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Greenhouse-grown Colored Peppers: A Profitable Alternative for Vegetable Production in Florida?
Abstract
The increase in U.S. demand for colored bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) has been satisfied with increased supplies from imports and increased domestic production. Greenhouse-grown peppers of red, orange, and yellow colors were imported during the period 1993-2002 at wholesale fruit market prices that were three to five times greater than field-grown fruits. With high market prices and a suitable environment for growing colored peppers under inexpensive greenhouse structures [<3.7/ft 2)], up to 14 ha (34.6 acres) of greenhouses produced bell peppers in Florida in the year 2002. To estimate the profitability of a bell pepper greenhouse enterprise, a budget analysis was used to calculate the returns to capital and management. Production costs of greenhouse-grown peppers were estimated assuming the use of current technology applied in commercial greenhouse crops in Florida and in experimental crops at the University of Florida. Production assumptions included a crop of nonpruned plants grown in soilless media in a high-roof polyethylene-covered greenhouse [0.78 ha (1.927 acres)] located in north-central Florida. For a fruit yield of 13 kg·m -2 (2.7 lb/ft 2), the total cost of production was 3.82/ft 2), the estimated return was 1.66/ft 2), and the return over investment was 17.1%. A sensitivity analysis indicated that fruit yields should be greater than 7.8 kg·m -2 (1.60 lb/ft 2) in order to generate positive returns based on a season average wholesale fruit price of 2.40/lb). For this price, a range of possible fruit yields [5-17 kg·m -2 (1.0-3.5 lb/ft 2)] led to returns ranging from -0.88 to 2.87/ft 2), respectively. The estimates indicate that production of greenhouse-grown peppers could represent a viable vegetable production alternative for Florida growers.
... Fresh bell peppers are an important source of ascorbic acid and provitamin A, with green, red, and orange peppers having the highest concentrations of these antioxidants (Simonne et al., 1997). While green bell peppers still dominate consumer preferences, markets exist for colored bell peppers, particularly orange, red, and yellow (Frank et al., 2001), and fresh market demand for colored peppers has been increasing (Jovicich et al., 2005). ...
... Colored bell peppers are usually priced two to three times higher than their green counterparts (Jovicich et al., 2005), which compensates for the increased time needed for peppers to go through the period of coloring that lengthens crop exposure to adverse environmental conditions that can damage the fruit and lead to reduced yield and quality (Day, 2010). Jovicich et al. (2005) found greenhousegrown colored bell peppers were worth up to five times more than those produced in open field conditions, which may explain why colored bell pepper production takes place extensively under protection (Lopez-Marin et al., 2012). ...
... Colored bell peppers are usually priced two to three times higher than their green counterparts (Jovicich et al., 2005), which compensates for the increased time needed for peppers to go through the period of coloring that lengthens crop exposure to adverse environmental conditions that can damage the fruit and lead to reduced yield and quality (Day, 2010). Jovicich et al. (2005) found greenhousegrown colored bell peppers were worth up to five times more than those produced in open field conditions, which may explain why colored bell pepper production takes place extensively under protection (Lopez-Marin et al., 2012). Peppers are among the top five most common crops grown in Midwest high tunnels (Knewtson et al., 2010a); and though more recent data are needed on production trends, the underlying assumption is that high tunnel production of colored bell peppers in the Midwest is increasing. ...
Growing colored bell peppers in high tunnels enhances fruit quality and accelerates ripening. While there are benefits to high tunnel pepper production, increased heat inside the structures can lead to plant stress, blossom drop, sunscald, and reduced marketable yields. The objective of this study was to test shadecloth treatments placed on high tunnels to mitigate heat stress and improve colored bell pepper yield and fruit quality, while also identifying cultivars that perform well within Midwest high tunnel systems. Research was conducted at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station (Ames, IA) from 11 May to 11 Oct. in 2017 and 3 May to 9 Oct. in 2018. Six single-poly passively ventilated Quonset high tunnels were used for the experiment. The shade treatments (no shadecloth, 30% light-reducing shadecloth, and 50% light-reducing shadecloth) were applied in June of each season. Within each shade treatment, there were three randomized complete blocks of the seven colored bell pepper cultivars (Archimedes, Delirio, Flavorburst, Red Knight, Sirius, Summer Sweet, and Tequila). Data were collected on yield, fruit quality, and plant growth characteristics. Environmental parameters were monitored throughout the growing season. Both the 30% and 50% shadecloth treatments reduced monthly average and maximum air temperatures within high tunnels, with the largest differences occurring in the months of July and August. The use of a shadecloth reduced the incidence of sunscald by 59% between no shade and 50% shadecloth treatments. While there was no difference between 30% and 50% shade treatments, the use of 50% shadecloth caused a decrease in both marketable number (32%) and weight (29%) of pepper fruit compared with the control. ‘Tequila’, ‘Delirio’, and ‘Flavorburst’ had more marketable fruit per plant. Shade treatments did not affect fruit soluble solids content (SSC), pH, or total titratable acidity (TTA). Shade treatments had no effect on Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) readings, shoot biomass, the number of leaves per plant or the total leaf area per plant; however, plant height increased by an average 14.5 cm for plants under shadecloth treatments. Average leaf size was 11.2 cm ² larger on plants grown under the 50% shadecloth, compared with the control. Several cultivar differences existed for each fruit quality and plant growth parameter. While differences in fruit quality and plant growth parameters were limited among shade treatments, decreasing marketable yield is concerning. Our research suggests that Midwest growers should not exceed 30% light-reducing shadecloth on their high tunnels for colored bell pepper production.
... Protected cultivation is a desired method for high-quality red, yellow, orange and purple bell pepper production because of reductions in fruit quality in open field to meet the increasing consumer demand for these commodities (Cantliffe et al., 2008;Jovicich et al., 2005). Growers receive prices up to 3 times higher for colored bell peppers than green bell peppers (USDA-ERS, 2013). ...
... Currently, this demand is being met with imported produce, accounting for 50% of the domestic U.S. consumption (USDA-ERS, 2013). In Florida's subtropical climate, growers have a marketing opportunity during a time of unsupplied demand in the domestic market and can produce significant tonnage in protected cultivated systems (Cantliffe et al., 2008;Jovicich et al., 2005;USDA-ERS, 2013). ...
... Protected cultivation generally uses soilless culture which reduces the need for soil fumigants and can lead to higher yields (Jovicich et al., 2005(Jovicich et al., , 2004aSchnitzler, 2004;Stapleton, 1996). There are several options available for soilless substrate such as perlite, coconut coir, and peat moss. ...
Bell peppers cultivated in Florida represent one third of the U.S. fresh-market production. Protected cultivation offers an advantage in a subtropical, humid climate to obtain high-quality colored bell peppers. However, multiple factors such as ventilation, high temperatures, and potting media volume can affect the success of bell pepper production under protected cultivation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combination of two ventilation types and four pine bark volumes on bell pepper yield, plant growth and fruit quality. No significant effects of ventilation or pine bark volume on plant growth or commercial yield were found. This study suggested bell pepper can be cultivated in small pots as long as the plants are in non-limiting water and nutrient conditions. Moreover, a ventilation system with only a central roof vent in the ridge of the tunnel with a metallic gutter has no additional beneficial effect on colored bell pepper yields.
... The production area of colored bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is the largest among vegetable crops grown in greenhouses in Florida (Jovicich et al., 2005), a peninsula with a mild winter and subtropical climate. Pepper plants grown in containers with soilless media and irrigated with nutrient solution get sufficient protection in high-roof, passively ventilated greenhouses (with or without heaters used occasionally). ...
... Pepper plants grown in containers with soilless media and irrigated with nutrient solution get sufficient protection in high-roof, passively ventilated greenhouses (with or without heaters used occasionally). Market-able yields range from 6 to 15 kgÁm -2 , and are primarily dependent on the level of technology used for climate control and duration of the harvest period (Jovicich et al., 2004a(Jovicich et al., , 2005. Grown in simple and low-cost production systems, with low-to-medium capability for controlling environmental conditions, pepper plants can experience periods of extreme high or low air temperature, radiation, and air relative humidity (Jovicich et al., 2004a, b;Rilsky et al., 1994). ...
