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Calendula officinalis: An important herb with valuable theraputic dimensions - An overview
Abstract
Calendula officinalis is a plant in the genus Calendula, in the family Asteraceae. It is perennial plant, growing to 80 cm tall, with sparsely branched lax or erect stems. The inflorescences are yellow, comprising a thick capitulum or flowerhead 4-7 cm diameter surrounded by two rows of hairy bracts; in the wild plant they have a single ring of ray florets surrounding the central disc florets. C. officinalis is commonly treated as an annual plant, particularly in colder regions where its winter survival is poor. Calendula officinalis is used for the treatment of skin disorders and pain, and as a hepatoprotective agent, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent. Recently, anti-HIV, cytotoxic, spasmolytic activity has been proved for various subfractions extracted from calendula. The phytochemical screening of calendula extract and oil has shown marked presence of flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil, carotenoids and amino acids. Plant extracts are also widely used by cosmetics, presumably due to presence of compounds such as saponins, resins and essential oils. Presence of polysaccharides has also reported in extracts of calendula.
... It can absorb several folds of water as its own volume, and makes a jellified, plastic and viscous form. This material is used as moisturizer, skin protector and water absorbent 8 . In a previous study Bentonite was found to be effective in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis 9 . ...
Background & objectives: Infantile diaper dermatitis is a common, acute inflammatory reaction of the skin around diaper among infants. This study was undertaken to compare the effect of topical application of Bentonite and Calendula creams on the improvement of infantile diaper dermatitis.
Methods: This double blind randomized controlled trial was undertaken on 100 patients of infantile diaper dermatitis. The 100 participants were randomly assigned into two groups of 50 each, and were prescribed the coded medicine. The mothers were trained to apply the cream and level of improvement was judged by observing the affected area on the first visit and then after three days of receiving treatment.
Results: The mean age of infants was 6.45±5.53 months in Calendula group and 7.35±6.28 months in Bentonite group. Overall, 88 per cent of lesions in the Bentonite group started improving in the first six hours while this rate was 54 per cent in Calendula group (P
... Moreover, plant extracts of C. officinalis protect the intracellular antioxidant defense system, indicated by preserving GST and inhibiting LPO [48]. Protective role of the flower extract of C. officinalis against CC1 4 -induced acute hepatotoxicity and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity has been shown [49]. Possible mechanism of action of the flower extract may be due to its antioxidant activity and reduction of oxygen radicals [50]. ...
There are a number of medicinal combinations in the Iranian traditional medicine which are commonly used as tonic for liver. In this review, we have introduced some medicinal plants that are used mainly for the treatment of liver disorders in Iranian folk medicine, with focus on their hepatoprotective effects particularly against CC14 agent. In this study, online databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched for papers published from January 1970 to December 2013. Search terms consisted of medicinal plants, traditional medicine, folk medicine, hepatoprotective, Iran, liver, therapeutic uses, compounds, antioxidant, CC14, anti-inflammatory, and antihepatotoxic, hepatitis, alone or in combination. Allium hirtifolium Boiss., Apium graveolens L., Cynara scolymus, Berberis vulgaris L., Calendula officinalis, Nigella sativa L., Taraxacum officinale, Tragopogon porrifolius, Prangos ferulacea L., Allium sativum, Marrubium vulgare, Ammi majus L., Citrullus lanatus Thunb, Agrimonia eupatoria L. and Prunus armeniaca L. are some of the medicinal plants that have been used for the treatment of liver disorders in Iranian folk medicine. Out of several leads obtained from plants containing potential hepatoprotective agents, silymarin, β-sitosterol, betalain, neoandrographolide, phyllanthin, andrographolide, curcumin, picroside, hypophyllanthin, kutkoside, and glycyrrhizin have been demonstrated to have potent hepatoprotective properties. Despite encouraging data on possibility of new discoveries in the near future, the evidence on treating viral hepatitis or other chronic liver diseases by herbal medications is not adequate.
