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Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
785
Focus Issue: Quantum Brain/Mind/Consciousness 2010 (Part I)
Article
Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement
Between Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for
Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
Michael A. Persinger* & Christina F. Lavallee
Consciousness Research Laboratory, Behavioural Neuroscience & Biomolecular Sciences Programs
Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario Canada P3E 2C6
ABSTRACT
Entanglement has been described as excess correlation between separated parts of a quantum system
that may exceed the boundaries of light velocity across space and time. The concept of macroscopic
entanglement is considered an emergent condition of microscopic or quantum entanglement such that
functional relationships between electron spin, orbital time and photon movements allow an interface
with biological systems, particularly brain activity and function. Quantitative evidence is provided for
such macroentanglement and discussed with respect to consciousness and electromagnetic fields,
photon emissions from the human brain and geomagnetically based contributions, where quantitative
convergence suggests processes associated with thinking could be linked to intrinsic characteristics of
the electron from which quantum entanglement would emerge.
Key Words: entanglement, consciousness, photons, electromagnetic fields, brain function, quantification,
cosmology.
1. Introduction
That two particles, once proximal or identities, maintain a functional instantaneous connection within the
maximum range of space and time challenges the implicit boundaries that define cause-effect models.
linking the particles together. Entanglement has been considered an application of the superposition
principle to a composite system consisting of two or more subsystems (Aczel, 2002). This principle
effectively defines emergent properties because a new state (A+B) shares some of the properties from
each of the two states (A, B). If the two states are locations, then the new state has something in common
with each location.
According to Bohr (1958), the simultaneous emission of two particles with opposite spin from an atom
produces a condition such that altering the spin of one instantaneously reverses the spin of the other no
matter what the distance. Entanglement is associated with non-locality that has been described by Cramer
(1997) as enforced correlation between separated parts of a quantum system that are outside of the
boundaries of light velocity across space and time to ensure the parts of the system maintain equilibrium.
It might even be considered as a trans-
forc
*Corresponding author: Michael A. Persinger E-mail: mpersinger@laurentian.com
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
786
In this paper the concept of macroentanglement is considered as an emergent condition of quantum
entanglement. The definition is the same as for (micro)entanglement except that it is applied to larger
aggregates of space sufficient to contain living systems. The human brain can be considered a large
vity of a single cortical neuron can modify this state (Cheng-yu
et al, 2009). Two brains with histories of space-time proximity, such that a system is created, might be
entangled by processes as quantifiable and as experimentally reproducible as those displayed by pairs of
particles.
2. Brain-Particle Entanglement
2.1 The Bohr Magneton Connection
The first step to establishing either a similarity of process or even some variant of an isomorphism
between the cerebral functions associated with consciousness and those that appear to be correlative
preconditions for quantum and entanglement phenomena for the particle is to discern the potential
linking functions and congruence between these two levels of discourse. The Bohr magneton (µB) for the
magnetic moment of an electron can be considered a central source for macroentanglement as well as its
microscale manifestations.
The magneton is the circulatory current created by the angular momentum of an electron moving in its
orbit. This fundamental constant is 9.28 x 10-24 Am2 or J/T. According to some solutions for wave
mechanics, the spin of an electron, the rotation around its own axis, is also exactly one Bohr magneton.
The electron has two possible states that reflect the spin in a given direction (referenced as up or down).
This also allows for two electrons in an atom with spins of ½ + ½ or -½ - ½ to have resultant spins of 1 or 0,
respectively. These properties are conditions for entanglement as well as the potential digital (0,1)
representations of information which is considered central to quantum computation, communication, and
free-space quantum teleportation (Jin et al, 2010).
An electron in an atomic orbital displays both orbital angular momentum and intrinsic spin at the same
order of magnitude
spin angular momentum or spin is parameterized to the spin quantum number which is the fourth of four
numbers employed to describe the unique state of an electron. The fourth quantum number has been
linked to determining the locations of matter within a frame of reference. According to Hu and Wu (2006)
two interacting quantum entities such as two electrons, become entangled with each other through spin
processes by exchanging one or more entangling photons.
The occurrence of a quantitative value for spin predicts a potential range of energies within brain space
within which consciousness and thinking occurs. For a magnetic field of 70 pT or 7 x 10-11 T the energy
would be the product of this value and the spin moment or 6.624 x 10-34 J. This is equivalent according to a
frequency (once divided by Planck's constant of 6.624 x 10-34 J s), of about 1 Hz. For intensities within the
100 to 200 pT range, well within the expected operating intensity of some cerebral functions, the
frequency range would span 10 to 40 Hz. This quantitative convergence suggests that the processes
associated with thinking could be coupled to the intrinsic characteristics of the electron from which
quantum and entanglement phenomena emerge.
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
787
Functional relationships between electron spin and orbital time and photon movements allow an interface
with biological activity, specifically brain function. The intercalation between the photon and the neuronal
membrane may be more quantitatively congruent than expected. The numbers of revolutions per second
for an electron in a Bohr magneton is 6.8 x 1015 per sec; consequently one complete rotation or
completion of a single cycle requires the inverse value or 1.5 x 10-16 s.
2.2 Photon Interaction
By comparison, the time required for a photon moving across a neuronal membrane of 10-8 m (10 nm) in
brain space at 2 x 108 m/s would be about 10-16 s. The neuronal membrane is the source of the action
potential whose composites are likely sources of the states of consciousness and thought. The
convergence of 10-16 s for both the photon passage and the single rotation of a Bohr electron would be
sufficient for the energy and the information within the photon to be represented within the single cycle
or one closed loop of the electron's revolution.
This quantitative convergence between a single rotation time and the width of a neuronal membrane also
suggests that the phenomena associated with the photon and its interaction with electron orbits and shells
could be more than the physical substrate for the creation of thought and consciousness. Because
photons, which in large part are derived from the sun, have been argued to exhibit variable progression
near the maximum velocity of c, the historical representation within the photon could involve the
functional equivalent of millions to billions of years.
If the quantitative threshold is approached from the synchronization of information from a field of photons
traversing a critical number of neuronal membranes, then consciousness and thought might respond to
stimuli at times and distances quite disparate from the frame of reference of the brain that is being
stimulated. That the activity of only one neuron within an aggregate of millions can change overt behavior
has been shown experimentally (Houweling and Brecht, 2008). That the application of the equivalent
current dipole moment of about 10-8 A m from a neuronal magnetic field applied over the width of an
electron (10-15 m) is the same order of magnitude as the Bohr magneton suggests that singular values with
critical quantities might produce global effects.
2.3 Mass-Energy Equivalents
Bohr had hypothesized that thinking and consciousness might even involve the extraordinarily weak
quantum energies. There is quantitative support for Bohr's intuition. The magnetic moment of 9.28 x 10-24
J/T within a magnetic field of 1 pT, which is well within the range of very local magnetic fields generated
around axons, would be associated with an energy of 9.28 x 10-36 J. The mass equivalence of this energy is
in the order of 10-52 kg or 10-49 g. This is exactly the order of magnitude of the upper limit of the rest mass
of the photon which has been estimated by several authors (Tu et al, 2005).
