory element of iso-
metric and dynamic strength endurance between groups (ath-
letes versus non athletes).
From a BJJ training perspective, KPU tests demonstrated
to be important because during the period of combat both ath-
letes try to throw, sweep or restrain the opponent repeatedly
by holding the kimono of the adversary. Generally, these
actions are performed with isometric and/or dynamic actions
flexing the elbow joint to reduce the distance from the oppo-
nent. Thus, differences in the strengths endurance, in order to
perform effectively these movements during the match, could
influence BJJ performance. Even though others studies [8,12]
assessed maximal and endurance grip by handgrip dyna mo -
meter, this measure represents only one component of what
happens in a fight. Although the region of forearm is active to
perform isometric action, the trunk and arm are normally exe-
cuting dynamic actions.
Differently, during KPU tests, forearms perform isometric
action while arms are executing dynamic actions. Additionally,
as these tests involve sustentation of athletes own body mass,
they guarantee a direct relation to the weight category [13].
Our study was able, as well as the previous studies [10,
13], to discriminate groups from different competitive/practice
level. In recent investigation [9], differently from the study ap -
plied to the judo athlete [13], the BJJ athlete groups were
composed by subjects from blue to black belt. Therefore fur-
ther investigations using athletes with the similar graduation
levels are required, since in some BJJ official championships
the athletes are subdivided in blue to purple belt and from
brown to black belt groups.
In the present study it was observed significant differences
among dynamic KPU test only when athletes (AD and NA)
were compared to non-athletes (R and B) groups. Although
we cannot affirm the specific reasons of these differences, it
seems that dynamic KPU test was not able to discriminate
subjects who are involved with competition, independently of
graduation level. Furthermore, our findings appear to indicate
that other factors, more than time of practice, could induce
better response during dynamic KPU test. Regarding the re -
sults observed, perhaps the number of training sessions (NST)
performed for each group could account partially by the dif-
ference in results. We can emphasize that one of limitations
of this study was not to estimate the body fat mass percent-
age, which could interfere with performance in these tests.
Considering the data from literature about KPU [10,13,14]
tests and the vital importance of dynamic and isometric
strength endurance for BJJ performance[10], we indicate their
applications not only as a mean to discriminate strength level
between subjects from different competitive levels, but to ana-
lyze strength evaluation in BJJ players and to be guideline for
training programs that will improve performance. Additionally,
we suggest the need for more investigations into the applica-
tion of KPU in aiding athletic performance for BJJ, because
the direct relationship between KPU tests and the fight results
is not entirely clear at this time.
Conclusions
We compare maximal static lift (MSL) and maximal num-
ber of repetitions (MNR) between 4 different levels of BJJ
players and this study concluded that only isometric KPU test
is able to discriminate isometric strength endurance between
groups. However dynamic KPU test discriminate strength en -
durance with larger differences concerning practice levels
(AD and NA versus R and B). Together with previously pub-
lished data from the same test seem that isometric KPU test
can be used for the physical evaluation of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
from different levels because they are highly specific and ac -
cessible.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank CAPES/REUNI for financial support of
research.
Silva B.V.C. et al. Differences between Ju-Jitsu practitioners in two kimono grip strength endurance tests
14
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Address for correspondence:
Silva B.V.C. et al. Differences between Ju-Jitsu practitioners in two kimono grip strength endurance tests
15
... SW is a strength index representing the ratio of muscle-generated force to total body mass. This measure provides an objective and accurate depiction of actual muscle strength characteristics, which is crucial in weight-class-restricted sports [18], such as Judo and BJJ [8,9]. ...
... 2. Maximum Anaerobic Work (MAW) [14,18] -calculated as the product of the jump measurement result (m), the body mass of the individual (kg), and gravitational acceleration, according to the formula: ...
... Maximum Alactic Anaerobic Power (MAP) is the ability to perform maximum work as quickly as possible to assess the level of explosive strength capabilities. In indirect studies, it is recommended to measure Maximum Anaerobic Work (MAW), which is highly correlated with and an approximate measure of MAP [18]. ...