... Moreover, plant extracts of C. officinalis protect the intracellular antioxidant defense system, indicated by preserving GST and inhibiting LPO [48]. Protective role of the flower extract of C. officinalis against CC1 4 -induced acute hepatotoxicity and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity has been shown [49]. Possible mechanism of action of the flower extract may be due to its antioxidant activity and reduction of oxygen radicals [50]. ...
There are a number of medicinal combinations in the Iranian traditional medicine which are
commonly used as tonic for liver. In this review, we have introduced some medicinal plants
that are used mainly for the treatment of liver disorders in Iranian folk medicine, with focus on
their hepatoprotective effects particularly against CC14 agent. In this study, online databases
including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched for papers
published from January 1970 to December 2013. Search terms consisted of medicinal plants,
traditional medicine, folk medicine, hepatoprotective, Iran, liver, therapeutic uses, compounds,
antioxidant, CC14, anti-inflammatory, and antihepatotoxic, hepatitis, alone or in combination.
Allium hirtifolium Boiss., Apium graveolens L., Cynara scolymus, Berberis vulgaris L.,
Calendula officinalis, Nigella sativa L., Taraxacum officinale, Tragopogon porrifolius,
Prangos ferulacea L., Allium sativum, Marrubium vulgare, Ammi majus L., Citrullus lanatus
Thunb, Agrimonia eupatoria L. and Prunus armeniaca L. are some of the medicinal plants
that have been used for the treatment of liver disorders in Iranian folk medicine. Out of
several leads obtained from plants containing potential hepatoprotective agents, silymarin,
β-sitosterol, betalain, neoandrographolide, phyllanthin, andrographolide, curcumin, picroside,
hypophyllanthin, kutkoside, and glycyrrhizin have been demonstrated to have potent
hepatoprotective properties. Despite encouraging data on possibility of new discoveries in the
near future, the evidence on treating viral hepatitis or other chronic liver diseases by herbal
medications is not adequate.
... Calendula officinalis (C.O) may also be effective in non-complicated cases (12). C.O has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties (13). Shampoo-clay (SC) (also called Bentonite) is basically a kind of mineral in the form of aluminum phyllosilicates and its powder is so fine, odorless, white to grey, or yellow or pink. ...
Diaper rash is one of the most common skin disorders of infancy and childhood. Some studies have shown that Shampoo-clay was effective to treat chronic dermatitis. Then, it is supposed that it may be effective in diaper rash; however, no published studies were found in this regard.
This study aimed to compare the effects of Shampoo-clay (S.C) and Calendula officinalis (C.O) to improve infantile diaper rash.
A randomized, double blind, parallel controlled, non-inferiority trial was conducted on 60 outpatient infants referred to health care centers or pediatric clinics in Khomein city and diagnosed with diaper rash. Patients were randomly assigned into two treatment groups including S.C group (n = 30) and C.O group (n = 30) by using one to one allocation ratio. The rate of complete recovery in three days was the primary outcome. Data was collected using a checklist and analyzed using t-test, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and risk ratio.
Totally, 93.3% of lesions in the S.C group healed in the first 6 hours, while this rate was 40% in C.O group (P < 0.001). The healing ratio for improvement in the first 6 hours was 7 times more in the S.C group. In addition, 90% of infants in the SC group and 36.7% in the C.O group were improved completely in the first 3 days (P < 0.001).
S.C was effective to heal diaper rash, and also had faster effects compared to C.O.
... Source-Flowers of Calendula officinalis, Family Compositae/Asteracea [7] Classification of Calendula officinalis Scientific Classification Kingdom: Plantae (Unranked): Angiosperms (Unranked): Eudicots (Unranked): Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Tribe: Calenduleae Genus: Calendula Species: officinalis Parts used The flowers and the leaves are the chief parts which are of medicinal and commercial significance. The extract of flowers, essential oil from flowers is used in treatments of several ailments as skin diseases [10] [3] ...
