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FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1674 -
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A LOCAL
OIL SEEDEXPLIER TO IMPROVE THE
EXTRACTION EFFICIENCY
1Helmy. M., 2T Fouda3A .Derbala.4O.Kaddour5N .Yassa
ABSTRACT
In small-scale industries for dyeing and in medicines as anti-
inflammatory substance. Seeds have been used as insecticide and oil
extraction for fuel, soap and varnish production. Seed cake has been
used as fertilizer, as solid fuel, or in biogas production. Non toxic
varieties detoxified seed cake has been used as feed for animal.
An local oil extraction machine used to extract different varieties of oil
seeds developed and evaluated to increase the extraction efficiency , and
find the solution for the most problem of all oil press extraction machines
that the high percentage of oil in cotton seed cake by use the press screw
pitch of double flight , number of blades of 18 blades , development the
machine head to control the clearance between machine head and press
screw of 1, 1.5 . 2 and 2.5mm, and studying the effect of press screw
speed of 30, 60, 90 and 120 rpm on machine efficiency and final product
quality .The optimum parameters and condition of machine were
32.43kg/ h machine productivity , 88.10 kW .h/ton energy requirement ,
63.905 extraction efficiency , 11.08% oil extracted percentage, 6.51% oil
percentage in cake, by using double flight press screw , clearance of
1.5mm, screw speed of 90 rpm and 18blades number .the obtained results
were very important for oil extraction industries that use the oil press
method for oil extraction . INTRODUCTION
Total Egyptian oilseed production declined in 2009/2010 by about 11
percent from the 2008/2009 level. However, total oilseed production is
forecast to increase by 37 percent in 2010/2011 due to the expected
increase in cotton production.Cotton is the major oilseed grown in Egypt.
1Professor of Agriculture Engineering Kafer El Sheak University
2Professor of Agriculture Engineering Tanta University
3 Associate professor of Agriculture Engineering Tanta University
4Sinor researcher of Agriculture Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI)
5Assistant Researcher of Agriculture Economical institute
Role of agricultural engineering in
environmental and sustainable development for
the valley and delta areas: 1674 - 1687
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1675 -
It is produced primarily for fiber, with oil and meal production being of
secondary importance. The government sells cottonseed to farmers, at
3.60 LE/kgEgypt’s annual oilseed crushing capacity is currently
estimated at 1.8 million tons. About 60 percent of Egypt’s crushing
capacity is owned by public sector companies. ( Central Agency of
Public Mobilization and Statistics 2010) .Oil recovery from oil-seed is
by one of four methods namely, the aqueous (or traditional) method,
hydraulicpressing, screw pressing and solvent extraction. In the
traditional method, the seed is ground into a paste, the paste is heated in
boiling water and the mixture stirredperiodically while it is being heated
until the oil is seen floating on the meal-water mixture. The mixture is
then allowed to cool off during which time oil is scooped off the top of
the mixture, (UNIFEM 1987).
Herz,( 1997)reported that oil can be extracted mechanically with a ram
press, an expeller or even a wooden mortar and pestle, a traditional
method that originated in India. Presses range from small, hand-driven
models that an individual can build to power-driven commercial presses.
The ram press uses a piston inside a cage to crush the seed and force out
the oil. Expellers have a rotating screw inside a horizontal cylinder that is
capped at one end. The screw forces the seeds or nuts through the
cylinder with gradually increasing pressure. The seed is heated by
friction and electricheaters or a combination of the two.Once the cap is
removed, the oil escapes from the cylinder through small holes or slots
and the press cake, or meal, emerges from the end of the cylinder. Both
the pressure and temperature can be adjusted for different kinds of
feedstock
Oyinlola et al (2003) reported that ,a model screw press was designed
and fabricated. In the design of the screw press, the size of the screw
material, the optimum shaft length for a given screw pitch, appropriate
shaft speed, the tapering angle of the conical shaft, the maximum shaft,
diameter and the inside diameter of the enclosing barrel were determined.