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... Motor fitness was assessed using selected tests from the EUROFIT battery of standardized physical fitness tests [22]. Additionally, Żak's modification for the balance test [23], a computerized reaction time test [24], and a sport-specific grip endurance test on a judogi [25,26] were used. Before each measurement, both groups participated in a standard 15-minute warm-up designed to prepare the body for physical exertion. ...
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PurposeThis study aimed to analyze the health-related body composition and muscle strength performance in male and female Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) practitioners and to verify the upper and lower limbs bilateral asymmetry in these individuals.Methods Forty-three BJJ practitioners participated of this study, 20 men and 23 women. The individuals performed anthropometric measurements (body mass, height and body fat), neuromuscular lower limb assessments (countermovement jump—CMJ, squat jump—SJ and sit-and-reach test), and upper limb assessments (handgrip strength test—HGS test and Kimono Grip Strength Test—KGST).ResultsThe main results demonstrated that most practitioners (both men and women) were classified as normal body fat, regular performance in CMJ and HGS, however, with poor flexibility. Higher performance in neuromuscular tests (CMJ, SJ and HGS) and KGST was reported in men compared to women, while women presented better flexibility and the use of elastic energy during the jump compared to men (p < 0.05). Additionally, higher values of HGS in the dominant hand than the non-dominant was observed only in women (p = 0.001), and no significant difference was observed in the unilateral CMJ between the limbs for both women (p = 0.29) and men (p = 0.06).Conclusion The recreational BJJ practice seems to induce improvements in body composition and muscle strength in the upper and lower limbs, without provoking bilateral asymmetries in the lower limbs. Men presented higher physical performance than women in most neuromuscular tests, but both showed poor flexibility.
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... Finally, despite the evident physiological stress throughout the matches, handgrip strength remained unchanged throughout the protocol. This finding is particularly relevant, as grip strength plays a fundamental role in BJJ, being essential for executing and maintaining grips during combat (Jones & Ledford, 2012;Silva et al., 2014). Thus, the observed strength preservation suggests that short-term neuromuscular fatigue may not be a primary limiting factor in successive matches. ...
Thermal stress and physiological responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes submitted to simulated fights in a hot environment
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2025
Objective: Analyze thermal stress and changes in physiological variables in simulated BJJ fights in a hot environment. Methodology: The study included 12 male athletes, comprising 11 black belts and 1 brown belt. The athletes were divided into pairs according to their categories and there were four 10-minute bouts with 10 minutes of rest between bouts in a covered environment, during the night, with an ambient temperature (TA) of 29.3 ± 0.5ºC and relative air humidity (URA) of 75.9 ± 1.1%. The variables heart rate (HR), lactate, gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi) and skin temperature (Tskin), hand grip, dehydration rate, total sweating and specific urine density were evaluated. HR, lactate and Tgi data were collected before starting the simulated fights (pre 1, 2, 3 and 4), immediately after the end of each fight (post 1, 2, 3, and 4). All other variables were collected during the baseline period, which corresponds to pre 1, and in the post-fight assessments (post-fight 1, 2, 3, and 4). Results: There was a significant reduction in body mass post-fight compared to pre-simulated fights (p < 0.001). Despite ad libitum hydration, athletes transitioned from a euhydrated state to significant-to-severe dehydration by the end of the protocol. HR values were significantly higher post-fight (post 1, 2, 3, 4) compared to rest (pre-1) (p < 0.001). Blood lactate levels increased post-fight (post 1, 2, 3, 4) compared to rest (pre-1). Tgi increased significantly after the first fight (post 1, 2, 3, 4) compared to rest (pre 1) (p < 0.001) and remained stable until the fourth fight. Tskin showed a increase post-fight (post 1, 2, 3) compared to rest (pre-1) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The thermoregulatory mechanisms were sufficient to maintain thermal control during the simulated BJJ fights.
