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Hypoglycemic Effect of Extracts of Petai Papan (Parkia speciosa, Hassk)

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Fathaiya Jamaludin at Open University Malaysia
Fathaiya Jamaludin
Suhaila Mohamed
Suhaila Mohamed
Suhaila Mohamed
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Abstract and Figures

ABSTRAK Pentadbimn extrak klorofonn jJetai melalui mulut, dapat menumnkan dengan ketam (p<O. 01) kandongan glukos dalam darah tikl.ls yang di kencing manis oleh alloxan. Tindakan hypoglysaemik ini berkadaran dengan punca kllasa dl/a dos yang diberi. Tindalwn hypoglysaemik adalah mixima selepas 2-5 jam pengambilan ekstrak tersebut mdallli ml.llut dan I~elwl selama sekumng-kumngnya 24 jam. ABSTRACT The oml administration of the chloroform extract ofParkia speciosa to alloxan-induced diabetic rats produced a significant (p<0.01) decrease in blood glucose levels. The hypoglycemic response was approximately proportional to the square root of the dose given. The hypog(ycemic activity of the extmct reached a maximum 2-5 hours rifter oral administration of the extract and lasted for at least 24 hours.
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PertanikaJ
Trap.
Agric. Sci. 16(3):
161-165(1993)
ISSN:OI26-6128
©
Un
i\'ersi
ti
Pertan
ian
~lalaysia
Press
Hypoglycemic
Effect
of
Extracts
of
Petai
Papan
(Parkia speciosa, Hassk)
FATHAIYAJAMAL
DIN
and
SUHAILA
MOHAMED'
Department
of
rood
Science,
p'aculty
of
Food Science
and
Biotechnology,
Universiti Pertanian lVIalaysia,
43400
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
ABSTRAK
Pentadbimn extrak klorofonn jJetai melalui mulut, dapat
menumnkan
dengan
ketam
(p<O.
01) kandongan glukos
dalam darah tikl.ls
yang
di kencing
manis
oleh alloxan.
Tindakan
hypoglysaemik
ini
berkadaran dengan
punca
kllasa dl/a dos
yang
diberi.
Tindalwn
hypoglysaemik adalah mixima selepas 2-5
jam
pengambilan ekstrak tersebut
mdallli ml.llut dan
I~elwl
selama
sekumng-kumngnya
24
jam.
ABSTRACT
The
oml
administration
of
the chloroform extract
ofParkia
speciosa
to
alloxan-induced diabetic rats produced a
significant (p<0.01) decrease
in
blood glucose levels. The hypoglycemic response was approximately proportional
to
the square
root
of
the
dose
given. The hypog(ycemic activity
of
the extmct reached a
maximum
2-5 hours rifter oral
administration
of
the extract
and
lasted
for
at least 24 hours.
Keywords: Parkia speciosa,
antidiabetic,
hypoglycemic,
oral
administration,
rats,
chloroform
extract,
dose-response
INTRODUCTION
Petai
(Parkia
speciosa) is a
Southeast
Asian
legume
of
the
Mimosae
subfamily,
whose
seeds
are
consumed
as a
condiment
or
vegetable
,,,,ith
rice,
for
its
unique
Shiitake
mushroom-
like
flavour.
When
taken
in
excess
it
gives a
strong
onion-like
smell,
which
is
excreted
by
the
body
in
the
urine,
the
sweat
and
the
faeces.
Sometimes
petai
is
eaten
because
it
is
believed
to
have
anti-diabetic
and
anti-hypertensive
activity.
Petai
has
been
used
in
traditional
medi-
cine
for
its
antibacterial
effects
on
kidney,
ureter
and
urinary
bladder.
The
antibacterial
and
antifungal
compounds
were
found
to
be
cyclic
polysulfides,
whose
structures
were
established
as
1,2,4-trithiolane,
1,2,4,6-
tetrathiepane,
1
,2,3,5,6-pen
tathiepane
(lenthio-
nine),
1,2,4,5,7,8-hexathionane
and
a
pen-
ITo
whom
all
correspondence
should
be
addressed.
tathiocane
(Gmelin
et
al.
1981).
Dichros-
tachin
ic
acid,
djenkolic
acid
and
thiozolidine-
4-carboxylic
acid
were
qlso
iden
tified
(Holzman
et
al.
1982).
Thiozolidine-4-car-
boxylic
acid
has
been
successfully
used
experi-
mentally
and
clinically
as
an
anti-cancer
agent
(Pandeya
1972).
Djenkolic
acid
has
been
known
to
cause
blockage
of
the
urinary
tubules
due
to
its low
solubility,
resulting
in
pain,
haematuria
and
even
death.
P.
speciosa
seeds
also
contain
significant
minerals,
vita-
mins,
protein
and
fat,
while
having
a
lower
antinutrient
content
compared
to
soya
bean
(Suhaila
et
al.
1987).
This
research
was
undertaken
to
investi-
gate
the
hypoglycemic
effect
of
P. speciosa
on
normal
and
alloxan-induced
diabetic
rats,
because
petai
is
eaten
by
diabetics
for
that
purpose.
