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The Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual
... The instruments for the evaluation of burnout were developed from the characterized models. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) [3,7] stands out in its various versions, being the most widely used instrument regardless of the characteristics of the sample. Several studies based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA) have reproduced its original structure (three factors) using orthogonal [8] or oblique [9] rotation or confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) [10][11][12]. ...
... Several studies based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA) have reproduced its original structure (three factors) using orthogonal [8] or oblique [9] rotation or confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) [10][11][12]. Even with its proven usefulness, it should be noted that the MBI has some weaknesses, for example, a factorial structure with a different theoretical foundation from that offered in the manual [13], factorial ambiguity of some items [7,14], low reliability of the depersonalization scale [15], low discriminant validity with other related concepts [16] and the elaboration of different models derived from the different versions of the MBI [17]. For this reason, instruments that try to address these deficiencies have been developed, such as the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI), validated in the Spanish-speaking population (Spain, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Portugal and Uruguay). ...
... The internal consistency was α = 0.92. 7 ...
The aim of this study was to use latent profile analysis to identify specific profiles of burnout syndrome in combination with work engagement and to identify whether job satisfaction, psychological well-being, and other sociodemographic and work variables affect the probability of presenting a profile of burnout syndrome and low work enthusiasm. A total of 355 healthcare professionals completed the Spanish Burnout Inventory, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, the Job Satisfaction Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adults. Latent profile analysis identified 4 profiles: 1) burnout with high indolence (BwHIn); 2) burnout with low indolence (BwLIn); 3) high engagement, low burnout (HeLb); and 4) in the process of burning out (IPB). Multivariate logistic regression showed that a second job in a government health care institution; a shift other than the morning shift; being divorced, separated or widowed; and work load are predictors of burnout profiles with respect to the HeLb profile. These data are useful for designing intervention strategies according to the needs and characteristics of each type of burnout profile.
... Final scores are then classified either as low range, moderate or high range (see Table 1). 11 For the purposes of this research, burnout was regarded as a high-range score in the EE and/or DP dimensions (see Table 1). Personal accomplishment is greatly dependent on resources. ...
... Personal accomplishment is greatly dependent on resources. 11 Because resources are frequently a problem in public sector, it was excluded in this study to assess burnout. ...
Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of occupational burnout among full-time employed doctors of all ranks at the Mankweng and Pietersburg tertiary academic hospitals in South Africa’s Limpopo province.
Methods: A quantitative, observational study was conducted firstly to determine whether burnout was present among medical doctors at these institutions and, secondly, to quantify the amount of burnout in those affected. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires. All ranks of medical doctors from various departments participated in the study, resulting in a total sample size of 150.
Results: The study revealed that occupational burnout was present at these institutions, with an overall prevalence of 36%. When compared to other studies conducted at public sector hospitals in South Africa, this figure appears to fall within the middle range. However, different studies have used different criteria to measure burnout.
Conclusion: Currently, there is too much variation in the criteria of burnout among different studies, making comparisons difficult. More studies are needed to standardise the measurement of burnout.
Contribution: The main contribution of the research is to understand the extent of burnout at the tertiary hospital in Limpopo province.
... The Maslach Burnout Inventory for Human Services Survey consists of a 22-item questionnaire that assesses the three dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion (nine items): assesses feelings of feeling emotionally overwhelmed and exhausted by one's work; depersonalization (five items): measures a callous and impersonal response towards recipients of one's service, care, or treatment; and personal accomplishment (eight items): assesses feelings of competence and satisfactory achievement in one's work [44]. Each item is ranked on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 0 ("never") to 6 ("every day"), yielding a total score for each burnout dimension [45]. ...