From the perspective of macroentanglement for brain function this upper limit of the rest mass of a
photon is important. First, because the mass of the photon is non-zero, the dispersion will produce
frequency dependence in the velocity. The group velocity of photons will differ from the phase velocity
which means that information can be stored within quantum phase differences. Group velocity refers to
the entire wave envelope within which the different complex components
can display phase (temporal) shifts. Ahn et al, (2000) have suggested that information can be stored and
retrieved through quantum phase shifts.
The concept of variable velocity, particularly if very small and near c, could help explain the solution of 10-
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
788
20 J as the net energy equivalence between the classical radius of an electron and its Compton wavelength
which is about 1000 times larger. To meet the Lorentz transformation for the discrepancy in this length,
the velocity must be 0.9999995 c. Comparable differences in net velocity below c could produce similar
energies. This would suggest that the energy associated with the action potential, 10-20 J and implicitly
thought itself, would be sufficient to modulate the differences between the particle and wave state
(Persinger 2008).
Secondly, the nonzero mass would allow a third state of polarization in which, in addition to the classic
perpendicular orientations for the magnetic and electric field components of the electromagnetic wave
with respect to its direction of movement, there would be the emergence of a longitudinal photon (Tu et
superimposition of these eigen states (Vaziri, et al, 2002). Hence, there would be greater degrees of
freedom and factorial combinations that enhance the potential for entanglement.
Third, the presence of a magnetic field could modulate and enhance the characteristics of the actual non-
zero mass of the photon. When geomagnetic data from earthbound and satellite measurements were
combined the upper limit of the rest mass of a photon was about 4 x 10-51 kg with a Compton wavelength
7 m. Within a stronger magnetic field,
was less than 10-52 kg.
The geomagnetic field component for revealing or influencing the measurement of the mass of a photon is
important because of its own intrinsic entanglement. Korotaev et al (2005, 2006) showed that non-locality
s from sensors separated by tens of
kilometres. Experimentally, entanglement between two spins in an antiferromagnetic solid can be affected
by the external magnetic field. Increasing the field strength to certain values can create entanglement
between otherwise disentangled spins (Arnesen, et al, 2001).
2.4 Connection to Consciousness and EM fields
One approach to arguing macroentanglement is that consciousness and thought are coupled to electron
movements (orbital or spin) and hence aggregates of these movements should reflect the microcosm even
if the numbers of electrons (assuming a brain mass of 1.5 kg) is in the order of 1027 to match the numbers
of protons. Stated alternatively, macrocosm reflects microcosm when the numbers of units in the former
reach some critical value to allow this pattern to emerge. That the cerebral cortices display the
characteristics of a single global state was described by Wackermann (1999). Experimental support for the
homogeneity of this system was recently reported by Cheng-yu et al (2009) who found that the burst
spiking of a single cortical neuron could modify the entire global state.
If this argument has validity then the quantitative characteristics of the macroscopic manifestations of
quantum-level properties should be congruent with the magnetic field strengths associated with
neurocognitive activity. The operating intensity of the cerebrum as a matrix or volume has been argued to
be in the pT range. From this context it is interesting that kg/As * 1/s or the mass of an electron divided by
a unit charge multiplied by 7 Hz is 9.1 x 10-31 kg/1.6 x 10-19 As * 7 Hz (1/s) or 40 x 10-12 T. In general the pT
range would include most of the most important frequencies of small (action potential) and large scale
(steady potentials in the mHz range) brain function.
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
789
2.5 Application of Zeeman Phenomena
The Zeeman effect occurs when an atom is placed within a magnetic field. There is a separation of spectral
lines, the indicators of photon emission as electrons shift singlet states. This process is related to the
coupling between the intrinsic spin and orbital angular momentum of the electron as well as interactions
between spin magnetic moments of the electron and the nucleus (Hill, 2007). These quantum mechanical
phenomena provide unequivocal evidence for the existence of the intrinsic spin of the electron which is
an electron orbit that are specific angles to the applied field.
The occurrence of the Zeeman effect and the mechanism responsible for it has relevance for
macroentanglement and consciousness. First it indicates that the application or presence of an external
magnetic field within which systems are immersed results in shifts in functional location of states that
were initially superimposed or occult. Their hyperfine differences only become evident with the
application of or immersion within the magnetic field.
If macrocosm reflects microcosm, even in a non-specific manner, the hyperfine structure of the emergent
appearance of two (and sometimes three) lines in atomic spectra should have an analogue within
was proposed by Hughlings Jackson more than a century ago to explain the experiences of partial complex
epileptic patients with foci in the temporal lobes (Bancaud et al, 1994). These individuals reported the
cal seizures which biophysically are equivalent to brief
periods of coherent, paroxysmal enhancements of electromagnetic fields within the brain space. We
(Booth et al, 2005) have suggested that the appropriately patterned application of a magnetic field across
large volumes of the cerebrum encourages a Zeeman-like duality of states such that the person
sense of self. Under typical conditions this duality, like the Zeeman split in atomic spectra, remains
occluded.
The third important implication of Zeeman phenomena for consciousness involves the potential
entanglement between the two states of consciousness, the sense of self and the sense of the other, and
perhaps the third state within the microstructural arrays of approximately 1013 synapses within the
cerebral cortices. Changes in the electromagnetic fields associated with the sensed presence could affect
the state of the electromagnetic fields associated with the sense of self and visa versa during transient
conditions when they are separated. Consequently either the sense of self or the sensed presence could
exist transiently in different spatial locations and potentially respond to information within these distinctly
different and separate locations.
Similarly changes in one of the two electromagnetic states associated with the sensed presence or the
sense of self, which are potentially non-local, could affect the activity of the anomalous third state
dependent upon brain structure. Thus stimuli that affect the microstructure of the brain at the synaptic
level would produce a specific change in the sense of self or the sensed presence or any process that
modifies the electromagnetic fields which constitute the sensed presence or sense of self could affect the
electromagnetic field associated with the microstructure due to quantum processes.
There is quantitative support for Zeeman phenomena within brain space even for magnetic field strengths
within the operational pT range of cerebrum. The change in angular frequency with an applied field of 40 x
10-12 T would be, according to classic Zeeman formula solutions, the product of 4 x 10-11 T * 1.6 x 10-19 As
divided by 12.56 * 9.1 x 10-31 kg or about 0.6 Hz. However in non-angular systems it would be 7 Hz. The
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
790
potential intensity is within the pT range that can occur within the cerebrum and would accommodate the
primary frequency range of 0.1 to 100 Hz.
