No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Review on Pharmacological profile of Salvia officinalis
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditional drugs are considered an important part of mankind's civilized system. The knowledge acquired via slow progressive expertise gained while handling plants by humans has lead to development of new science or in other words a new segment of therapy to deal with diseases and complications associated with anatomy and physiology. Traditional medicine though are used in different manners and is dependent from place to place, cultures followed and local beliefs, all over the world, but the significance of using medicinal plants into treating practices is a common inference. The main roadblocks for widespread popularity of traditional system have been mainly lack of proper governing body to regulate the practice in the deep areas of our society. [1] Recently a new light has come in form of agreement for having separate drug controller India for traditional medicine, leading to separate and focused decision making, in favor of building the standards for traditional medicines. [2] Many important texts emphasize use of medicinal plants in our traditional system of medicine like Charaka samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtangahridaya (In Ayurveda). [3] SALVIA OFFICINALIS L. Salvia is one of the largest families of plants from mint family, Lamiaceae, having around 700 to 900 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. Figure 1 Out of many species available for Salvia, few important have been in use and given special preferences in practices; following are the list of few species, x Salvia apiana x Salvia leucantha x Salvia divinorum x Salvia microphylla x Salvia elegans x Salvia miltiorrhiza x Salvia fructicosa x Slavia nemorosa
... Aromatic medicinal herbs have been used since ancient times for both flavoring and healthcare purposes, since they are rich in active components, especially antioxidants (Devansh, 2012;Fellah et al., 2006;Roby et al., 2013). Of the numerous herbs, spices, and teas tested, Salvia officinalis, commonly called sage or garden sage (Parsai et al., 2015), was the one mainly found to have noticeable antioxidant capacity (AC) (Peter, 2001). ...
The current study deals with an innovation in the hot air convective drying process consisting of the application of two consecutive drying steps. Temperatures ranging between 60 and 80 ℃ for times between 200 and 600 s were applied for the first stage, and from 40 to 80 ℃ for the second stage. Salvia officinalis, an aromatic, medicinal Mediterranean plant with remarkable antioxidant properties, was selected for this study. A management of the process regarding the antioxidant capacity of S. officinalis extracts and energy consumption was carried out: (i) artificial neural networks were applied to model the evolution of the antioxidant capacity and moisture content of the product in the drying process; (ii) a genetic algorithm and a multiobjective genetic algorithm were selected to optimize the drying process, considering the antioxidant capacity and/or the energy consumption in the objective function. The results showed that the optimum values depended, logically, on the controllable variables values (hot air temperatures and drying times), but also on the uncontrollable variable values (room air temperature and relative humidity and the product’s initial mass and moisture content).
Synergistic activity of Salvia officinalis and Cichorium intybus extracts and commonly used antibiotics, amoxicillin and chloramphenicol, were evaluated. Interactions between plant extracts and antibiotics were tested by checkerboard method and interpreted as FIC index. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and clinical isolates Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis were used. Salvia officinalis showed better synergistic capacity than Cichorium intybus. Synergistic interactions were observed between amoxicillin and acetone or ethyl acetate extract of Salvia officinalis and between chloramphenicol and ethyl acetate extract of Salvia officinalis. In the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration (1/4 MIC to 1/32 MIC) of sage extracts, the MIC values of antibiotics were decreased by 2- to 10-fold. Synergism was observed against all test bacteria, except Escherichia coli. The combinations of acetone and ethyl acetate extract from Cichorium intybus and antibiotics resulted in additive and indifferent effects against tested bacteria.
Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is used as an herbal medicinal product, with the most typical form of application as infusion with boiling water (sage tea). The well-established traditional uses include symptomatic treatment of mild dyspeptic complaints, the treatment of inflammations in the mouth and the throat, and relief of excessive sweating and relief of minor skin inflammations. In this study, sage teas prepared from commercially available products were chemically analyzed for polyphenolic content using liquid chromatography, for antioxidant potential using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity method, and for the Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) index. The sage teas showed a high variation for all parameters studied (up to 20-fold differences for rosmarinic acid). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the antioxidant potential, which varied between 0.4 and 1.8 mmol trolox equivalents/100 mL, was highly dependent on rosmarinic acid and its derivatives. The FC index also showed a high correlation to these polyphenols, and could therefore be used as a screening parameter for sage tea quality. The considerable differences in polyphenolic composition and antioxidant capacity between the brands lead to a demand for quality standardization, especially if these sage teas are to be used for therapeutic purposes. Further research also appears to be necessary to characterize the dose–benefit relationship, as sage may also contain a constituent (thujone) with potentially adverse effects.