FATHAIYAJAMALUDIN AND
SUHAILA
MOHAMED
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation
of
Extracts
Ten
kg
of
fresh
petai
pods
were
obtained
from
the
local
market.
The
seeds
were
separated
from
the
pods.
Both
portions
were
air
dried,
ground
to a
powder
and
extracted
sequentially
and
exhaustively with
petroleum
ether,
diethyl
ether,
chloroform,
dichloromethane,
ammoniacal
chloroform
and
methanol.
The
solvents
were
completely
evaporated
off
with a
rotary
evapora-
tor
to
obtain
the
extracts.
Experimental Procedure
Healthy
Sprague
Drawley rats
of
mixed
sexes
(weighing 200-450 g) were
intravenously
injected
with 60
mg/kg
alloxan
(2,4,5,6-Tetra oxy pyrimi-
dine)
to
induce
diabetes
within
40-48
hours
(Lundquist
and
Rerupa
1967).
The
dry
extracts
of
petai
were orally
fed
to 24-hr-fasted
normal
and
alloxan-induced
diabetic
rats
at
a
dose
level
in
the
range
of
25-500
mg
extract/kg
BW
(body
weight),
together
with 1 g
glucose/kg
BW
of
rat.
Coadministration
of
glucose
with
the
extract
was
done
to
cause hyperglycemia.
Both
diabetic
and
normal
rats
treated
orally with 5
ml
saline
and
1 g
glucose/kg
BW
were
observed
for
comparison.
Blood
samples
were
taken
hourly
for
the
first
11
hours
and
again
24
hours
after
the
administra-
tion
of
the
extracts.
Blood
was
obtained
from
the
tail vein by
using
heparinised
microhematocrit
capillary
tubes
(Riley 1960).
A
nalysis
of
Blood Glucose
The
plasma
glucose level was
determined
by glu-
cose
oxidase
method
(Roche
Glucose
test
kit 0
07
1011
3)
where
D-glucose
is
specifically oxi-
dised
to gluconic
acid
and
hydrogen
peroxide
by
glucose
oxidase.
The
generated
hydrogen
per-
oxide
converts O-dianisidine,
by
the
catalytic
action
of
peroxidase
to
the
red-brown
semi-
quinone.
The
colour
intensity
is
directly
propor-
tional
to
the
glucose
concentration
and
is mea-
sured
spectrophotometrically.
0.02 ml
of
serum
was
used
for
glucose assay
and
compared
with
0.02
ml
standard
Dglucose solution.
Statistical Analysis
The
data
were statistically analysed
using
analysis
of
variance
(ANOVA) ,
Duncan's
multiple
range
test
(DMRT)
and
regression
analysis
on
MSTAT
computer
program.
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
Results
showed
that
only
the
chloroform
extracts
(l
g/kg
body weight)
from
both
the
empty
pods
and
seeds
of
petai
had
a
strong
hypoglycemic activ-
ity
on
diabetic rats
(Fig.
1). Blood glucose level
at
time
zero
is
the
blood
glucose level
just
after
the
oral administration
of
extracts/
saline
and
glucose.
ANOVA
analysis showed significant differences
between
chloroform extracts
of
both
the
seeds
and
pods
(p<O.Ol),
and
extracts from
other
solvents
··1
!-
J..
.
"I
• I
··········~·f~//IL
...
".
50
40
30
60
70
··T·
..
'.
"''1
50
40
70
60
30
Seeds Pods
170
170
160
160
150
150
140
140
130
130
OJ
120
QJ
120
(f)
00
~E
110
~E
110
~
§100
~
§
100
~
~
90
~
~
90
~-
80
~-
80
(,)
(,)
Time (Hours)
_Diabetic (Untreated)
Treated with Petroleum Ether Extract
(1
glkg)
Treated with Chloroform Extract
(1
glkg)
Treated with Ethyl Acetate Extract
(1
glkg)
Time (Hours)
Treated with Dichloromethane Extract
(1
g/kg)
Treated with Ammonical Chloroform Extract
(1
glkg)
Treated with Methanol Extract
(1
glkg)
Fig.1.
E./Jed
of
di./Jerent
chemical
solvents
extrads
of
P.
speciosa
on
blood
glw:ose
levels
in
alloxan-diahetic
raLs.
Data
are
means
±
SE
(n
=
4)
162
PERTANlKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 16
NO.3,
1993
HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT
OF
EXTRACTS
OF
PETAl PAPAN
Fig.
2.
l!..jJect
of
chlaroform
extracts
ofP. speciosa
on
normal
and
diabetic
rats.
Data
are
means
±
SE
(n
=4)
F'ig.3.
Dose-response
relationship
if
fresh
and
ground
seeds
on
blood
glucose
levels
of
aU.o:xan-<.lialx1icmls.
Data
are
rneans±
5E
(n
=
4)
24
24
20
20
-
---~-
--
16
16
12
-
..