2.6 Neuronal Quantum
Persinger (2010), in order to reduce the myriad of molecular pathways presently complicating the
understanding of cell function to a fundamental unit, has suggested that the ubiquity of a quantum with a
value of about 2 x 10-20 J could minimize the complexity. This quantum unit was the solution for the
energy: 1) at the average distance of the release processes associated with diffusion time of classical
neurotransmitters, 2) between charges on the surface of the membrane that creates the membrane
potential, and, 3) when force over distance between atomic bonds, particularly covalent forms, are
distributed over interatomic space. The increment of 10-20 J was found to be the unit associated with
membrane-linked photon emission from the plasma membrane of the cell, the energy at binding sites for
phosphorylation during posttranslational modifications of proteins, and the actual shift in wavelengths
during bioluminescence. Such quantitative commonality would suggest an underlying physical process to
which all chemical reactions that cause or are strongly correlated with brain function are related.
This relationship should be transformed into larger spaces that constitute the brain-consciousness
connection, the cerebral cortices. The average number of neurons within a unit volume of human cerebral
cortices is about 5 x 104 neurons/mm3. Assuming an average cortical thickness of 4 mm and the width of a
cortical column to be about .75 mm (or a thickness of 3 mm and width of 1 mm), then there would be
about 15 x 104 neurons per column.
If the column is considered a functional unit of cerebral energy, then with each neuron generating an
average 7 action potentials per sec (7 Hz) and each action potential generating 1.2 x 10-20 J, there would be
1.26 x 10-14 J per column per sec. The frequency equivalence of this amount, obtained by dividing by
Planck's constant, is 1.26 x 10-14 J/6 x 10-34 J s or .21 x 1020 Hz.
The equivalent wavelength of this frequency, assuming an operational velocity of c, is 3 x 108 m/s divided
by 0.2 x 1020 Hz or 15 x 10-12 m which is 37 pm, the classic radius of the hydrogen atom or the standing
wave distance between a proton and its electron. The Bohr magneton, with a magnetic moment of 9.28 x
10-24 Am2 or J/T, lays at the basis of quantum mechanics and the concept of entanglement (Aczel, 2002).
The importance of the average range in cerebral cortical thickness may be coupled to an as of yet
unexplored association with the oxygen absorption spectra (48 to 72 GHz) and the 4 to 6 mm wavelength
band. Absorption peaks for water occur around 1.5 and 0.9 mm. Because oxygen exhibits a strong affinity
for electrons, there is large amount of energy released when it is reduced to form water. The potentially
fatal consequences of the attraction to sequester three more elect
been absorbed to form the superoxide radical was reduced by the emergence of cytochrome oxidase to
slow the process. Consequently an electron is donated and received about once every 5 to 20 ms or on
average every 12 ms (Alberts, et al, 2002). This interval is almost precisely the phase modulation
associated with electromagnetic fields associated with consciousness (Llinas and Ribardy, 1993).
2.7 Connecting Cerebral-Consciousness Timing to the Electron
Over the average functional rostral-caudal length of about 11 cm of the cerebral surface one full phase
(cycle) of a 40 Hz ripple would move at 1.1 x 10-1 m/2.5 x 10-2 s or about 4.5 m/s. When such bulk velocity
is applied to the resonance formula derived from the velocity divided by the circumference, the typical
standing wave or resonance frequency of the cerebral perimeter would be (4.5 m/s)/.6 m or between 7 to
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
791
8 Hz (Nunez, 1995). Once again this allows global congruence between the modal frequencies associated
with memory and awareness and would facilitate the synaptic basis for memory storage form the
hippocampus to within the cerebral cortices (Bear, 1996).
De Broglie's matter waves or pilot waves, an important concept during the early development of quantum
theo
wavelength resulting in units of kg m/s. For an electron or proton with a radius or wavelength of 2.82 x 10-
15 m, the momentum is 2.35 x 10-19 kg m/s. If a packet of energy was moving at an average of about 4.5
m/s, such as the rostral-caudal bulk velocity of the electromagnetic field over the cerebral cortical
manifold, the energy is about 10-20 J. Given the likely range of the bulk velocity around this central value,
this is well within the range of the energy generated by a single action potential (Persinger, 2010a).
The variant of this equation, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, is expressed conventionally as
complete certainty of the location of an electron with a classical radius of 2.82 x 10-15 m then the
uncertainty (difference) of momentum is dp=6.624 x 10-34 J s/2.82 x 10-15 m or 2.35 x 10-19 kg m/s. At a bulk
velocity of about 4.5 m/s for transcerebral magnetic fields, the energy would be 10-20 J.
This value becomes relevant for the spatial extent of potential entanglement if gravity is considered. The
gravitational force between two charged particles being carried by sodium ions each separated by 10 nm
on a cell membrane is about 3 x 10-45 N (Persinger et al, 2008a). This is an extremely small force but when
spread over the spatial extent of the universe with a width of 1025 m to 1026 m the associated energy (force
times distance) is in the order of 10-20 J.
For entanglement this marked congruence in magnitude between a quantum unit of neuronal function
and the energy between two particles that compose this function through membrane polarization at the
distance of the width of the universe could constitute an identity or the potential for a variant of a
virtual or identical particle effectively on the other side of the universe such that both particles would be
juxtaposed. With such juxtaposition a change in one particle could be associated with the alteration in the
other instantaneously. Of course
length (Persinger and Koren, 2007).
3.0 Experimental Production of “Macroentanglement”
3.1 Macroquantum Effects Predicted by the Einstein Relation
Recently we demonstrated that quantum phenomena, such as the Einstein relation, might be also
manifested at the level of brain space. This relationship is formally expressed as f=(Ea-Eb)/h where Ea is the
energy state of A and Eb
converted into wavelength or spatial distance.
Persinger et al (2008b) calculated the energetic difference between 37 and 38 deg C which was 1.4 x 10-23
11 Hz the wavelength for
which, assuming c, was about 1.5 cm. This is the effective distance in the brain that not only separates the
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
792
two cerebral hemispheres but is within the range of separation between foci activated by the expression
of one of two languages within the prefrontal cortices of bilingual individuals. They often perceive
considered systems that can exist in either of two different energy states.
During approximately 2 ksec of transcerebral magnetic field application of burst-firing, frequency-
modulated patterns with a slight enhancement of intensity over the right hemisphere, volunteers reported
a sensed presence. The intensity gradient was equivalent to about 70 pT per neuronal width of 10 um and
assuming attenuation during application would be at least within the single digit pT range. External
thermometers inserted comfortably into both ears indicated that the increase in 1 deg over the right
hemisphere compared to the left was the threshold required for the report of a sensed presence. In fact
the slope for the 0,1 report of a sensed presence as a function of the interval-based change in right ear
temperature was effectively unity.
3.2 Entanglement of Thoughts for Two People?
Our first demonstration of macroentanglement involved a relatively simple paradigm. It was based upon
the results of an experiment (Persinger et al, 2003) involving siblings. In that study the brain of one sibling
was exposed to magnetic fields that were pulsed for various durations as they rotated counterclockwise
counterclockwise direction because we presumed the direction of the field would be moving against the
rostral-caudal creations of the natural macroscopic magnetic fields generated from the cerebrum. This
would produce the interference patterns sufficient to influence the temporal recreation of consciousness.