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unpredictable healthcare crisis with a high psychological burden on healthcare workers. Objective To evaluate burnout levels and their associated demographics and occupational factors among intensive care unit healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in a single hospital in the city of Temuco, Chile. Methods A cross-sectional design in which a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Human Services were sent to health care workers in a single Chilean Intensive Care Unit during the pandemic COVID-19. Burnout levels, demographic, and occupational factors are reported using descriptive statistics; correlations between burnout levels and demographic-occupational factors were analyzed using Spearman’s and rank-biserial correlation coefficients; and multiple linear stepwise regression was used to assess the contribution of demographic and occupational factors to participants’ burnout levels. Results A total of 84 participants (46 women and 38 men) were included in the analysis. Depersonalization and low personal accomplishment were evidenced in 95.2% and 98.8% of the intensive care unit healthcare workers, respectively. Emotional exhaustion was positively correlated with having children ( = 0.72; < 0.01). Age ( = 0.79; < 0.05), sex ( = 0.30; < 0.05), and prior experience in intensive care unit facilities ( = 0.71; < 0.05) were correlated with depersonalization. Feeling of personal accomplishment was positively correlated with with sex ( = 0.70; < 0.05) and type of work shift ( = 0.29; < 0.01). Conclusions The intensive care unit healthcare workers in this study reported high levels of depersonalization and low feelings of personal accomplishment during an advanced stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Older age, being female, having children, having intensive care unit experience, and working at 4th shift were factors related to burnout dimensions.
... En otro orden, el estudio en torno al tema en los contextos organizativos ha sido abordado de manera tangencial, al centrarse en las consecuencias del descuido de la organización respecto de quienes la integran (Maslach y Jackson, 1981;Escardó, 2020, Córdoba-Rojas et.al, 2021. En nuestra región, la investigación de Aparicio (2021), demuestra que el cuidado de sí es percibido en muchas ocasiones como "asunto privado" y se desintegra respecto de la labor desarrollada, así como del contexto en que la misma tiene lugar, estando ausente la misma expectativa de recibir cuidados por parte de los miembros de la organización respecto de esta. ...
El presente trabajo constituye parte de un estudio acerca de las percepciones y prácticas de cuidado en los contextos organizativos relacionados con el cuidado de personas. En este artículo se abordan las percepciones del cuidado que presentan agentes de un centro estatal de promoción de la convivencia barrial, ubicado en la re-gión centro de Argentina. De este modo, se propone comenzar a responder una de las preguntas que orientan la investigación, aspirando a una mayor comprensión de la problemática: ¿Cuáles son las percepciones sobre el cuidado que sostienen las personas que se desempeñan como agentes en el contexto organizativo?En relación a este tema en investigación, se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa con un diseño de estudio en casos y una estrategia de investigación-acción, des-de una perspectiva compleja. Los resultados en torno a las concepciones permiten identificar múltiples dimensiones de la ética del cuidado, la cual comprende un continuum de haceres, no haceres conscientes y prácticas de no-intervención. En suma, se trata de la receptividad que compone al cuidado resignificando la definición exclusiva del mismo como una actividad.
... We consider a score of 16 or above as severe EDS [10]. Fatigue was measured using a single item inspired by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI): "Do you feel tired in connection with your work?" followed by a 7-point Likert scale from "Never" to "Daily" [11]. A frequency greater than once a week was considered to indicate significant fatigue. ...
Healthcare workers have atypical working schedule and are exposed to experienced stress that led to poor sleep health and frequent mental complaints, particularly since the Covid-19 crisis. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of poor sleep hygiene and mental complaints and their associations among healthcare workers. Usual sleep-wake timings were ex-plored during workdays and free days and used to compute sleep duration, sleep efficiency and social jetlag. Insomnia, sleepiness, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and fatigue were calculated using validated scales. A total of 1,562 participants were included (80.5% of women and mean age of 40.0). Among them, 25.9% slept less than 6 hours, 24.3% had a poor sleep efficiency, and 11.5% reported a social jetlag. A total of 33.9% of participants reported insomnia, 45.1% reported EDS, 13.1% reported fatigue, 16.5% reported depression and 35.7% reported anxiety. After ad-justment, sleep duration and sleep efficiency were associated with mental complaints. Social jetlag was associated with significant insomnia but not with anxiety or depression symptoms. Healthcare workers have a high prevalence of poor sleep hygiene and mental complaints. The promotion of sleep health through behavioral sleep strategies should be encouraged to ensure good health for these professionals.