... mm), and small (56.0-63.9 mm) (Jovicich et al., 2005). Within the marketable fruit category, fruit with any visible scar from radial or russet cracking, or with yellow spots, were classified as second-quality fruit, whereas those without these blemishes were classified as first quality. ...
Frequent fertigation of soilless-grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) can increase fruit production, but development of fruit disorders may offset the increase in yield of first-quality (blemish-free) fruit in greenhouses with minimal environmental control. Fruit yield and quality were studied as affected by water volumes and nutrient concentration levels, delivered with irrigation events initiated after determined cumulative solar radiation levels, in 'HA3378' bell pepper from October to May in north-central Florida. Irrigation events occurred after solar radiation integral levels (SRI; ±SD) 1.7 ± 0.42, 3.7 ± 0.42, 5.7 ± 0.42, 7.7 ± 0.42, and 9.7 ± 0.42 kW·min-1·m-2, which led to mean number of daily irrigation events of 61 ± 31, 26 ± 12, 17 ± 8, 12 ± 5, and 10 ± 4 respectively. In peat mix, perlite, and pine bark media, volume per irrigation event and concentration levels of the nutrient solution were, in the first experiment, 74 mL standard (74-s), and in a second concurrent experiment, 74 mL half-standard (74-1/2s) or 3) 37 mL standard (37-s). In both studies, combined marketable fruit yields of first qualify and second quality (minor cracking patterns and yellow spots) increased linearly with decreasing SRI (increased events per day). First-quality fruit weight with 74-s was unaffected by media and, in a quadratic response to SRI, reached 5.4 kg·m-2 at 5.7 kW·min-1·m -2. First-quality weight with 74-1/2s and 37-s did not differ. Weight was unaffected by SRI in peat mix and perlite, and a quadratic response was recorded in pine bark, with yields of ≤3.6 kg·m-2. Fruit cracking incidence decreased with increased SRI, and was generally greater in pine bark. Incidence of yellow spots doubled with 74-1/2s compared with 37-s, and decreased linearly with increased SRI; the disorder was minor with 74-s. Compared with 37-s, 74-1/2s decreased fruit with blossom-end rot by 14%, increased marketable fruit weight by 10% in media with the lowest water-holding capacity (perlite, pine bark), and increased nutrient use efficiency. With any media used, the SRI set point of 5.7 kW·min-1·m -2 (daily mean of 17 irrigation events) and 74 mL, at standard nutrient concentration levels, appeared to produce greater blemish-free fruit yield than delivering 37 mL/event or half-concentrated 74 mL/event within the range of SRI means of 1.7 to 9.7 kW·min-1·m -2 (61-10 irrigation events/day). Disorder-tolerant pepper cultivars, better temperature control, and August plantings are additional suggestions for irrigation management to increase first-quality fruit yield.
... The United States is one of the few countries that still produces the majority of its bell peppers as green-colored fruit grown in the field on raised beds, with drip irrigation. Outside the U.S., bell peppers are produced in greenhouses as mature, colored peppers (Jovicich et al., 2005). In 2002, Canada's greenhouse bell pepper production area was more than 470 acres (519 acres) greater than that of the U.S. (49 acres), while Mexico (430 acres) was more than 381 acres greater than that of the U.S. (British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, 2003). ...
... Florida has been a principal winter supplier of bell peppers to the northeastern and midwestern markets in the United States (Jovicich et al., 2005). Florida pepper producers harvest from November to May, picking predominantly mature green peppers. ...
... hos.ufl.edu/protectedag) (Jovicich et al., 2004(Jovicich et al., , 2005Shaw and Cantliffe, 2002;Smither-Kopperl and Cantliffe, 2004). ...
... Currently, most of the horticultural production of peppers is carried out under protected agriculture conditions [21] primarily by the implementation of photo-selective shading nets [22], plastics [23], and, in some cases, artificial lighting [9,24] which includes ultraviolet radiation (UV), fluorescent lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) [25]. The active manipulation of light can improve plant productivity and the quality of peppers [26,27]. ...
... Colored shading nets can selectively change the red to far-red ratios that are detected by the phytochromes, enhance the radiation available to activate the blue/ultraviolet-A photoreceptors, alter the blue light involved in phototropic responses mediated by phototropins, or enhance radiation at other wavelengths that influence plant response [35]. orticulturae 2023, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW Currently, most of the horticultural production of peppers is carrie protected agriculture conditions [21] primarily by the implementation of ph shading nets [22], plastics [23], and, in some cases, artificial lighting [9,24] w ultraviolet radiation (UV), fluorescent lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LE active manipulation of light can improve plant productivity and the qualit [26,27]. ...
Capsicum is one of the most economically important genera in the Solanaceae family. Capsicum fruits (peppers) are rich in phytochemicals with high nutritional value and significant health-promoting characteristics. The phytochemical profile of peppers consists of capsaicinoids, carotenoids, and phenolics, primarily. Currently, most of the pepper production is carried out under protected horticulture conditions. The objective of this article was to provide a comprehensive review on how light characteristics and manipulation by different horticultural technologies can affect the biosynthesis and accumulation of phytochemicals in Capsicum fruits. The use of shade nets or plastic covers to reduce light intensity does not seem to yield consistent responses on the phytochemical profile, as the final profile results from the interaction of several factors. Other factors involved in the accumulation of phytochemicals include temperature, water availability and plant nutrition. Exposure of plants to supplemental light with specific wavelengths (using LEDs) seems to result in a more precise stimulation of specific metabolites. In this article, we examine the effects of light irradiance and spectrum on the specific phytochemicals of Capsicum fruits.
... ). Plants were pruned to form two main stems, which were vertically trellised to a "V" canopy system (Jovicich et al., 2005). Nutrient solution included NO 3 -N 110 mg L , and Mo 0.03 mg L -1 As micro element. ...
... mm), and small (56.0-63.9 mm) (Jovicich et al., 2005). Unmarketable fruit included fruit with blossom-end rot and fruit with a diameter smaller than 55.9 mm. ...
Irrigation frequency is one of the major factors required for adequate irrigation control in soilless culture. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation frequency on transpiration, growth, fruit yield, and water use efficiency, the paprika plants (Capsicum annuum L.) were compared under different irrigation frequencies based on solar radiation in soilless culture systems. The plants were grown on rockwool slabs following the vertical trellis “V” technique. Irrigation started whenever cumulative solar radiation reached the set value. Two set values of 120 J·cm−2 (high irrigation frequency, HIF) and 160 J·cm−2 (low irrigation frequency, LIF) were applied from 25 days after transplanting. Irrigation amount was controlled to keep a drain ratio at 20–30% of the total supply in order to avoid the salt accumulation in the root medium. Total water amount supplied to the plants in LIF was 94% of that in HIF. Transpiration in LIF or HIF was similar to that of estimated transpiration by Penman-Monteith equation, but slightly lower or higher value was observed, respectively. Leaf area and marketable fruit yield were not affected by the irrigation treatment. The both ratios of total transpiration to marketable fruit yield and total irrigation to marketable fruit yield were a little higher in LIF than in HIF. We concluded that water use efficiency in HIF was considered to be similar to or a little higher than that in LIF, but irrigation frequency did not affect the growth and production of paprika plants in open-loop system.
... Plants were then irrigated with recycled water or well water where either source was adjusted for desired EC and pH before final delivery. Total investment cost of the greenhouse structure with a projected life expectancy of 20 years, plus all components of production was $104.67/m 2 (Jovicich et al., 2005). ...
... If preventative release rates are used and are effective, natural enemies per ha are about $0.51/m 2 per season. For colored pepper, Jovicich et al. (2005) estimated $0.46/m 2 for beneficials and $0.11/m 2 for additional pesticide applications if and when needed. The cost of using chemical pesticides in the greenhouse varies with each crop and circumstance and difficult to estimate. ...