Thujone, which is the major constituent in Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae), was found to correct the lipid profile (cholesterol and triglycerides) in diabetic rats. Oral treatment with thujone (5 mg kg⁻¹ body weight dose) significantly adjusted cholesterol and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats (p ≤ 0.05) to normal levels compared to diabetic untreated rats. This provides a premise in the field of finding new agents to treat diabetic complications.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastative neurodegenerative disorder which needs adequate studies on effective treatment options. The extracts of plants and their effect on the amelioration of AD symptoms have been extensively studied. This paper summarizes the mechanisms like acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, modification of monoamines, antiamyloid aggregation effect, and antioxidant activity which are actively entailed in the process of amelioration of AD symptoms. These effects are induced by extracts of a few plants of different origin like Yizhi Jiannao, Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree), Ginkgo Biloba (Ginkgo/Maidenhair tree), Cassia obtisufolia (Sicklepod), Desmodium gangeticum (Sal Leaved Desmodium), Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm), and Salvia officinalis (Garden sage, common sage).
The cytotoxic activities of the n-hexane, chloroform and aqueous methanolic fractions prepared from the methanolic extract of the leaves of 23 Salvia taxa were studied for their cell growth-inhibitory activity against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), skin carcinoma (A431) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cells using the MTT assay. The n-hexane fractions of six Salvia taxa (S. hispanica, S. nemorosa, S. nemorosa 1. albiflora, S. pratensis, S. recognita and S. ringens) and the chloroform fraction ofS. officinalis 1. albiflora produced over 50% growth inhibition of the skin carcinoma cell line. None of the tested extracts showed substantial (above 50%) antiproliferative effects against HeLa and MCF7 cells. S. ringens was the most powerful among the studied Salvia species with a 61.8% cell growth inhibitory activity on A431 cells. In the case of S. ringens, other plant parts were also tested for antiproliferative effect, and the highest activities were recorded for the root extract. This was subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation, which yielded four abietane diterpenes (royleanone, horminone, 7-O-methyl-horminone and 7-acetyl-horminone), one triterpene (erythrodiol-3-acetate) and beta-sitosterol. Horminone, 7-acetyl-horminone and erythrodiol-3-acetate displayed marked concentration-dependent antiproliferative effects, while royleanone and 7-O-methyl-horminone produced weaker activities.
This randomised, double-blind, parallel group phase II/III study with adaptive two-stage design and interim analysis compared the efficacy and tolerability of spray (containing a Salvia officinalis fluid extract) against placebo in the treatment of patients with acute viral pharyngitis. -
in two study parts, a total of 286 patients with subjective and objective evidence of pharyngitis were randomized. In the first study part 122 patients were enrolled. In the second study part 164 patients were included. The treatment duration per patient was 3 days, including one baseline visit and one final visit. -
Area under Curve for change of throat pain intensity (spontaneous pain), documented every 15 minutes within the first 2 hours after the first application as compared to baseline using a visual analog scale (VAS 100 mm). -
Following the interim analyses of the first study part the 15 % spray containing 140 microl sage extract per dose was the most promising preparation for the second study part (main study) whereas for the 30% and the 5% preparation results made superiority over placebo unlikely in the final analysis. Overall, the 15 % spray was significantly superior to placebo for the primary efficacy variable with regard to a reduction of the throat pain intensity score. Only minor side effects such as dry pharynx or burning of mild intensity were seen. -
The efficacy and tolerability profile of a 15 % sage spray indicated that this preparation provides a convenient and safe treatment for patients with acute pharyngitis. A symptomatic relief occurred within the first two hours after first administration and was statistically significantly superior to placebo.