A shaft speed of not more than 90 rpm was found to be suitable for
working the screw press while the clearance between the shaft and the
barrel was 3 mm. Quality evaluation of the product showed that the acid
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1676 -
value, the saponification number and the peroxide value of the oil
obtained from roasted peanut were lower than that obtained from fresh
peanut, implying that oil expressed from roasted peanut is of better
quality to the oil.
Mpagalile et al.(2005)designed a simple pressing mechanism was
carried out using avertical screw that was rotated by a gear system
through a 12VDC motor connected to the solar PV panels. The press
cylinder (Fig. 2) was made of a perforated 5mm thick mild steel cylinder
with 10mm holes placed 5mm apart along its circumference. The
cylinder waslined with a 2mm wire mesh on the inside. The frame was
made up of four vertical solidmild steel rods of 50mm diameters while
the press base was made up of a200mm_600mm_12.7mm mild steel
plate and was designed for better stability underpossible uneven surfaces
in villages.An average specific energy of 36.55 and20.35 W. h/kg was
recorded for peanuts and coconuts, respectively, after 12 min of pressing.
The objective of this study were :
(1) Development of a local oil seed extraction machine to improve the
extraction efficiency.(2) Determine the optimum screw press pitch , and
screw speed , number of blades, and the clearance between the screw end
and machine head that affect on extraction efficiency.(3) Reducing the
percentage of oil in produced cotton seed meal cake. (4) Reducing the
power requirements of this type of machines.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials:
The oil extraction machine manufactured in small workshop in Zagzag-
El Sharkia , and evaluated in Agriculture engineering research institute
(AEnRI) Giza. Cotton oil seeds harvested in season of 2009-2010 used in
this study , the nutrient composition of standard cotton oil seed meals
resulting from solvent or mechanical extraction showed in Table (1).
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1677 -
Table (1): Nutrient composition of standard cotton oil seed meals
resulting from solvent or mechanical extraction
Specification of a local developed extraction machine:
The oil extraction machine consists of :
1- Machine base : Machine base made from U shape steel bars has
width of 50mm , highest of 30mm, and thickness of 10mm, the base has
dimension of 1060 mm length,350 mm width and130mm highest.(Fig 1)
2- Feeding hopper: The feeding hopped of cotton seed made from
steel sheet has thickness of 1mm, and upper diameter of 140mm, And
bottom diameter of 80mm, the highest of feeding hopper were
130mm..(Fig 1)
3- Extraction barrel : the extraction barrel has cylindrical shape has
370 mm length, 80 mm diameter and 2mm thickness , the cylinder
opening from the both sides the front end fixed with the extraction head ,
and the back end closed by bearing plate has diameter of 116mm, and
thickness of 100mm, there are 8 holes has diameters of 12mm, for oil
output..(Fig 1)
4- Extraction screw press: The extraction screw press, has length
of 360mm , 30mm diameters , 40 mm diameters in bearings section, and
Nutrient composition of Cotton oilseed meals resulting from solvent or
mechanical extraction
Dry matter basis
DM,
CP,
Fat,
TDN,
NEm,
Mcal/lb
NEg,
Mcal/lb
ADF,
Ca,
P,
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
cotton seed
meal,
mechanical
extraction,
92.6
36.9
14.1
88
1.09
0.77
NG
0.6
1.02
Cotton-
meal,
solvent
extraction
89
49
1.2
84
0.94
0.64
NG
0.33
0.71
Abbreviations: DM = dry matter; TDN = total digestible nutrients; NEm = net energy for
maintenance; NEg = net energy for gain; CP = crude protein; ADF = acid detergent fiber; Ca =
calcium; P = phosphorus; NG = not given.
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1678 -
33.5mm pitch .the screw teeth has width of 10mm, and teeth deeps of
12mm.(Fig 2)
5- Extraction head: Extraction head has conk shape the big
diameter were 116mm, and the small were 95mm, (Fig3).