The primary arthropod pests associated with greenhouse vegetable production in Florida are: broadmites, spider mites, thrips, aphids, and whiteflies. The primary disease is powdery mildew. The objective of this research was to identify pesticide-free control measures of the most common arthropod pests of the Florida greenhouse vegetable industry and to recycle water and nutrients, safely without disease pressure. Broadmites and spider mites are controlled with the predatory mite N. californicus if released prior to or at transplanting. Aphids and whiteflies are controlled with the parasitic wasps Aphidius colemani and Eretmoserus sp. or Encarsia sp., respectively, which can be released and/or reared on banker plants. Thrips populations can be reduced with generalist predators such as Orius sp., but more recently a predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii has been reported to be effective. Disease resistant cultivars are preferred, however, cultural controls such as isolation from disease pressure, anti-condensation coverings, fans and aeration and bio-friendly fungicides are necessary. Regular scouting and correct identification of pests is key to pest management and implementing biological control. Plants were fertigated in a hydroponic system using pine bark or perlite medium in nursery pots. Drainage water was collected, sanitized, adjusted for EC and pH when necessary, then recycled to the plants. A sustainable, pesticide-free environment is not only safer for the plants and produce being grown, but also, employee safety and efficiency can be increased since re-entry periods that delay worker production are eliminated.
... Plants were grown in 11-L black polyethylene nursery pots (Lerio Corp., Kissimee, FL) filled with pine bark media (Elixson Wood Products, Starke, FL). Plants were pruned in accordance with Jovicich et al. (2005) using the 'Spanish' system. Under these conditions, all branches, side shoots (laterals), and fruit remained on the plant. ...
... Under these conditions, all branches, side shoots (laterals), and fruit remained on the plant. The plants were trellised using both horizontal and vertical string, as well as homemade wire clips using ceiling tile wire (photo available in Jovicich et al., 2005). Plants were initially spaced 30.5 cm within-row and 1.2 m between rows. ...
... Greenhouses are used to produce high value vegetables that are difficult to produce outdoors such as colored pepper, cucumbers, beefsteak, and other tomatoes [50,51]. In the United States, greenhouses are popular in vegetable producing areas such as California and Florida. ...
As the world’s population is increasing exponentially, human diets have changed to less healthy foods resulting in detrimental health complications. Increasing vegetable intake by both rural and urban dwellers can help address this issue. However, these communities often face the challenge of limited vegetable supply and accessibility. More so, open field vegetable production cannot supply all the vegetable needs because biotic and abiotic stress factors often hinder production. Alternative approaches such as vegetable production in greenhouses, indoor farms, high tunnels, and screenhouses can help fill the gap in the supply chain. These alternative production methods provide opportunities to use less resources such as land space, pesticide, and water. They also make possible the control of production factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide, as well as extension of the growing season. Some of these production systems also make the supply and distribution of nutrients to crops easier and more uniform to enhance crop growth and yield. This paper reviews these alternative vegetable production approaches which include hydroponics, aeroponics, aquaponics and soilless mixes to reveal the need for exploring them further to increase crop production. The paper also discusses facilities used, plant growth factors, current challenges including energy costs and prospects.
... Its cultivation in Central parts of America was first discovered by Christopher Columbus in the 14 th century [3]. High-quality greenhouse-grown capsicum fruits retail up to five times the prices of similar field-grown varieties when sold as red, yellow, orange, or green [4]. The growing global demand for sweet pepper is linked to their nutritional and health benefits. ...
A study was carried out at the Busia Agricultural Training Center (A.T.C), Western Kenya in 2019 to compare the fruit yields of two capsicum varieties from Syngenta seed company at the physiological maturity stages of red and yellow colors. Commandant F1 (red) and Admiral F1 (yellow) capsicum varieties were established under greenhouse conditions in two experimental beds measuring 0.7m by 13.5m. No controls were planted. Drip irrigation system was used with a plant-to-plant and inter-row spacing of 30cm and 40cm, respectively. Both of the two varieties were planted at the same time and subjected the same fertilizer treatments, pest and disease control measures, cultural practices and moisture supply. Data was collected on growth parameters (number of vegetative branches, flower buds and flowers) and yield components (number of fruits and harvest weight). Independent sample t-test was used to compare parameters (number of flowers, flower buds, fruits and the number of branches) for the two colored capsicum varieties, at a probability of p≤0.05. Further analysis involved finding weight and harvest averages for the two varieties. All analyses were performed in IBM SPSS Statistics, version 23. The red-coloured variety produced an average of 9.36 buds per plant compared to 5.2 for the yellow cultivar (p=0.01). Significant differences in the average yield potential of the yellow and red varieties (calculated as flowers, buds, and young fruits) were found between the red and yellow varieties (p=0.02). The red variety had a higher yield potential (19.52) than the yellow one (13.46). Within-variety weight comparison showed that the yellow variety lost a significant amount of fruit mass between the second and third harvest (0.122kg or 61%) compared to the red variety which lost 0.099kg or 58%. Keywords: Capsicum; Fruit yield; Physiological maturity; Variety; Red; Yellow
... Many required nutrients are sufficient while others are not, depending on the requirements of the plant being grown Nozzi et al., 2018;Pattillo, 2017a;Pickens, 2015). Commonly, aquaponics is practiced under greenhouse conditions to control temperature, humidity, pests, and weather conditions of infrastructure and energy with greenhouse production are higher, and seasonal competition from field crops make profitability difficult (Cantliffe and Vansickle, 2001;Engindeniz and G€ ul, 2009;Jovicich et al., 2005Jovicich et al., , 2007. Thus, developing a production system that can take advantage of aquaculture effluent under field production conditions during peak season could make this technology more economically viable for farmers (Cantliffe and Vansickle, 2001;Engindeniz and G€ ul, 2009;Fern, 2014). ...
Raised bed production trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of effluent from a biofloc-style recirculating aquaculture system producing nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) as nutrient-rich irrigation water for fall ‘Celebrity’ tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) production. The objective of this study was to provide baseline vegetable production data and justification for using aquaculture effluent as a water and nutrient resource. The experiment was a split-plot, randomized block design with three treatments: aquaculture effluent, granular fertilizer, and fertigation. Tomato seeds were sown in June, transplanted in August, and grown until Oct. 2019 in nine replicated raised beds. Conventional field tomato production practices were followed throughout the trial, and data were collected for tomato fruit yield, market quality, size, leaf greenness (SPAD), and foliar nutrient analysis. Fruit yield was similar between fertigated and aquaculture effluent treatments, with granular fertilizer resulting in yield that was significantly lower ( P ≤ 0.033). SPAD measurements were similar among treatments. All nutrients met or exceeded sufficiency ranges. Foliar nutrient analysis revealed no significant difference for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, boron, zinc, manganese, and iron among treatments. Sulfur and copper levels were significantly lower ( P < 0.05) with aquaculture effluent treatment as compared with the granular and fertigated treatments. Overall, tomato production using aquaculture effluent as a water and nutrient supplement produced similar yields to commercial practices, making it potentially viable for producers.
... The popularity of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for fresh market consumption or in ready-to-eat food has risen significantly during the past decades and these peppers are mostly produced in protected environments [31]. Mixed R and B light has an apparent influence on the growth and physiology of pepper plants [26,32,33]. ...
Background:
The red (R) and blue (B) light wavelengths are known to influence many plant physiological processes during growth and development, particularly photosynthesis. To understand how R and B light influences plant photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis, we investigated changes in leaf anatomy, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters, and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and Calvin cycle-related enzymes expression and their activities in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings exposed to four light qualities: monochromatic white (W, control), R, B and mixed R and B (RB) light with the same photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 300 μmol/m2·s.