-Diabetic
100
mglkg
(48%
Decreament)
- . - Diabetic
250
mglkg
(58%
Decrement)
-Diabetic
500
mglkg
(77%
Decrement)
Time (Hours)
12
Diabetic
(Untreated)
Saline
Normal
(Seeds Extract 400 mg/kg)
Normal
(Pods Extract
400
mg/kg)
Treated
(Seeds Extract 400 mg/kg)
Treated (Pods
Extract
400
mglkg)
----~:r--z
..
,:JI"--.,_.
__
....
:s:..
.'w
_
-Diabetic (Untreated)
---
Saline
Diabetic
25
mglkg (24% Decrement)
--Diabetic
50
mglkg
(31
%Decrement)
Time
(Hours)
420
,-----------------~
400
380
360
340
320
300
)C'~-.-i
....
~.,
/'-~-.-.-.-
..
--.-.-.-.-.--.--.--
280
',,/./
\x.
..,...._...1
~
~:~
~""-L"/'
\,
o
220
I..
_
t
200
's..""-r"
..
_ ...:a-
180
160
140
~
~~
.
.:;.;.~-1:'~:£!::::::':;.~~~~.~.~.~~~.~.:~.~.~~.~.;~~~~~~
80
-f---,.--,----,,--,----,,--,----,,--r----.--r-----.-----.j
420
,-----------=-----------,
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
E260
g
240
220
.[
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
-t---,.--r----,--,----,--,--,--.----,,--,----,.--J
(1
g/kg
body
weight)
or
the
control
(treatment
with
saline).
Further
work
therefore
concentrated
only
on
the
chloroform
fraction.
Fig. 2shows
that
there
was
insignifican
t
increase
in
the
blood
glucose
levels
of
normal
rats
fed
with 0.4 g
ground
seeds
or
pods
together
with
1 g
glucose/kg
body
weight.
The
normal
rats
had
an
average
blood
glucose
content
of
124
mg/100
ml, while
the
alloxan
diabetic
rats
had
an
average
blood
glucose
level
of
379
mg/100
ml
after
ingest-
ing
1 g
glucose/kg
body
weight.
The
blood
glucose level
of
alloxan
diabetic
rats was
reduced
by 36±6 %
to
288
mg/
100
ml
with
the
oral
treatment
of
0.4
g/kg
BW'pericarp
(pod),
and
by 57±6 %to 236
mg/100
ml
after
the
oral
treatment
with 0.4
g/kg
BW
petai
seed.
The
treat-
ment
could
be
seen
to
take effect within less
than
an
hour
and
lasted
for
at
least
24
hours.
The
max-
imum
fall was
observed
2
hours
after
oral
adminis-
tration.
However,
there
was
an
initial rise
in
blood
glucose
level
between
0-3
hours,
showing
that
the
glucose was rapidly
absorbed
from
the
alimentary
canal
and
that
the
extract
of
petai
took
effect
only
two
hours
after
ingestion.
The
blood
glucose
level
of
healthy
and
diabetic
rats
fed
with
saline
plus
1
g/kg
BW
glucose
is
shown
for
comparison.
The
seed
had
a
higher
activity
than
the
pri-
carp.
Fig.
3shows
the
dose-response
relationship
of
petai
seed
on
blood
glucose
level
in
diabetic
rats. A
dose
of
25
mg/kg
BW
decreased
the
blood
glucose
by 24±4
%,
yet
a4-fold
increase
in
dosage
(100
mg/kg
BW)
only
decreased
the
blood
glucose
by 43±5
%.
Increasing
the
dosage
20-fold (500
mg/kg
BW)
decreased
the
blood
glucose
by 77±12
%.
Further
increasing
the
dosage
(3 g
seed/kg
BW)
decreased
the
blood
glucose
level by 116±12 %i.e.
bringing
the
glu-
cose, level
below
that
of
a
normal
healthy
rat.
TABLE 1
Reduction
in
blood
glucose (%)
of
diabetic rats following
the
administration
of
chloroform
extract
of
petai seeds
dose
hr
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
(mg/kg
body
wt)
125.41 51.76 53.17 55.52 56.47 57.41 58.35 59.29 58.35 57.41
320.70 30.11 32.94 36.70 37.64 37.64 38.58 39.05 43.76 48.94
525.4 34.82 43.29 50.82 55.52 59.29 64 67.76 72 75.76
825.41 46.11 53.17 60.23 64 73.88 66.35 68.70 69.17 70.11
11
13.17 30.11 36.70 44.23 47.05 49.41 51.76 53.64 44.70 36.70
24 8.941 21.64 27.29 33.88 34.35 34.82 35.76 36.70 34.82 33.88
PERTA IKA].
TROP.
AGRIe.
SCI. VOL.
16
NO.3,
1993
163
FATHAlYAJAMALUDIN AND
SUBAIu
MOHAMED
2420
16
12
__
--
..
t:--
a
.....
__
.....
__
........
...........
_.
__
= -
420
-,--------------------.,
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
E
260
o
240
~
220
.[
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
+---,--....----,--....---,---,----,---,----,--....---,-----l
The
percentage
lowering
of
blood
glucose
at
various doses
of
seed
is
presented
in
Table
l.
