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Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plant species from Turkey

August 2007
AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 6(15)

DOI:10.5897/AJB2007.000-2260

Authors:

Mehlika Benli

Ankara University

Kerim Güney

Kastamonu University

Mesrur Ümit Bingöl

Ankara University

Fatmagül Geven

Ankara University

Show all 5 authorsHide

Six plant extracts obtained from different parts such as the leaves, flowers and seeds of four species of the endemic plants in Turkey were tested on a total of 14 microorganisms, 10 of which were bacterial strains and 4 yeast strains. Verbascum eriocarpum (flower) extract was found to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus ; Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica (leaf and flower) and Heracleum paphlagonicum (seed) extracts were found to be effective against Bacillus subtilis ; and Alcea apterocarpa (seed and sepal) extract was found to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . No antimicrobial activity was observed in Heracleum paphlagonicum (leaf) and Alcea apterocarpa (leaf) plant extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the plant extracts were calculated to be between ≥ 0.859 mg/ml and ≥ 110.5 mg/ml and the minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) values were calculated to be between ≥ 3.44 mg/ml and ≥ 132 mg/ml.

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African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 6 (15), pp. 1774-1778, 6 August 2007

Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB

Full Length Research Paper

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plant species

from Turkey

Mehlika Benli1* Kerim Güney2, Ümit Bingöl1, Fatmagül Geven1 and Nazife Yiit3

1Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey.

2 Kastamonu University, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu, Turkey.

3Kirikkale University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Kirikkale, Turkey.

Accepted 2 July, 2007

Six plant extracts obtained from different parts such as the leaves, flowers and seeds of four species of

the endemic plants in Turkey were tested on a total of 14 microorganisms, 10 of which were bacterial

strains and 4 yeast strains. Verbascum eriocarpum (flower) extract was found to be effective against

Staphylococcus aureus; Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica (leaf and flower) and Heracleum paphlago-

nicum (seed) extracts were found to be effective against Bacillus subtilis; and Alcea apterocarpa (seed

and sepal) extract was found to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No antimicrobial activity

was observed in Heracleum paphlagonicum (leaf) and Alcea apterocarpa (leaf) plant extracts. The

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the plant extracts were calculated to be between 

0.859 mg/ml and  110.5 mg/ml and the minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) values were

calculated to be between  3.44 mg/ml and  132 mg/ml.

Key words: Antimicrobial activity, endemic plants, plant extract.

INTRODUCTION

Turkey has a considerably notable and rich flora in terms

of existing plant diversity. It is located in a region where

three fitogeographical regions intersect and constitutes a

bridge between Southern Europe and Southwestern Asia

and Anatolia. Therefore, it is the origination and diversi-

fication centre of many genus and sections and it has

ecological and fitogeographical diversity. As a conseq-

uence, endemism of species is high (Tan, 1992; Dacı et

al., 2002).

Traditional medicines have been used for a wide varie-

ty of purposes for many thousands of years in Turkey and

all over word. In particular, extracts and oils of these

plants have formed the basis of many applications, inclu-

ding raw and processed food preservation, pharmaceu-

tical, alternative medicine, and natural therapies. How-

ever, most of the applications have not been evaluated

scientifically, and their effects have not been explained

*Corresponding author. E- mail: mehlikabenli_76@hotmail.com.

Phone: +90 312 212 67 20 – 1505. Fax: +90 312 223 23 95.

experimentally yet. About 25% of the medicines used for

people’s health have been obtained from these plants so

far (ener et al., 1996). Recently, the antimicrobial acti-

vity of various plant extracts against many microorgani-

sms has been studied in Turkey (Baytop, 1984; Ertürk,

2006; Kele et al., 2001; Dırak et al., 2002; Dülger,

2005; Dülger and Gonuz, 2004).