Results:
The results revealed that seedlings grown under R light had lower biomass accumulation, CO2 assimilation and photosystem II (PSII) electron transportation compared to plants grown under other treatments. These changes are probably due to inactivation of the photosystem (PS). Biomass accumulation and CO2 assimilation were significantly enriched in B- and RB-grown plants, especially the latter treatment. Their leaves were also thicker, and photosynthetic electron transport capacity, as well as the photosynthetic rate were enhanced. The up-regulation of the expression and activities of Rubisco, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which involved in the Calvin cycle and are probably the main enzymatic factors contributing to RuBP (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate) synthesis, were also increased.
Conclusions:
Mixed R and B light altered plant photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis, mainly through its effects on leaf anatomy, photosynthetic electron transportation and the expression and activities of key Calvin cycle enzymes.
... The popularity of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for fresh market consumption or in ready-to-eat food has risen signi cantly during the past decades and these peppers are mostly produced in protected environments [31]. Mixed R and B light has an apparent in uence on the growth and physiology of pepper plants [26,32,33]. ...
Background: The red (R) and blue (B) light wavelengths are known to influence many plant physiological processes during growth and development, particularly photosynthesis. To understand how R and B light influences plant photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis, we investigated changes in leaf anatomy, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters, and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and Calvin cycle-related enzymes expression and their activities in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings exposed to four light qualities: monochromatic white (W, control), R, B and mixed R and B (RB) light with the same photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 300 μmol/m²·s.
Results: The results revealed that seedlings grown under R light had lower biomass accumulation, CO2 assimilation and photosystem II (PSII) electron transportation compared to plants grown under other treatments. These changes are probably due to inactivation of the photosystem (PS). Biomass accumulation and CO2 assimilation were significantly enriched in B- and RB-grown plants, especially the latter treatment. Their leaves were also thicker, and photosynthetic electron transport capacity, as well as the photosynthetic rate were enhanced. The up-regulation of the expression and activities of Rubisco, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which involved in the Calvin cycle and are probably the main enzymatic factors contributing to RuBP (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate) synthesis, were also increased.
Conclusions: Mixed R and B light altered plant photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis, mainly through its effects on leaf anatomy, photosynthetic electron transportation and the expression and activities of key Calvin cycle enzymes.
... Los rendimientos de chile dulce oscilan entre 8,2 y 42,9 ton/ha a campo abierto, y entre 30 y 150 ton/ha bajo ambiente protegido [2]. Por otra parte, otros autores afirman que el rendimiento de chile dulce en invernadero puede llegar a 80 ton/ha [9], y en otras investigaciones se ha indicado que en Florida, EEUU, la producción en invernadero varía entre 60 y 260 ton/ha, mientras que a campo abierto oscila entre 28,5 y 33,7 ton/ha [10]. ...
Quality and yield of 12 sweet pepper genotypes grown under greenhouse conditions in Alajuela, Costa Rica, were evaluated. Differences between genotypes were found for days to start of harvest (74 – 91 days after transplant), number of first quality fruits per plant (2,25 – 7,63), mean first-quality fruit weight (106,65 – 185,15 g), and commercial (46,94 – 78,35 ton/ha) and total yield (57,80 – 88,82 ton/ha). Cortés, Jumbo and V-701 were the genotypes that yielded the highest number of first-quality fruits (between 6,88 and 7,63 fruits/plant) and the highest commercial yield (between 70,96 and 78,35 ton/ha).
... La horticultura protegida es una alternativa para los productores dado que permite satisfacer los compromisos de muchos mercados, pues posibilita enfrentar los rigores del cambio climático y sus efectos; diversas variables ambientales (temperatura, humedad relativa, lluvia, luminosidad) y agronómicas (sustratos, riego, tutorado, poda, fertilizantes, plagas, enfermedades) pueden controlarse con mayor certeza [1], [2], [3]. La tecnología de producción en invernadero ha aumentado el rendimiento de pimiento por unidad de área [4]; en este sentido, unos autores mencionan que la producción en invernadero puede llegar a 80 ton/ha [5], mientras que otros investigadores indican que el rendimiento bajo ambiente protegido oscila entre 30-150 ton/ha, mientras que a campo abierto varía entre 8-43 ton/ha [6]. ...
Yield and quality of 15 bell pepper genotypes grown under greenhouse conditions, were evaluated. Data show a wide variability between genotypes with respect to days at the beginning of harvest (74 – 83 days after transplant), number of first quality fruits per plant (2,00 – 7,25), mean first quality fruit weight (171,15 – 243,45 g), and marketable (44,29 – 77,34 ton/ha) and total yield (55,13 – 90,45 ton/ha). XC-425, MACR-103-07 and Vikingo show the highest number of first quality fruits per plant (7,25; 5,63; and 5,38, respectively). XC-425 and Vikingo show the highest marketable yield (77,34 and 75,37 ton/ha, respectively).
... The popularity of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for fresh market consumption or in ready-to-eat food has risen significantly during the past decades and these peppers are mostly produced in protected environments [31]. Mixed R and B light has an apparent influence on the growth and physiology of pepper plants [26,32,33]. ...
Background: The red (R) and blue (B) light wavelengths are known to influence many plant physiological processes during growth and development, particularly photosynthesis. To understand how R and B light influences plant photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis, we investigated changes in leaf anatomy, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters, and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and Calvin cycle-related enzymes expression and their activities in sweet pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings exposed to four light qualities: monochromatic white (W, control), R, B, and mixed R and B (RB) light with the same photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 300 μmol/m 2 ·s .
Results: The results revealed that seedlings grown under R light had lower biomass accumulation, CO 2 assimilation, and photosystem II (PSII) electron transportation compared to plants grown under other treatments. These changes are probably due to inactivation of the photosystem (PS). Biomass accumulation and CO 2 assimilation were significantly enriched in B- and RB-grown plants, especially the latter treatment. Their leaves were also thicker, and photosynthetic electron transport capacity, as well as the photosynthetic rate were enhanced. The up-regulation of the expression and activities of Rubisco , fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which involved in the Calvin cycle and are probably the main enzymatic factors contributing to RuBP (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate) synthesis, were also increased.
Conclusions: Mixed R and B light altered plant photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis, mainly through its effects on leaf anatomy, photosynthetic electron transportation, and the expression and activities of key Calvin cycle enzymes.
... Today, pepper crops are grown not only in fields but also increasingly in greenhouse environments. Commercial greenhouse production is now extensive in certain regions of Spain, the Netherlands, Israel, Mexico, Canada, and the United States (Jovicich et al. 2005). This new way of growing pepper fruits is driven primarily by an increasing consumer appetite for large, high-quality bell peppers, and as a way to prolong the growing season in temperate areas of the globe (Lin and Saltveit 2012). ...
The pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano, is an economically important pest of field and greenhouse pepper crops in North America. In this study, a series of insecticides covering a broad-spectrum of insecticidal modes of action were assessed for their potential in managing the pepper weevil under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. To accomplish this, laboratory mini-spray tower and greenhouse cage trials were conducted that evaluated the efficacy of 16 conventional, reduced-risk, and microbial insecticides. In laboratory trials, adult weevils were sprayed with insecticides, placed on treated leaves within a cup cage, and were monitored for their survival over 10 d. Of the 16 insecticides tested, 8 provided greater than 60% weevil control, a threshold considered necessary for including products in further greenhouse testing. In greenhouse trials, adult weevil mortality, bud and foliar damage, bud and fruit abortion, and subsequent weevil offspring emergence were measured following each of three weekly insecticide applications. The most efficacious insecticides included kaolin clay and mineral oil, which performed as well as the thiamethoxam-positive control, and incurred 70 and 55% of adult weevil mortality, respectively. Additionally, kaolin clay and mineral oil reduced offspring weevil emergence by 59 and 54%, respectively, compared with untreated controls. Despite the clear challenge that controlling this pest represents, this study has identified useful new tools for the integrated management of the pepper weevil, which may accelerate the rate at which these become available for use in greenhouse and field pepper production.