This rotational direction had significantly affected subjective time distortion (Cook et al, 1999); the
duration of the total time distortion was a function of the numbers of rotations. Special subjects who were
s during
information concerning stimuli at substantial distances from his brain was strongly correlated with the
durations of unusual 7 Hz spike like
the white matter in the temporoparietal lobes of the right hemisphere.
The acquis
conspicuous during the application of the circumcerebral magnetic fields that we re-evaluated our more
conservative interpretation of the historical claims of information occurring in spaces and times quite
distal to the experient and involving non-traditional sensory modalities. We asked the question: if
then what occurs in that finite but very small duration of time between the end of one transcerebral
interval?
In other words is consciousness a type of filter that prevents access to or awareness of extracerebral
information? If one assumes electromagnetic configurations create or are strongly correlated with
consciousness, a profound hypothesis is derived. During these brief suspensions before the generation of
the next transcerebral wave information from space-time, in a quantum sense, could be incorporated into
the next cortical manifold and converge within the sequence of units that form the stream of
consciousness.
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
793
Consequently the circumcerebral device was tuned to overlap with the temporal characteristics of the
emergent processes, in the order of 20 msec, associated with consciousness. The rate of rotation of the
0.5 to 1 µT magnetic fields in this horizontal plane just above the ears (from an external perspective) could
be programmed to accelerate or de-accelerate. Although a constant velocity in a circle is technically also
always accelerating, we designed the experimental apparatus to produce consistently changing angular
velocities.
Applied field strengths in the order of 1 µT (10 milligauss) are usually considered too small to compensate
for many of the thermal-related processes within cerebral space. However the penetrability of the
magnetic fields within this constrained volume allows for potential storage of energy which can be
estimated by J=[B23 where B is the field strength, µ is magnetic permeability and m3 is the
volume. The potential energy within a volume of about 10-3 m3 (the human brain) would be about 10-9 J. If
one assumes each of the approximately 1010 cerebral cortical neurons are firing on average at 10 Hz and
each action potential involves an energy quantum of 10-20 J, then this applied strength would be sufficient
to interact with the average energy display from electromagnetic activity of the entire cortices.
For example, a 20+2 configuration (the first number is the base duration and the second number is change
in duration) indicated that at the first solenoid over the left frontal region the duration of the complex
frequency-modulated magnetic field (derived from the computer inputs) was 20 ms. At the next solenoid
around this counterclockwise direction over the left frontal-temporal interface the duration was 18 ms.
This change continued until at the final, 8th solenoid over the right prefrontal region where the duration
was 6 ms. If the configuration was 20-2, this meant that the first duration was still 20 ms but with each
successive solenoid the duration was 2 ms longer.
We reasoned that in addition to averaged velocity and acceleration around the entire brain, there were
additional changes in rates between successive solenoids. Intuitively, at the beginning of these studies
during the year 2000, we selected the base duration of 100 ms and 20 ms because of their obvious
relationship to peaks power frequencies (10 Hz and 50 Hz, respectively) within the cerebral EEG and well
as the then emerging research involving microstates that existed over the entire cortical surface (Koenig et
al, 2002).
3.3 Sibling Study
In the experiment with siblings, one wore the eight-solenoid device while sitting in a closed acoustic
over the left and right frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. The latter sibling or response person
sat blindfolded in the dark in other rooms either 5 m or 10 m away. A 20 sec baseline of the quantitative
EEG (QEEG) activity was recorded and stored. During each of the 6 different serially presented 5 min
chamber 20 sec of QEEG measurements were recorded for the response person. During the recording
period the stimulus person in the chamber was asked to imagine being in the other room with their sibling
and touching him or her.
increased power within the theta range, particularly 5 Hz to 5.9 Hz but only if the stimulus person was
imagining being near the response person. The greatest increase occurred over the (right) parietal lobe.
Many of the response persons reported a sensed presence along their left sides at this time as well. The
effect did not occur when there was no magnetic field being generated around the head of the stimulus
person and much less so during other configurations.
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
794
We interpreted these results as the potential consequence of entanglement that was encouraged by the
application of the circumcerebral magnetic field to the stimulus person. However the major confounding
variable was the potentially shared genetic or anomalous environmental history (proximity) over which we
had no control. In order to accommodate these limitations, another experiment was designed (Persinger
et al, 2008c).
3.4 Randomly Assigned Strangers with Subsequent Spatial Proximity
During the second week of a first year university psychology class, 8 students (for four pairs) were
randomly selected from the class roster of about 80 students and asked to participate in an experiment for
a reinforcement of $50 per pair. Each pair was instructed to meet twice per week for one hour for four
consecutive weeks. From our perspective the purpose was to establish a history of proximity without
On the day of the experiment pairs were exposed to the same procedures as those subjects in the sibling
study. When the stimulus person in the chamber was wearing the equipment that generated the
circumcerebral magnetic fields with 20+2 configurations and imagining being in the room with the
response person, his or her EEG displayed increased power within the theta range. However the effect was
more related to the temporal lobes, with a slight right hemispheric enhancement. The subjective
experiences of the response persons whose EEGs were recorded were even more intense than those
reported by the response persons in the sibling study.
When the stimulus person during the 20+2 field presentations was simply thinking about the other
(response) person, he or she showed a marked increase in the feeling of a sensed presence, anger, and
sexual arousal. Such experiences did not occur for the stimulus persons. Pairs of random strangers,
obtained by recruiting people walking by the laboratory and who were exposed to the same procedures
did not display significant changes in either their EEG profile or their subjective experiences.
Although interesting the apparent support for macroentanglement did not meet the qualitative criteria or
the essential procedural operations of what Bohr and Schrödinger had envisioned. Entanglement involves
a process by which two particles (or by inference an aggregate of particles that behave as a single particle)
respond simultaneously to a change in each others states despite the distance between them at anytime
after their diminished close proximity. In other words the two distal particles are still responding as if they
occupy the same space or may even be the same particle with the potential for two different states.
3.5 Geomagnetic Field-Based Entanglement?
Dotta et al (2009) tested the concept of macroscopic entanglement by simultaneously measuring the
quantitative EEG of pairs of people separated by about 75 m. They found that about 50% of the variance of
the simultaneous EEG power was shared between the pairs of brains. Considering the measurements by
Mulligan et al (2010) that showed significant correlations between power within the theta and gamma
be expected. Both members of the pairs would have been exposed to similar geomagnetic activity. This
third factor would have pr
The critical observation for this study was the direction of the correlations. Pairs of strangers showed
positive correlations in power output within the alpha and gamma bands over the frontal and temporal
lobes. This would be expected if a third recondite (to the observers) factor produced both. However,
people who shared a reinforcement history (that previously shared locations) displayed negative
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
795
correlations in power within the alpha and theta band over these regions. This could be considered an
analogue of quantum phenomena when the state of one particle is opposite to the one with which it is
entangled. Direct measurements with a fluxgate magnetometer of the static geomagnetic field intensities
within both locations where the EEG measurements were taken were unusually similar, as if they were
3.6 Experimental Production of the “Same Space” for Macroentanglement
To create spatial identities we employed two, eight circular solenoid systems separated by 15 m. One
person sat within the acoustic chamber and wore one unit while a second person sat blind-folded in the
dark in a separate room wearing the second unit. The two units were synchronized by being connected to
the same computer that generated the complex, altering-velocity rotating magnetic fields to both brains
would be topologically equivalent to a translation of spatial-temporal axes such that they become the
same space. If this is valid, then what occurs in one space (and the brain occupying it) should occur in the
other space (and the brain occupying it) even though the distances are significant and classical sensory
modalities are not operative.
person and the response person were exposed to the same complex configurational magnetic field the
stimulus person was exposed to flashes of white light of about 1 lux for 30 s intervals. The flash frequency
was between 4 and 15 Hz. At the same time the QEEG for the response person was measured for 20 s just
before and 20 s during the light flashes were presented to the stimulus person. In several experiments
power profiles from QEEG analyses showed increases within the right parietal-temporal region only when
the stimulus person was watching the light flashes.