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... In the isometric version, the chronometer began with a verbal command and was stopped when the participants could no longer maintain the original position, while the number of repetitions was counted by an evaluator in the dynamic version. The reliability of the KGST was assessed in a previous study, presenting an ICC higher than 0.98 (Follmer et al. 2015;Silva et al. 2014). Villar et al. (2018) and described the BJJST, which consists of performing five sets of maximum repetitions of the butterfly lift movement during one minute for each of the five bouts with a 45-second recovery interval between bouts. ...
Time-of-day effects on physical performance and perceptual responses in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes
Article
This study investigated how the time of day affects physical performance and perceptual responses in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes. Given the significance of circadian rhythms on athletic capabilities, we aimed to determine whether performance variations occur across different times of the day (morning, 10:00–11:00h; afternoon, 14:00–15:00h; and evening, 18:00–19:00h) and if these effects differ by sex. In total, 23 BJJ athletes (9 females, 14 males) participated in this study. The athletes performed physical tests including the maximal isometric handgrip strength test (HGS), Kimono Grip Strength Endurance Test (KGST), and a BJJ-specific test (BJJST) in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Perceptual responses (RPE) were also collected before the BJJST. Results showed enhanced physical performance in the evening for most tests, including increased HGS and superior performance in the KGST and BJJST for both sexes (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in perceptual responses (RPE) or between sexes (p > 0.05). We conclude that BJJ athletes generally perform better in the evening compared to other times of the day, with notable improvements in HSG and specific BJJ tests. The study highlights the importance of aligning training schedules with an athlete’s circadian rhythm to optimize performance, leading to more efficient training sessions and improved long-term performance outcomes.
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... Rev. Artes Marciales Asiát., 17 (2), 130-139 ~ 2022 in match characteristics between regional and international matches. Although it is not uncommon for advanced athletes to present superior physical characteristics compared to non-advance athletes (Corrêa da Silva et al., 2014;da Silva et al., 2012;da Silva Junior et al., 2019;Diaz Lara et al., 2014), this was not reflected in the match pace characteristics in our sample. A likely reason is that each athlete was matched with an opponent of similar skill and experience level, which may negate any major differences in athletic ability. ...
Position before submission? Techniques and tactics in competitive no-gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
Brazilian jiujitsu (BJJ) is a grappling-based combat sport performed either with a traditional uniform, the gi, or without, known as no-gi. Differences between the two when it comes to gripping, pace, and ruleset can affect match characteristics, which has implications for how athletes approach competition. The present study investigated time-motion and technical-tactical characteristics in matches from official no-gi submission-only BJJ tournaments. The analysis included 26 regional and 26 international athletes from the light-feather to super-heavy weight class. Match characteristics did not differ between competition levels, style (guard or pass player), or weight (p > 0.05). The duration of positional dominance was similar between competition levels and styles (p > 0.05), but significantly different between winners and losers (p < 0.05; effect size (ES) = 0.39). Positional dominance also correlated with upper-body submissions (r = 0.50; p < 0.05). Interestingly, positional dominance appeared inconsequential in matches determined by lower-body submissions. In fact, athletes winning by lower-body submissions, in most cases a heel hook, exerted no positional control prior to their victory. The high-to low-intensity ratio was 1:2 and 1:1, for regional and international athletes, respectively. The standing to ground time ratio was 1:2 for both groups. In addition to the novel competition characteristics of competitive no-gi BJJ, these findings indicate that there are strategical discrepancies that precede distinctly different submission holds.
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... In this study, KGSTD presented with an expected decrease throughout the combat in both groups [13,30]. Previously, researchers have compared dynamic strength endurance in amateurs and professional BJJ athletes and found significant differences between these two groups, which favored the professionals [31,32]. This difference can be readily explained by the fact that amateur athletes are likely to have reduced muscle strength due to a lower training level and/or prior knowledge of the required movements. ...