... However, in a single-year study in high tunnels in New York, Reid et al. (2011) described yields ranging from 3200 to more than 3900 g/plant of mature colored bell peppers, suggesting that even higher yields may be possible with different cultivar choice or growing conditions. Certainly, typical yields of fruit for bell pepper in climate-controlled greenhouses in The Netherlands and Canada far exceed these ranges, sometimes exceeding 8000 g/plant (Jovicich et al., 2005). ...
High tunnels can facilitate production of ripe colored bell peppers ( Capsicum annuum ) in locations with short growing seasons by extending the length of the growing season and protecting fruit from biotic and abiotic stressors. We grew 10 cultivars of bell pepper over 3 years in a high tunnel in Durham, NH. Yields of marketable colored fruit ranged from 1576 to 2285 g/plant in 2015, from 1194 to 1839 g/plant in 2016, and 1471 to 2358 g/plant in 2017. Significant differences in marketable yield among cultivars existed only in 2015 and 2017. Of the 10 cultivars evaluated, those developed for controlled environments produced greater marketable yields than those developed for production in the field or unheated tunnels ( P < 0.0001). The seasonal production patterns were similar among cultivars in all 3 years: a single peak in production occurred between 159 and 175 days after seeding, followed by much lower but steady production until frost ended each growing season. Our results demonstrate that reasonable yields of colored bell peppers can be produced in high tunnels in locations with short growing seasons. We suggest that further work may be needed to identify optimal pruning and canopy management strategies to maximize yields and fruit quality.
... It should be emphasized that these constructions are used to protect the quality of crops in unfavorable weather conditions and extend the crop production season by improving the climate [Galinato, Miles 2013, Bruce et al. 2019]. This contributes to yield increase [Jovicich et al. 2005], and thus translates into an increase in production revenue [Waterer 2003]. High foil tunnels are generally considered to be temporary constructions which, unlike greenhouses, do not have an electrical installation, and the crops in them are, in most cases, planted directly in the soil [Wells, Loy 1993]. ...
The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the value of production, labour and capital expenditure in the production of red sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in selected horticultural farms. The study covered farms involved in the production of sweet peppers in unheated plastic tunnels in the poviat of Przysucha and Radom. The selection of farms was purposeful. The selection was based on the technical solutions used on the farms in the field of construction of plastic tunnels and farm size. The study was carried out in three growing seasons in 2017-2018. The obtained results indicated that the largest share in total costs were the costs of purchasing planting material and fluctuated within 29.5% of total costs. The average production value of red sweet pepper production under covers in tunnels with a wooden structure amounted to 3,116 PLN/240 m2, while in the case of metal structures, this value amounted to 3,449.20 PLN/240 m2. In addition, analysis of the Cobb-Douglas production function showed that the gross profit was affected by general costs, labor costs and costs of purchasing seedlings. The results of this study indicate a need to undertake further research on this topic to formulate recommendations aimed at optimizing paprika production to increase and stabilize income resulting from cultivation activity.
... The potential health benefits of basil include strengthening the immune system, alleviating metabolic disorders, cognitive enhancement as well as benefits to oral and skin health [22]. The popularity of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) for fresh market consumption or ready-to-eat foods has been augmented significantly during the past decades, and are mostly produced in protected environments [23]. R and B wavelengths influence health beneficial phytochemical accumulations [24,25]. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the different combinations of red (R) and blue (B) light emitting diode (LEDs’) lighting effects on growth, pigment content, and antioxidant capacity in lettuce, spinach, kale, basil, and pepper in a growth chamber. The growth chamber was equipped with R and B light percentages based on total light intensity: 83% R + 17% B; 91% R + 9% B; 95% R + 5% B; and control was 100% R. The photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), photoperiod, temperature, and relative humidity of the growth chamber were maintained at 200 ± 5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, 16 h, 25/21 ± 2.5 °C, and 65 ± 5%, respectively. It is observed that the plant height of lettuce, kale, and pepper was significantly increased under 100% R light, whereas the plant height of spinach and basil did not show any significant difference. The total leaf number of basil and pepper was significantly increased under the treatment of 95% R + 5% B light, while no significant difference was observed for other plant species in the same treatment. Overall, the fresh and dry mass of the studied plants was increased under 91% R + 9% B and 95% R + 5% B light treatment. The significantly higher flower and fruit numbers of pepper were observed under the 95% R + 5% B treatment. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of lettuce, spinach, basil, and pepper was significantly increased under the 91% R + 9% B treatment while the chlorophyll content of kale was increased under the 95% R + 5% B light treatment. The total carotenoid content of lettuce and spinach was higher in the 91% R + 9% B treatment whereas the carotenoid content of kale, basil, and pepper was increased under the 83% R + 17% B treatment. The antioxidant capacity of the lettuce, spinach, and kale was increased under the 83% R + 17% B treatment while basil and pepper were increased under the 91% R + 9% B treatment. This result indicates that the addition of B light is essential with R light to enhance growth, pigment content, and antioxidant capacity of the vegetable plant in a controlled environment. Moreover, the percentage of B with R light is plant species dependent.
... The greenhouses in Spain are not comparable with Dutch greenhouses. They are simple constructions with plastic cover [9] , also called lowcost greenhouses (Jovicich et al., 2005). The pepper yield is heavily dependent on the region and the management practice. ...
The EU legislation on organic farming was aimed at forcing the use of organic seeds in organic production. However, there are striking differences in its implementation across the EU and the use of organic seeds is still sparse. This study examines the use of organic seeds for sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in a pilot study for the Netherlands and Spain. In order to identify existing incentives and constraints, a supply chain analysis is applied, derogation requests for using non-organic seeds are analysed and interviews with stakeholders of the supply chain are conducted. Based on the findings, recommendations are given on how each stakeholder can participate in improving the implementation of the EU law, promoting the use of organic seeds.
... Especially, coloured bell peppers have attracted consumers because of their flavour, shape, high vitamin concentrations and low calories (Howard et al. 2014). To satisfy the demand for highquality fruit, bell peppers are mostly grown in protected environments such as greenhouses (Jovicich et al. 2005;Cantliffe et al. 2008). Typical greenhouse production areas such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, UK, Israel, Canada, South Korea and USA have been reported to suffer from a disease called internal fruit rot (Utkhede and Mathur 2003;Yang et al. 2009;Choi et al. 2010;Van Poucke et al. 2012;Kline and Wyenandt 2014;O'Neill and Mayne 2015a;Frans et al. 2016a) This disease is mainly caused by members of the Fusarium lactis species complex (FLASC) and to a lesser extent by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum (Hubert et al. 2003;Yang et al. 2009;Van Poucke et al. 2012). ...
Internal fruit rot in bell pepper is an important fungal disease which results in mycelium growth and/or necrosis on the ovarium and fruit flesh. It is mainly caused by members of the Fusarium lactis species complex and emerged as a major threat for bell pepper production worldwide. Infection already starts during anthesis, but the symptoms are only visible later on in the production chain. An accurate prediction of the disease incidence in the greenhouse based on environmental parameters is an important step towards a sustainable disease control. Based on a large dataset (2011–2016), a binomial, logistic regression model was developed. This model enables an accurate prediction of internal fruit rot occurrence based on simple and robust input parameters such as temperature and relative humidity during anthesis. Spore density was included as a simplified, practical parameter describing the presence or absence of internal fruit rot 1 week earlier. The obtained model was validated with an independent dataset of five different commercial bell pepper greenhouses. The chance of internal fruit rot infection increased with temperature and relative humidity. Once a greenhouse is infected, only lower temperatures can reduce future risks. However, the chance of the disease to occur remains very high. This prediction model offers a strong instrument for growers to optimize greenhouse climate conditions to restrain internal fruit rot incidence. In addition, the model can be used to apply accurate biological or chemical treatments to achieve a more sustainable greenhouse control. A guideline table for climate adjustment is presented.