The power increase was maximum within the range of the frequency of the light flash but was most
es for the sibling and randomly-assigned stranger studies, the most effective
configuration for producing this effect was an initial duration of 100 msec and a change duration of 10
msec. This meant that the duration at each of the 8 successive solenoids changed from 100 ms to 90 ms
etc until it was 30 ms over the right prefrontal region. This duration is within the range of the microstates
and the interval of a percept, about 80 to 120 msec that lies at the bases of visual perception (Koenig et al,
2000).
3.7 Photon Emissions from the Human Brain
At the quantum level the intricacies of entanglement are coupled with photons. To discern if photon
emission could occur from the brain of the response person in a double-circumcerebral field paradigm,
Dotta and his colleagues (Dotta et al, 2010) measured the energy of photon emissions from the response
person while the stimulus person was exposed to the flashing lights. In this situation the stimulus person
sat within the closed acoustic chamber while the response person sat blindfolded 10 m away in a closed,
dark room. Instead of measuring EEG activity, a photomultiplier tube (PMT) was placed 15 cm away form
the right hemisphere on the same plane as the temporal lobe.
The right hemisphere had been selected because Dotta and Persinger (2010) had found that when the
average person sitting in the dark was asked to think about light rather than casual or random events,
there was an increase of photon emission from the right relative to the left hemisphere. The energy of the
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
796
photon emission was 10-13 J and, assuming 10-20 J per action potential, would be equivalent to about 107
neurons firing per second. This is within the range of the numbers of neurons involved with known areas of
activation during specific thinking as inferred by the oxygen uptake or positron emission during bold fMRI
or PET studies. The measurements were also consistent with the hypothesis by Bokkon (2005) and his
colleagues that biophotons are not only routinely emitted from neuronal processes such as action
potentials, but may be an energetic field that actually is the visual experience associated with visual
perception and dreaming.
In this macroentanglement paradigm 7 to 8 Hz white light flashes of about 1 lux (diffusely projected
against the wall) were presented in 30 sec on-off sequences to the stimulus person while the photon
emissions form the right side of the head of the response person were recorded every second. The output
from the PMT was sent directly to a laptop computer screen that allowed not only recording but real time
observation of the energy output. During the entire experiment both subjects wore the circumcerebral
devices containing the 8 solenoids and were exposed to various no field or field conditions. The field
conditions involved either accelerating or de-accelerating rotations each presented for between 2 and 5
min. The primary base durations and changing durations were 20 +2, 20-2, 100+10, and 100-10.
Analyses of the data indicated that when the stimulus person was watching the diffuse light flashes there
was a net increase of about 10-11 W/m2
increase would have been in the order of 10-12 W or J/s. Assuming 10 action potentials per sec and each
action potential was 10-20 J, this would be equivalent to about 10 million neurons. Three pairs of stimulus-
response persons were tested and all three response persons displayed this effect. One of them reported
ugh the subject was sitting in the dark and blind folded,
during 5 of the 6 intervals the stimulus person was watching the light flash. Obviously, the person was not
told when the light would be presented to the stimulus person.
The potential application to macroentanglement is apparent. First, the presentation (absorption) of
photons to the stimulus person was associated with the emission of photons from the response person.
n one of the pair is affected
if arbitrary values of increase or decrease are made equivalent to + and or top and down references.
What is not clear is whether or not the photon emissions measured by our PMT from the response
flashes. Clearly 1 lux which is about 10-3 W/m2 was not transmitted in bulk. However the energy through
the aperture of the pupil (about 1 mm2) would be about 10-9 J/s and with the approximately 100 fold
attenuation through the lens and humours would be about 10-12 J/s by the time the rods and cones were
encountered.
The third implication from the magnitude of energy measured during this entanglement experiment is the
marked similarit
proposed by El Naschie (2004). This particle displays an intrinsic energy of 3 x 10-13 J (1.8 MeV) and has
been hypothesized to determine the GUT (General Unified Theory) and total unification of all fundamental
interactions. This value is also very similar to the particles of vacuum fluctuations within space-time. Such
congruence would be important to connect micro- and macroentanglement.
The concept that gravity is not a fundamental interaction but rather an induced effect produced by
changes in quantum fluctuation energies of the vacuum when matter is present shifts the operation of
gravity closer to Casimir forces rather than to fundamental Coulomb forces (Puthoff, 1989). This allows for
a quantum-fluctuation-induced gravity coupled to zero-point-potential (ZPF). The gravitational constant
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Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
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797
time or in the order of 1044
Hilbert space (El Naschie, 2004). Effectively the condition is set for the existence of gravitational
.
4.0 Implications of Macroentanglement and Future Directions
The generalization of experimentally-produced macroentanglement would have significant implications for
understanding the manner in which human thought and the occurrence and the sequence of events are
perceived. From a practical perspective, it might allow the development of the control of and interaction
with intelligent machines on other planets that would overcome the limitations of response delays. From
an evolutionary perspective, it
(Persinger and Lafreniere, 1977) or, from the perspective of integrative biology, the entanglement of all
living systems on the earth that have and now share immersion with the space
magnetic field. The interactions would be simultaneous.
In addition the issue of events occurring as the result of reversals in temporal direction from what we
perceive now as future events would be re-evaluated. If entanglement is involved with photons from
matter, including that which composes the human brain and the configurations experienced as
consciousness, could be affected by a novel type of determinism that could alter cultural philosophies. The
possibility that a single thought could affect the sequence of events in the universe (Persinger et al, 2008a)
may have real although limited application.
4.1 Geomagnetic Immersion and Connections
developed. Assuming 1011 neurons in the human neocortices, an energy of 2 x 10-20 J per action potential,
an average of 10 action potentials (10 Hz) per neuron and a life span of 2 x 109 s, the total "thought
energy" per person would be about 10 J. The total numbers of human beings over the last 3,500 years may
have been about 55 billion, with a total "thought" energy of 5.5 x 1011 J.