The
optimum
percentage
lowering
of
blood
glu-
cose
appeared
to
occur
around
5-8
hours
after
administration
of
extracts
regardless
of
the
dose
level.
Optimum
dosage
appeared
to
be
around
200
mg
seed/kg
body
weight
in
the
alloxan-
induced
diabetic
rats.
Except
for
the
first 2
hours,
the
response
(percentage
lowering
of
blood
glucose)
appears
to follow
an
exponential
relationship
to
the
dosage
given with a
high
cor-
relation
coefficient
of
r2=0.99.
The
best
fitted
line
for
this
correlationship
is
given as:
y=3.01
-Jx
+10.2
where:
y
percentage
lowering
of
blood
glucose,
(blood glucose level
of
diabetic rats -treated rats)
x100
Time (Hours)
Diabetic (Untreated)
Saline
25 mg/kg
(No
Decrement)
50 mg/kg (18% Decrement)
100 mg/kg (31% Decrement)
250 mg/kg (47% Decrement)
(blood glucose level
of
diabetic rats -healthy rats)
and
x=
mg
seeds/
kg
body
weight.
Fig.
4. Dose-response relationship
oj
fresh
and
ground
empty
pods on blood glucose levels
oj
alloxan-diabetic rats. Data
are means ±SE (n =4)
Similarly
the
percentage
lowering
of
blood
glucose
at
various doses
of
empty
pod
is
presented
by
the
equation
y=4.02
-Jx
-13
where:
y=%lowering
of
blood
glucose,
and
x=
mg
pods/kg
body
weight.
Except
for
the
first 4
hours,
the
percentage
lowering
of
blood
glucose
appears
to follow
an
exponential
relationship
to
the
dosage given with
a
high
correlation
coefficient
of
r2=0.94.
It
can
therefore
be
generalised
that
for
both
the
seed
and
pericarp,
the
response
is
approximately
pro-
portional
to
the
square
root
of
the
dose given.
The
time
taken
for
the
pericarp
to take effect
and
the
duration
of
the
hypoglycemic activity
are
shown
in
Fig.
4.
The
pericarp
had
alower activity
than
the
seed. At 25
mg/kg
BW
there
was
no
sig-
nificant
activity.
At
50
mg/kg
BW
the
lowering
of
blood
glucose was 18±4 %
and
the
activity
at
100
mg/kg
and
250
mg/kg
was 31±5 %
and
47±5 %
respectively.
This
is
about
half
the
activity
of
the
seed.
The
fact
that
the
blood
glucose
response
to
petai
seeds
and
pods
is
square
root
to
the
dose
may
indicate
that
the
mechanism
of
action
of
the
active
compounds
in
petai
is
peripheral.
This
is
based
on
comparison
of
dose
response
curves
of
peripherally-acting
compounds
to
centrally-
acting
ones
(those
causing
the
pancreas
to
increase
insulin
production
and
release).
Peripheral-acting
compounds
act
directly
on
all
the
cells
in
general,
enabling
more
glucose
to
en
ter
the
cells.
Chemical
studies
on
the
active
compounds
of
petai
showed
them
to
be
sterols
(results
to
be
published)
which
can
readily affect
the
lipoprotein
part
of
cell
membranes.
Further
work
is
being
carried
out
to
determine
the
mech-
anism
of
action.
Even
though
the
activity
of
the
pericarp
(empty
pod)
and
mesocarp
(testa)
are
half
of
that
from
the
seed,
extraction
of
compounds
from
the
empty
pod
is
viable because
it
consti-
tutes
57 %
of
the
whole
pod
and
only
the
seeds
are
normally
eaten
while
the
outer
skin
is
less
palatable
although
edible.
In
Malaysia,
canned
petai
seeds with anchovies
and
chilli
sauce
are
available
in
the
market.
The
empty
pods
are
therefore
awaste
product
which
can
be
used
as a
raw
material
for
the
extraction
of
hypoglycemic
material.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The
authors
are
indebted
to
Mr
Zainal
Abidin
Jamin
for
valuable assistance;
and
MPKSN
and
IFS for
funding
the
research.
164
PERTANlKAJ. TROP. AGRIe. SCI. VOL. 16
NO.3,
1993
HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF EXTRACTS
OF
PETAl PAPAN
REFERENCES
GMEL!
,
R,
R
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... For instance, the seeds of P. speciosa showed strong evidences of anti-diabetic activity when compared to the empty pods using chloroform extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats [21]. In coherence to this study, Jamaludin et al. [22] also outlined that only chloroform extract of P. speciosa seeds have an excellent hypoglycaemic activity (p < 0.0001, SD 22.03) among the different extract used with minimum inhibition at 25 mg/kg BW. ...
