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Survival of Blackeyed Susan from Different Regional Seed Sources under Low and High Input Systems
Abstract
Survival of black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta) from three regional seed sources was evaluated after inoculation with the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum in the greenhouse, and after they were planted in fumigated or nonfumigated and irrigated or nonirrigated field plots. The three seed sources were northern Florida (NFL), central Florida (CFL), or Texas (TEX). Plants from the three seed sources were inoculated individually under greenhouse conditions with four isolates of F. oxysporum originally isolated from the roots of diseased black-eyed susan grown in ecotype trials near Monticello, Fla. About 20% of the inoculated plants developed symptoms similar to those observed in the field, but no consistent ecotype or isolate effects were observed. In the field trial, planting beds were fumigated with methyl-bromide and chloropicrin and irrigated with drip irrigation (high input), not fumigated and irrigated, fumigated and not irrigated, or not fumigated and not irrigated (low input). During the first month of the trial, treatment and seed source had a significant effect on survival due to the low initial survival of NFL in the nonfumigated-nonirrigated plots. After the first month, only seed source had a significant effect on survival, with TEX decreasing rapidly and the NFL population decreasing to a lesser degree. The decline of TEX could not be directly attributed to pests or climatic effects.
... As was mentioned in the species description, R. hirta covers much of the eastern United States. Marois and Norcini (2003) investigated regional differences in the species in a field trial conducted in Quincy, Florida. They found significantly lower season-long survival from a Texas source as compared to those attained from northern Florida and central Florida seed sources, although they could not attribute the difference in plant survival to fungal attack, irrigation, or climate (precipitation or temperature). ...
... Consequently, seed source was the only attributable difference, but they recognized the need for further study into the differences in survival. It was also hypothesized that the cause could have been due to the Texas material coming from a shorter-season population as compared to Florida (Marois and Norcini 2003 Despite similarities in the soil texture, the sites had different rainfall amounts, nutrient levels, and degrees of nematode infestations. Collectively, the environmental differences somewhat obscured the results. ...
... In studies conducted under Florida conditions, seed origin affected growth, flowering, and/or survival of native wildflowers (5,8,9,10). For example, lanceleaf tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolata) derived from native Florida populations flowered the spring after seed were sown in late fall in a North Florida field trial. ...
... By contrast, the variety typically purchased in seed packets at garden outlets flowered poorly in these same trials the first spring after sowing (8). In addition, black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) derived from Florida populations consistently outlived its counterpart from an out-of-state commercial seed supplier (5,10). Seed of wildflowers adapted to Florida's environment have recently become available with the advent of a small, but expanding native wildflower seed industry in Florida. ...
Interest in planting native wildflowers along Florida's roadsides and in meadows has grown steadily over the past 30-40 years, and especially so more recently. The most common method to establish these plantings is by direct seeding. This publication describes direct seeding methods you can use to establish medium to large size native wildflower plantings, such as those on roadsides, meadows, commercial properties, and right-of-ways. This document is ENH 968, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date April 2004. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep227
... Norcini and others (1998) provided preliminary evidence of a home region advantage when plants of G. pulchella and Rudbeckia hirta L. (Asteraceae; black-eyed susan) derived from Texas and north Florida seed sources were evaluated under low-input landscape conditions in northern Florida. In followup studies, additional evidence of regional adaptation in R. hirta was reported as plants from Florida sources survived better under Florida conditions than did plants derived from a Texas source (Norcini and others 2001b;Marois and Norcini 2003), although the differences in survival could not be directly attributed to pests or climate (Marois and Norcini 2003). A home region advantage also was observed for Salvia lyrata L. (Lamiaceae; lyre-leaved sage). ...
... Norcini and others (1998) provided preliminary evidence of a home region advantage when plants of G. pulchella and Rudbeckia hirta L. (Asteraceae; black-eyed susan) derived from Texas and north Florida seed sources were evaluated under low-input landscape conditions in northern Florida. In followup studies, additional evidence of regional adaptation in R. hirta was reported as plants from Florida sources survived better under Florida conditions than did plants derived from a Texas source (Norcini and others 2001b;Marois and Norcini 2003), although the differences in survival could not be directly attributed to pests or climate (Marois and Norcini 2003). A home region advantage also was observed for Salvia lyrata L. (Lamiaceae; lyre-leaved sage). ...