Acne is a common problem that affects about 90% of teenagers. It occurs during a time of low self-esteem and high concern about appearance. There are many acne products on the market, and making an appropriate selection can be daunting. Common therapies that are used for the treatment of acne include topical, systemic, hormonal, herbal and combination therapy. Topically used agents are benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics and retinoid. Systemically used agents are antibiotics and isotretinoin. These drugs produce a number of potential side effects and development of resistance to frequently used antibiotics. This leads to treatment failure with previously used successful therapy. A variety of herbs, such as Tea tree, Aloe Vera, Neem, Tulsi, Marigold, Sea buck thorn, Turmeric etc. are used to treat acne. These are very safe and effective. This review focuses on the use of herb i.e. Calendula officinalis (Marigold) for the treatment of acne vulgaris that have been found to be very safe and effective. INTRODUCTION Acne Acne is the common skin diseases that affects the human and mostly treated by physicians. The condition usually starts at the ages of 14 to 19 years. Acne develops earlier in females than in males, which shows the earlier onset of puberty in females and the Severity of the disease vary depending on the various factors [2] . It is a chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous unit. Acne affects approximately 40-50 million Americans and it is estimated that nearly 85% of people have acne at some point in the course of their lifetime. It causes significant morbidity and affects patients both physically and psychologically in terms of scarring, depression, anxiety and low self esteem. The direct costs related to acne exceed $2.2 billion annually in the U.S. [4] The cells of skin that line hair follicle are continuously replaced. Sebum secreted by the sebaceous glands carries dead skin cells to the surface of the skin. A change in sex hormones occurs during puberty, results in increased sebum production and the shedding of skin cells in the hair follicle. Hair follicle gets plugged due to the increased amount of sebum and cells which then swells as more sebum is produced. The plugged follicle is called a 'comedo'. In this clogged follicles bacteria multiplies and inflammation occurs. A Comedo can be of two types-A 'closed' comedo is known as white head. The plug is under the skin. It appears as a creamy white or skin colored bump. Another type is 'open' comedo or Black head, when enough sebum builds up behind the plug to push it to the skin surface. It darkens when exposed to light due to the presence of skin pigment called melanin. Pimples or 'zits' are inflamed acne lesions and may be painful. They include small papules (red bumps) and pustules (bumps with pus) and larger, deeper nodules and cysts. These inflamed lesions develop when bacteria and oil irritate the blocked hair follicle and when blocked hair follicles burst and release bacteria, oil and irritants into surrounding skin . [1] . Bacteria that multiplies in clogged follicles i.e. P. acne is an member of normal flora on skin, this bacteria is responsible of release of lipase that degrades triglycerides present in sebum into free fatty acids and also releases inflammatory molecules [19] .
... If focusing on cream as dosage form, these are topical preparations, used for skin diseases. The extracts and oil of calendula are claimed in traditional books of medicine for having very good therapeutic potential and since a long time, calendula is used by tribal persons as a remedy for skin diseases as superficial cuts, inflammations, rashes, burns and various other dermatological disorders (Mishra et al. 2010). Natural substances from plant source have been considered as potential sunscreen resources because of their ultra violet rays (UVR) absorption properties in UV region and of their antioxidant power. ...
In the present work, the changes on physical properties (pH, viscosity, flow index and tixotropy) of topical formulations were evaluated following addition of calendula oil containing flavonoids. Also the photoprotective effect of these topical formulations were evaluated against ultra violet rays (UVR) induced sunburn in terms of sun protection factor (SPF). Formulation added with sun flower oil was used to compare the physical stability and photoprotective activity. Formulations added with calendula oil exhibited an average pH 7.2 and pseudoplastic behavior. The tixotropy values for formulations F3 and F4, after addition with calendula oil were found to be statistically decreased when compared with FS and Fb. The rheological parameters were constant during the study and the rheograms exhibited no sign of instability when studied at 4°, 27° and 40°C on different days of storage. The F3 and F4 samples showed statistically higher SPF (14 and 15 respectively) when compared with Fb (without active sunscreening agent). The highest SPF value 16 was recorded for FS (control formulation added with sun flower oil) while Fb showed lowest SPF vale 5. We concluded that F3, F4 and FS showed higher SPF and physical stability. This study of physical stability and photoprotectice activity of topical formulation can help in the development of sunscreen formulation.