... Administration of the dosage of P. speciosa extract also influence the spectrum of the anti-diabetic activity. Supporting evidence by Jamaludin and Mohamed [21] revealed that the dosage of treatment of P. speciosa extract at 25 mg/kg BW reduced the blood glucose by 24 ± 4% and increasing the dosage 20-fold times at 500 mg/kg BW reduced the blood glucose by 77 ± 12% and further increasing the dosage of treatment increases anti-diabetic activity of the plant event to the extent of bringing the blood sugar level to that of normal rats. In line to this study, the findings of Alioes et al. [25] also revealed that mice treated with doses of 300 mg/Kg and 400 mg/Kg BW and with glimepiride 0.0026/20 g for 7 days showed anti-diabetic activity at 300 mg/Kg but significant differences was observed at 400 mg/Kg which reported more ideal results showing better effectiveness than glimepiride. ...
... Gao et al. [26] also delineates that empty pods of P. speciosa ethanol extract exhibit better result at 400 mg/kg/day compared to 100 mg/kg/day, with similar effect to that of glibenclamide. This is influenced by the active compounds present in the extract and consequently, at higher dose the concentration of active compounds in the extract is also higher which explains its better anti-diabetic activity [25] The presence of compounds, namely, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol were identified whose mechanisms may explain why P. speciosa seeds act as hypoglycaemic agent but it does not exhibit hypoglycaemic activity when tested individually so the presence of both compounds and its synergistic actions is essential for hypoglycaemic activity [21] Similar study conducted by Jamaludin et al. [22]also reported a compound, stigmas-4-en-3 one in stinky beans that act as a naturally occurring oral hypoglycaemic agent. In the same study, the empty pods exhibit good anti-diabetic activity with minimum effective dose at 50 mg pericarp kg −1. which could be attributed to the presence of stigmas-4-en-3 compound. ...
In vivo and in vitro anti-diabetic activity of stinky beans (Parkia Speciosa): a systematic review
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2024
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder, if left untreated leads to various complications affecting the quality of life. Management of blood glucose level is a pressing priority to prevent further complications. Stinky beans (Parkia speciosa) is one such plant that are traditionally used in Southeast Asian countries in treating various diseases including diabetes mellitus. It is low in carbohydrates, rich in protein, and other vital vitamins, minerals and essential compounds necessary for maintaining health. This study aims to review the scientific evidences of anti-diabetic activity of stinky beans using in vivo and in vitro studies and provide data for future research. An extensive search was done using PUBMED, Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), and Google Scholar. The search yielded 884 studies, out of which 10 studies met our inclusion criteria after screening. Quality assessment was done using risk of bias assessment Quin Tool method for in vitro studies and risk of bias for in vivo studies according to SYRCLE’s RoBTool. The study included the seeds, empty pods, rinds, leaf and peel strips of stinky beans which exhibited anti-diabetic activity. These beneficial effects may be influenced by the presence of bioactive compounds and compounds like β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, stigmas-4-en-3-one that are hypoglycaemic agents. The seeds appear to be the most effective when compared to other parts of the plant. However, depending on the extract used, the dosage of treatment and the assay used, the spectrum of the effect also differs.
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... One of the in vitro hypoglycemic studies has been discussed earlier by Sonia and co-workers [6] as part of their study. Two studies examined empty pods and seeds separately [37,38], one study examined seeds and pericarp separately [39] and two studies examined empty pod [6,11]. Among the assays used were α-glucosidase inhibition activity, alpha amylase inhibition activity, and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) inhibition assay and glucose oxidase method. ...
... There was some inconsistency on parts of the plant that gives greater hypoglycemic effect. Tunsaringkarn and colleagues [39] found that the P. speciosa pericarp had a higher hypoglycemic activity than the seeds, but Jamaluddin and colleagues [37,38] had opposite findings. This inconsistency could be due to the cultivar, harvesting time and method, types of extract and assays performed. ...
... Jamaludin & Mohamed [37] studied the hypoglycemic effect of P. speciosa extracts using glucose oxidase method. In this study, healthy Sprague Dawley rats were induced to be diabetic via intravenous injection of 60mg/kg alloxan. ...
Nutraceutical Potential of Parkia speciosa (Stink Bean): A Current Review
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2019
Background: Inadequate fruits and vegetables intake contributes to the prevalence of major diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Parkia speciosa [stink bean] is a common vegetable consumed in the Southeast Asia. Although it contains various phytochemicals that can help prevent disease development, the effort to develop a specific treatment or food products from Parkia speciosa remains a challenge. Here, we explore research works of the medicinal benefits of P. speciosa that can be used as a guide to develop future clinical studies. Method: We conducted a database search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct using the keywords “nutraceutical potential”, “Parkia speciosa” “antioxidant”, “hypoglycemic”, “antitumor”, “antimicrobial” and “cardiovascular effects”. We included clinical trial, in vitro and in vivo studies that were written in English or Malay; and excluded review articles with no time limitations. Result: We reviewed a total of 28 research articles. No clinical trial was found. The articles were grouped into antioxidative, hypoglycemic, antitumor, antimicrobial and cardiovascular effects. Six articles had combination of the medicinal properties. Seeds and empty pods are the most common plants parts used. Each bioactivities differed depending on the plant parts, extracts, methods, cultivar and plantation site. Conclusion: P. speciosa demonstrated antioxidative, hypoglycemic, antitumor, antimicrobial and cardiovascular effects that were contributed by its phytochemical compounds. This finding could be used as a database for future clinical studies. We recommended researchers to use the information from the articles reviewed for drug development and clinical trial. Keywords: Nutracetical potential; Parkia Speciosa; Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic; Antitumor; Antimicrobial; Cardiovascular Effects
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... One of the in vitro hypoglycemic studies has been discussed earlier by Sonia and co-workers [6] as part of their study. Two studies examined empty pods and seeds separately [37,38], one study examined seeds and pericarp separately [39] and two studies examined empty pod [6,11]. Among the assays used were α-glucosidase inhibition activity, alpha amylase inhibition activity, and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) inhibition assay and glucose oxidase method. ...
