Article

The effect of intermediate targets on the spread of pellets from shotguns

Authors:
  • Faculty of Medicine, Harran University
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Abstract

The distribution pattern of pellets due to shotguns is an important criterion for the determination of shooting distance. Many factors affect the distribution range, such as characteristics of the gun, the presence and type of intermediate targets, factors related to distance, and the physical variables of the environment. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of different intermediate targets on the distribution range of pellets from a shotgun. Glass, mica auto glass, tempered auto glass, fibreboard, flat iron, aluminium, and grey cotton fabric were used as intermediate targets. The intermediate target was placed one metre away from the main target and shotgun. The spread of pellets was evaluated on the main target with seven shots by using either cartridge numbers 0 or 9. The spread of pellets was significantly larger in the presence of all intermediate targets tested with cartridge number 9 (p p = 0.33) with cartridge number 0. The distribution range of pellets increased in the presence of intermediate targets. This difference was more pronounced in higher density intermediates. In crime scene investigations, the presence and/or type of intermediate target should be taken into account to make information more accurate.

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... The pellet material was presumably lead. Karapirli et al. [11] and Kerkhoff et al. [12] both studied the effect of intermediate targets on shotgun dispersion patterns but also mentioned the effect of pellet size. In the study by Karapirli et al. [11], mean pattern size was measured to be smaller with 3.9 mm pellets than with 2.1 mm pellets. ...
... Karapirli et al. [11] and Kerkhoff et al. [12] both studied the effect of intermediate targets on shotgun dispersion patterns but also mentioned the effect of pellet size. In the study by Karapirli et al. [11], mean pattern size was measured to be smaller with 3.9 mm pellets than with 2.1 mm pellets. In the study by Kerkhoff et al. [12], mean pattern sizes with 3.5 and 3.9 mm diameter pellets were generally smaller than with 2.5 and 2.9 mm pellets. ...
... The total weight of the shot charge was kept identical per study in Refs. [11,12], but the reported weights must be considered nominal values since the studies were performed with factory-loaded ammunition. ...
Article
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When reconstructing a shooting incident with a shotgun, the muzzle-to-target distance can be determined by relating the size of a dispersion pattern found on a crime scene to that of test shots. Ideally, the test shots are performed with the weapon and ammunition that were used in the incident. But sometimes examiners will have to resort to alternatives, such as using cartridges of the same brand and type but with another pellet size. For this reason, the relationship between pellet size and shotgun dispersion patterns was studied with both lead and steel shotgun pellets. Cartridges were loaded with identical cartridge cases, powder charges, and wads but with different pellet sizes, below size B. The cartridges were fired, and the dispersion patterns at 5 m in front of the muzzle were measured and compared. The results provide strong support for the proposition that shotgun dispersion patterns with both lead and steel shot increase with decreasing pellet size if all other relevant parameters are kept equal. The results also provide an indicative measure of the magnitude of the effect. Pattern sizes were approximately 1.7 times larger with #9 than with #0 lead shot and 1.4 times larger with #9 than with #1 steel shot. The differences between consecutive shot sizes were generally smaller. This means that cartridges of equal brand and type but with the next nearest shot number can be used for a muzzle-to-target distance determination, keeping the information of the current study in mind in the final interpretation of the results. K E Y W O R D S distance determination, lead shot, pellet size, shooting incident reconstruction, shot pattern, steel shot Highlights • Shotgun pattern sizes tend to increase with decreasing pellet size. • With #9 lead shot, pattern size is approximately 1.7 times larger than with #0 shot. • With #9 steel shot, pattern size is approximately 1.4 times larger than with #1 shot.
... The effect that smaller pellets in general produce larger patterns was published earlier by Moreau et al. [8], as cited by Nichols [9], and by Karapirli et al. [10]. This was relevant to the case that triggered this study, because the patterns produced with the 2.25 mm (0.09") reference ammunition might have been a little smaller than those produced with the 2 mm (0.075") pellets used in the case. ...
... The mean ECD-values of the patterns of all tested shot sizes increased when shot through guitar bags. Pattern enlargement caused by intermediate targets was to be expected, as it was described before by Karapirli et al. [10] (for regular, tempered and mica glass, fiberboard, aluminum and steel sheet and cotton fabric), Breitenecker [11] (for glass, wood and screen), DiMaio [12] (for glass, screen and limbs) and Coe & Austin [13] (for tempered and safety glass, masonite and plywood). ...
... The number of shots per parameter (n = 3) in this limited test was considered too small for a meaningful statistical analyses. Despite this fact, the results seem to be in line with those of Karapirli et al. [10], who noted a significant pattern increase (p = 0.002) when firing 2.1 mm (0.09") pellets through grey cotton fabric. They noted no significant pattern increase (p = 0.535) when firing 3.9 mm (0.15") pellets through the same fabric. ...
Article
The results presented in this article demonstrate how a foam-filled double textile layer as an intermediate target in close proximity to the muzzle influences shotgun patterns and therefore shooting distance determinations based on these patterns. The results indicate that, for all shot sizes, the patterns are larger when shots are fired through a guitar bag than when they are fired without an intermediate target. The results also demonstrate the small influence of shot size on the pattern change, for the tested shot sizes.
... According to global literature and international practice, it is considered impossible to determine a firing distance, if the shot charges strike an intermediate target such as a pane of glass, before impacting the final target. Karapirli et al. and Cail and Klatt in their studies demonstrated the variation caused in pellets distributions when objects are interposed between the firearm and the victim, or target surface (i.e., glass, car windows, chipboard, iron, aluminum, etc.), which changes the path and reduces the speed of the fragments [10,11]. Heavy clothing can also act as an intermediate target, enlarging the pellet pattern that is present on the victim's body. ...
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According to literature, practice and experience, the firing distance from shotguns (i.e., the distance between the victim and the muzzle of the gun) can be determined fairly accurately by studying and evaluating the pellet dispersion pattern after shooting a target surface, either on clothing or on the victim’s body. Many formulas have been published in order to determine the range at which a shotgun has been discharged, as well as the parameters that affect the calculation of the estimated firing distance. Τhe purpose of the current study was to provide answers to questions regarding firing distance ranges, by firing 12-gauge shotguns from 10, 18 and 25 meters, using different sizes of barrel choke and pellet sizes. Experimental shots were fired from two different guns, with different technical characteristics, from different distances and with different types of shotshell charges. The research revealed that 65% to 80% of the pellet pattern is distributed evenly in the center of the shot and this percentage remains the same at all three distances (10, 18 and 25 meters). Also, an important term in research is Shotgun Pellet Pattern (SPP), which is based on the number of pellets that are uniformly imprinted in the center of the shot and is an important factor in determining shot distance. The results of the shootings were recorded in tables and integrated into a computer program, giving useful information to the case examiner regarding the ability to determine the firing distance from a shotgun.
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