Marigold (Calendula), an important asteraceous genus, has a history of many centuries of therapeutic use in traditional and officinal medicines all over the world. The scientific study of Calendula metabolites was initiated at the end of the 18th century and has been successfully performed for more than a century. The result is an investigation of five species (i.e., C. officinalis, C. arvensis, C. suffruticosa, C. stellata, and C. tripterocarpa) and the discovery of 656 metabolites (i.e., mono-, sesqui-, di-, and triterpenes, phenols, coumarins, hydroxycinnamates, flavonoids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, etc.), which are discussed in this review. The identified compounds were analyzed by various separation techniques as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography which are summarized here. Thus, the genus Calendula is still a high-demand plant-based medicine and a valuable bioactive agent, and research on it will continue for a long time.
The growing interest in the cosmetic industry in using compounds of natural and sustainable origin that are safe for humans is encouraging the development of processes that can satisfy these needs. Chlorogenic acid (CHA), caffeic acid (CAF) and ferulic acid (FA) are three compounds widely used within the cosmetic industry due to their functionalities as antioxidants, collagen modifiers or even as radiation protectors. In this work, two advanced separation techniques with supercritical CO2 are used to obtain these three compounds from Calendula officinalis, and these are then evaluated using a computational skin permeability model. This model is encompassed by the COSMO-RS model, the calculations of which make it possible to study the behaviour of the compounds in the epidermis. The results show that both CAF and FA are retained in the stratum corneum, while CHA manages to penetrate to the stratum spinosum. These compounds were concentrated by antisolvent fractionation with super-critical CO2 using a Response Surface Methodology to study the effect of pressure and CO2 flow rate. CHA, CAF and FA were completely retained in the precipitation vessel, with concentrations between 40% and 70% greater than in the original extract. The conditions predicted that the optimal overall yield and enrichment achieved would be 153 bar and 42 g/min.
Background:
Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common skin disorders of infancy and childhood. The present study aimed to compare the effects of Bentonite and Calendula on the improvement of diaper dermatitis in infants.
Materials and Methods:
A double-blind randomized controlled trial, which was conducted on 60 out-patient infants referred to health care centers or pediatric clinics in Khomein city and diagnosed with diaper dermatitis. Data were collected by checklist and observation, and analyzed using t-test, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact test.
Results:
Mean (standard error) age of the total sample was 6.55 ± 0.69 months. Totally, 93.3% of lesions in the Bentonite group started its recovery in the first 6 h, while this rate was 40% in Calendula group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, 90% of infants in the Bentonite group and 36.7% in the Calendula group were improved completely in the first 3 days (P < 0.001).
Conclusion:
Bentonite was effective on the improvement of diaper dermatitis, and also had faster effects compared with Calendula.
The present study was undertaken to study the sunscreen activity of herbal formulation. There is no evidence of the sun protection factor (SPF) studies on essential oil of Calendula flowers (Calendula officinalis L., Asteraceae). The study investigates the in vitro SPF by ultraviolet specrtophotometry method of Calendula flower oil in a cream formulation. Calendula oil was isolated by Clavenger's apparatus, compositions were identified by GC-MS and the cream of calendula flower oil was prepared by homogenization method followed by evaluation for physical parameters. The sun protection factor of cream was evaluated by in vitro method employing UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimazdu-1600). The SPF of Calendula oil in cream formulation exhibited good activity (SPF = 14.84 ± 0.16). Finding of this study suggested that calendula oil cream can be used to protect the skin from UV radiations in form of sunscreen cream and to maintain the natural pigmentation of the skin.