E-5 T multiplied by
the dipole moment (8 x 1022 A m2) or 4 x 1018 J. This means all of the energy equivalents of thoughts from
every human being who has ever existed could be stored or representative within the earth's magnetic
field. With an inductance (Webers/A) of 1.6 x 102 Henrys, a capacitance of 2 Farads, and a frequency of 7
Hz (the fundamental Schumann value) the time required for representation is about 2 ksec or 30 min. This
is within the range of the electrical lability period for human memory consolidation and would suggest
there are two representations.
The first type would be spatial patterns created by the growths of dendritic spines which require about 15
to 30 min to emerge, assuming the appropriate long-term potentiation. These memories and thoughts
would be bound to the complex configurational electromagnetic fields whose topology is the fractal space
of the approximately 1013 synapses within the cerebral cortices. When this deteriorates at biological death,
this information dissipates. The loss of structure dictates loss of function.
The second form would be represented as electromagnetic phenomena within the space occupied by the
field (Persinger et al, 2008a). This information would be maintained as transforms of the
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
798
energy from the digital sequences of action potentials. Candidates for this storage would require some
physical equivalent of Hilbert space within the boundary of the geomagnetic field. Stored as phase
relations, the information could also be retrieved. The existence of both systems of representation of
information would be equivalent to the history of DNA within the context of the individual relative to the
species. A
billion year history is maintained through successive transmission to offspring who maintains the temporal
continuity of the specific sequences of base pairs.
If all human brains are immersed within the geomagnetic field and as a result are simply punctuate nodes
displaying very similar genetically-determined structures along this continuous line, the steady state
induced magnetic field within the entire line or the entire species can be calculated. The shared magnetic
field intensity for all human beings as a field would be B=1/2 * µ * i* d, where B is the magnetic field
strength, µ is magnetic permeability, i is the electric current density (Voland, 1977; Winch et al, 2005), and,
d is the linear distance of all 6 billion brains. The average value for B would be 1/2 * 1.26 x 10-6 [kg
m]/[s2A2] * 10-13 A/m2 * 6 x 108 m (from 6 billion brains * each length of 10 cm) or about 30 pT. This
quantity is within operating range of the average brain.
Such congruence of magnitudes between the induced operating magnetic field strength from the
topological connection of all human brains by geomagnetic space and the operating intensities of the
individual brain would qualitatively produce the conditions for a condensate as well as a hologram. The
characteristics of each unit would be reflected in the characteristics of the aggregate such that it behaves
as a unit. This is sufficient for a quiet geomagnetic baseline connection with state-dependent properties of
the brain superimposed on that baseline.
Events occurring within one unit, such as an intense physiological arousal, would have the capacity to
affect every other unit (brain) with specific electromagnetic configurations within the aggregate that
shared the same state. The time required for such influence is quantifiable if we assume a process similar
-7 N/A2
S/m (physiological saline) the solution is 1/2.64 x 10-6 s/m2 or .378 x 106 m2/s. The time required to diffuse
through 9 x 107 m2, the total surface area of all human brains, would be a 238 s or about 4 min. The time to
access the EM configuration for all human cerebra from a single brain would be within the duration of
normal ranges for global cerebral states.
Similar durations were measured empirically by satellite data for hydromagnetic waves within the 5 mHz
(200 s) range that were generated about 5 x 107 m from the center of the earth. These waves required
magnetic field intensity and plasma density within this volume, the required photon mass would be < 4 x
10-50 kg. This is within the range of energy equivalence that could functionally connect the production of
the Bohr magneton and the operational intensity of cerebral magnetic field strengths.
These latencies are within the time range of an average period of dream or rapid eye movement (REM)
activity for human beings. These periods, which occur on average every 90 min to 120 min increase from
about 10 min during the first few hours of sleep to 20 min or more during latter hours of sleep. The dream
state shares many of the neurophysiological characteristics of the waking state, including the 10 to 20
msec intracortical integrations, phase shifts, and rostral-to-caudal wave propagations over the cerebrum.
The right hemisphere is both preferentially activated during REM periods and is more sensitive to
geomagnetic activity. In the waking state we have found significant correlations between day-to-day
geomagnetic variations and the power within specific frequency bands over the right hemisphere. The
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
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799
latter are also strongly correlated with a more recent indicator, atmospheric power density (Mulligan et al,
all of the other millions of brains that are within the same state at the same time would allow
superposition of information between at least a subset of those brains. Marks et al (1995) have suggested
that REM sleep even directs the course of brain maturation in early life through the control of neural
activity.
Bokkon (2005) has suggested that the images associated with visual perception and dreaming are the
experiences of fields of photons structurally organized within the cerebral cortices due to its intrinsic
neuroanatomy. These photons would be generated by intracellular processes as well as from action
potentials. It is relevant that the energy associated with 10-20 J, associated with an action potential, is
width, about 10 µm. If these photons were entangled from previous proximity, such as from within the
sun, which according to Popp (1986) is the source of most biophotons, then mutual dreaming between
millions of brains would have the potential for exchange of information.
The relationships between the geomagnetic environment within which human brains are immersed and
the emission of photons could reveal mechanisms. We have found reliable negative correlations between
normal ranges (5 to 500 nT) in minute-to-minute geomagnetic activity over 24 hr periods and the energies
of photon emissions as measured by photomultiplier tubes. This would suggest that periods of minimum
geomagnetic activity, whose wide band spectral periodicities are within the mHz range, would be
associated with greater photon emission from brain space. In fact enhanced geomagnetic activity would
be predicted to obscure or interfere with the intrinsic connection between all brains immersed within it.
Commensurate with this assumption, several correlational studies involving cases collected for over a
experient occurs much more frequently if there is minimal geomagnetic activity at the time of the
experience (Persinger and Schaut, 1988). Stated alternatively, they occur when there are minimum
disturbances in the baseline geomagnetic connection. As predicted the majority of these experiences
occur during dreams or related states during the day. The effect was replicated within dream laboratories
(Persinger and Krippner, 1989).
The relationships between the experient and the person to whom the adverse events occur reflect a
gradient of shared history of locality. The most common experiences occur between members of the
immediate family, followed by distant family and friends. Other researchers (Lipnicki, 2009) have reported
that bizarre dreams, which are those that contain content that are difficult to rationalize by classical
sensory operations, also occur during periods of minimal geomagnetic activity.
The occurrence of entanglement from shared geomagnetic immersion during shared cerebral
electromagnetic states by billions of people has profound implications. First, the apparent temporal
distortions,
the quantum concepts that the past and present are arbitrary serial perceptions. Instead they are
connected. The quantitative duration of the apparent separation between the event and the experience
might be lawfully distributed according to intrinsic processes such as the central limit theorem (the normal
One empirical study showed that the temporal disparity between the experience and the event displays a
normal distribution with about 70% of the cases occurring within +/- 3 days of each other (Persinger,
1993). For events that occurred between 3 days to a year after the experience the geomagnetic activity at
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
800
the time of the experiences for the future events was moderately correlated with what the intensity of the
geomagnetic activity would be one to two days before the actual events (Dotta and Persinger, 2009). The
magnitude of correlation is remarkably similar to that reported by Korotaev et al (2005) for the non
locality-
solar event.
