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Drinking Water Quality: Problems and Solutions
Abstract
Drinking Water Quality
This textbook provides a comprehensive review of the problems associated withthe supply of drinking water in the developed world. Since the
fi
rst edition of this book was published there have been enormous changes in the water industry, especially in the way drinking water is perceived and regulated.Water companies and regulators have been presented with numerous newchallenges
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global warming has seriously affected the sustainability of water supplies as well as impacting water quality; advances in chemical and microbialanalysis have revealed many new contaminants in water that were previouslyundetectable or unknown; and recent terrorist attacks have demonstrated howvulnerable water supplies could be to contamination or disruption. This newedition is an overview of the current and emerging problems, and what can bedone to solve them. It has been completely updated, and includes the new WHORevised Drinking Water Guidelines.
Drinking Water Quality
is an ideal textbook for courses in environmentalscience, hydrology, environmental health, and environmental engineering. It also provides an authoritative reference for practitioners and professionals in thewater supply industry.
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... Although several dissolved metals with divalent or multivalent cation nature, such as aluminum, iron, zinc, manganese, strontium, and barium, can cause TH in water 88 , TH is a primary function of CaCO 3 and MgCO 3 in water. The dissolution of rock minerals rich in CaCO 3 and MgCO 3 frees up the ions causing hardness (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) 89,90 . The geological nature of river ethiope is suspected to be rich in dolomite and limestone, as can be seen in the above limit results of Ca 2+and Mg 2+ (Tables 2 and 3). ...
... The maximum value during the dry season is above the maximum allowable limit of total hardness for drinking purposes (500 mg/l), and the most desirable limit is 100 mg/l according to the WHO 33 standard. Hence, the water is classified as very hard based on average values 89,90 , which is at variance with the observation that water hardness parameters of 97 , indicate laundry and industrial friendly. Thus, the users of the Ethiope River may have challenges with laundry, kitchen, and scaling but are not likely to experience diarrhea from drinking the water since the sulfate concentration (Tables 2 and 3) is very low. ...
The geochemical and chemical constituents of river water quality could be influenced by human activities and organic processes like water interacting with the lithogenic structure that the river flows through. Evaluating evidence based primary root of the predominant pollutant ions, their interactions as well as the factors controlling their dominance is crucial in studies regarding water environment and hydrology especially as most studies focus on theoretical methods. In order to understand the water cycle, safeguard surface water resources, and preserve the human environment, this study evaluated surface water hydro-chemical facies, quality dynamics, and portability in southern Nigeria using multivariate statistical approaches by analyzing selected hydro-chemical characteristics as indicators of pollution along the river during wet and dry seasons. Twenty water samples were taken, analyzed, and subjected to mathematical statistics: Gibbs plot, trilinear piper analysis, stiff pattern analysis, ionic scatter analysis, correlation, and principal component analysis. Result of surface water recorded mean pH ranges from 4.8 for wet season and 5.3 for dry season, above the WHO, and during dry season TDS, Mg2+, Pb, and Cd were above the WHO limits, respectively. Abundance of cation and anion in surface water was in a decreasing trend of: HCO3 > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Cl⁻ > Na⁺ > SO4²⁻ > K + > NO3⁻. Trilinear plot, stiff pattern, and Gibbs ratio indicated hydrochemical facie of water dominated by calcium bicarbonate (Ca-HCO3) water type. From plots and ionic ratio, the major hydrochemical process of water chemistry during wet and dry seasons was rock-water interaction arising majorly from weathering processes. Ionic ratios of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺¹, Ca²⁺ and HCO²⁻ [1:2], Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ and HCO³⁻ + SO4²⁻ [1:1], revealed dissolution of dolomite as their common origin, with total cations in wet and dry seasons ranging between 43 and 57% and total anions: 37.3–62.7, with dry season dominance. The overall WQI of the river seemed good quality due to rapid flow and self-purification of the river but may be harmful in the future. It was recommended that constant surveillance and monitoring of human activities along waterways be enforced in order to ensure that undesirable pollution levels don’t occur in the river.
... The parameters have various functions in the living systems depending on their respective levels. Human activities, soil, and rock chemistries can affect water properties [10]. ...