... The Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-20), (Levenstein et al., 1993) consists of four dimensions (worry, tension, pleasure and demands) and was used to assess the subjective perception, evaluation, and processing of stressors. MBI (Maslach and Jackson, 1981;Maslach, 1997) is a valid instrument for multidimensional assessment of burnout. It represents the only instrument that captures all core dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion, reduced efficiency, and depersonalization. ...
Introduction
The demographic change requires longer working lifetime. However, fear of job loss may lead to chronic stress whereas aging and unchallenging work may accelerate cognitive decline and early retirement. Long-time repetitive work led to impairments of cognitive functions in middle-aged and older employees, as demonstrated in a previous study conducted in a large car manufacturer. In the present study, a training concept was implemented to enhance the cognitive and emotional competence of these employees.
Methods
A first group of employees received a trainer-guided cognitive training only, whereas a wait list control group received a cognitive training and stress management training. This design was applied in two independent samples separated by one year either during or after a socioeconomically tense situation of the factory.
Results
In sample 1, with a tense occupational situation, the cognitive training effects occurred with a delay of three months. In contrast, in sample 2, with less critical socioeconomic situation, the training effects occurred immediately and persisted three months later. Stress management training showed reduction of subjectively and objectively measured stress level.
Discussion
The results indicate that effects of cognitive interventions are diminished under chronic stress which can be reduced after a short stress management training. This leads also to enhanced attention and memory in daily life. In contrast, in Sample 2 with less chronic stress, effects of cognitive training were stronger and persisted at least three months later, whereas stress management training had less impact. This suggests that cognitive learning in occupational settings is only efficient at lower stress levels.
... To measure job burnout, we used the MBI-GS (Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey) developed by Schaufeli et al. (1996) and translated, revised, and tested by Shin (2003) to ensure validity and reliability. There were total 15 items in 3 factors such as emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduction of professional efficacy, which were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1-5 points), with higher scores indicating higher severity. ...
Background and objective: This study examines the effect of gardening activity level, plant preference, and key variables of police officers on resilience.Methods: A total of 105 male and female respondents with an average age of 40.6 ± 9.3 were surveyed and analyzed.Results: Respondents with older age, higher education, higher average monthly income, and longer period of service tended to show higher means of gardening activity level. Among the three factors of resilience (control, sociability, and positivity), control was higher in the graduate school group than other groups, showing statistical significance. Tulipa spp. and Narcissus spp. showed the highest preferences among the 8 cultivars of flowering plants, followed by Iris spp., Dahlia spp., Allium giantium, Eustoma grandiflourm, Zantedeschia spp. > Lilium Oriental Hybrids. And, as a result of examining the preferences for 6 plant colors, yellow and green were preferred the most, followed by white, blue, orange, and then red, showing statistical significance. The resilience of police officers showed a positive correlation with gardening activity level, multidimensional calling, job satisfaction, and plant preferences, and a negative correlation with stress level and job burnout, showing statistical significance. Regression analysis was conducted to determine the effect of gardening activity level, plant cultivar and color preference, multidimensional calling measure, job burnout, stress level, and demographic variables (control variables) on resilience. The results showed that job burnout had the greatest impact on resilience. The results of this study suggest that it will be possible to increase the resilience effect for police officers with severe trauma by using mostly yellow plants when forming gardens in the streets or the workplaces of police officers, and also by using Tulipa spp. for spring.Conclusion: The resilience effect of the natural environment through the application of plants to police officers with severe occupational trauma could improve the quality of life and relieve stress.
... This version of the inventory assesses three key aspects to burnout, which are labeled: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Emotional exhaustion is characterized by feelings (Maslach and Jackson, 1986) because it has been more extensively used across a variety of professional fields that focus on helping individuals to live better lives, which is the primary goal of the architecture and design firm. ...