... There was some inconsistency on parts of the plant that gives greater hypoglycemic effect. Tunsaringkarn and colleagues [39] found that the P. speciosa pericarp had a higher hypoglycemic activity than the seeds, but Jamaluddin and colleagues [37,38] had opposite findings. This inconsistency could be due to the cultivar, harvesting time and method, types of extract and assays performed. ...
... Jamaludin & Mohamed [37] studied the hypoglycemic effect of P. speciosa extracts using glucose oxidase method. In this study, healthy Sprague Dawley rats were induced to be diabetic via intravenous injection of 60mg/kg alloxan. ...
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... In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, chloroform extract of P. speciosa seeds and empty pods significantly reduced glucose levels 2 h after ingestion, and the effect lasted for at least 24 h [11]. In that study, normal rats had an average blood glucose concentration of 124 mg/100 mL, while the diabetic rats average blood glucose concentration was 379 mg/100 mL after ingesting 1 g glucose/kg of body weight. ...
... Oral administration of 0.4 g/kg of P. speciosa ground pods reduced 36% of blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats. In addition, oral administration of 0.4 g/kg of P. speciosa ground seeds reduced 57% of blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats [11]. Jamaluddin et al. (1994) demonstrated the hypoglycemic property of bioactive compounds isolated from chloroform extract of P. speciosa seeds [9]. ...
Phytochemical Contents and Pharmacological Potential of Parkia speciosa Hassk. for Diabetic Vasculopathy: A Review
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2022
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and is considered a major health problem in the world. It is associated with endothelial dysfunction which causes progressive vascular damage. DM is a known risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications such as peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Medicinal plants may act as an alternative resource or adjunctive treatment option in the treatment of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Parkia speciosa (Fabaceae) is a plant found abundantly in the Southeast Asian region. Its seeds, with or without pods, and roots have long been used as a traditional medicine in this region to treat hypertension and diabetes. Studies have shown its numerous beneficial pharmacological properties. Extracts of P. speciosa, particularly from its seeds and empty pods, show the presence of polyphenols. They also exhibit potent antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties. Its hypoglycemic properties are reported to be associated with the presence of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmat-4-en-3-one. The current review aimed to provide an overview of the current status of P. speciosa, its pharmacological potential, and its phytochemical content in attenuating diabetic vasculopathy. Glycemic status, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia are known to play pivotal roles in the initiation and severity of diabetic cardiovascular diseases; thus, targeting these factors might be beneficial for preventing and/or treating diabetic vasculopathy.
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... Djenkolic acid identified in PS is formed from the dithiocetal (S-C-S), might be formed from formaldehyde and two molecules of cycteine [81]. Blockage of urinary tubules is connected to low solubility of djenkolic acid in acid condition subsequently precipitate as crystals which can cause pain, haematuria and sometimes death to human [84]. This is especially so when ingestion of djenkol beans that contain large amount of the djenkolic acid, in the range of 0.3-1.3 ...
... g/100g wet weight or 93% of acid exist in a free state [85]. In traditional medicine, PS has been used for antibacterial and antifungal effects on kidney, ureter and urinary bladder and later was found to be the effects from cyclic polysulfides [84]. PS is also suggestd as potential functional food with H 2 S ...
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... Several other compounds can be found in the seeds of the PS such as terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids (106). The bioactive potential of PS accounts for diverse health benefits such as anti-angiogenic and antioxidant properties (107) and antidiabetic properties (108). ...
NATURAL PRODUCTS TARGETING NITRIC OXIDE AS A THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION: A REVIEW
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2025
Hypertension remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. Nitric oxide (NO) signaling plays a pivotal role in blood pressure regulation, making it an attractive target for hypertension management. Natural products have garnered considerable attention for their potential to modulate NO signaling pathways and mitigate hypertension. This review provides a comprehensive overview of natural products targeting NO as a therapeutic strategy for hypertension treatment. We systematically examine the mechanisms by which natural compounds enhance NO bioavailability, promote vasodilation, and exert antihypertensive effects. Key natural products are evaluated for their efficacy in preclinical studies. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and limitations associated with translating preclinical findings to clinical practice. Overall, this review highlights the promising role of natural products in modulating NO signaling pathways and offers insights into their potential as adjunctive therapies for hypertension management. Further research is warranted to elucidate the optimal dosing regimens, long-term effects, and potential drug interactions of natural compounds in diverse patient populations.