4.2 The Casimir Energy
The Casimir effect has been considered a manifestation of zero point oscillations. The effect is defined as
the interaction between a pair of neutral parallel conducting planes correlated with a disturbance of the
vacuum of the electromagnetic field. The Casimir relation is considered to be an example of a pure
macroquantum effect. The manifestation is based upon the assumptions that: 1) there is an infinite
vacuum energy of free Minkowski space, 2) there is infinite energy when free space is set equal to zero, 3)
there are zero point oscillations, 4) external magnetic fields affect vacuum polarization, and, 5) boundary
conditions are concentrations of external fields.
There are three main consequences of these assumptions. First, material boundaries polarize the vacuum
of a quantitized field such that the force acting on the boundary is a result of polarization. Second, the
application of external fields create particles from the vacuum because energy is transferred by the
external field to virtual particles (vacuum oscillations), thus transforming them into real particles. Third,
and important for the experimental production of these effects, there is no effect with static boundaries. If
the boundary conditions are changing as a function of time, there is particle creation as well as the
production of a force.
24
velocity of light, a is the distance of separation between the two plates and S is the area. The Casimir force
across the synapse with distance between the two "plates" of about 10 nm would be (.014 * 1.06 x 10-34 Js
* 3 x 108 m/s)/(10-8m)4. Assuming the maximum width of a synapse is 2 um and is square-shaped the area
would be 4 x 10-12 m2, the force would be .52 x 10-6 N and when applied across 10-8 m the energy would be
.52 x 10-14 J.
Although this is a small energy, the frequency equivalence according to J=hf would be .52 x 10-14 J/6.626 x
10-34 J s or .078 x 1020 Hz. The equivalent wavelength, assuming the velocity of light would be (3 x 108
m/s)/(.078 x 1020 Hz) or 38 x 10-12 m or 38 pm which is within measurement error of the atomic radius for
neutral hydrogen (Persinger and Koren, 2007). Such solutions would be expected for the critical
increments of space, such as the interneuron interface (the synapse) and the plasma membrane that
connect the intrinsic quantum effect with the macrocosmic expression of consciousness.
The relationships remain systematic within smaller functional spaces. If the distance between the
boundary is about 1 nm, which is the closest integer to the 0.6 nm layer of charge that creates the
membrane potential, the Casimir force between both sides of this thin layer of charge over the area of a
pre- or post-synaptic area would be 5.2 x 10-11 J which has an equivalent frequency of .785 x 1023 Hz and
resulting wavelength of about 4 x 10-15 m. This is proximal to the radius of the classical electron and the
proton.
However for entanglement to have the potential to relate the particle to the universe there must be an
integrating factor such that each unit is mapped upon the whole (Koren and Persinger, 2010). The Casimir
solution for the surface of the known universe as two plates with the inner plate defined by the average
intrinsic pressure is 54 um or 5.55 x 1012 Hz (THz). The energy equivalence from Planck's constant is 3.7 x
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
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801
10-21 J which results, when divided by the unit charge of 1.6 x 10-19 As, is a value of about 22 mV. This is
within the range of potential difference across many cell membranes, particularly those that are prone to
burst-firing. Such patterns are important for both the encoding and retrieval of information within brain
space.
Changes in the spatial dimensions that support the organization of particles, such as protons, and hence
the properties of their aggregates (atoms) might also be considered. If the Casimir force manifests matter
from virtual particles based upon applications to a changing boundary of the structure of space, then a
change in the configurational frequency of space might allow elements to change spatial geometry. The
altered spatial organization could result in different elements without fission or fusion that involves
massive displays of energy.
For example what levels of energy would be required to represent the difference between lead (Pb) and
gold (Au) if the radii of their nuclei are assumed to be 7.1 x 10-15 m and 7.3 x 10-15 m, respectively? The
classic gold (Au) atom has a force/charge solution of: (9 x 109 Nm2/Coul2 * 79 * 1.6 x 10-19 Coul)/ 7.3 x 10-15
m, or, 21.347 x 1020 N/Coul or V/m. This is an extraordinary value at the levels of macrospace.
However at the level of Planck's length which is 1.62 x 10-35 m, the product is 3.4497 x 10-14 V. The effect of
this potential difference on a charge of 1.6 x 10-19 A s results in an energy of 5.55195 x 10-33 J. Using
Planck's constant, the resulting frequency is about 8.3 Hz. The energy difference if Pb shifted to Au or 82
Daltons to 79 Daltons, assuming a radius of 7 x 10-15 m would be 6.24 x 10-33 J. This is equivalent to
frequency of 9.4 Hz. Both frequencies are within the peak power of cerebrum function during alpha
activity, associated with imagination and relaxation, and approach the intrinsic fundamental oscillation
within the earth-ionospheric resonance system, the Schuman resonance.
4.4 Accessing Zero Potential Energy
5 1/2 or about 2.8 x 109 J or 1.7 GeV.
The voltage associated with that energy is J/q or 2.8 x 10-10 V. The classic frequency of 40 Hz associated
with consciousness is associated with 264 x 10-34 J. The magnetic field strength sufficient to affect the spin
magnetic moment of 9.78 x 10-24 J/T would be 27 x 10-10 T (about 3 nT). The area associated with this
magnetic field strength, electric field, and frequency according to m2=V/fB is 5 cm which is average radius
of the human cerebrum.
From this perspective spaces with radii in the range of the human cerebrum could have access to the
energy associated with the zero point fluctuations (Puthoff, 1989). The frequency associated with the
5 43 Hz. The square root of this
value is 5.7 x 1021 -12
assume the frequency density of the cerebrum is within the 100 Hz range, then multiplying by the square
-11 J. Consequently the energy for
the entire brain resonance of 100 Hz (or 10 ms increments) would be within the range generated by a 100
million neurons firing around 10 Hz.
4.5 Comparable Energy Density of Universal Space and the Human Brain.
Given a pressure of 1.5 x 10-10 Pa (kg/ms2) the force associated with a cross sectional area of 1.12 x 1053 m2
(the area of the universe's boundary assuming a radius of 1026 m) is 1.68 x 1043 N. When this value is
multiplied by the length of 9.47 x 1025 M the resulting energy is 1.59 x 1069 J. This value is comparable to
the equivalent for the mass of the universe of 1052 kg (Persinger, 2009) and is remarkably similar to that
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
802
obtained with the relativistic equation.
The energy density for the universe would be 1.59 x 1069 J divided by the estimated volume 3.57 x 1078 m3
(if one assumes a sphere) or 0.44 x 10-9 J/m3. Within the volume of the human brain this would be 5.7 x 10-
13 J. Because each action potential with a net change of 120 mV is associated with an energy on a unit
charge of 10-20 J, which is also the energy required to stack a base on a sequence of RNA, the total number
of action potentials that would be equivalent to the universal energy density is 5.7 x 107. If we assume the
average power of the brain is around 10 Hz and this reflects the average numbers of action potentials per
neuron, only a total of about 6 million neurons within the cerebral cortices would be required to match
this universal density.