Effect of carbohydrate supplementation on strength parameters during a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu simulated tournament
Article
Full-text available
Purpose This study aimed to analyze the effects of carbohydrate supplementation on strength parameters during a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) simulated tournament.Methods Fourteen male BJJ amateurs athletes took part in a simulated tournament (3 × 8min matches, 10-min rest), in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. In two different sessions (7-day washout), BJJ athletes ingested 30g of maltodextrin (CARB) or placebo (PLA). Were evaluated: maximal isometric handgrip strength (MIH), dynamic strength endurance [Kimono grip strength test dynamic (KGSTD)], muscular power [horizontal countermovement jump, (HCMJ)], ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and lactate concentration.Results There was an interaction effect on MIH strength (p = 0.029 in right hand). MIH did not change during the tourna-ment simulation in the CARB group, but decreased in the PLA group in the right-hand post-match. An interaction effect in KGSTD was observed (p = 0.006). Both groups had a decrease in KGSTD performance over the match; however, in the second interval, the CARB group showed higher strength than PLA. There was an interaction effect on HCMJ (p = 0.003). HCMJ increased during the tournament in the both groups. Lactate level and RPE indicated that exercise was intense and similar between the groups.Conclusion Carbohydrate supplementation provides a mild improve in the BJJ athlete’s strength during a simulated tournament. Clinical Trials: NCT03203785.
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EFFECTS OF JUDO RULE CHANGE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLOOR TECHNIQUES IN COMPETITORS
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Jun 2024
The International Judo Federation (IJF) has often changed the rules to protect judokas, increase the intensity of competitions, score more, and achieve greater attention and popularity. This research aims to determine the impact of judo rule change on the effectiveness of floor techniques in competitors at the Europa Judo Open in Sarajevo 2021-2022. The research was conducted on a sample of (n=217) senior fights and a sample of (n=130) senior women's fights in 2021. and a sample of (n=206) senior fights and a sample of (n=119) senior women's fights in 2022. in all 7 weight categories at the Sarajevo European Open. It was found that the most commonly performed techniques of procedures are Hon-gesa-gatame, yoko-shiho-gatame and sankaku-jime. The highest percentage of osaekomi-waza (holding in the grip) is immediately after the throw, and the highest percentage of shime-waza (choking techniques) were performed after a failed opponent's attack. The percentage of kansetsu-waza (leverage) is reduced. By analyzing, we found that in the lower weight categories there was an increase in ground wins (senior men category: 60kg 7 % in 2021, 19% in 2022,66 kg 22% in 2021, 28% in 2022, 73 kg 11% 2021,32% in 2022), that is, generally the application of parterre techniques during the combat, while in the larger weight categories (81, 90, 100, +100) the percentage of wins in ne-waza decreased slightly (category 81 kg 18% in 2021, 12% in 2022,90kg 19% in 2021, 18% in 2022, 100 kg 18% in 2021, 7% in 2022, +100kg 33% in 2021, 22% in 2022). In the women's categories 48 kg, 52 kg and +78 kg, significant progress was observed (senior women category 48kg 18,75% in 2021, 38,46% in 2022,52 kg 20% in 2021, 25% in 2022, +78 kg 33.33% in 2021, 55,56% in 2022), while in other female weight categories, the efficiency in ne-waza was higher in 2021 (57 kg 32% in 2021,26,32% in 2022, 63kg 31,50% in 2021, 25% in 2022,70 kg 34,78% in 2021, 11,54% in 2022, 78 kg 26,67% in 2021, 25% in 2022). In seniors, control techniques improved slightly while senior women performed better at performing shime-waza and kansetsu-waza techniques compared to 2021 (15,15% in 2021, 25,81% in 2022). With the introduction of new rules in judo, more time space was given to the ne-waza so that growth was recorded in osaekomi-waza, while the number of kansetsu-waza and shime-waza decreased.