Medicinal plants have been in use for millenniums by human race as potential source of natural first aids against different ailments. But somewhere, the danger of adverse reactions haunted many pharmaceutical giants, leading to rejections of potential leads having side effects making them inappropriate for human consumption, causing them huge losses. Thus Natural route, as a source posses an advantage of lower rejections and higher productivity. Recent times have seen an increase in surge for pharmaceuticals setting up Nutraceutical Segment (S.B.U), focusing developing medicines for commercial use. Salvia officinalis Linn (Lamiaceae) perennial evergreen shrub with woody stems, grayish leaves and blue - purplish flowers contains following phytoconstituents Furfural, Tricyclene, a-Pinene, Camphene, Sabinene, ß-Pinene, 3- Octane, Myrcene, 3-Octanol, a-Phellandrene, a-Terpinene, p-Cymene, Limonene, (Z)-ß-Ocimene, (E)-ß-Ocimene, ?-Terpinene, trans-Linalool oxide, Terpinolene, Linalool, cis-Thujone, trans-Thujone, Camphor, Borneol, Terpinen-4-ol, 3-Decanone, a-Terpineol, n-Dodecane, n-Decanol, Isobornyl acetate, Bornyl acetate, Carvacrol, n-Tridecane, a-Cubebene, Eugenol. The present review is an effort to concise a report on this medicinal plant and an up-to-date manifestation on pharmacological relevance explored so far.
DNA damage induced by oxidative and alkylating agents contributes to carcinogenesis, leading to possible mutations if replication proceeds without proper repair. However, some alkylating agents are used in cancer therapy due to their ability to induce DNA damage and subsequently apoptosis of tumor cells. In this study, the genotoxic effects of oxidative hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and alkylating agents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitosourea (BCNU) agents were examined in two colon cell lines (HCT15 and CO115). DNA damage was assessed by the comet assay with and without lesion-specific repair enzymes. Genotoxic agents were used for induction of DNA damage in both cell lines. Protective effects of extracts of three Salvia species, Salvia officinalis (SO), Salvia fruticosa (SF), and Salvia lavandulifolia (SL), against DNA damage induced by oxidative and alkylating agents were also determined. SO and SF protected against oxidative DNA damage in HCT15 cells. SO and SL decreased DNA damage induced by MNU in CO115 cells. In addition to chemopreventive effects of sage plant extracts, it was also important to know whether these plant extracts may interfere with alkylating agents such as BCNU used in cancer therapy, decreasing their efficacy. Our results showed that sage extracts tested and rosmarinic acid (RA), the main constituent, protected CO115 cells from DNA damage induced by BCNU. In HCT15 cells, only SF induced a reduction in BCNU-induced DNA damage. Sage water extracts and RA did not markedly change DNA repair protein expression in either cell line. Data showed that sage tea protected colon cells against oxidative and alkylating DNA damage and may also interfere with efficacy of alkylating agents used in cancer therapy.
In India, medicinal plants are valued for cultural reasons, non-monetary utilitarian purposes (food and medicine), industrial demand, and as a subset of the national biodiversity wealth. National policies to regulate the access and use in medicinal plants are to be framed in line with international regulations like Intellectual property rights and the Convention on Biodiversity. This requires prioritising between the numerous species using relevant indicators that may be market or non-market based.
This study assessed the effectiveness of blended essential oils on menstrual cramps for outpatients with primary dysmenorrhea and explored the analgesic ingredients in the essential oils.
A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted. Forty-eight outpatients were diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea by a gynecologist and had 10-point numeric rating scales that were more than 5. The patients were randomly assigned to an essential oil group (n = 24) and a synthetic fragrance group (n = 24). Essential oils blended with lavender (Lavandula officinalis), clary sage (Salvia sclarea) and marjoram (Origanum majorana) in a 2:1:1 ratio was diluted in unscented cream at 3% concentration for the essential oil group. All outpatients used the cream daily to massage their lower abdomen from the end of the last menstruation continuing to the beginning of the next menstruation.
Both the numeric rating scale and the verbal rating scale significantly decreased (P < 0.001) after one menstrual cycle intervention in the two groups. The duration of pain was significantly reduced from 2.4 to 1.8 days after aromatherapy intervention in the essential oil group.
Aromatic oil massage provided relief for outpatients with primary dysmenorrhea and reduced the duration of menstrual pain in the essential oil group. The blended essential oils contain four key analgesic components that amount to as much as 79.29%; these analgesic constitutes are linalyl acetate, linalool, eucalyptol, and β-caryophyllene. This study suggests that this blended formula can serve as a reference for alternative and complementary medicine on primary dysmenorrhea.