... La horticultura protegida es una alternativa para los productores dado que permite satisfacer los compromisos de muchos mercados, pues posibilita enfrentar los rigores del cambio climático y sus efectos; diversas variables ambientales (temperatura, humedad relativa, lluvia, luminosidad) y agronómicas (sustratos, riego, tutorado, poda, fertilizantes, plagas, enfermedades) pueden controlarse con mayor certeza [1], [2], [3]. La tecnología de producción en invernadero ha aumentado el rendimiento de pimiento por unidad de área [4]; en este sentido, unos autores mencionan que la producción en invernadero puede llegar a 80 ton/ha [5], mientras que otros investigadores indican que el rendimiento bajo ambiente protegido oscila entre 30-150 ton/ha, mientras que a campo abierto varía entre 8-43 ton/ha [6]. ...
Se evaluó el rendimiento y calidad de 15 genotipos de pimiento cultivados bajo condiciones de invernadero. Los datos muestran una amplia variabilidad entre los genotipos en cuanto a días a inicio de cosecha (74 – 83 días después de trasplante), número de frutos de primera calidad por planta (2,00 – 7,25), peso promedio del fruto de primera calidad (171,15 – 243,45 g), y rendimiento comercial (44,29 – 77,34 ton/ha) y total (55,13 – 90,45 ton/ha). Los genotipos que presentaron un mayor número de frutos de primera calidad por planta fueron XC-425, MACR-103-07 y Vikingo (7,25; 5,63; y 5,38, respectivamente). Los genotipos que produjeron el mayor rendimiento comercial fueron XC-425 y Vikingo (77,34 y 75,37 ton/ha, respectivamente).
... Los rendimientos de chile dulce oscilan entre 8,2 y 42,9 ton/ha a campo abierto, y entre 30 y 150 ton/ha bajo ambiente protegido [2]. Por otra parte, otros autores afirman que el rendimiento de chile dulce en invernadero puede llegar a 80 ton/ha [9], y en otras investigaciones se ha indicado que en Florida, EEUU, la producción en invernadero varía entre 60 y 260 ton/ha, mientras que a campo abierto oscila entre 28,5 y 33,7 ton/ha [10]. ...
Se evaluó la calidad y el rendimiento de 12 genotipos de chile dulce cultivados bajo condiciones de invernadero en Alajuela, Costa Rica. Se encontraron diferencias entre genotipos para los días a inicio de cosecha (74 – 91 días después de trasplante), número de frutos de primera calidad por planta (2,25 – 7,63), peso promedio del fruto de primera calidad (106,65 – 185,15 g), y rendimiento comercial (46,94 – 78,35 ton/ha) y total (57,80 – 88,82 ton/ha). Los genotipos Cortés, Jumbo y V-701 produjeron el mayor número de frutos de primera calidad (entre 6,88 y 7,63 frutos/planta) y el mayor rendimiento comercial (entre 70,96 y 78,35 ton/ha).
... Sweet pepper or bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a high cash value crop grown worldwide. In northern hemisphere regions such as the Netherlands, Belgium, UK, Israel and Canada nearly all bell peppers are grown in protected environments such as greenhouses (Jovicich et al. 2005;Lin and Saltveit 2012). Most of these high-quality greenhouse produced bell peppers are supplied to the fresh market. ...
Internal fruit rot in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is mainly caused by members of the Fusarium lactis species complex (FLASC) and to a lesser extent by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum. Despite the importance of the disease, there is hardly no information about growth, sporulation and germination dynamics of FLASC. In order to understand the dominance of FLASC as main pathogen of internal fruit rot, the effects of temperature (5 °C – 35 °C), water activity (aw 0.76–0.96), pH (pH 3 - pH 9) and oxygen concentration (2.5% - 20%) on growth and sporulation of all three Fusarium species were compared. In addition, germination kinetics were also investigated. FLASC showed optimal mycelium growth and sporulation in the narrow range of 25 °C, while both other strains were also tolerant for higher temperatures to 30 °C. FLASC was also characterized by a broad pH optimum from pH 3–7 while F. oxysporum (pH 4–7) and F. proliferatum (pH 5–8) were more demanding concerning pH. In addition, optimal sporulation occurred in the acid region for FLASC (pH 3) whilst neutral and alkaline pH were more favourable for the other species. Germination kinetics revealed that FLASC did not benefit from an earlier and/or faster germination process. A thorough understanding of the growth characteristics and dominance of FLASC as main pathogen for internal fruit rot is inevitable to develop sustainable control measures for the disease.
... Sweet pepper or bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide. In north hemisphere regions such as The Netherlands, Belgium, UK, Israel, Canada and USA, nearly all bell peppers are grown in glasshouses to supply the fresh vegetable market (Jovicich et al., 2005;Lin and Saltveit, 2012). In 2013, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations reported that the production of green chillies and bell peppers was slightly more than 31 million tons worldwide (FAO, 2015). ...
In the last decade, internal fruit rot caused primarily by members of the
Fusarium lactis species complex and to a lesser extent by F. oxysporum and F.
proliferatum, became a major disease in greenhouse grown bell peppers. After
infection through the flower, the disease is latent until the green mature stage of the
fruit. During the colouring stage, the fungus can start to proliferate on the inside of
the fruit as mycelium on the ovary and/or cause necrosis. Nearly all growers are
confronted with this problem and average yield losses are estimated at 5% with
seasonal peaks up to 20%. Observations by growers suggested differences in
susceptibility between pepper cultivars. This study reports and discusses the
differences in floral morphology and fruit development of different bell pepper
cultivars and their potential correlation with internal fruit rot. To evaluate
susceptibility differences between pepper cultivars, the floral morphology of ‘Score’
and ‘E41.9227’ was compared by measuring ovary size, the dehiscence of the anther
crown and the number of petals. Additionally, longevity of the petals and styles were
evaluated in relation to internal fruit rot incidence. To account for the influences of
fruit load the number of fruit was also considered in relation to the disease.
... Most of the 7,700 ha of field-produced peppers in Florida are green in color, while all greenhouse-produced peppers are red, yellow, or orange in color. Regardless if colored peppers are field or greenhouse produced, the value of colored fruit is three to seven times greater than green fruit, and greenhouse yields can be five times greater than that from the field ( Jovicich et al., 2005). In Florida, field peppers are primarily grown during spring and fall. ...
To insure optimum fruit yields of greenhouse pepper crops in Florida in late fall (November) and winter, when prices are high, planting is dictated to be in late July to early August when greenhouse day temperatures can be in excess of 40°C. To reduce daytime temperatures during summer, two cooling methods were examined and compared to no cooling: a) aluminized shade system, and b) mist cooling. 'Shamrock' peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) were transplanted on 18 August, 2004 and 13 July, 2005, into 11 L plastic pots containing pine bark in a high-roof plastic greenhouse in Citra, Florida. Plant densities were 1.9, 3.0, and 3.8 plants m-2. At transplanting the cooling systems were 'activated' when greenhouse temperatures reached 28°C. Mist was applied for 15 sec. every 15 min. PAR (μmols-1 m-2) was reduced in excess of 50% as compared to outside during mid-day and up to 66% in morning and late afternoon by the shade system. The mist system provided one-third higher PAR than the shade system in mid-day. Temperatures at the plant canopy were reduced, compared to no cooling, by both cooling methods. Plant height was increased and stem diameter reduced in shade, compared to the mist system. Fruits could not be harvested in 2004 due to damage from two hurricanes. In 2005, early fruit yields (6 October) were greater from the mist system, compared to the shade or no shade treatments. More fruits were harvested from the highest plant density compared to the lowest density. No significant difference occurred between cooling method and plant density for total marketable yield per hectare. Yield from plants produced with cooling was 2.5 times greater than without cooling. Therefore, summer plantings of pepper under the hot-humid conditions in Florida, could be established by misting or using aluminized screen. Costs to install the mist system were one-tenth that of the screen system. There were no apparent disease or plant abnormalities by using either system.