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In search of muscular fitness and its relation to training experience and sports performance of athletes of modern combat sports such as mixed martial arts (MMA) and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ)
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2023
Background: Combat sports, including MMA and BJJ place very high and varied demands on athletes in terms of strength and strength-endurance training. The aim of the present study was to level of development motor fitness athletes combat sports and examine their relationship with training experience, and high sports performance. Methods: Thirty athletes were studied and compared between two groups: MMA (N=15) and BJJ (N=15). Somatic measurements were performed. Selected manifestations of the athletes potential in terms of strength and strength endurance were also measured, using selected tests from the International Physical Fitness Test (EUROFIT) battery, and relative strength and MAW indices were calculated. A coach ranking of athletes by sports achievement was developed. Next, the strength of the relationship of the effect of the aspects of strength and conditioning with training experience and sports performance was assessed. Results: The level of motor fitness in the groups was significantly different between the athletes of these sports in terms of strength and strength endurance abilities (p=0,006-0,038). A higher level of these elements of fitness was displayed by BJJ athletes. In both groups, significant correlations were found between the motor effect and the training experience (r=0,53-0,89) also sports result (r=0,53-0,76). Conclusions: The results allow for the initial diagnosis and interpretation of motor fitness competencies along with the profile of its key manifestations in MMA and BJJ, which promotes optimization of the quality of coaching control.
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Endurance in judogi grip strength tests: Comparison between elite and non-elite judo players
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2011
Background and Study Aim: The ability to develop a strong grip and maintain it during a judo match has become an important element for judo athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine differences between measurements of maximal isometric time on judogi pull-up, and number of repetitions during dynamic judogi pull-up. Material/Methods: The sample was composed by two groups: 16 high-level judo athletes from the male Brazilian National Team and 12 male state-level judo athletes, with at least one athlete per weight category. The tests were compared through analysis of co-variance (body mass as co-variable), followed by a post-hoc test (Scheffé. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: No difference was found in the isometric test: Brazilian Team: 35±18s; Regional: 39±14s. However, the Brazilian Team performed a high number of repetitions (12±5 rep) compared to regional group (9±;4 rep) during the dynamic grip strength endurance test. Conclusions: Thus, dynamic grip strength endurance seems to be a discriminating variable between judo athletes, probably because judo combat involves many elbow extensions and flexions in order to avoid the opponent's grip and to subdue them.
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Physiological and Technical-tactical Analysis in Brazilian Jiu-jitsu Competition
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2013
The present study aims at investigating the physiological response and technical-tactical parameters in Brazilian jiu-jitsu competition. The study included 35 male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (adult category, body mass: 80.2 ± 13.0 kg), graded from white to brown belt, during combats fought at regional level. Twenty-two fights were analyzed in terms of technique and time structure. Blood glucose, lactate and maximal isometric grip strength were determined before and after the fights. The rate of perceived exertion was also assessed after the fight, using the 6-20 Borg rating. The fights were recorded and the following variables were determined: the exertion/pause ratio and subjective intensity of actions, categorized between low and high intensity. The results indicated that during Brazilian jiu-jitsu fights, the glycolytic pathway is only moderately activated (lactate before: 4.4 (4.0 - 4.6) mmol/L, after: 10.1 (8.0 - 11.3) mmol/L; glucose before: 112.4 ± 22.3 mg/dL, after: 130.5 ± 31.0 mg/dL). The exertion during the fight resulted in significant reductions in handgrip strength (right hand grip before: 45.9 ± 10.3 kgf, after: 40.1 ± 9.5 kgf; left hand grip before: 44.2 ± 11.1 kgf, after: 37.0 ± 10.2 kgf). The athletes rated the fight as hard: 15 (13 - 15). Effort/pause ratio was 6:1, while high-intensity actions lasted approximately 4 s, resulting in a low/high intensity? ratio of 8:1. It is recommended that coaches direct the training loads to simulate the energy demand imposed by the competitive matches, activating moderately the glycolytic pathway. Moreover, the time structure of combats can be used to prescribe both physical and technical-tactical training.
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Selected Factors Influencing the Level of General Fitness in Elite Greco-Roman Wrestlers
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2005
The problem of level general fitness in wrestlers was investigated by many scientists, but in few papers factors influencing it were analyzed. The purpose of this study was to capture the kinetics of changes in gen - eral fitness as well as their age-dependent diversity, training experience, weight and the type body type as well as the sports level of the wrestlers. 61 elite Greco-Roman wrestling contestants (15 to 33 years of age and 2 to 20 years of training experience) were examined. The average body height equaled 173.14 cm, whereas body mass - 73.47 kg. ANOVA was used to ana lyze the differences in results of physical fitness (Starosta, 1985). The following factors were taken into account: A. age, B. training experience, C. body mass, D. body type, and E. sports level. The age influenced the results of speed, strength and endurance tests. Training experience significantly affected the achievements in strength tests and strength endurance trials. Body mass affected local endurance of arm and trunk muscles. The pyknic body type was inversely related to aerobic endurance. The sports level clearly differentiated the results of strength endurance of arm and trunk muscles, whose function is extremely important in wrestling. The monitoring of general fitness and the analysis of individual physical fitness profiles in comparison with those of the group revealed stronger and weaker aspects of the state of preparation of the wrestlers.