The aim was to investigate the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity of Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaves collected during different vegetation periods. Separation and quantification of the individual phenols were performed by reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC coupled with a PDA (photodiode array) detector and using an internal standard, while the contents of total phenols, flavonoids, flavones, and flavonols were determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant properties of the sage leaf extracts were evaluated using five different antioxidant assays (FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, Briggs-Rauscher reaction, and β-carotene bleaching). The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against two Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative (Salmonella Infantis and Escherichia coli) bacterial reference strains. All extracts were extremely rich in phenolic compounds, and provided good antioxidant and antibacterial properties, but the phenophase in which the leaves were collected affected the phenolic composition of the sage extracts and consequently their biological activity. The May Extract, the richest in total flavonoids, showed the best antioxidant properties and the highest antimicrobial activity. Thus, collection of the plants during May seems the best choice for further use of them in the pharmaceutical and food industry.
Salvia officinalis L. has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for gastric disturbances and inflammatory processes. This study investigated the toxicological, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) from leaves of Salvia officinalis and its isolated compounds in mice.
Mice were treated with HE before the induction of nociceptive response by chemical agents (acetic-acid, formalin, glutamate, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde). Total leukocytes and plasma extravasation induced by acetic acid and paw oedema induced by glutamate, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde were also measured. The antinociceptive effect of carnosol and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid were evaluated on formalin and cinnamaldehyde models.
In the acute toxicity test the value of estimated LD50 for HE was 44.7579 g/kg. Oral administration of HE (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) inhibited the number of writhings, total leukocytes and plasma extravasation induced by acetic acid. In the formalin test, HE reduced both neurogenic and inflammatory phases, effect that was affected by naloxone. The glutamate-, capsaicin- and cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception and paw oedema were reduced by HE at doses that did not affect the locomotor activity of mice in the open field test. Carnosol (10mg/kg) and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid (30 mg/kg) inhibited the inflammatory phase of formalin and the nociception and mechanical allodynia induced by cinnamaldehyde.
These results demonstrate that HE presents significant anti-inflammatory and also antinociceptive effects on chemical behavioral models of nociception that involves an opioid mechanism. In addition, carnosol and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid contained in this plant appears to contribute for the antinociceptive property of the extract, possibly through a modulatory influence on TRPA1-receptors. However, further studies regarding the precise site and the mechanism of action of HE and carnosol and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid merited exploring further.
Dementia pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are reaching epidemic proportions, yet they are not successfully managed by effective symptomatic treatments. Only five drugs have been developed to alleviate cognitive symptoms, and more effective and safe treatments are needed for both the cognitive symptoms and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). As two of these licensed drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors [ChEIs]) are naturally derived (galantamine and rivastigmine), the potential for plants to yield new therapeutic agents has stimulated extensive research to discover new ChEIs together with plant extracts, phytochemicals and their derivatives with other mechanistic effects relevant to dementia treatment. This review presents the potential and actual therapeutic strategies for dementia in relation to the known mechanisms of dementia pathology. Phytochemicals that have shown mechanistic effects relevant to the pathological targets in dementia are discussed, with an emphasis on those showing positive clinical trial evidence. Those phytochemicals discussed include the alkaloid physostigmine, a ChEI from the calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum), which has been used as a template for the development of synthetic derivatives that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, including the drug rivastigmine. Also discussed are other ChEI alkaloids including huperzine A, from Huperzia serrata, and galantamine, originally from the snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii); both alkaloids improve cognitive functions in AD patients. Other phytochemicals discussed include cannabinoids (e.g. cannabidiol) from Cannabis sativa, which are emerging as potential therapeutic agents for BPSD, and resveratrol (occurs in various plants) and curcumin (from turmeric [Curcuma longa]), which have been investigated for their pharmacological activities relevant to dementia and their potential effects on delaying dementia progression. The review also discusses plant extracts, and their known constituents, that have shown relevant mechanistic effects for dementia and promising clinical data, but require more evidence for their clinical efficacy and safety. Such plants include Ginkgo biloba, which has been extensively studied in numerous clinical trials, with most outcomes showing positive effects on cognitive functions in dementia patients; however, more reliable and consistent clinical data are needed to confirm efficacy. Other plants and their extracts that have produced promising clinical data in dementia patients, with respect to cognition, include saffron (Crocus sativus), ginseng (Panax species), sage (Salvia species) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), although more extensive and reliable clinical data are required. Other plants that are used in traditional practices of medicine have been suggested to improve cognitive functions (e.g. Polygala tenuifolia) or have been associated with alleviation of BPSD (e.g. the traditional prescription yokukansan); such remedies are often prescribed as complex mixtures of different plants, which complicates interpretation of pharmacological and clinical data and introduces additional challenges for quality control. Evidence for the role of natural products in disease prevention, the primary but considerably challenging aim with respect to dementia, is limited, but the available epidemiological and clinical evidence is discussed, with most studies focused on ChEIs, nicotine (from Nicotiana species), curcumin, wine polyphenols such as resveratrol and G. biloba. Challenges for the development of phytochemicals as drugs and for quality control of standardized plant extracts are also considered.