Home region failed to provide any clear short-term improvement in plant growth, vigor, flowering, quality, or survival of Gaillardia pulchella Foug. (Asteraceae; firewheel) when plants derived from natural populations in east Texas, northeast Florida, central west Florida, central east Florida, and southeast Florida were grown under low-input landscape conditions in northwestern, northern central, or southeastern Florida. During the 22-wk study, adaptability of east Texas plants was similar to that of northeast Florida and south- east Florida plants within the different sites. At the 2 northern sites, plant growth, vigor, and flowering were greater than for plants grown in southeastern Florida. The patterns of biweekly changes in plant vigor, flowering, and quality ratings were similar among plants of all seed sources within a site. Averaged over the entire study, these ratings were equally high for plants of all seed sources except central east Florida plants. Within a site, survival of northeast Florida, southeast Florida, and east Texas plants was equally high (83 to 100%). Also, 100% of central west Florida plants survived at the 2 northern sites, yet no central west Florida plants survived past week 16 in southeastern Florida. Differences in growth, vigor, flowering, quality, and survival were likely related to the loamier soils at the 2 northern sites and (or) flooding June rains in southeastern Florida. ABSTRACT REFEREED RESEARCH
... However, black-eyed Susan derived from other parts of the U.S. might not grow well under Florida conditions, which would affect plant quality or seed yield. Flowering, growth, and survival of black-eyed Susan can be affected by seed source (1,5,10). Moreover, seed of native wildflowers and grasses derived from naturally occurring populations in Florida not only is highly marketable (restoration, mine reclamation, roadsides) but such seed commands a high price. ...
... Plant origin is also important when the goal is to establish self-sustaining roadside or meadow plantings of native wildflowers and grasses. Seed source can affect growth, flowering, and survival of native wildflowers under the low-input conditions of roadsides and meadows (5,8,9,10). To increase the likelihood of long-term sustainability of a planted population of native wildflowers or grasses, use seeds or plants that are genetically diverse. ...
... Plant origin is also important when the goal is to establish self-sustaining roadside or meadow plantings of native wildflowers and grasses. Seed source can affect growth, flowering, and survival of native wildflowers under the low-input conditions of roadsides and meadows (5,8,9,10). To increase the likelihood of long-term sustainability of a planted population of native wildflowers or grasses, use seeds or plants that are genetically diverse. ...
ENH-1046, an 8-page illustrated fact sheet by Jeffrey G. Norcini, describes the economics of native plant production, the legal definitions of native plants, key terms related to native plants, and issues faced by growers and consumers. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, December 2006. ENH1045/EP297: Native Plants: An Overview (ufl.edu)
... Demand for seed of regional ecotypes of native wildflower species has risen over the past 10-20 years. The main appeal of this seed has been to those involved with roadside plantings (8), ecological restoration, and revegetation projects (3,9) because survival, growth, and flowering of native wildflower species can be strongly affected by seed origin (13,17,18). While demand for this type of seed is being met by a niche industry in the Midwest and West (3,9,14), commercial production in the lower south has only recently begun in response to strong demand. ...
Effects of season and fertilization on seed production were investigated for a central Florida ecotype of Leavenworth's coreopsis (Coreopsis leavenworthii Torr. & A. Gray) grown in containers. Since container-grown ecotypes of native, herbaceous species are frequently grown using nutrient regimes lower than those for production of typical garden plants, Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10K (18–6–12;8–9 month formulation) was incorporated into the soilless substrate at one-half the low, low, and medium label rates for container-grown herbaceous plants [1.8, 3.6, and 5.4 kg/m3 (3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 lb/yd3], respectively. Seed were harvested from mature heads (capitulescences) in late May to mid-July, and then again from late July to late October after plants had been cut back and reflowered. Seed yield and quality were greatest for the May–July harvest. Averaged over fertilizer rate, there were 3-fold more filled seed per mature head for the May–July harvest than during July–October. Mature head production was most responsive to increases in fertilizer rate during May–July. Percent germination of viable seed was nearly 90% or more for both harvests, but there were more viable seed for May–July than for July–October (75 vs. 57%). Seed also ripened much more uniformly during May–July then during July–October. Based on these conditions and results, the best time to harvest seed was from May to early July.
... Local native plant enthusiasts as well as those involved in local restoration efforts are becoming more insistent on using regionally adapted plant material because of ecological and sustainability implications. For example, under low input conditions, a commercially produced Texas selection of black-eyed susan consistently senesced in late summer in northern Florida whereas blackeyed susan derived from native Florida populations survived and flowered through late fall (4,8,9). And in central Florida, a naturally occurring selection of black-eyed susan from central Florida outperformed 'Sonora' and 'Indian Summer' in a bedding plant trial (3). ...