... It should have a pleasant taste and can be of domestic use. Polluted water is one that is not suitable for drinking and contains chemical, physical, and biological substances that are unwanted [10,11]. These pollutants get into water bodies through natural or anthropogenic means. ...
Water is an indispensable requirement of the ecosystem and an essential component of life. Living organisms require water to sustain life. The required water must be of high quality and also free from all forms of pollutants either chemical or biological. Pollutants tend to decrease the quality and safety of water, leading to numerous diseases and sometimes death. These pollutants are on the increase due to increased industrialization, heavy agricultural practices, improper sewage systems, and many more. The pollutants found in drinking water constitute a serious environmental and public health problem, as the presence of contaminants in water is of great concern due to the level of hazard they cause to consumers and their contribution to the reduction of water quality. This study reviews the types of chemical pollutants found in water and correlates how physicochemical parameters are affected by these pollutants and in essence the quality of water. This important concept highlighted shows how living organisms are in constant threat provided contaminants from industries, agricultural practices are not controlled properly, and how physicochemical parameters indicating water quality will be affected continuously and a consequent continued decrease in water quality if proper environmental practices are not implemented.
... Water quality is the state of its physical, chemical and biological characteristics [1] [2]. It is the measure of the properties of water relative to the established standards for a given use [3] [4]. ...
... As a key requirement for public health [9], water quality can be assessed from physical, chemical and biological properties [1] [10]. Physical properties refer to such things as temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, etc. Physical properties affect mainly the aesthetic look of water, including clarity, color, taste, odor, etc. [11]. ...
Groundwater is increasingly being used due to its universal availability and generally good quality. However, the risk of contamination of groundwater due to various human activities such as mining is equally increasing across the globe. In this study, the physical parameters of potable well waters in the key mining areas in Nimikoro and Tankoro Chiefdoms in Kono District were analyzed for compliance with drinking water quality standard. To do this, both unpurged and purged well water samples were collected once every month for a period of one year. Some of the well water properties like temperature , Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were measured on site and others determined in the laboratory. The data collected from the laboratory analyses were statistically analyzed in MS Excel, SPSS and ArcGIS environments for quality trends in time-space fabric. The results showed that well water quality in the study area generally fell short of drinking water quality standards of Sierra Leone and WHO. There were high temperature and turbidity during the dry season and then high TDS and EC during the rainy season. Temperature and turbidity also significantly influenced well water quality in the study area, much more than TDS and EC. The implications for drinking water of lower quality than the standard could be huge for the local population and therefore needs the attention of stakeholders in the study area and decision makers in the country.
... A higher temperature shifts the reaction HCO 3 − ⇔CO 3 2− + H + to the right, which increases the acid (H + ) concentration and causes a slight drop in pH, and hence a significant negative correlation between pH and temperature. The water chemistry strongly correlates with water temperature and the rate of chemical reaction generally increases with the temperature 41 . Further, water with high temperatures dissolves more minerals from the surrounding rocks and will, therefore, have a higher colour and conductivity, resulting in a significant positive correlation of temperature with colour and turbidity. ...
Over the past decade, escalating extreme weather events have significantly affected New South Wales (NSW), Australia, with unprecedented droughts and intense fires. Yet, the impact on water quality and purification processes remains insufficiently studied. This research focuses on the immediate changes in NSW's environmental water quality and issues in water purification unit operations following the 2019 bushfires. Water samples and maintenance records from affected catchments, intakes, purification units, and reservoirs were analysed. Compared to control samples, post-bushfire water exhibited high turbidity. Sediment and ash shock loads posed significant threats to aquatic ecosystems. Elevated turbidity, suspended sediments, pH, and alkalinity were major concerns for water purification. Raw water samples showed turbidity exceeding 195 NTU, with flocculation and sedimentation most impacted. Immediate measures included sediment traps, aeration, pre-chlorination, and inline monitoring. These findings inform strategies to mitigate bushfire impacts on water quality and optimise water purification in fire-prone regions.