Calendula officinalis is a medicinal plant whose essential oils are used for various purposes. The oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from fresh leaves, dry leaves and fresh flowers of the herb yielding 0.06, 0.03 and 0.09%, respectively. The analysis of the oils by GC-MS revealed a total of 30, 21 and 24 compounds from the fresh leaves, dry leaves and the flowers in the same order. Sesquiterpenoids dominated the fresh leaves (59.5%) and flowers (26%), while the monoterpenes dominated the oil in the dry leaves (70.3%). T-muurolol (40.9%) predominated in the fresh leaf oil; α α α α-thujene (19.2%) and δ δ δ δ- cadinene (11.8%) were also present in high quantities. Whereas, 1,8-cineole (29.4%), γ- γ- γ- γ-terpenene (11.6%), δ δ δ δ-cadinene (9.0%), β- β- β- β-pinene (6.9%) and α α α α-thujene (6.3%) were the major components in the dry leaf oil. In the fresh flower oil, α α α α-thujene (15.9%), δ δ δ δ-cadinene (13.1%) and δ δ δ δ-cadinene (10.9%) were the major components. The significance of the effect of drying on essential oil composition of this plant is discussed.
Calendula officinalis L. is a medicinal plant that accumulates large amounts of carotenoids in its inflorescences. The yellow-to-orange colour of inflorescences is mostly due to carotenoids and the shade is dependent on pigments content and profile.We investigated the carotenoid content and profile in four selected varieties of Calendula: Double Esterel Orange, Radio Extra Selected, Bonbon Abricot and Double Esterel Jaune. The total carotenoid content was evaluated spectrophotometrically and pigments were separated using chromato-graphic methods (CC, TLC, HPLC). An HPLC gradient system with a Nucleosil C 18 column and a Waters PDA detector was used for separation and identification of carotenoids. The carotenoid content was higher in orange varieties: 276 mg/100 g fresh flowers for Double Esterel Orange and 111 mg/100 g fresh flowers for Radio variety. All varieties contain the same pigments but there are significant differences for the ratio between individual pigments. Orange varieties contain higher amounts of hydrocarbons: 44.5% of total carotenoid in Double Esterel Orange; while yellow varieties contain mostly oxygenated derivatives: 97% of total carotenoids in Double Esterel Jaune. The main pigments identified were: flavoxanthin, lutein, rubixanthin, β-carotene, γ-carotene and lycopene. The cultivation of orange varieties is recommended especially when the pharmacological products for skin protection are envisaged.
In this paper, 108 traditional medicinal plants from Izmir Province in Turkey have been reported. One hundred eight plant species belonging to 54 families and among them 94 species were wild and 14 species were cultivated plants. The informant consensus factor (F(ic)) and the fidelity level (FL) of the species were determined. The category that has the highest F(ic) value is Cold and Influenza (0.82) followed by Cough (0.73). The lowest is Hemorrhoids and Enteritis (0.33). Allium cepa and Urtica dioica (100%) has the highest fidelity level and Nigella segetalis (33%) has the lowest. Most used families were Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae. The traditional medicinal plants have been mostly used for the treatment of kidney ailments (43,5%), stomach (31.4%), cough (17.6%), wounds (17.4%), hemorrhoids and enteritis (15.7), cold and influenza (13,8%), gall bladder ailments (10,2).
In Italy, malaria was an endemic disease that was eradicated by the mid-20th century. This paper evaluates the prophylactic and therapeutic remedies used by folk medicine to cure malaria in Calabria (southern Italy).
The data has been collected by analysing works of physicians, ethnographers, folklorists and specialists of the study of Calabrian history between the end of the 19th century and the 20th century. The data collected have allowed us to describe the most common cures used by the Calabrian people to treat malaria and the most evident symptoms of this disease, such as intermittent fever, hepato-spleenomegaly, asthenia and dropsy. This approach uncovered a heterogeneous corpus of empirical, magical and religious remedies, which the authors have investigated as evidences of past "expert medicine" and to verify their real effectiveness in the treatment of malaria.