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Cryotherapy post-training reduces muscle damage markers in jiu-jitsu fighters
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2012
Santos WOC, Brito CJ, Júnior EAP, Valido CN, Mendes EL, Nunes MAP, Franchini E. Cryotherapy post-training reduces muscle damage markers in jiu-jitsu fighters. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 629-638, 2012. Although widely used in sports, the efficiency of cryotherapy in reducing muscle damage has been questioned. The present study investigated the acute effects of post-exercise cryotherapy on the expression of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), perceived pain, and muscle strength of the upper limbs in Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitors. Nine highly trained fighters were subjected to two 90-minute training sessions. After the first session, five random subjects were immersed in a pool with ice (5±1°C) for nineteen minutes, and the remaining participants were allocated to the control group. The treatments were reversed in the second session (cross-over design). Analysis of covariance with repeated measures was used to compare outcomes between the groups, and pre-test measures were used as covariates. Pearson's correlation was adopted to check the strength of the associations between variables. The results showed lower serum CPK concentrations (P<0.05) in the cryotherapy group (504.0±138.7 IU/L) compared to the pre-exercise (532.6 ± 67.9 IU/L) group, and a similar result was observed for LDH (517.4±190.3 vs. 601.8±75.7 IU/L). Cryotherapy resulted in lower (P<0.05) perceived pain (2.2 ± 1.6 vs. 4.2 ± 1.9) and body temperature (34.2±1.3°C vs. 36.3±0.7°C), and an attenuated loss of isometric strength (53.1±18.1 s vs. 42.9±14.5 s). Perceived pain was directly associated (P<0.05) with CPK (r=0.59) and LDH (r=0.475) levels. The results show that post-exercise cryotherapy resulted in lower serum CPK and LDH, hypoalgesia, and greater preservation of isometric strength endurance when compared to the control condition.
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Effect of physical endurance on fighting and the level of sports performance in junior judokas
Article
  • Jan 2010
Background This study attempted to produce answer to the question: Is physical endurance in judo contestant at junior age and Study Aim: related to the adopted fighting strategy and the level of sports performance?Material/Methods: The study covered 10 judo contestants from three clubs in Poland. First stage encompassed registration of their competitive activity level. On the basis of this record, contestant's fighting activity, efficiency and level of perfor- mance was assessed. Another stage of the investigations focused of evaluation of their aerobic and anaerobic en- durance on the basis of testing methods used in the Institute for Human Physiology in the University School of Physical Education in Cracow. The strength of the relationship was concluded based on the value of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.Results: As was observed on the basis of statistical analysis, level of anaerobic endurance shows strong relationship with the method of fighting observed among young judokas. Time to reach maximal power seems to be of particular importance. Its value correlated with efficiency of contestants' actions taken during second phase of fight and with the level of sports achievement.Conclusions: The results of the present study should be taken into consideration by judo club coaches during planning and implementation of training schedules among young contestants.