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by highly pruritic, eczematous skin lesions. Our previous study elucidated that nerve growth factor (NGF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of skin lesions and inhibition of the physiological effects of NGF can moderate skin lesions in atopic dermatitis. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of herbal medicines on neuritic outgrowth induced by NGF. Four herbal extracts (Geranium thunbergii, Humulus lupulus, Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis L.) inhibited NGF-induced neuritic outgrowth in PC12 cells. We also investigated the effects of each herbal extract on dermatitis in NC/Nga, an atopic dermatitis mouse model. The skin lesions of the NC/Nga mice were significantly inhibited by repeated applications of each herbal extract. These results suggested that the four herbal extracts can prevent and moderate the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, and these effects might be appeared by inhibiting the effect of NGF on neuritic outgrowth in lesional skin.
The sage components linalyl acetate (Ly) and alpha-terpineol (Te) exhibit synergistic anti-proliferative effects. We investigated the effects of Ly and Te on NF-kappaB signaling in HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Ly and Te combinations dose-dependently reduced HCT-116 viability at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Combination treatment induced 30%-60% increase in PreG1 through induction of apoptosis and necrosis. DNA binding assays revealed that combination treatment suppressed both basal and TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation. This suppression correlated with the inhibition of p65 nuclear translocation and IkappaB-alpha degradation. The lack of change in IKK expression levels or inhibition in IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation suggest the involvement of an IKK-independent mechanism. Ly and Te combination was found to downregulate the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated antiapoptotic and proliferative gene products. Separate treatments and drug combinations significantly decreased DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB which led to the potentiation of cell death induced by the colon cancer drugs oxaliplatin and 5-FU. These results indicate that Ly and Te anticancer activities are partly mediated through the suppression of NF-kappaB activation, suggesting their use in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to induce apoptosis.
Angiogenesis is a key process in the promotion of cancer and its metastasis. Herein, the antiangiogenic activity of Salvia officinalis extract and its fractions was investigated. S. officinalis aerial parts were extracted with ethanol and its successive hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions were evaluated for their antiangiogenic activities using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) capillary tube formation and rat aorta models in a three-dimensional collagen matrix. Furthermore, antimigrative effects of the fractions were assessed using a wound healing model. The ethanol extract of S. officinalis (ESO) potently inhibited capillary tube formation in HUVEC and rat aorta models of angiogenesis, and its hexane fraction (HSO) exerted the highest inhibitory effect. In addition, the ethanol extract of S. officinalis and its hexane fraction showed a dose-dependent inhibitory activity on the migration of the endothelial cells in the wound healing model. Furthermore, ESO inhibited endothelial cell proliferation at 50-200 μg/mL in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicated some new pharmacological activities of S. officinalis such as antiangiogenic in vitro and ex vivo, and antimigrative activity in vitro. Therefore, S. officinalis could be a candidate as a useful herb with therapeutic or preventive activity against angiogenesis related disorders.
Salvia officinalis has been used as a traditional remedy against diabetes in many countries and its glucose-lowering effects have been demonstrated in animal studies. The active compounds and their possible mode of action are still unknown although it has been suggested that diterpenes may be responsible for the anti-diabetic effect of Salvia officinalis.
To investigate whether the reported anti-diabetic effects of Salvia officinalis are related to activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and to identify the bioactive constituents.
From a dichloromethane extract of Salvia officinalis able to activate PPARγ several major metabolites were isolated by chromatographic techniques. To assess bioactivity of the isolated metabolites a PPARγ transactivation assay was used.
Eight diterpenes were isolated and identified including a new abietane diterpene being the epirosmanol ester of 12-O-methyl carnosic acid and 20-hydroxyferruginol, which was isolated from Salvia officinalis for the first time, as well as viridiflorol, oleanolic acid, and α-linolenic acid. 12-O-methyl carnosic acid and α-linolenic acid were able to significantly activate PPARγ whereas the remaining metabolites were either unable to activate PPARγ or yielded insignificant activation.
Selected metabolites from Salvia officinalis were able to activate PPARγ and hence, the anti-diabetic activity of this plant could in part be mediated through this nuclear receptor.