Up to now an increasing number of antibiotic-resistant

bacteria have been reported (Rawat and Uniyal, 2003;

Dülger et al., 1999; Parvathi and Brindha, 2003) and thus

new natural therapeutic agents are needed in order to

eradicate these pathogens. Through the discovery of

plants that have antimicrobial activity, it will be possible to

discover new natural drugs serving as chemotherapeutic

agents for treatment of nosocomial pathogens and take

these antibiotic-resistant bacteria under control.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the antimicro-

bial effects of six plant extracts obtained from different

parts of four endemic plants such as Verbascum eriocar-

pum (flower), Stachys cretica subsp. Anatolica (leaf and

flower), Heracleum paphlagonicum (leaf), H. paphlago-

nicum (seed), Alcea apterocarpa (leaf), and A. apterocar-

pa (seed and sepal).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of plants

From the A4, Kastamonu: Azdavay; Karyataı Mountain, Yanık Pla-

teau, 41°

41.05N - 33°20.25E, 1141 m, 15.08.2006, Endemic, Iran-

Turan, KG 1493 region, V. eriocarpum (Freyn. and Sint.) Bornm., S.

cretica L. subsp. anatolica Rech., H. paphlagonicum Czeczott., A.

apterocarpa (Fenal) Boiss. Plants were collected and dried in the

shade. These plants were identified at Ankara University Faculty of

Science Herbarium (ANK Herbarium). The plant samples are being

preserved at Ankara University Faculty of Science Herbarium (ANK

Herbarium).

Preparation of extracts

For the determination of antimicrobial activity, 3 g of ground plant

parts were soaked in 30 ml of methanol, and for the minimal inhibit-

tory concentration (MIC) tests, 10 g of ground plants were extracted

with 100 ml of methanol for 24 h. Then, the extracts were filtered

and dried. The dry weight of the remaining residue was calculated.

The dried material was again re-dissolved in methanol and diluted

with deionized water. After the prepared extract solution was sterili-

zed at 121°C for 15 min, it was placed in sterile tubes and centri-

fuged at 5000 rpm for 3 min. The supernatant of extract was used.

Test microorganisms

Fresh cultures of the microorganisms were grown in Nutrient broth

(Acumedia). The density of microorganisms was adjusted to Mc

Farland 0.5 standard. In the tests, a total of 14 microorganisms

including; Enterococcus gallinarum CDC-NJ-4, Enterococcus faeca-

lis ATCC 29212, Bacillus subtilis RSHI, Escherichia coli RSHI,

Shigella RSHI, E. coli ATCC 25922, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC

19615, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Listeria monocyto-

genes ATCC 7644, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Sac-

charomyces cerevisiae (Pakmaya), Candida albicans 845981, Can-

dida crusei ATCC 6258 and C. albicans 900628 were used. For

negative control, 1 ml of methanol – 5 ml of deionized water mixture

was used, and for positive control amikacin (30 µg/ml) (Eczacibasi),

vancomycin (30 µg/ml) (Mayne), penicillin (10U/ml) (I.E.Ulagay),

gentamicin (10 µg/disc) (I.E.Ulagay), rifamicin (5 µg/ml) (Aventis),

tetracycline (30 µg/ml) (SIGMA), ampicillin (10 µg/ml) (SELVA),

chloramphenicol (30 µg/ml) (SIGMA) and erythromycin (15 µg/ml)

(SIGMA) antibiotics were used. In the MIC tests, gentamicin (Gen-

ta-120 mg) (I.E.Ulagay) was used as the standard antibiotic.

Determination of antimicrobial activity

Fresh cultures of the microorganisms (100 µl) were inoculated on

Muller Hinton Agar (Merck). Agar was allowed to dry for 15 - 20 min

and on each plate, three drops each of which was 20 µl of the extr-

act was dropped. The plates were then incubated at 37ºC for 24 h

and the diameters of inhibition zones were measured and evalua-

ted. The assays that were found to be effective were repeated three

times. The positive and negative tests were performed by using the

same conditions (Bilgehan, 2004).

Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

On the sensitive bacterial strains, two-fold liquid dilution tests were

made by using Mueller Hinton Broth (Merck). For each strain, two

Benli et al. 1775

series of 10 tubes were used; while in the first series the plant

extract was tested, in the second series standard antibiotic was

tested. Whether bacterial growth occurred or not was determined by

observing the turbidity of the cultures. The tube in which no growth

occurred was evaluated as the minimum inhibitory concentration

(MIC) and then the minimum effect dose of the extract was

calculated (Bilgehan, 2004).

Determination of the minimum bacteriocidal concentration

(MBC)

The contents of the MIC tubes having no-growth were spread on

Mueller Hinton Agar plates for colony counting. MBC was calculated

by the determination of whether the activity of the extract was bac-

teriostatic or bacteriocidal according to the state of growth. If there

was no growth, the extract was identified as bacteriocidal (Bilgehan,

2004).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In our study, Karyataı Mountain region in Kastamonu,

Turkey was selected as the research field. The locality of

the region is at 16 - 18° North latitudes and 27 - 31° East

longitudes. Azdavay is located in its southern part, en-

pazar is located in its northern part, Alı in its eastern

part and Devrekani creek in its western part. The vertical

limits of the research field are between 873–1210 m. Six

extracts obtained from different parts of four plants from

among the plants collected from this region and included

in the endemic flora were tested on 10 bacterial and 4

yeast strains.

It was observed that V. eriocarpum (flower) extract was

effective against S. aureus; S. cretica subsp. Anatolica

(leaf and flower) and H. paphlagonicum (seed) extracts

were effective against B. subtilis; and A. apterocarpa

(seed and sepal) extract was effective against P. aerugi-

nosa. No antimicrobial activity was observed in H. paph-

lagonicum (leaf) and A. apterocarpa (leaf) extracts (Table

1).

When the antimicrobial activities of standard antibiotics

and plant extracts were compared, it was shown that

plant extracts have effects that were similar to those of

antibiotics and moreover, A. apterocarpa (seed and se-

pal) extract had an inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa

more than the antibiotics do. Even though this bacterium

was resistant against the majority of the antibiotics tes-

ted, it was found to be susceptible to the plant extract and

exhibited an inhibition zone of 36 mm.

The content concentrations of the plant extracts tested

can clearly be seen in Table 2. Again in Table 2 it can be

seen that the MIC values of the plant extracts were

between  0.859 mg/ml and  110.5 mg/ml. MBC values

were found to be between  3.44 mg/ml and  132 mg/ml.

Among the plant extracts, the antimicrobial activities of H.

paphlagonicum (seed) extract was the one with the

minimum effective dose and at the same time the most

effective since even a content concentration of 0.859

mg/ml was sufficient to eradicate the bacteria. In the

1776 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Table 1. The antimicrobial activity of six extract that were extracted four endemic plants different parts and nine standard antibiotics

INHIBITION ZONES (mm)

PLANT EXTRACTS C STANDARD ANTIBIYOTICS

MICROORGANISMS

Verbascum eriocarpum (flower)

Stachys cretica subsp.anatolica

(leaf and flower)

Heracleum paphlagonicum (leaf)

Heracleum paphlagonicum (seed)

Alcea apterocarpa (leaf)

Alcea apterocarpa (seed and sepal)

Negative control

Amikacin

Vancomycin

Penicillin

Gentamicin

Rifocin

Tetracycline

Ampicilin

Chloramphenicol

Erythnomycin

Enterococcus gallinarum

CDC-NJ-4 - - - - - - - - 12 - 15 13 - - - 11

Enterococcus faecalis

ATCC 29212 - - - - - - - 16 12 - 16 14 - - - 11

Bacillus subtilis RSHI - 20 - 11 - - - 24 19 22 25 23 12 - 13 24

Escherichia coli RSHI - - - - - - - 18 - - 18 - - - - -

Shigella RSHI - - - - - - - 20 - - 19 - - - - -

Escherichia coli ATCC

25922 - - - - - - - 16 - - 17 - - - - -

Streptococcus pyogenes

ATCC 19615 - - - - - - - 13 12 - 16 15 - - - 12

Staphylococcus aureus

ATCC 29213 12 - - - - - - 17 15 19 17 27 12 - - 18

Listeria monocytogenes

ATCC 7644 - - - - - - - 25 16 - 27 39 - - - 19

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ATCC27853 - - - - - 36 - 17 - - 15 - - - - -