Fig(1): Elevation of oil extraction machine
Fig(2): Extraction screw press
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1679 -
Fig(3): Extraction machine barrel and head
6- Power transmission and electric motors :The power transmitted from
an electric 4 kW, 1400 rpm 3 vase . the electric motor shaft has pulley
120mm in diameter , connected with the screw pulley has diameter of
100mm by rubber belt 17 inch .
Methods:
An local oil extraction machine used to extract different varieties of oil
seeds developed and evaluated to increase the extraction efficiency, by
studying the effect off different operating parameters on machine
efficiency and product quality such as:
1- Press screw pitch of double flight
2-Number of blades of 18 blades
3-Clearance between machine head and press screw of 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mm
4-Screw speed of 30, 60, 90 and 120 rpm
Evaluation of extruder efficiency and product quality Performance
1- Extruder production rate was measured for each treatment by taking
sample for 2 min after 10 min. of extruder running at steady condition
2- Specific mechanical energy (SME), was calculated as the following
relation:
1000 cos3
)(,
VI
kWpowerconsumedTotal
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1680 -
Where: I = Line current strength in amperes.
V = Potential difference (Voltage) being equal to 380 V.
Cos θ = Power factor (being equal to 0.84).
η = Mechanical efficiency assumed (90 %).
The energy requirement in (kW.h/ton): was calculated by the
following equation:
tonhkW
Q
P
consumedEnergy /.
Where:P = The consumed power for mixing ration, kW.
Q = Machinery line productivity, ton/h.
3- Extractionefficiency :was determined as per ASAE standards method
DEC01(2000), at 3 replicates.
100(%) x
Wi
Wo
Efficiency
Where:Wo :oil mass after extcation ( g ),
Wi: oil mass in seed(g
4- oil extracted percentage:
100(%) x
Wb
Wo
extractedoil
Where:Wo :Oil extracted mass ( g ),
Wb: Total sample mass(g
5- Oil in cake percentage :
100(%) x
Wi
WoWi
cakeoil
6- Product thickness: was determined by digital scale
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of oil press performance and product quality was carried out
under the following items:.
1- Oil press Productivity:
Productivity of oil extraction machine one of the most important aim for
any industries witch affecting the final product cost.Data in Fig.( 4 )
indicated that ,the machine productivity increased from 19.61 to 24.25,
27.70and 30.01 kg\ h using 1mm clearance , from 24.10 to 28.98,
32.43and 34.74 kg/ h using 1.5 clearance, from 27.47to 32.35, 35.80and
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1681 -
38.11kg\h. using 2mm clearance and from 32.93 to 37.81, 41.26 and
43.57 kg\h. using 2.5mm clearance under 18number of blades and
double flight screw.
The increase in machine productivity by increasing the screw speed from
30 to 60, 90 and 120 rpm could be due to the decrease in seeds retention
time inside the expeller barrel , that increase the machine output in the
time unit.
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30 60 90 120
Screw speed (RPM)
Machine productivity (Kg/h)
1mm 1.5mm 2mm 2.5mm
Head clearance (mm)
18 Blads
Double flight screw
Fig(4): Effect of press screw speed and the clearance between the
screw andmachine head on machine productivity
Data in Fig (4) showed that , expeller head the most important part in oil
extraction machine witch controlling the machine productivity and
extraction efficiency , it is indicated that increasing the clearance
between the pressing screw and machine head from 1 to 1.5, 2and 2.5
mm increased the machine productivity from19.61 3to 24.1, 27.47 and
32.93 kg\h at screw speed of 30 rpm, from . 24.25 to 28.98, 32.35 and
37.81kg \h at screw speed of 60 rpm, from 27.7to 32.43 , 35.8 and 41.26
kg \h at screw speed of 90 rpm,and from 43.57 to 34.74,38.11 and
30.01kg \h at screw speed of 120rpm
The increase in machine productivity by increasing the head clearance
from 1to 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mm could be due to the increase in machine
opening area that decease the treatment consumed time.