Introduction
The workplace typically affords one of the longest periods for continued brain health growth. Brain health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the promotion of optimal brain development, cognitive health, and well-being across the life course, which we expanded to also include connectedness to people and purpose. This work was motivated by prior work showing individuals, outside of an aggregate setting, benefitted from training as measured by significant performance gains on a holistic BrainHealth Index and its factors (i.e., clarity, connectedness, emotional balance). The current research was conducted during the changing remote work practices emerging post-pandemic to test whether a capacity-building training would be associated with significant gains on measures of brain health and components of burnout. The study also tested the influence of utilization of training modules and days in office for individuals to inform workplace practices.
Methods
We investigated whether 193 individuals across a firm’s sites would improve on measures of brain health and burnout from micro-delivery of online tactical brain health strategies, combined with two individualized coaching sessions, and practical exercises related to work and personal life, over a six-month period. Brain health was measured using an evidenced-based measure (BrainHealth™ Index) with its components (clarity, connectedness, emotional balance) consistent with the WHO definition. Burnout was measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey. Days in office were determined by access to digital workplace applications from the firm’s network. Regression analyses were used to assess relationships between change in BrainHealth factors and change in components of the Maslach Burnout Inventory.
Results
Results at posttest indicated that 75% of the individuals showed gains on a composite BrainHealth Index and across all three composite factors contributing to brain health. Benefits were directly tied to training utilization such that those who completed the core modules showed the greatest gains. The current results also found an association between gains on both the connectedness and emotional balance brain health factors and reduced on burnout components of occupational exhaustion and depersonalization towards one’s workplace. We found that fewer days in the office were associated with greater gains in the clarity factor, but not for connectedness and emotional balance.
Discussion
These results support the value of a proactive, capacity-building training to benefit all employees to complement the more widespread limited offerings that address a smaller segment who need mental illness assistance programs. The future of work may be informed by corporate investment in focused efforts to boost collective brain capital through a human-centered, capacity-building approach. Efforts are underway to uncover the value of better brain health, i.e., Brainomics© - which includes economic, societal, and individual benefits.
Burnout among physicians is increasingly recognized as a public health issue including its scientific, political, and societal relevance. The effects of burnout go far beyond physician health as they affect the quality of care, patient safety, medical errors, and efficiency of health care.
Assessment of the risk of burnout for hospital-based surgeons as well as associations between surgeon burnout and several work-related and person-related factors.
From the representative Saxony physician survey from 2019, we utilized the subsample of 231 hospital-based surgeons. We conducted a regression analysis with workload, job satisfaction, work-life balance (WLB), resilience, inability to recover and health complaints as predictors of burnout (Maslach burnout inventory–General survey, MBI-GS).
Nearly half of the sample were female (49.4%), the average age was 42.0 years, 4.8% of participants exhibited burnout, 45.9% with some symptoms and 49.4% no burnout. Multivariate analysis showed significant positive associations between health complaints, inability to recover, a lack of job-based self-fulfillment and burnout. There were significant negative connections between WLB, the wish to remain in the job and burnout.
Burnout is a serious problem for surgeons. Preventive measures should focus on risk factors associated with the workplace and organization of work. Interventions targeted at the individual level should start at an early career stage.
The present study was conducted to investigate burnout condition among Iranian sport journalists and to study the role of workload on job burnout. The method of this study was a descriptive survey which was carried out as a field. The study was conducted in the winter of 2018 among the population of sport journalists including writers, office staff, editors and sport photographers. Questionnaires were used to collect data: the general version of Maslach's Burnout Inventory (MBI-GS) and its two main subscales of emotional burnout and cynicism were used to measure the burnout of sport journalists. Also, Liu and Lu (2018) questionnaire was used to measure the workload of sports journalists. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaires: for the burnout questionnaire (0.85) and for the workload questionnaire (0.89). In addition, the validity of the instruments used in the study was confirmed by 5 sports management professors. Finally, data were analyzed using the completed questionnaires (287 questionnaires) with SPSS version 22 and Lisrel 8.50. The results of the study showed that Iranian sports journalists had moderate burnout. Also, editors felt higher levels of burnout among journalists. Finally, workload had a positive and direct effect on emotional burnout, but this effect was not significant on cynicism.
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