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

(Pakmaya) - - - - - - - - 16 - - 17 10 8 - 11

Candida albicans 845981 - - - - - - - 17 12 - 19 15 - - - 12

Candida crusei ATCC

6258 - - - - - - - 14 11 - 17 17 - - - 11

Candida albicans 900628 17 11 - 16 15 - - - 11

Benli et al. 1777

Table 2. MIC, MBC values of the Crataegus tanacetifolia leaf extract (mg/ml) and Gentamicin (µg/ml) on susceptible bacterial strains.

MBC tests, no bacterium colony was observed in the

inoculations made on agar plates. These results indicate

that the plant extracts have a bacteriocidal effect on

bacteria. The effect of the plant extract on bacterial stra-

ins was not in a manner of blocking growth but eradica-

ting pathogenous bacteria.

Many antimicrobial activity studies have been perfor-

med on different plant species belonging to Heracleum

genus. In these studies, it is reported that they were effe-

ctive on many bacterial and yeast strains (Fazly and

Haririzadeh, 2003; Shahidi Bonjar et al., 2004; Dash et

al., 2005; Kuar et al., 2006; Ergene et al., 2006). Simi-

larly, the antimicrobial activities of extracts obtained from

different parts and different species of Verbascum

(Dülger et al., 2002; Guarino, 2002; Dulger and Gonuz,

2004; engül et al., 2005) and Stachys (Dirak et al.,

2001; Dulger and Gonuz, 2004) were shown.

These results indicate that different parts of same plant

species have different antimicrobial effects. Even if ext-

racts are prepared using the same parts (leaves or fruits

or seeds) of the same plant species, it is possible that the

bacteria on which they are effective and the degrees of

the effect may vary. Factors such as the structure of soil,

daily and seasonal changes during the collection of the

plant material, and the physiological growth cycle of the

plant may cause variations in the chemical compounds of

the plant. In addition to these factors, the parts of plants,

extraction process, solvent, and the species of bacteria

that are used are also variables (Izzo et al., 1995; Martý-

nez et al., 1996).

Consequently, some of these plant extracts have anti-

bacterial activity, and the activities eradicate the bacteria

completely (bacteriocidal effect). Effective compounds to

be obtained by the determination of the active compound

in the plant can provide new resources for chemothe-

rapeutics to be synthesized. It will be a base to our fur-

ther investigations on advanced purification.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was financially supported by a grant from the

Technical and Research Council of Turkey [TUBITAK,

TBAG- HD/ 107(105T542)].

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Jan 2024
S AFR J BOT

Dianthus genus, belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae, encompasses over 300 species. Various Dianthus spp. have long been utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of a wide range of conditions including chronic pain, urinary infections, carbuncles, menostasis, gonorrhea, cough, liver diseases, and certain types of cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the biological activities (antimutagenicity, antibacterial and antioxidant), total phenol-flavonoid content and individual phenolic constituents of methanolic extracts of two different parts [FC (flower+capitulum) and LS (leaf+stem)] of seven different endemic Dianthus spp. (D. ancyrensis, D. aticii, D. balansae, D. carmelitarum, D. kastembeluensis, D. lydus and D. leucophaeus) found in Bolu, Turkey. In the antimutagenicity tests, D. carmelitarum, D. ancyrensis. D. kastembeluensis and D. lydus demonstrated higher inhibition effect against the mutagenic activity of sodium azide (NaN3) and 4-nitro-o-phenylene diamine (NPD) on Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98 strains, respectively. D. carmelitarum-LS displayed the highest antimutagenic effect against the mutagen (base-substitution) on the TA 100 strain, while D. carmelitarum-FC exhibited the highest inhibition against mutagenic activity (frame-shift mutagenesis) by 4-nitro-o-phenylene diamine (NPD) on S. typhimurium TA98 strain. Among the tested 17 bacteria, only 4 bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia) demonstrated sensitivity to five different Dianthus spp. D. leucophaeus exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. Furthermore, S. pyogenes was quite susceptible to D. kastembeluensis, D. aticii and D. lydus. The most powerful radical scavenging activity was observed with D. balansae-LS. Consistent with this result, D. balansae-LS showed the highest total phenolic content. D. aticii-LS had the highest content of total flavonoid. U-HPLC analysis revealed that rutin, phloridzin, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid were the most dominant compounds in endemic Dianthus spp. These findings highlight the potential of these plants as valuable natural sources for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and in vitro propagation of an endemic medicinal orchid, Dactylorhiza hatagirea