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1682 -
2- Energy requirements :
Data in Fig (5) indicated that increasing the screw speed from 30 to60,90
and 120 decreased the energy requirements from 139.618 to
118.436,106.555 and 101.333kW.h\ton.using clearance of 1mm, from
109.6891 to 95.847,88.102 and 84.819kW.h\ton.using clearance of
1.5mm, from 93.338 to 83.405, 77.182and 75.232kW.h\ton.using
clearance of 2mm and from 75.146 to 63.751, 65.153 and
68.995kW.h\ton.using clearance of 2.5mm
The decreased in energy requirement by increase the screw speed from
30,60, 90 and 120 rpm could be due to the high increase in machine
productivity with low increase in power consumed , that decrease the
energy requirements.
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
1mm 1.5mm 2mm 2.5mm
Head clearance(mm)
Energy requirement (kW.h/ton)
30 60 90 120
Screw speed (RPM)
18 Blads
Double flight screw
Fig(5 ): Effect of expeller screw speed , head clearance on energy
requirements
While same Fig(5) showed that increased the head clearance from 1to
1.5, 2 and 2.5mm deceased the energy requirements from 109.689 to
139.618, 93.338 and 75.146kW.h\ton. using screw speed of 30rpm, from
118.436 to 95.847, 83.405 and 68.995kW.h\ton. using screw speed of
60rpm, 106.555 to 88.102 ,65.153 and 77.182kW.h\ton. using screw
speed of 90rpm and from 101.333 to 84.819, 75.232 and63.751kW.h\ton.
using screw speed of 120rpm. The decreased in energy requirements by
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1683 -
increase the machine head clearance from 1 to 1.5,2and 2.5 mm could be
due to the increase in machine productivity and the decrease in power
consumed by the decrease in motor load
3- Extraction efficiency:
Data in Fig (6) indicated that increasing the screw speed from 30 to60,90
and 120 decreased the extraction efficiency from 68.509 to 67.875,
66.376 and 65.569% using clearance of 1mm, from 66.030 to 65.396,
63.898 and 63.091% using clearance of 1.5mm, from 60.612 to 62.803,
61.304 and 63.321% using clearance of 2mm and from 57.039 to
59.229, 57.731 and 59.748% .using clearance of 2.5mm.
The decreased in extraction efficiency by increase the screw speed from
30,60, 90 and 120 rpm could be due to the decrease in treatment retention
time by the high screw speed
On another hand, data in Fig (6) showed that increasing the clearance
between the pressing screw and machine head from 1 to 1.5, 2and 2.5
mm decreasedextraction efficiency from68.509 to 66.030, 63.321and
59.748 % using screw speed of 30 rpm, from 67.875 to 65.396, 62.803
and 59.229% using screw speed of 60 rpm, from 66.376 to 63.898,
61.304and 57.731 %using screw speed of 90 rpm., from65.569 to 63.091,
60.612 and 57.039 % using screw speed of 120 rpm
55
60
65
70
1mm 1.5mm 2mm 2.5mm
Head clearance(mm)
Extraction efficiency (%)
30 60 90 120
Screw speed (RPM)
18 Blads
Double flight screw
Fig(6 ): Effect of expeller screw speed , head clearance on machine
extraction efficiency
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1684 -
4- Oil extracted percentage:
Data in Fig.( 7 ) indicated that ,the oil extraction percentage decreased
slowly by increasing the screw speed from 30 to 60,90 and 120 rpm ,
from 11.886 to 11.776, 11.516 and 11.376% using 1mm clearance , from
11.456 to 11.346, 11.086 and 10.946% using 1.5 clearance, from 10.986
to 10.896 , 10.636 and 10.516% using 2mm clearance and from 10.366
to, 10.276 , 10.016 and 9.896 %using 2.5mm clearance under 18number
of blades and double flight screw.
The decrease in oil extraction percentage by increasing the screw speed
from 30 to 60, 90 and 120 rpm could be due to the decrease in seeds
retention time inside the expeller barrel , that lead to increase in oil mass
comes out with the cotton meal.