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... Oral administration of P. speciosa seed chloroform extract to diabetic rats results in a significant decrease in blood glucose level with an effective dose of hypoglycaemic effect at 25 mg seeds/kg body weight via the synergistic effect exerted by bera-sitosterol and stigmasterol [76]. A. bilimbi water soluble fraction (AF) extract increases the hepatic glycogen content in AF-treated rat. ...
A Review: Underutilized plant of Sabah and Its Potential Value
Article
  • Feb 2021
Underutilized plants are referred to a plant species whose potential is not fully utilized yet and they are usually found abundantly in certain local areas but are globally rare. Sabah is known for high biodiversity and contains many underutilized plants. To our knowledge, this is the first review to provide overview information of the medicinal value and pharmacological properties of underutilized plants in Sabah. Extract and metabolites in different parts of several underutilized plants contain multiple beneficial bioactive compounds and the exploitation of these compounds was supported by additional data that plays various biological activities, including anti-atherosclerotic, anti-cancer antihypercholesterolemic and anti-ulcerogenic. A handful of pharmacological studies on these underutilized plants have conclusively outlined the mode of action in treatment of several diseases and in other health aspects. This paper limits its scope to review and highlight the potential of using underutilized plants in Sabah only which could serve as reliable resource for health product development in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical through continuous discovering of more active and sustainable resources as well as ingredients for food and medicine
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... Parkia speciosa is a tropical leguminous tree in the family of Leguminosae found in most of South East Asian country (Jamaludin & Mohamed, 1993). It is known in different countries with different names such as petai in Malaysia, sataw in Thailand, and nejirefusamame in Japan (Amarnath, 2004). ...
Removal of Methyl Red using Chemical Impregnated Activated Carbon Prepared from Parkia speciosa Pod (Petai) as a Potential Adsorbent
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2017
Textile industry is one of the major contributors either in terms of employment or economies. This industry has provided variety of daily necessity such as sources of yarn and clothing. Extensively use of dyes in this textile industry has created water pollution. The serious problem happened when the daily water usage is from the untreated effluents which are discharged directly into water bodies. However, the disposed dyes into environment can be treated with adsorbents such as activated carbon via adsorption process. In this study, Parkia speciosa (petai) pods were chosen as the raw material from agricultural waste to produce activated carbon. Activated carbon was prepared from two different chemicals and application of four different carbonization time. Two parameters studied in the experiment are initial dye concentration and contact time. From the result, 100% of methyl red was removed by the activated carbon impregnated with zinc chloride solution at 1 hour carbonization time. The optimum time and initial concentration of dye was 30 minutes and 10 ppm respectively with the percentage removal of 100%. Thus, this result could contribute some knowledge on the use of alternative adsorbent from agricultural waste impregnation with specified chemicals in treating textile industrial wastewater.
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... They acted directly on the lipoprotein part of the cell membranes, which cause more glucose uptake into the cells, hence resulted in the reduction of glucose concentration in blood. Another study conducted exhibited that pericarp chloroform extracts of P. speciosa significantly reduce blood glucose levels in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats [31]. Both this studies clearly demonstrated P. speciosa as a potential antidiabetic agent. ...
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Effects of medicinal plants in West Kalimantan Indonesia to prevent the damage of human colon epithelial FPCK-1-1 cells and regulate the levels of blood glucose and triacylglycerol of db/db mice
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2016
The purpose of this study is to analyze the anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects of several plants that are used by Dayak people to ameliorate diarrhea, stomachache, and diabetes in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The plants species examined are Durio dulcis, Durio kutejensis, Parkia timoriana, Parkia speciosa, Dracontomelon dao, and Baccaurea costulata. Methanol extracts from wood barks were analyzed in term of prevention of the damage of FPCK-1-1 human colon epithelial cells and anti-diabetic effects on BKS.Cg-+ Leprdb/ + Leprdb/Jcl (db/db) mice. Extracts from P. speciosa and D. dao effectively prevented the decrease of transepithelial electrical resistance of human colon epithelial FPCK-1-1 cells caused by the co-culture with PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells three days after starting the co-culture. Both of these extracts induced FPCK-1-1 cells to produce mucopolysaccharides. D. dulcis, P. timoriana and P. speciosa effectively decreased the level of blood glucose of db/db mice in the maltose loading test. After four weeks of oral administration, P. timoriana, P. speciosa and D. dao significantly decreased the level of blood glucose. Although mice administered with extracts from P. timoriana or P. speciosa consumed less food than those administered with acarbose, there was no significant difference in body weight among groups four weeks after starting administration. D. dulcis and P. speciosa significantly reduced triacylglycerol. We found that methanol extracts from wood barks of D. dulcis, P. timoriana, P. speciosa and D. dao have both activities to prevent the damage of FPCK-1-1 human colon epithelial cells and downregulate the level of blood glucose of db/db mice.