Rudbeckia hirta, black-eyed susan, is a popular container-produced native wildflower. However, there is a growing demand for regionally adapted selections because of ecological and sustainability issues. In separate studies in 2001 and 2002, seed from three sources — north Florida (NFL), central Florida (CFL), and Texas (TEX)—were sown in the greenhouse in mid-January. Seedlings were transplanted to cell packs in early February. In early April, liners were potted in 2.5 liter (0.66 gal) containers and placed on an outdoor production bed under full sun. Full bloom occurred about 21.5 to 23 weeks after sowing. TEX achieved full bloom 10 days earlier than NFL or CFL. Except for CFL in 2001, most plants were of a commercially acceptable height. The most uniform growth or flowering trait based on coefficients of variation was date of full bloom, with date of first bloom just slightly more variable. Other growth and flowering traits were moderately to highly variable.
... There is a growing demand for seed of regionally adapted (i.e., local ecotypes) native wildflowers and grasses for use in roadside plantings, ecological restoration, and revegetation projects (4,9). Seed source can affect survival, growth, and/or flowering of native wildflower species (14,19). The importance of seed origin has not only been recognized by the research community but by those involved with managing our nation's roadsides (8). ...
Seasonal and fertilization effects on seed production were investigated for a north Florida ecotype of lanceleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata L.) grown in containers. Since containerized ecotypes of native, herbaceous species are frequently grown using nutrient regimes lower than those for production of typical garden plants, Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10K (18–6–12; 8–9 month formulation) was incorporated into the soilless substrate at one-half the low, low and medium label rates for container-grown plants [1.8, 3.6, and 5.4 kg/m3 (3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 lb/yd3], respectively. Seed were harvested in June, and then again from July–October after plants had been cut back and reflowered. Seed production was greatest for the June harvest based on the number and mass of filled seed per seed head as well as the number of mature seed heads per plant. Number of mature seed heads was directly related to fertilizer rate but this effect varied by harvest season. Seed head production was substantially more responsive to increasing fertilizer rate for the June harvest than for the July–October harvest, which was one of the primary reasons for greater seed production in June. There were also 37% more filled seed per seed head for the June harvest than for the July–October harvest. Seed in June were 67% viable but only 21% of the viable seed germinated. The July–October seed were only 24.7% viable but half of them germinated. Seed harvested during July–October germinated faster than seed harvested in June.
... However, about 60% of students agreed or strongly agreed that seeds of native wildflowers from other states would grow well in Florida and about 34% agreed or strongly agreed that seeds of wildflowers from other climates would grow well in Florida. This reflects a significant misconception, as wildflowers from hardiness zones outside of Florida do not perform as well within the state as Florida ecotypes (Marois and Norcini, 2003;Norcini et al., 1998Norcini et al., , 2001. Lessons on ecotypic variation, provenance, or scheduling of locally and non-locally adapted germplasm in horticultural production would be particularly appropriate. ...
Traditional college students do not fit the demographic profile of people who are driving increased sales in gardening and landscaping or the use of native wildflowers. However, today's college students, especially those in plant-related disciplines, may be making future decisions regarding the use of native wildflowers for various applications. Many college students may be unaware of or disinterested in native wildflowers. We used a web-based survey to gauge awareness and interest of native wildflowers in Florida college students enrolled in plant-related disciplines. While students have a generally low awareness of native wildflowers, they expressed high levels of interest in learning more about the identification or cultivation of these species, seeing wildflowers, particularly on their campuses, and using wildflowers in different settings. Students were also interested in purchasing native wildflower seeds or finished plants from local retailers rather than through the Internet. We used student responses from this study to discuss education and marketing opportunities toward native wildflowers.
... O ver the past 10 to 20 years, production of prevariety germplasm of native wildflower seeds has risen dramatically in response to the demand for site-or regionally specific ecotype seeds for roadside plantings as well as for ecological restoration and revegetation projects (Booth and Jones, 2001;Harper-Lore and Wilson, 1999;Houseal and Smith, 2000). Researchers and practitioners realize that survival, growth, and flowering of native wildflower species can be strongly affected by seed origin (Marois and Norcini, 2003;Norcini et al., 1998Norcini et al., , 2001. Demand for prevariety germplasms is being met by a niche industry that is primarily in the midwestern and western United States (Booth and Jones, 2001;Houseal and Smith, 2000). ...