Acute skin toxicity occurs in the majority of the patients undergoing radical radiotherapy. While a variety of topical agents and dressing are used to ameliorate side effects, there is minimal evidence to support their use. The aims of this study were to systematically review evidence on acute skin toxicity management and to assess the current practices in ANZ. A systematic review of the literature was conducted on studies published between 1980 and 2008. A meta-analysis was performed on articles on clinical trials reporting grade II or greater toxicity. Analyses were divided into breast (the most common site) and other sites. A survey of Radiation Oncology departments across ANZ was conducted to identify patterns of practices and compare these with the published evidence. Twenty-nine articles were reviewed. Only seven articles demonstrated statistically significant results for management of side-effects. These were for topical corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, sucralfate, calendula, Cavilon cream (3M, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) and silver leaf dressing. Meta-analysis demonstrated statistical significance for the prophylactic use of topical agents in the management acute toxicity. The survey of departments had a low response rate but demonstrated variation in skin care practices across ANZ. A considerable number of these practices were based only on anecdotal evidence. Lack of evidence in the literature for the care of radiation skin reactions was associated with variation in practice. Only a limited number of studies have demonstrated a significant benefit of specific topical agents. There is a need for objective and prospective recording of skin toxicity to collect meaningful comparative data on which to base recommendations for practice.
Italy and Tunisia (Africa for the Romans), facing each other on the opposite sides of the Mediterranean Sea, have been historically linked since the ancient times. Over the centuries both countries were mutually dominated so the vestiges and traces of a mutual influence are still present. The aim of the present study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the medicinal species present in the respective Floras in order to explore potential analogies and differences in popular phytotherapy that have come out from those reciprocal exchanges having taken place over the centuries
The comparative analysis based on the respective floras of both countries takes into consideration the bulk of medicinal species mutually present in Italy and Tunisia, but it focuses on the species growing in areas which are similar in climate. The medicinal uses of these species are considered in accordance with the ethnobotanical literature.
A list of 153 medicinal species belonging to 60 families, present in both floras and used in traditional medicine, was drawn. A considerable convergence in therapeutic uses of many species emerged from these data.
This comparative analysis strengthens the firm belief that ethno-botanical findings represent not only an important shared heritage, developed over the centuries, but also a considerable mass of data that should be exploited in order to provide new and useful knowledge.
PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Presentation of the scratch assay as a convenient and inexpensive in vitro tool to gain first insights in the wound healing potential of plant extracts and natural compounds.
The present study deals with the optimization of the scratch assay which can be used as an in vitro model for quantification of fibroblast migration to and proliferation into the wounded area. It is suitable for the first evaluation of the wound re-epithelialization potential of crude herbal extracts, isolated compounds and pharmaceutical preparations. As a proof of concept three preparations from traditional medicinal plants were investigated.
Swiss 3T3 albino mouse fibroblasts were used in monolayers and platelet derived growth factor as positive control. Hexane and ethanolic extracts from Calendula officinalis and Matricaria recutita, Hypericum oil as well as the triterpenoids faradiol myristate and palmitate were studied. To differentiate between proliferation and migration antimitotic mitomycin C was added.
Both extracts of Calendula officinalis stimulated proliferation and migration of fibroblasts at low concentrations, e.g. 10 microg/ml enhanced cell numbers by 64.35% and 70.53%, respectively. Inhibition of proliferation showed that this effect is mainly due to stimulation of migration. Faradiol myristate and palmitate gave comparable stimulation rates at an almost 50 microg/ml concentration, indicating that they contribute partially, but not most significantly to the wound healing effects of Calendula preparations. Extracts from Matricaria recutita were only moderately active. Hypericum oil was cytotoxic at concentrations higher than 0.5 microg/ml.
The scratch assay in the present form can be used as a promising scientific approach and platform to differentiate between plant extracts known for their wound healing and their anti-inflammatory properties.
An evidence-based systematic review including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology and dosing. doi:10.1300/J157v06n03_08.