Misan” Governorate is located in eastern Iraq and suffers from low river water levels. As a result, reliance on groundwater as a source of irrigation has emerged in some agricultural areas. Therefore, conducting such a study to determine the condition of the water in terms of its quality and to provide a brief description of its suitability for irrigation, 18 wells were selected from different areas of the governorate. The chemical properties of water samples for all wells were estimated at their locations in terms of (pH, TH, Ec, TDS), while laboratory analyses included cations and anions to be evaluated for irrigation based on the criteria (Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Adjusted SAR (Adj SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Potential Salinity (PS), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MR), Permeability Index (PI). The values showed that (66.67%) of the well water samples were highly saline and unsuitable for irrigation according to the (Ec, TDS) criteria. While all samples were suitable for irrigation and less sodium based on the SAR and RSC criteria, the Adj SAR values showed that (33.33%) of the total samples were suitable for irrigation, and (11%) of the samples were of good quality for irrigation according to the PS criterion. In addition, the groundwater was highly hard with an average of 1273.4 mg/L, while the pH values were within the normal limits with an average of 7.43 for all samples. The difference in these values was due to the difference in ion concentrations from one region to another due to the difference in the effect of geochemical processes.
Water is essential for living organisms especially like Flora and Fauna. The presented study deals with comparative study of the periodic and aperiodic variations of Physico-chemical status of two lakes belongs of Pathipaka Lake and chinnakodepakaLake of Bhupal pally Jayashnkar District,in Telangana. Both lakes having natural freshwater body. Different data are collected and observed through various field trips. A comparative study of the periodic and aperiodic variations of the Physico-chemical status of two lakes were studied in year 2023-2024. Both the lakes are biotically affected by various anthropogenic activities. In the present study water characteristics of two lakes have been compared the water quality. Different Parameters like Temperature, pH, conductivity, COD, BOD and also Zooplankton diversity. Both lakes are suitable for Fish culture and they are not polluted ponds
Baraj ve göller ile diğer su kaynaklarında yaşayan alglerin neden olduğu toksisite başta insanlar ve hayvanlar olmak üzere tüm canlıların yaşamını tehdit etmektedir. Algal toksik bileşenler ile kirlenmiş suların tüketimine ek olarak bu sularda yaşayan sucul canlıların tüketimi ile de bu toksinler, besin zincirine katılmakta ve canlılar üzerinde zehirlenme etkilerini göstermektedirler. İçilebilir su kaynaklarında alg türlerinin aşırı artışı doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak canlılığı etkilemektedir. Doğrudan etkiler arasında, toplu zehirlenmeler ve ölüm olurken, dolaylı etkiler arasında, su kalitesinde ve su altı bitki örtüsünde azalma bulunmaktadır. Baraj ve göl gibi durgun sularda gelişen alg üremesi. ALGLER-SU YOSUNLARI Algler, büyüklükleri birkaç mikronmetre ile metre arasında değişen, fotosentez için gerekli farklı pigmentlere sahip, tatlı ve tuzlu sularda, ıslak topraklarda, kaya ve ağaçlar üzerinde yaşayabilen organizmalardır. Sahip oldukları pigment, depo maddeleri, kamçı, hücre duvarı yapısı gibi özelliklere göre sınıflandırılan algler, kimyasal yapılarına ve etkilerine göre ayrışan toksinlere sahiplerdir.
Potable water is important to sustaining life, promoting health, and supporting economic activities. Pollution of water bodies is on the rise and the need for quicker methods to determine the water safety cannot be overemphasized. Current methods for measuring water quality indicators are not only expensive but also take a lot of time. This paper presented a developed Water Quality Monitoring System (WQMS) that can determine multiple water quality indicators. WQMS was created from scratch, and consists of a main unit housing systems of circuits, a display screen, an Arduino nano microprocessor for digital data conversion, and detachable probes to simultaneously measure water quality parameters. WQMS was evaluated on water samples from 5 different water sources, well, rainwater, Neimeth water, and River Ogun. Water quality indicators, temperature, pH, turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. Water Quality Index(WQI) and statistical analyses were calculated based on the data obtained from WQMS and a calibrated reference system (Bluelab Combo meter). Statistical results indicated a low standard deviation between pH and temperature values at Alpha 0.05 while variability was recorded between electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in all tested samples. The WQI for well water, rainwater, Neimeth water, and River Ogun water, all demonstrated values below the WQI threshold of 25 whereas seawater has a WQI of 26 to 50, an indication of excellent water quality status agreeable with standards established by both the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR).
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