A double-blinded controlled clinical trial with parallel groups was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a herbal-based toothpaste in the control of plaque and gingivitis as compared with a conventional dentifrice. The efficacy of Colgate Herbal over Colgate tooth paste was assessed in this study.
Thirty subjects with gingivitis participated in the study. All participants had at least 20 natural teeth with no probing depths greater than 3 mm and a plaque index score of 2 or more at baseline. At baseline, the clinical parameters like gingival index, plaque index and salivary pH were estimated. Paired t-test was used to compare the difference within the groups and unpaired t-test was used to compare the difference between the groups at baseline and on the 30th day.
At the end of the study, there were statistically significant reductions in the gingival index and the plaque index scores within the test group. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the test and the control groups. The salivary pH changes were not statistically significant in the test group but were displaced more toward the acidic range in the control group.
It was however concluded that the herbal-based toothpaste was as effective as the conventionally formulated dentifrice in the control of plaque and gingivitis.
Advent herbs-The master's gardeners
- D Dombush
Dombush D. Advent herbs-The master's gardeners [Online].
What medicinal properties it possesses? The secret of traditional medicine [Online] Accessed from URL: http://aarticles.net/ plants / 14531-shalfej-lekarstvennyj-kakimi-celebnymi-svojstvami- on-obladaet-sekrety-narodnoj-mediciny
- Salvia Officinalis
Salvia officinalis: What medicinal properties it possesses? The
secret of traditional medicine [Online]. 2012 July 23[cited
2010]; Accessed from URL: http://aarticles.net/ plants /
14531-shalfej-lekarstvennyj-kakimi-celebnymi-svojstvami-
on-obladaet-sekrety-narodnoj-mediciny.html
Carnosol and Carsonic acids from Salvia officinalis inhibit microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1
- J Bauer
- S Kuehni
- J M Rollinger
- O Scherer
- H Northoff
- H Stuppner
Bauer J, Kuehni S, Rollinger JM, Scherer O, Northoff H,
Stuppner H et al. Carnosol and Carsonic acids from Salvia
officinalis inhibit microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1.
Pharmacology experimental theory. 342(1):169:76.2012.
- Sage
Sage, common. Sages.Botonical.com [Online]. 2012 July 23
[Cited 2012]; Accessed from URL: http://www.botanical.com/
botanical/mgmh/s/sages-05.html
Salvia officinalis description [Online]
- S Christman
Christman S.Salvia officinalis description [Online]. 2012 July
23[Cited 2003 Auguts 05]; Accessed from URL:
http://www.floridata.com/ref/s/salv_off.cfm
Salvia officinalis).herbwisdom.com [Online]
Sage (Salvia officinalis).herbwisdom.com [Online]. 2012 July
23
[Cited
2012];
Accessed
from
URL:
http://www.herbwisdom.com/ herb-sage.html
The Gardener's guide to growing salvia
- J Suttoh
Suttoh J. The Gardener's guide to growing salvia. Workman
publishing company, 17, 2004.
The new book of Salvias
- B Clebsch
- Carol D Barner
Clebsch B, Carol D, Barner. The new book of Salvias. Timber
press, 216, 2003.
Pain relief assessment by aromatic essential oil massage on outpatients with primary dysmenorrheal: a randomized, double blind clinical trial
- Mc Qu
- Tf Hsu
- Ac Lai
- Yt Lin
- Cc Lin
Qu MC, Hsu TF, Lai AC, Lin YT, Lin CC. Pain relief assessment
by aromatic essential oil massage on outpatients with primary
dysmenorrheal: a randomized, double blind clinical trial.
Obstetric Gynecology Research. 38(5): 817-22.2012.
What medicinal properties it possesses? The secret of traditional medicine
- Salvia
Salvia officinalis: What medicinal properties it possesses? The
secret of traditional medicine [Online]. 2012 July 23[cited
2010]; Accessed from URL: http://aarticles.net/ plants /
14531-shalfej-lekarstvennyj-kakimi-celebnymi-svojstvamion-obladaet-sekrety-narodnoj-mediciny.html
Salvia officinalis description
- S Christman
Christman S.Salvia officinalis description [Online]. 2012 July
23[Cited 2003 Auguts 05]; Accessed from URL:
http://www.floridata.com/ref/s/salv_off.cfm
General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicine. World health organization
- X Zhang
Zhang X. General guidelines for methodologies on research
and evaluation of traditional medicine. World health
organization. Geneva, 2000:1.