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023
N Schmied Arch Pharmacol

Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo, also known as Himalayan Marsh Orchid or Salam Panja, belongs to the Orchidaceae family. It is found in sub-alpine to alpine regions at 2500–5000 m above sea level. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the botany, phytochemistry, medicinal uses, toxicity, and conservation status of D. hatagirea and to find the research gaps to promote progress in studies of this orchid. Secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins, were reported from the aerial and underground parts of this medicinal orchid. Several phytocompounds, such as dactylorhins A, B, C, D, and E and dactylose A and B, were isolated from the dried roots of D. hatagirea. A wide range of in vitro and in vivo assays was used to assess the biological properties of D. hatagirea, such as antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, diuretic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, wound healing, hypoglycemic, antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer activities. It was also reported to boost testosterone levels, improving sexual desire and arousal. Due to overexploitation and a restricted habitat range, this essential medicinal plant has reached the extinction stage; therefore, a conservation-friendly harvesting approach is needed for this medicinal herb. In vitro techniques such as micropropagation, synthetic seed generation, and hairy root technology can contribute to its conservation. This review provides comprehensive insights into the botanical features, traditional uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological importance, and toxicity evaluation of this medicinal orchid. This review also provides detailed information on the conservation status of D. hatagirea and strategies to overcome the exploitation of this orchid.

Comparison of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Metal Chelating Power and Antibacterial Activity in Different Tissues of Alcea calvertii (Boiss.) Boiss. (Malvaceae) by Traditional Usage and Two Different Extraction Methods

Article

Oct 2023

The traditionally used plant Alcea calvertii (Boiss.) Boiss. (Malvaceae) was extracted by two more methods in addition to those used by the locals, in this study. It was found that ethanol extraction significantly improved the release of total phenolic content of all plant parts compared to extraction by infusion and traditional use. In addition, ethanol appears to be a good solvent for the extracting flavonoids and phenolic contents from A. calvertii. However, metal chelating power was found to be higher in the infusion extracts than in the ethanolic extracts. The antibacterial activities of all extracts from the plant parts were also tested. As a result, it has been confirmed in this study that A. calvertii is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids and has high antioxidant activity with strong metal chelating power, however, the right plant parts must come together with the right extraction method for this effect to occur.

Plasmid Profile, Curing Analysis, and antibacterial Activity of Alcea arebellensis plant Against Multidrug Resistance Staphylococcus aureus

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

A total of 50 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified from burn , otitis media, wound and urine infection from patient admitted to the central lab and internal lab of teaching hospital and Rizgary hospital in Erbil city during the period 10thNovember 2011 to 30th March 2012. All the isolate identified according to Microscopical, cultural and biochemical tests. S. aureus tested for antibiotics susceptibility test using agar diffusion method .The antibiotics susceptibility testing showed that 49(98%) , 48(96%), 48(94%), 9(18%),8(10%), 7(14%), and 4(8%), were resistant to chloramphenicol , Amikacin, ampicillin, Vancomycin ,Cefotaxime, Cefazolin ,and ceftriaxone but all the isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin. Also the results showed that isolate no.38 was resistant to seven antibiotics under study which contain five plasmids with molecular weight more than 10 kbp. The results also revealed that 5(10%), 25(50%), and 20(40%) of S.aureus were reported to produce alpha, beta, gamma hemolysis respectively. Results of plasmid curing experiments revealed that elevated temperature at 46oC were completely remove the plasmid that harbor antibiotic resistance gene for the antibiotic understudy while for bleomycin at 50µg/ml had lower effect. The antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extract of flowers and leaves of the Alcea arebelensis was studied against some resistant isolates of S. aureus, the results showed the inhibitory effect of plant extracts against selected isolates except the alcohol leaf extract which showed no inhibitory activity against all studied bacterial isolates.