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Selected Factors Influencing the Level of General Fitness in Elite Greco-Roman Wrestlers
Article
  • Jan 2005
The problem of level general fitness in wrestlers was investigated by many scientists, but in few papers factors influencing it were analyzed. The purpose of this study was to capture the kinetics of changes in general fitness as well as their age-dependent diversity, training experience, weight and the type body type as well as the sports level of the wrestlers. 61 elite Greco-Roman wrestling contestants (15 to 33 years of age and 2 to 20 years of training experience) were examined. The average body height equaled 173.14 cm, whereas body mass-73.47 kg. ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in results of physical fitness (Starosta, 1985). The following factors were taken into account: A. age, B. training experience, C. body mass, D. body type, and E. sports level. The age influenced the results of speed, strength and endurance tests. Training experience significantly affected the achievements in strength tests and strength endurance trials. Body mass affected local endurance of arm and trunk muscles. The pyknic body type was inversely related to aerobic endurance. The sports level clearly differentiated the results of strength endurance of arm and trunk muscles, whose function is extremely important in wrestling. The monitoring of general fitness and the analysis of individual physical fitness profiles in comparison with those of the group revealed stronger and weaker aspects of the state of preparation of the wrestlers.
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Strength and Conditioning for Brazilian Jiu-jitsu
Article
  • Apr 2012
BRAZILIAN JIU-JITSU IS A GRAPPLING SPORT THAT COMBINES ASPECTS OF WRESTLING AND JUDO AS WELL AS ITS OWN SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES. THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES HOW TO DESIGN AN APPROPRIATE STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROGRAM FOR THE SPORT. IT COVERS THE STRENGTH, POWER, ENDURANCE, AND FLEXIBILITY NEEDS OF THE JIU-JITSU ATHLETE AND INJURY PREVENTION.
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Estimated aerobic power, muscular strength and flexibility in elite Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes
Article
  • Dec 2011
  • SCI SPORT
Objectif Cette étude visait à estimer la consommation maximale d’oxygène, la force musculaire et la souplesse chez des athlètes d’élite de Jiu-Jitsu brésiliens. Méthode L’échantillon était composé de onze athlètes de Jiu-Jitsu (âge : 25,8 ± 3,3 ans) médaillés dans des compétitions au niveau national et/ou international. La puissance aérobie a été estimée par le test sur tapis roulant selon le protocole de Bruce. La force maximale isométrique (à la main, jambes et dos) a été mesurée par des tests spécifiques au dynamomètre. Sit-ups et push-ups ont été utilisés respectivement afin d’évaluer la force des muscles abdominaux et des membres supérieurs. Souplesse de la hanche, du dos et des muscles des jambes ont été déterminés par le test de flexion du tron (sit-and-reach test). Résultats Le VO2max sur test sur tapis roulant est de 49,4 ± 3,6 mL/kg par minute. On observe des valeurs de 43,7 ± 4,8 kgf sur la poignée droite et de 40,1 ± 3,8 kgf pour la force à la poignée gauche, 185.5 ± 36,0 de force maximale isométrique kgf pour le dos, et 153 ± 41,9 kgf pour la force isométrique des jambes. Pour évaluer la résistance du muscle, les athlètes ont effectué 52 ± 7 répétitions de sit-ups, et 40 ± 8 répétitions de push-ups. Lors du test de flexion du dos, les athlètes ont obtenu un score moyen de 36 ± 9 cm. Conclusion Il a été constaté que les athlètes d’élite de Jiu-Jitsu brésiliens ont une puissance aérobie et une souplesse moyennes, une grande force abdominale, des membres supérieurs et une force isométrique maximale du dos. Cependant, ils n’ont pas une force maximale de préhension ainsi qu’au niveau des jambes.
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Strength and Conditioning for Grappling Sports
Article
  • Dec 2011
THE GRAPPLING SPORTS OF JUDO, JIU-JITSU, AND WRESTLING REQUIRE THE ATHLETE TO BE IN PEAK PHYSICAL SHAPE. SPECIFIC TRAINING TARGETING ALL HEALTH- AND SKILL-RELATED FITNESS CONDITIONING COMPONENTS IS NEEDED TO MAXIMIZE SUCCESS IN GRAPPLING SPORTS. STRENGTH AND CONDITION PROGRAMS FOR GRAPPLERS CONSIST OF WEIGHT, PLYOMETRIC, AGILITY, FLEXIBILITY, SPEED, AND AEROBIC TRAINING ALL PROPERLY PERIODIZED AND INTEGRATED WITH SPORT PRACTICE TO MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE AT THE APPROPRIATE TIME.
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