4.6 The Problem of Entanglement from the Future
Hu a-
referential spin processes which are the integrating function for space-time dynamics, quantum
mechanics, and consciousness. The entanglement that occurred in pre-space time between electrons
involved exchanging one or more entangling photons. One possible consequence of this connection is that
what will happen within the boundaries of the age of the universe has been implicitly structured.
This concept is congruent with the boundary condition of Nyquist limits applied to the relationship
phenomena as functional wholes, there is an intrinsic correlation (Persinger, 1999). To view picometer
space one requires a minimum increment of picosecond time; to view millimetre space one requires
occurs with the maximum possible
perspective, there is no process and no time, but only a static, non changing single unit.
One approach to understand how intrinsic pre-spacetime entanglement might affect future events is to
assume G is associated with the duration of matter within the universe. A function could be derived that
relates this constant to time from which a quantitative value could be calculated. Dimensional analysis
allows G(N m2/kg2) to be equivalent to the product of the inverse of density (m3/kg) and squared
frequency (1/s2). Hence Hz2=G/(1/d) which is 3.33 x 10-19 Hz and the inverse is 3 x 1018 s. The duration is
equivalent to about 95 billion years.
This constraint would suggest at the current estimate of 10 to 13.3 billion years only about 10% to 15% of
to be displayed? If there are two forms of energy, potential and kinetic, might there also be two types of
matter: kinetic and potential? The amount of one would be the inverse of the other.
The most likely (known) moderating process for such transtemporal connection would be the photon. It
may not be coincidence that the energy associated with the age (or frequency) of the universe, about 4 x
1017 s would have a value of 6.6 x 10-34 J s * .24 x 10-17 Hz or about 2 x 10-51 J. This value is remarkably
similar to the upper limits of the rest mass (about 10-51 kg) of a photon which is a quantity expected
following the removal of c2 from the relationship. One interpretation of this apparent identity is that the
energy contained within a photon with a velocity near c contains the information of and a connection with
the age of the universe and supports the assumptions of quantum philosophy (Horgan 1992) and Hu and
Wu (2006).
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
803
4.7 The Involvement of Gravitational Energy with Consciousness
Calculations by Ahmed et al (1997) indicated the effects of gravity (as inferred by weightlessness) on the
human EEG, assuming axon conduction of about 20 m/s, was about 2 parts per million. However with 4
m/s, the bulk velocity associated with the cerebral cohesive waves that results in about 7 Hz for its
fundamental resonance (f[n(n+1)/2]1/2
would be about 2 parts per 10 million. This means that if we assume the transmission is by hydrogen (90%
of the universe) with a peak emission of 1.42 GHz (21 cm) one complete phase shift from one peak to the
next would require 2 x 107 divided by 1.42 x 109 1/s (Hz) or about 14 msec. This would suggest that
processes associated with gravity could affect the phase modulation of cerebral activity.
Minakov et al (1992) explored the conditions by which gravitational waves might be converted into
electromagnetic waves. An interface occurred when the gravitational wave interacted with a static electric
resonances, which display a fundamental frequency of about 8 Hz and higher-order modes separated by
about 5 Hz to 6 Hz (Schlegel and Füllekrug, 1999) operates within this resonator. The most powerful
amplification region for gravity-to-electromagnetic conversion occurred within the second global
Schumann resonance of about f=14 Hz. In this frequency band detection of gravity waves was increased by
an order of magnitude.
The physical intensities of the Schumann frequencies as well as their patterns are remarkably similar to
those of the human brain. As shown by Konig and his colleagues (1981) the major temporal structures,
such as delta, alpha, and beta patterns, that typify the electroencephalographic frequencies of the human
brain are generated within the shell between the earth and the ionosphere. The magnetic component of
the Schumann resonances between 7 and 40 Hz is within 10 to 100 pT (10-12 T) while the electric
component is in the order of 10-2 V/m.
Phase modulation, which has been considered the most optimal means to propagate the most information
2/c2]. Because most of the electromagnetic fields
et al (2005). This means the phase shift for every second is 1/.9897 or 16 ms. This value is congruent with
the phase comparisons of approximately 10 to 20 ms associated with the continuous 40 Hz oscillations
over the entire cerebral mantle (Llinas and Ribary, 1993). Such convergence sets the conditions for
resonance exchange of information between the cerebrum and the geophysical, electromagnetic-
gravitational environment.
Quantitative shifts in this sensitivity could be modulated by minute but discrete shifts in the Schumann
resonance parameters. Technically the S -e ) *
1/h2) where c is the velocity of light, re 1 (40 km to 50 km) and h2 (75 km to 90
km) are two characteristic heights in the D region of the ionosphere. Schlegel and Füllekrug (1999) found
that during strong solar proton events with durations between about 3 days to 3 weeks, the amplitude of
the Schumann resonance increased by about 0.2 pT (range =-0.1 to +0.4 pT) while the frequency increased
between 0.05 Hz to 0.14 Hz.
frequency of about .28 x 10-2 Hz or 2.8 mHz. This is within the range of resonant oscillations (with
amplitudes in the order of 0.5 nGal or 5 x 10-12 m/s2) between the earth and the atmosphere as recorded
by Nishida et al (2000). For a human weighing 70 kg this would be a force of 3.5 x 10-10 N and with cross
section of .25 m2 the resulting pressure would be 5.8 x 10-9 Pa. When applied to the person's volume the
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research| October 2010 | Vol. 1 | Issue 7 | pp. 785-807
Persinger, M. A. & Lavallee, C. F. Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Macroscopic Entanglement between
Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions: Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications
ISSN: 2153-8212
Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.
www.JCER.com
804
energy would be 4 x 10-12 J which is equivalent to about 2 x 10-11 W/m2. This is within the range of the
photon output from the right hemisphere of volunteers while they were thinking of white light (Dotta and
Persinger, 2010). If we know the energy then we can calculate the equivalent magnetic field (B2=Jµ2/m3). It
person who displayed a history of potential entanglements between his experiences and those of others
(Persinger, 2010b).
The amplitude of the power spectral density for the 3 mHz to 5 mHz band was in the order of 3 x 10-18
m2/s3 (Nishida et al, 2000). When acting upon a human mass of about 70 kg the power would be about 2 x
10-16 W or the equivalent of about 104 action potentials. However the effect would not be immediate but
require the integration or sum of these potentials over 3 to 6 min, or, on average about 4 minutes. This is
the time required for magnetic diffusivity if al
magnetic field.
That the value of G itself might be correlated with geomagnetic activity has been measured. Vladimirskii &
Temuryants (1996) found that during periods of minimum geomagnetic activity the values for G were
higher. This correlation occurred within the range of 10-13 to 10-14 values for G (whose primary value is 10-
11). Because a major peak in power during geomagnetic activity is within the mHz, the possibility of a
quantitative connection between the geomagnetic field, within which human brains are immersed and
likely connected, and information from gravitational phenomena would have significant implications for
the experimental demonstration of entanglement.
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