Senna Alata Leaf and Stem: Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Content, and Antimicrobial Activities

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

In the current examination, the nutritional composition, phytochemical content and antibacterial activities of an extract from Senna alata leaf and stem were all evaluated. The Candle bush (Senna alata) leaf and stem were then cleaned, allowed to air dry at room temperature, and then ground. In ethanol aqueous solutions, extracts of the leaves and stems were produced. To ascertain the nutritional composition, antibacterial content, and phytochemical property, standard techniques were employed. Moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, ash content, crude fat and carbohydrate for Senna alata were measured at 16.43± 0.02, 18.89± 0.05, 9.36± 0.03, 6.17± 0.02, 16.73± 0.01, 32.42 ± 0.05 respectively for leaves extract and 4.43± 0.04, 14.22± 0.02, 5.46± 0.01, 4.17± 0.03, 14.56± 0.05, 57.16± 0.02 respectively for stem extract. Alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, saponin, tannin, and phlobatannin were quantitatively and qualitatively identified in Senna alata's aqueous and ethanolic extracts utilizing leaf and stem extract, respectively. Amoxicillin was used as the control and the zones of inhibition by ethanolic extracts (leaf and stem) against streptococcus were determined at 3.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and zone of 6.5 mm, respectively. The zones of inhibition for ethanolic against E. coli were, respectively, 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm, and amoxicillin medication as control at zone of 4.5 mm. At zones of 5.0 mm, 5.0 mm, for both stem and leaves, and 6.0 mm for the amoxicillin medication as control, ethanolic extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus. As the outcome suggests, Senna alata's stem and leaves both demonstrate that they contain antimicrobial compounds and have a high therapeutic potential for use as sources of safer or more effective antimicrobial agent replacements for synthetically produced antimicrobial agents, which are conventionally hailed as being effective in treating infections.

Screening of Some Turkish Plants for Antibacterial Activity

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2001

Some 14 ethanol extracts from 13 plant species collected from various regions of Turkey were assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram positive and 5 Gram negative bacteria, using the disc-diffusion and dilution methods. The diameter of the inhibition zone in the disc-diffusion method shows that 12 extracts from the 14 plants studied have antibacterial activity in different levels. The broadest spectrum of activity was exhibited by Malva sylvestris against five bacteria, whereas the Verbascum spp. extract only showed activity against one. The highest antibacterial activity was produced by the extract of Hypericum perforatum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of plant extracts with antibacterial activity ranged from 0.125 to 4 mg/ml. The high MIC values showed that the extracts had low to moderate activity compared with standard antibiotics. Based on the results from the present investigation, it is concluded that most of the plants studied may be sources of antibacterial agents.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Heracleum sphondylium subsp. artvinense

Article

Full-text available

May 2006
AFR J BIOTECHNOL

Ethanol and aqueous extract of Heracleum sphondylium subsp. artvinense was investigated for their antimicrobial activities against eight bacterial species (Enterococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Corynobacterium diphtheria) and two yeast (Candida albicans and C. krusei). Both ethanol and aqueous extract of H. sphondylium subsp.artvinense showed antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacterium (S. aureus).

screening of Iranian plants for antimicrobial activity

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Jan 2003

Screening of Iranian Plants for Antimicrobial Activity

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2008

The methanol extracts of 306 plants of 52 families obtained from Northeast of Iran (Khorasan Province), were tested for antimicrobial activity (in vitro) using the cylinder plate assay method. Activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii (Gram negative), Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Candida albicans is discussed.