... 25 Table 5 shows a pro-forma financial analysis of a natural greenhouse modeled identically after that described by Jovicich et al. (2005). The costs of chemical pesticides and herbicides, and energy for heating have been deducted for the production of "non-toxin" bell peppers in the case of Martinique. ...
Martinique is currently beset by, among other things, chronic high unemployment rate and steadily rising cost of food and other life essentials. Overlaying this societal problem is the continuing ecological disaster of chlordecone contamination of about 1/3 of the land surface, and surrounding waters. Chlordecone is extremely toxic and recalcitrant; its use was banned in the USA in 1979, but it was used continually until 1993. Alternative agriculture is a practicable means to alleviate the deep social unrest arising from chronically high unemployment rate and near total dependency on costly food imports from metropolitan France. One of the basics aims of this approach would be the zero use of synthetic chemicals for pest-and weed-control for all crops. Cropping of certain edible Solanaceae fruits, viz, bell pepper, appears to be feasible under a semi-open greenhouse environment, in which natural sunlight, rainfall and warm year-round temperatures would be deployed maximally. The carbon footprint of this prospective Martinique produce delivered to the UK might be substantially lower than that of bell peppers grown in stand-alone heated greenhouses in mainland Europe.
... Currently, postharvest information has been published on greenhouse tomato, european cucumber, pepper (Sargent, 2001), Beit Alpha cucumber (Sargent et al., 2001;Villalta, 2002), and baby squash ( Cucurbita pepo L.) blossoms (Villalta, 2003). Economic feasibility studies have been done by University of Florida researchers for greenhouse tomato (Zimet, 2001), colored pepper (Jovicich et al., 2004), and strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.;Paranjpe et al., 2004). ...
Additional index words . Cucumis melo , protected agriculture, marketing Abstract. Galia muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) produced in a passive-ventilated greenhouse as an alternative crop to tradi-tional crops such as tomato or pepper can result in profitable returns to investment. Average yields for hydroponically grown Galia were five fruit per plant or 16.5 kg m -2 per crop, re-gardless of type of media or container used. Initial investment cost for a 1.0-hectare passive-ventilated greenhouse including land, labor, and transportation is 71,802. Net returns for a single crop are estimat-ed at 10.22 per m 2 . Using 5-year market prices of Galia muskmelon, sensitivity analyses summarize potential losses and profits at yields below and above average. Over the past 6 years, the Protected Agriculture Project, Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida has conducted research on production practices and greenhouse vegetable cultivars for crops such as tomato (Lycopersicon escu-lentum Mill.; Hochmuth, 2001; Rodriguez et al., 2001), col-ored pepper (Capsicum annuum L.; Jovicich, 2001; Jovicich et al., 2003; Shaw and Cantliffe, 2002), Beit Alpha type cucum-ber (Cucumis sativus L.; Cantliffe et al., 2001; Shaw et al., 2000; Shaw et al., 2004), and Galia type muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.; Rodriguez, 2003; Shaw et al., 2001) and provided such in-formation to the Florida greenhouse grower via publications and the website (www.hos.ufl.edu/protectedag). However, one major component of greenhouse production systems that is often over-looked in research is the economics and marketing of the crop. To provide Florida vegetable growers with alternative cropping ideas to traditional open-field sys-tems, information is required not only on new crops and pro-duction methodology but also on the ability to take those crops to profitable markets. Therefore, research must take into consideration the postharvest and handling needs and the investments and returns of these new ventures. Currently, postharvest information has been published on greenhouse tomato, european cucumber, pepper (Sargent, 2001), Beit Alpha cucumber (Sargent et al., 2001; Villalta, 2002), and baby squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) blossoms (Villalta, 2003). Eco-nomic feasibility studies have been done by University of Flor-ida researchers for greenhouse tomato (Zimet, 2001), colored pepper (Jovicich et al., 2004), and strawberry (Fragar-ia × ananassa Duch.; Paranjpe et al., 2004).
The aim of the study was to assess the profitability of red sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in relation to incurred labor and capital inputs in selected horticultural farms. The analyzed group consisted of farms producing sweet pepper in traditional cultivation in the districts of Przysucha and Radom. To determine the correlation between income in the analyzed farms and expenditure, in this study, the multiple Cobb-Douglas production function was applied. Data were generated by implementing the cost accounting method for estimating the feasibility of production and it was analyzed by using project evaluation methods, like the Pay Back Period (PBP), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results of the estimation of Cobb-Douglas production function parameters show that the dominant positive impact on the gross return value was the cost of seedlings, irrigation costs and overhead costs. The conducted analyzes showed that the NPV for the investment is PLN 240,148, with a B/C ratio of 1.78. On the other hand, the PBP, in this case, amounts to 1.45 crop season and the IRR reached a level of 22% annually.The sensitivity analysis carried out showed that the most important factors affecting the profitability of pepper production in field cultivation are product prices, seed costs, fertilizer costs and human labor costs.
Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production under high tunnels requires appropriate plant density and growth habit to ensure efficient use of space. This study assessed the effects of in-row spacing and bell pepper growth habit on growth and yield under high tunnels. Determinate, cv. Crusader, and indeterminate, cv. Maria, seedlings were transplanted in single rows spaced at 20, 25, and 30 cm between plants (equivalent to 31,245; 24,996; and 20,830 plants∙ha⁻¹, respectively) with growth habit as the main plot and in-row distance as sub-plot. Leaf greenness, plant nutrient status, plant height and marketable fruit weight and number were measured. Yield per plant and per unit area were affected by growth habit and in-row distance. The indeterminate cultivar produced 33% more fruit and 13% more yield per plant than the determinate cultivar, while the determinate cultivar produced 24% heavier fruit than the indeterminate cultivar. In-row distances of 20 and 25 cm resulted in similar fruit number per hectare, while 30 cm plant spacing reduced fruit per hectare by 20%. Overall yield was not affected by in-row distance. An economic analysis is necessary to evaluate the potential profitability of a bell pepper system based on indeterminate cultivars and an in-row distance of 30 cm.
p>Hasil paprika sangat tergantung pada pengaturan sistem penanaman dan teknik pemangkasan tunas. Penelitian dengan tujuan untuk mengoptimasi sistem penanaman dan teknik pemangkasan tunas pada dua varietas paprika telah dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Lembang, Jawa Barat dari bulan Mei 2011 sampai Februari 2012. Tiga faktor perlakuan yang dicoba terdiri atas sistem penanaman (satu dan dua tanaman per polibag) sebagai petak utama, sistem pemangkasan tunas (pemangkasan per buku sisa dua daun dan sisa tiga daun) sebagai anak petak dan varietas (Inspiration dan Spider) sebagai anak-anak petak dicoba dengan menggunakan rancangan petak terpisah (split plot design) dengan tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan sistem penanaman berpengaruh nyata terhadap hasil paprika. Rata-rata hasil total dan hasil kelas buah >200 g yang ditanam dengan sistem penanaman satu tanaman per polibag berturut-turut lebih tinggi 14,1% dan 17,0% daripada tanaman yang ditanam dengan sistem penanaman dua tanaman per polibag. Perlakuan sistem pemangkasan tunas hanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap hasil kelas buah >200 g dan sistem pemangkasan sisa tiga daun memberikan hasil kelas buah >200 g lebih tinggi daripada sistem pemangkasan sisa dua daun. Hasil total, hasil kelas buah >200 g dan kelas buah 100–200 g varietas Spider lebih tinggi dan berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengan varietas Inspiration. Hasil penelitian merekomendasikan bahwa tanaman paprika sebaiknya ditanam dengan sistem satu tanaman per polibag dan sistem pemangkasan sisa tiga daun. Bila buah paprika yang diinginkan relatif besar maka varietas Inspiration yang ditanam, sedangkan bila buah dengan ukuran sedang maka varietas Spider yang ditanam.