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
30 60 90 120
Screw speed (RPM)
Extracted oil percentage (%)
1mm 1.5mm 2mm 2.5mm
Head clearance (mm)
18 Blads
Double flight screw
Fig(7 ): Effect of expeller screw speed , head clearance on oil
extraction percentage.
Data in Fig (7) showed that ,increasing the clearance between the
pressing screw and machine head from 1 to 1.5, 2and 2.5 mm decreased
the oil extraction percentage from11.886 to 11.456, 10.986 and
10.366%at screw speed of 30 rpm., from 11.776 to 11.346, 10.896 and
10.276 %at screw speed of 60 rpm , from 11.516 to 11.086 , 10.636 and
10.016% at screw speed of 60 rpm and from11.376 to 10.946 , 10.516
and 9.896%at screw speed of 120 rpm . The decrease in oil extracted
percentage by increasing the head clearance from 1to 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mm
could be due to the increase in machine opening area that decease the
treatment consumed time , lead to increase the oil percentage in cotton
meal
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1685 -
5- Oil in cake percentage:
Data in Fig.( 8 ) indicated that ,the oil in cake percentage increasedby
increasing the screw speed from 30 to 60,90 and 120 rpm ,from 5.71 to
6.22, 6.08 and 5.82 % using 1mm clearance , from 6.14 to 6.25, 6.51
and 6.65% using 1.5 clearance, from 6.61 to 6.7, 6.96 and 7.08% using
2mm clearance and from 7.23 to 7.32, 7.58 and 7.7%using 2.5mm
clearance under 18number of blades and double flight screw.
The increase in oilin cake percentage by increasing the screw speed
from 30 to 60, 90 and 120 rpm could be due to the decrease in seeds
retention time inside the expeller barrel , that lead to increase in oil mass
comes out with the cotton meal.
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
30 60 90 120
Screw speed (RPM)
Oil in cake percentage (%)
1mm 1.5mm 2mm 2.5mm
Head clearance (mm)
18 Blads
Double flight screw
Fig(8 ): Effect of expeller screw speed , head clearance on oil in cake
percentage.
Data in Fig (8) showed that ,increasing the clearance between the
pressing screw and machine head from 1 to 1.5, 2and 2.5 mm increased
the oil in cake percentage from5.71 to 6.14, 6.61 and 7.23%at screw
speed of 30 rpm., from 5.82 to 6.25, 6.7 and 7.32%at screw speed of 60
rpm , from 6.08 to 6.51, 6.96 and 7.58% at screw speed of 60 rpm and
from 6.22 to 6.65, 7.08 and 7.7 %at screw speed of 120 rpm. The
increase in oil in cake percentage by increasing the head clearance from
1to 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mm could be due to the increase in machine opening
area that decease the treatment consumed time , lead to increase the oil
percentage in cotton meal
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
- 1686 -
CONCLUSION
The experimental results reveal that performance of the developed local
oil press screw extraction machine was in the optimum region under the
following conditions:
1- Screw speed of 60-90 rpm
2-Clearance between the screw and machine head of 1-1.5mm
3- Double flight screw increased the machine extraction efficiency
REFERENCES
Central Agency of Public Mobilization and Statistics( 2010) Oil Seed
Production Statistics Governmental Report .
Herz, Jonathan. 1997. Using and Maintaining the Ram Press. Enterprise
Works Worldwide. Washington, DC. 42 p.
Mpagalile,J.J M.A. Hanna and R. Weber(2005)Design and testing of
a solarphotovoltaic operatedmulti-seeds oil press. Renewable
Energy 31 (2006) 1855–1866
Oyinlola, A., A. Ojoand L.O. Adekoya(2003) Development of a
laboratory model screw pressfor peanut oil expression.Journal of
Food Engineering 64 (2004) 221–227.
UNIFEM (1987).United Nations Development Fund for Women. Oil
Extraction. Food Cycle Tech. Source Bk, No. 1.
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER
The 17th. Annual Conference of the Misr Society of Ag. Eng., 28 October, 2010
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