Antimicrobial Activity of Three Endemic Verbascum Species

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2002

The extracts obtained from three Verbascum L. species (Verbascum olympicum Boiss., Verbascum prusianum Boiss., and Verbascum bombyciferum Boiss.) have been investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Growth inhibition, using the agar disc diffusion assay, was determined against Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, Micrococcus luteus La 2971, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Salmonella thyphi ATCC 19430, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 27893, Corynebacterium xerosis CCM 2824, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Rhodotorula rubra, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763. We found that Verbascum L. species showed antimicrobial activity against the Gr(+) bacteria and yeasts, but no activity was seen against the Gr(-) bacteria used in this study.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Turkish Medicinal Plants

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2008

In this study, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), Stachys annua (L.) subsp. annua Ic., Stachys pumilia Banks & Sol., Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae), Allium neapolitanum Lyr. (Liliaceae), Salvia viridis L. (Lamiaceae), and Nicotina rustica (Solanaceae) species were investigated. The microbial effects of these plants were tested by a disk diffusion method using Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Bacillus brevis FMC 3, Bacillus subtilis IMG 22, Bacillus cereus FMC 19, Escherichia coli DM, Enterobacter aerogenes CCM 2531, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Micrococcus luteus LA 2971, Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans CCM 314. The results showed that the fruit extract of R. coriaria had the strongest antimicrobial effect with an inhibition zone of 35–51 mm against all the bacteria used, while S. viridis demonstrated the weakest antibacterial effect, inhibiting only the development of S. aureus, with an inhibition zone of 11 mm. A. neapolitanum, L. nobilis and N. rustica extracts were effective only with some yeasts. The growth of S. aureus was inhibited by all the plant extracts except for S. annua subsp. annua, having an inhibition zone ranging from 7–8 mm. With the exception of B. subtilis IMG 22, L. monocytogenes Scott A and M. luteus LA 2971, the growth of the other bacteria was inhibited by all the extracts. Except for the fruit extracts of R. coriaria and A. neapolitanum, all additional extracts of generated inhibition zones smaller than those generated by several reference antibiotics.

Antibiotic Action of Seed Lipids from Five Tree Species Grown in Turkey

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2008

In this study, the seed lipids of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.), Ehrami pine (Pinus nigra var. pyramidalis), Caucasian fir [Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach], Eastern red (Thuja orientalis L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) grown in Turkey were extracted with a mixture of methanol and chloroform. The bacterial and antifungal activities of the seed lipids were tested against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi by applying the disc-diffusion method. The seed lipids of A. nordmanniana were found to be most effective against the tested microorganisms, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Micrococcus luteus bacteria, followed by T. orientalis and P. sylvestris, respectively. However, the seed lipids of P. nigra var. pyramidalis were not effective on the growth of any microorganism. Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes bacteria were found as the most resistant bacteria in the study. Furthermore, the seed lipids of A. nordmanniana and, somewhat, T. orientalis, were generally comparable to two reference antibiotics.

Ethnobotanical medicines of Animalai union

Article

Jan 2003

antibacterial and antifungal activity of different parts of medicinal plants in jordan

Article

Jan 2011

Adel M. Mahasneh

Antimicrobial Activity of Some Endemic Verbascum, Salvia, and Stachys Species

Article

Sep 2008

Methanol extracts obtained from endemic Stachys sivasica Kit Tan & Yildiz, Stachys anamurensis Sumbul, Stachys cydni Kotschy ex Gemici & Leblebici, Salvia aytachii Vural & Adiguzel, and Verbascum gypsicola Vural & Aydogdu have been investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity was determined with Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, Stapylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, and Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 by the disk-diffusion method. Verbascum gypsicola extracts had strong antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacteria and the yeast cultures. The extracts of Stachys L. were effective only against bacteria. The extracts of Salvia aytachii demonstrated an antimicrobial effect against bacteria and the yeast cultures used in this study.