Keywords
Capsicum annuum var. Grossum; Hasil; Sistem penanaman; Sistem pemangkasan; Varietas
Abstract
Yields of sweet peppers depend on planting system and shoot pruning system. A research with the aim to optimize planting system and shoot pruning system in two sweet pepper varieties has been carried out in the Experimental Field of the Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute in Lembang (1,250 m asl.), West Java from May 2011 until February 2012. Three treatment factors consisted of planting system (one plant and two plants planted per polybag), shoot pruning system (pruning with two leaves and three leaves remaining per node) and variety (Inspiration and Spider) were laid-out using split plot design with three replication. The results indicated that planting system treatment significantly affected the yields of sweet pepper. Average total yields and yields of fruit >200 g from plants using one plant per polybag were 14.1% and 17.0% higher than those of plants using two plants per polybag. The shoot pruning treatment significantly affected only on the yields of fruit >200 g and the shoot pruning system with three leaves remaining per node gave significantly higher yields of fruit >200 g compared to the shoot pruning system with two leaves remaining per node. The total yields, yields of fruit >200 g and yields of fruit 100–200 g of Spider were significantly higher than those of Inspiration with the average total yields of Spider 12.3% higher than Inspiration. The results suggest that sweet pepper should be planted using one plant per polybag and the shoot pruning with three leaves remaining per node. If desired the relatively big size fruit, Inspiration is recommended, however, if desired the medium-size fruit, Spider is recommended. </p
In bell pepper production, diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens are a serious problem. The use of chemicals remains the main method for the control of soil-borne pathogens, with poor results in many cases. However, grafting has been proposed as an alternative which can also improve control. The present study analyses and compares the development of diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens in grafted and non-grafted sweet bell pepper plants. Plots of cultivars Fascinato and Janette non-grafted and grafted on Terrano rootstock were established on a farm managed under the shaded greenhouse system. Phytophthora capsici and Rhizoctonia solani AG4 were identified causing wilt. Fusarium solani was identified causing stem rot. Terrano resisted wilt by reducing the apparent infection rate and the final incidence in the Fascinato variety by 92% and 89%, respectively, and in the Janette variety by 99% and 98%, respectively. However, Terrano was not resistant to stem rot. Compared to non-grafted plants, Terrano had a higher apparent infection rate and final incidence, which in Fascinato were 56% and 60%, respectively, and in Janette were 97% and 99%, respectively. Terrano also affected the spatial patterns of both wilt and stem rot. These results show that it is necessary to supplement the use of Terrano with other strategies. This complicates the goal of reducing the use of chemicals, environmental pollution and the costs of control in the production of sweet bell pepper.
Internal fruit rot in bell pepper is an important fungal disease which results in mycelium growth and/or necrosis on the ovarium and fruit flesh. It is mainly caused by members of the Fusarium lactis species complex and emerged as a major threat for bell pepper production worldwide. Infection already starts during anthesis, but the symptoms are only visible later on in the production chain. An accurate prediction of the disease incidence in the greenhouse based on environmental parameters is an important step towards a sustainable disease control. Based on a large dataset (2011–2016), a binomial, logistic regression model was developed. This model enables an accurate prediction of internal fruit rot occurrence based on simple and robust input parameters such as temperature and relative humidity during anthesis. Spore density was included as a simplified, practical parameter describing the presence or absence of internal fruit rot 1 week earlier. The obtained model was validated with an independent dataset of five different commercial bell pepper greenhouses. The chance of internal fruit rot infection increased with temperature and relative humidity. Once a greenhouse is infected, only lower temperatures can reduce future risks. However, the chance of the disease to occur remains very high. This prediction model offers a strong instrument for growers to optimize greenhouse climate conditions to restrain internal fruit rot incidence. In addition, the model can be used to apply accurate biological or chemical treatments to achieve a more sustainable greenhouse control. A guideline table for climate adjustment is presented.
Se realizó una caracterización morfológica de 15 genotipos de pimiento con frutos de forma cuadrada o rectangular cultivados bajo invernadero, tanto a nivel cualitativo (5 variables) como cuantitativo (8 variables). Se presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre genotipos para las variables cuantitativas. Los datos muestran una amplia variabilidad en cuanto a la altura de la planta (0,82 – 1,41 m), área foliar (73,91 – 122,26 cm2), diámetro del tallo (12,55 – 16,55 mm), longitud del tallo (11,38 – 31,38 cm), ancho del fruto (6,85 – 9,28 cm), longitud del fruto (7,78 – 13,17 cm), relación largo/ancho del fruto (0,90 – 1,92), y espesor de la pared del fruto (4,84 – 6,31 mm). Esta información es útil para los productores en el proceso de selección del genotipo a utilizar en su sistema productivo, según el nicho de mercado de interés.
Green-fleshed 'Galia' muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) have been traditionally open-field cultivated in Mediterranean climates, but greater yields and higher quality can be achieved through protected cultivation. in Florida (USA), pine bark is a byproduct of the lumber and paper industries and may be suitable for containerized soilless culture vegetable production systems that currently use perlite. in spring 2001 and 2002, 'Gal-52' plants were grown in a passively-ventilated plastic covered greenhouse using polyethylene re-sleeving bags or 11.4 L nursery pots filled with coarse perlite, medium perlite or pine bark. Data were collected and compared for effects of media-type on fruit yield and fruit quality. Type of soilless media or container did not affect fruit yield or quality in either season. Plants produced on average 6 fruits per plant or 32.5 kg/m2. Average soluble solids were 10.5 °Brix. A sensitivity analysis was performed using five years of market data on Galia muskmelons sold at the New York terminal market to show potential losses and profits using bags or pots filled with either perlite or pine bark. An economic analysis determined that pine bark was nearly one-eighth the cost of perlite and could be reused for several consecutive crops leading to reduced costs of production and greater profits.
Imports of fresh peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, and melons into the United States from Mexico declined in 1999. Imports from other regions of the world increased, with imports from European countries almost double in such commodities as tomatoes and peppers what they were in 1996. In Europe and Israel, essentially, all of these crops are produced in greenhouses and increasing returns through the 1997/98 season led to further increases in production. Productivity in European greenhouses is nearly three fold, and in some cases ten-fold, comparable to Florida field production. Product quality is generally much higher from greenhouse versus field-produced vegetables. Competitive cost structures for greenhouse production and greater product quality have allowed producers from Holland and, more recently, Spain to increase their presence in U.S. markets, creating greater demand by consumers for their produce.
Most bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) produced and consumed are green. However, yellow, red, orange, white, black, and purple bell peppers are also available. While bell pepper consumption in the United States has been increasing in the past 10 years, limited information is available on how their color, retail price, and vitamin C content influence consumer preferences. A conjoint analysis of 435 consumer responses showed that, for the total sample, color was about three times more important than retail price in shaping consumers' purchase decisions, while vitamin C content was nearly irrelevant. Six distinct consumer segments were identified through cluster analysis. Four segments favored green peppers, while one segment favored yellow and one favored brown. Demographic variables generally were not good predictors of segment member-ship, but several behavioral variables, such as past bell pepper purchases, were signifi-cantly related to segment membership. While green is generally the preferred color, market segments exist for orange, red, yellow, and even brown peppers. Applications to marketing strategies suggested that price sensitivity could explain why green peppers were priced individually, but those of other colors were priced by weight, and that promotion of increased vitamin C content would be most effective if associated specifically with yellow and orange peppers. Bell peppers are becoming an increasingly popular decorative and nutritive food item in the United States. Per capita consumption of bell peppers in the United States nearly tripled in the last three decades, rising from 1.1 kg per capita per year in 1973 to 3.2 in 1996, repre-senting a total value of domestic bell pepper production of $461 million (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1997a). However, there is little published information about consumer
Researchers have been preoccupied with finding ways to select among various functional forms of demand system. This study addresses this concern by proposing a formulation which obviates the need to choose among various functional forms. The approach is tested using four functional forms of the direct and inverse demand systems.
In Florida, high market prices, consumer demand, and a suitable environment for growing colored peppers under protected agriculture have encouraged greenhouse growers to consider the economic viability of this crop. This document is HS979, one of a series of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date: July 2004. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs228
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