Fresh seeds of prevariety germplasms of goldenmane tickseed (Coreopsis basalis), florida tickseed (Coreopsis floridana), lanceleaf tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolata), and leavenworth's tickseed (Coreopsis leavenworthii) were harvested from cultivated plants and stored under dry conditions for 1 to 24 weeks at 15 or 32°C to alleviate dormancy, that is, to promote after-ripening. The relative humidity (RH) was 33% for all species except lanceleaf tickseed (23% RH). Seeds were subsequently stored for 24 weeks in a commercial storage facility at 23% RH/17 to 19°C to determine whether after-ripened seeds could be stored without loss in quality (viability, germination velocity). The only substantial after-ripening occurred with seeds of lanceleaf tickseed, although most after-ripening of lanceleaf tickseed seeds occurred during the 24 weeks of dry storage in the commercial storage facility regardless of storage conditions for the previous 24 weeks. After the 24 weeks in commercial storage, germination of lanceleaf tickseed seeds was 48% to 80%, but germination was only 2% to 15% after 24 weeks of dry storage at 15 or 32°C, respectively. Freshly harvested seeds of the other three species were much more nondormant than seeds of lanceleaf tickseed, but after-ripening effects were still evident because there were increases in germination or germination velocity (an indicator of after-ripening). Maintenance of seed quality was species-dependent. Seed quality of the two upland species, goldenmane tickseed and lanceleaf tickseed, was maintained during the initial 24 weeks of dry storage plus the subsequent 24 weeks in the commercial storage facility. In contrast, viability of seeds of the two wetland species, florida tickseed and leavenworth's tickseed, declined to varying degrees either during the initial 24 weeks of after-ripening or during storage in the commercial facility. The greatest decline in quality occurred for florida tickseed seeds that were stored for 24 weeks at 32°C and then for 24 weeks in the commercial storage facility.
... In Florida, it has been shown that seed origin can affect flowering, growth, and or survival of several native wildflower species that occur and/or are planted on roadsides (Norcini et al., 1998(Norcini et al., , 2001Marois and Norcini, 2003;. For example, a northern Florida ecotype of Coreopsis lanceolata (lanceleaf tickseed) was found to bloom earlier and have higher survivorship than non-local ecotypes (Norcini et al., 2001). ...
Orange coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida) of the Asteraceae family is widely used as an ornamental plant in public and private gardens. At the end of the summer of 2016, in a garden in Biella Province (northern Italy, elevation 850 m, 45°36′00″ N, 8°03′00″ E), a previously unknown wilt was observed on 7-month-old plants. The disease affected 70% of about 30 plants grown in mixed borders and in pots. Affected plants were stunted and developed yellow leaves followed by wilting of basal leaves and stems. A continuous brown to black streak in the vascular tissue of roots, crown, and basal stem was observed. Tissues were excised from the vascular system of the crown and stem of 10 symptomatic plants, immersed in a solution containing 1% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, rinsed in sterile water, then cultured on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) amended with 25 mg/liter of streptomycin sulfate. After 6 days at 23°C, 80% of the obtained fungal colony were similar and developed a cottony mycelium with a purple pigmentation. The fungus was morphologically identified as Fusarium sp. (Leslie and Summerell 2006) by combining the macroscopic observation on PDA, the type of high quality and quantity symptoms on diseased plants, and the part of the plants from which the strains were obtained using isolation protocols. One representative isolate (IT22) was subcultured onto PDA and a single-spore culture was obtained. On carnation leaf agar (CLA), these single-spore isolates produced 3-septate macroconidia of 23.1 to 33.9 × 2.9 to 4.5 (average 28.8 × 4.1) µm in orange sporodochia from monophialides (13.4 to 21.3 and 2.1 to 2.7) on branched conidiophores. Microconidia were elliptical or reniform (6.5 to 14.0 × 2.4 to 4.2, average 10.3 × 3.4 μm). Chlamydospores formed either terminally or intercalary and measured 7.1 to 9.6 (average 8.2 µm). DNA from isolate IT22 was obtained using E.Z.N.A. Fungal DNA Mini Kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Darmstadt, Germany), EF1/EF2 primers were used to amplify the elongation factor-1 alpha gene region from the extracted DNA (O’Donnell et al. 1998). The amplicon was sequenced (GenBank accession no. KY563701) at the BMR Genomics Centre (Padua, Italy). A BLASTn search of the 685 bp amplicon was 100% identical to that of the NRRL_52787 isolate of Fusarium oxysporum (JF740855.1). Pathogenicity tests were carried out on healthy, 60-day-old plants of R. fulgida inoculated by root immersion in conidial suspension (1 × 107 conidia/ml) of the IT22 isolate and transplanted into 2 liter pots filled with steam-sterilized soil. Noninoculated plants served as control. Plants (six per treatment) were kept in a glasshouse at an average temperature of 24°C (minimum 20, maximum 28°C). The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. Wilt symptoms and vascular discoloration in the roots, crown, and veins developed within 20 days on all inoculated plants, while noninoculated plants remained healthy. F. oxysporum was consistently reisolated from infected plants only. F. oxysporum has been reported on R. hirta in Florida (Alfieri et al. 1994). Marois and Norcini (2003) also isolated an F. oxysporum from seeds of wild plants of R. hirta, providing the evidence of the role of contaminated seed source in survival of the pathogen. This is the first report of F. oxysporum on R. fulgida in Italy, as well as in the world. Further studies are needed to identify the host range and the forma specialis of the Italian isolates. © 2017, American Phytopathological Society. All rights reserved.