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Cyclic polysulphides from Parkia speciosa
Article
  • Dec 1981
Five polysulphides have been isolated from Parkia speciosa. The structures of four of these have been established as 1,2,4-trithiolane, 1,2,4,6-tetrathiepane, 1,2,3,5,6-pentathiepane (lenthionine) and 1,2,4,5,7,8-hexathionane. A further product has been tentatively assigned either the 1,2,4,6,7- or 1,2,4,5,7-pentathiocane structure.
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Collisional activation study of cyclic polysulfides
Article
  • Apr 1982
  • J MASS SPECTROM
Cyclic polysulfides isolated from higher plants, model compounds and their electron impact induced fragment ions have been investigated by various mass spectrometric methods. These species represent three sets of sulfur compounds: C3H6Sx (x=1−6), C2H4Sx (x=1−5) and CH2Sx (x=1−4). Three general fragmentation mechanisms are discussed using metastable transitions: (1) the unimolecular loss of structural parts (CH2S, CH2 and Sx); (2) fragmentations which involve ring opening reactions, hydrogen migrations and recyclizations of the product ions ([MCH3]+, [MCH3S]+, [MSH]+ and [MCS2]+˙); and (3) complete rearrangements preceding the fragmentations ([MS2H]+ and [MC2H4]+˙). The cyclic structures of [M]+˙ and of specific fragment ions have been investigated by comparing the collisional activation spectra of model ions. On the basis of these results the cyclic ions decompose via linear intermediates and then recyclizations of the product ions occur. The stabilities of the fragment ions have been determined by electron efficiency vs electron energy curves.
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Blood glucose level in mice. 3. On the nature of corticotrophin-induced hypoglycaemia
Article
  • Jan 1968
  • Acta Endocrinol
The hypoglycaemic effect of synthetic tetraicosapeptide corticotrophin was investigated in NMRI mice in order to determine its physiological significance as well as its mechanism of action. It was found that in normal non-fasting mice corticotrophin produced a maximal hypoglycaemic response at a dose level of about 5 μg per 20 g mouse (1250 milliunits per 20 g mouse). The ED50 of the hypoglycaemic effect was about 1000 times larger than the ED50 for adrenal cortical stimulation. Immunoassayable insulin was markedly increased 15 minutes following 5 μg of corticotrophin, whereas following a maximal steroidogenic dose (1.6 nanogram) or following ether stress the plasma insulin levels were normal. In adrenalectomized mice the administration of 5 μg of corticotrophin had practically no effect on the blood glucose level, whereas pretreatment with a glucocorticosteroid in adrenalectomized mice markedly restored the hypoglycaemic response. Acutely hypophysectomized mice showed a hypoglycaemic response to corticotrophin indistinguishable from that found in normal mice, whereas animals hypophysectomized 3–7 days before corticotrophin injection showed a smaller response. Corticotrophin in a dose of 5 μg per 20 g mouse had no hypoglycaemic effect in mice with manifest alloxan diabetes. Corticotrophin injected 5 minutes following a diabetogenic dose of alloxan hardly had any measurable effect on the acute initial alloxan hyperglycaemia, whereas the latter was greatly reduced when corticotrophin was given 5 minutes before alloxan administration. Pretreatment with corticotrophin did not change the frequency or intensity of the ensuing diabetic condition in mice. It is concluded that the corticotrophin induced hypoglycaemia is dependent on 1) the presence of normally functioning pancreatic beta-cells; and 2) the presence of glucocorticosteroids. It is doubtful whether the observed hypoglycaemia has any physiological significance.
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Adaptation of Orbital Bleeding Technic to Rapid Serial Blood Studies
Article
  • Aug 1960
Adaptation of orbital bleeding procedure to rapid, serial blood sampling of mice and other small laboratory animals has been made. Blood (0.2 ml) is collected in disposable, heparinized micropipettes by rupturing the fragile opthalmic venous plexus with tip of blood collection tube. The tube may be sealed and centrifuged for hematocrit determination and plasma separation for enzyme or other biochemical studies. Bleeding procedure for a mouse requires less than 30 seconds, and 100 mice can be bled and processed by a technician in about 1I/2 hours. Appropriate illustrations demonstrate technical details of procedure.
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Some nutritional and antinutritional components in jering (Pithecellobium jeringa), keredas (P. microcarpum) and petai (Parkia speciosa)
  • Jan 1987
  • 61-68
  • Mohamed Shamsuddi Abdul Suhaila Mohamed
  • Sabturiah Rahman
  • Fauziah Sulaiman
  • Abdullah
SUHAILA MOHAMED, MOHAMED SHAMSUDDI ABDUL RAHMAN, SABTURIAH SULAIMAN and FAUZIAH ABDULLAH. 1987. Some nutritional and antinutritional components in jering (Pithecellobium jeringa), keredas (P. microcarpum) and petai (Parkia speciosa). Pertanika 10(1): 61-68.
Blood glucose level in mice III. Corticotropin induced hypogolycaemia
  • Jan 1967
  • L Ndquist
  • C Pa
L NDQUIST, I. and C. RER PA. 1967 Blood glucose level in mice III. Corticotropin induced hypogolycaemia. EuropeJ Pharmacol. 35: 2.