The antibacterial and antiparasitic activities of free oleanolic acid and its glucosides and glucuronides isolated from marigold (Calendula officinalis) were investigated. The MIC of oleanolic acid and the effect on bacterial growth were estimated by A600 measurements. Oleanolic acid’s influence on bacterial survival and the ability to induce autolysis were measured by counting the number of cfu. Cell morphology and the presence of endospores were observed under electron and light microscopy, respectively. Oleanolic acid inhibited bacterial growth and survival, influenced cell morphology and enhanced the autolysis of Gram-positive bacteria suggesting that bacterial envelopes are the target of its activity. On the other hand, glycosides of oleanolic acid inhibited the development of L3 Heligmosomoides polygyrus larvae, the infective stage of this intestinal parasitic nematode. In addition, both oleanolic acid and its glycosides reduced the rate of L3 survival during prolonged storage, but only oleanolic acid glucuronides affected nematode infectivity. The presented results suggest that oleanolic acid and its glycosides can be considered as potential therapeutic agents.
Abbreviations
A600:absorbance at wavelength 600 nm
cfu:colony forming unit
Gal:galactose
Glc:glucose
Glcl:3-O-monoglucoside of oleanolic acid
GlcOA:other glucosides of oleanolic acid
GlcUA:glucuronic acid
GlcUAOA:oleanolic acid glucuronides
L3:infective larval stage
OA:oleanolic acid
To determine the efficacy and tolerance of Otikon Otic Solution (Healthy-On Ltd, Petach-Tikva, Israel), a naturopathic herbal extract (containing Allium sativum, Verbascum thapsus, Calendula flores, and Hypericum perforatum in olive oil), compared with Anaesthetic (Vitamed Pharmaceutical Ltd, Benyamina, Israel) ear drops (containing ametocaine and phenazone in glycerin) in the management of ear pain associated with acute otitis media (AOM).
Children between the ages of 6 and 18 years who experienced ear pain (otalgia) and who were diagnosed with eardrum problems associated with AOM were randomly assigned to be treated with Otikon or Anaesthetic ear drops, which were instilled into the external canal(s) of the affected ear(s). Ear pain was assessed using 2 visual analog scales: a linear scale and a color scale. Pain assessment took place throughout the course of 3 days. The mean score of pain reduction was used to measure outcome.
Primary pediatric community ambulatory centers.
One hundred three children aged 6 to 18 years who were diagnosed with otalgia associated with AOM.
Each of the 2 treatment groups were comparable on the basis of age, sex, laterality of AOM, and the effectiveness of ameliorating symptoms of otalgia. The 2 groups were also comparable to each other in the initial ear pain score and in the scores at each application of Otikon or Anaesthetic drops. There was a statistically significant improvement in ear pain score throughout the course of the study period (P =.007).
Otikon, an ear drop formulation of naturopathic origin, is as effective as Anaesthetic ear drops and was proven appropriate for the management of AOM-associated ear pain.
In this study it was determined that a Calendula officinalis water extract can reduce the immune response to three different viruses in broiler chickens, associated with improvement in body weights.
The experiment was conducted on broiler chickens divided into two groups of 105 birds each. The first group received a Calendula officinalis water extract orally, while the second group received drinking water only. All birds in the two groups were similarly exposed to three different live vaccine viruses. Quantitative assessment of humoral immunity to each of the 3 viruses and records of bursal and thymus weight indices were taken. Performance, as observed in weight records at 21 and 41 days of age, feed conversion, and% mortality up to market age, was also evaluated.
There was a reduction in immune response to IB virus at 42 days of age, to ND virus at 29 and 42 days of age, and to IBD virus at 14, 29, and 42 days of age in the Calendula officinals-treated birds in comparison with controls. This immune reduction in Calendula officinalis-treated birds was associated with insignificant reduction in the bursal weight index at 42 days of age and an improvement in mean weights at 21 and 41 days of age; the feed conversion and mortality rates were similar in the two groups (P>0.05).
Calendula officinalis had an immunomodulation effect against three different live viruses in broiler chickens.
Phytopharmacological studies of different Calendula extracts have shown anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-genotoxic properties of therapeutic interest. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro cytotoxic anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities and in vivo anti-tumor effect of Laser Activated Calendula Extract (LACE), a novel extract of the plant Calendula Officinalis (Asteraceae).