Home region failed to provide any clear short-term improvement in plant growth, vigor, flowering, quality, or survival of Gaillardia pulchella Foug. (Asteraceae; firewheel) when plants derived from natural populations in east Texas, northeast Florida, central west Florida, central east Florida, and southeast Florida were grown under low-input landscape conditions in northwestern, northern central, or southeastern Florida. During the 22-wk study, adaptability of east Texas plants was similar to that of northeast Florida and southeast Florida plants within the different sites. At the 2 northern sites, plant growth, vigor, and flowering were greater than for plants grown in southeastern Florida. The patterns of biweekly changes in plant vigor, flowering, and quality ratings were similar among plants of all seed sources within a site. Averaged over the entire study, these ratings were equally high for plants of all seed sources except central east Florida plants. Within a site, survival of northeast Florida, southeast Florida, and east Texas plants was equally high (83 to 100%). Also, 100% of central west Florida plants survived at the 2 northern sites, yet no central west Florida plants survived past week 16 in southeastern Florida. Differences in growth, vigor, flowering, quality, and survival were likely related to the loamier soils at the 2 northern sites and (or) flooding June rains in southeastern Florida.
Growth, flowering, and survival of black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.) from three seed sources - Northern Florida (NFL), central Florida (CFL), and Texas (TEX) - Were evaluated under low input conditions for one growing season at four sites in Florida. Two sites were in American Horticultural Society (AHS) Heat Zone 9 while the other two were in AHS Heat Zones 10 and 11. Growth, onset date of flowering, and number of flowers at peak flowering varied by site. With few exceptions, plants tended to reach peak flowering at about the same time. Flower diameter varied by seed source with TEX>NFL>CFL. While TEX plants were perceived as the showiest, NFL and CFL plants persisted longer under the low input conditions in Florida, and hence provided some evidence of adaptation to regional site conditions.
Coreopsis lanceolata L. and Salvia lyrata L. from local (Monticello, FL) and nonlocal seed sources were transplanted into a field and maintained under low input, noncompetitive landscape conditions for 2 years. Plants of both species from local seed sources began flowering and were in full bloom earlier than plants from the nonlocal seed sources. Nonlocal C. lanceolata were larger throughout the study. Local S. lyrata were taller than nonlocal plants only when local plants were in flower and nonlocal plants were not. Survival percentage of C. lanceolata was equivalent from both seed sources, but higher for local S. lyrata compared to nonlocal, at the conclusion of the study. Index words: lanceleaf coreopsis, lyreleaf sage, provenance, seed source, wildflowers. Species used in this study: lanceleaf coreopsis, Coreopsis lanceolata L.; lyreleaf sage, Salvia
Plantings of six native wildflower species—Cassia fasciculata Michx. (partridge-pea), Coreopsis ianceoiata L. (lanceleaf coreopsis), Gaillardia pulchella Foug. (blanketflow er), Ipomopsis rubra(L.) Wherry (standing cypress), Rudbeck ia hirta L. (black-eyed susan), and Salvia lyrata L. (lyreleaf sage) —were established during winter 1997 at five sites in Jef ferson County, Florida. Seeds of each species were derived from native populations (local ecotype) and purchased from commercial sources outside of Florida (nonlocal ecotype). Plantings were irrigated as needed up until early April to en sure germination but received no supplemental fertilizer. No pesticides were applied except to control weeds on the perim eter of the plantings and fireants; plots were handweeded as necessary. Plants were evaluated once per month from June to October 1997. It was clearly evident from these evaluations that the local ecotypes generally were better adapted to north Florida conditions than were the nonlocal ecotypes. The most noteworthy differences were as follows: 1) local ecotypes of black-eyed susan and blanketflower had longer flowering peri ods than their nonlocal counterparts; 2) the local ecotype of lanceleaf coreopsis flowered profusely while flowering of the nonlocal ecotype was sparse; 3) the local ecotypes of lanceleaf coreopsis and lyreleaf sage had less disease incidence than nonlocal ecotypes; 4) flower color and blooming date of stand ing cypress ecotypes varied substantially.
Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Plant and Soil Science. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-38).
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