An aqueous extract of Calendula Officinalis was obtained by a novel extraction method in order to measure its anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities in vitro. Tumor cell lines derived from leukemias, melanomas, fibrosarcomas and cancers of breast, prostate, cervix, lung, pancreas and colorectal were used and tumor cell proliferation in vitro was measured by BrdU incorporation and viable cell count. Effect of LACE on human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) proliferation in vitro was also analyzed. Studies of cell cycle and apoptosis were performed in LACE-treated cells. In vivo anti-tumor activity was evaluated in nude mice bearing subcutaneously human Ando-2 melanoma cells.
The LACE extract showed a potent in vitro inhibition of tumor cell proliferation when tested on a wide variety of human and murine tumor cell lines. The inhibition ranged from 70 to 100%. Mechanisms of inhibition were identified as cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and Caspase-3-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the same extract showed an opposite effect when tested on PBLs and NKL cell line, in which in vitro induction of proliferation and activation of these cells was observed. The intraperitoneal injection or oral administration of LACE extract in nude mice inhibits in vivo tumor growth of Ando-2 melanoma cells and prolongs the survival day of the mice.
These results indicate that LACE aqueous extract has two complementary activities in vitro with potential anti-tumor therapeutic effect: cytotoxic tumor cell activity and lymphocyte activation. The LACE extract presented in vivo anti-tumoral activity in nude mice against tumor growth of Ando-2 melanoma cells.
The aqueous-ethanol extract of Calendula officinalis flowers (Co.Cr) was studied for its possible spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects in isolated gut preparations. In rabbit jejunum, Co.Cr caused a dose-dependent (0.03-3.0 mg/mL) relaxation of spontaneous and K+-induced contractions, suggestive of calcium channel blockade (CCB). In a few preparations, a mild non-reproducible spasmogenic effect was observed at lower doses, followed by relaxation. The CCB effect was confirmed when pretreatment of the jejunum preparations with Co.Cr produced a dose-dependent rightward shift in the Ca(++) dose-response curves, similar to that of verapamil. Activity-directed fractionation revealed that the spasmolytic activity of the plant was concentrated in its organic fractions. The aqueous fraction exhibited a marked atropine sensitive spasmogenic effect but was found to be devoid of any spasmolytic effect. These data indicate that the crude extract of Calendula officinalis flowers contains both spasmolytic and spasmogenic constituents, exhibiting these effects through calcium channel blocking and cholinergic activities and this study provides a scientific base for its traditional use in abdominal cramps and constipation.
Objective
To review the physiological mechanisms determining venous return to the heart and the pathophysiological events culminating in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), focusing primarily on the role of alterations in nitric oxide (NO) production by the vascular endothelium.
Background
Congenital valve incompetence, thrombotic damage or venous outflow obstruction result in the development of chronic venous hypertension which frequently leads to ulceration. One major aetiological factor of trophic changes in the skin of patients with CVI is the phenomenon of leucocyte trapping.
Hypothesis
It has been suggested that endothelial dysfunction, effectively resulting in a decrease in cellular levels of NO, is a key event in the initiation of enhanced adhesion molecule expression.
Data
P-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression can be enhanced by attenuating endothelial NO production. The mechanism by which NO alters the expression of genes encoding these adhesion molecules would appear to involve an interaction with transcription factors, in particular NF*** xB.
Conclusion
Impaired endothelial NO synthesis associated with CVI may enhance the expression of adhesion molecules and chemotactic factors and lead to leucocyte adhesion and extravasation.
In Calendula officinalis leaves 66% of all steryl forms are present in the ‘microsomal fraction’ (IV), 24% in the mitochondrial and Golgi membranes (III), 5% in the ‘chloroplast’ (II), 4% in the ‘cell wall and membrane’ (I) fraction and 1%. in the cytosol. Free sterols, their esters, glycosides and acylated glycosides are present in varying proportions in all cellular subtractions. Mevalonate-[214C] labelling of sterols derived from various steryl forms showed that free sterols and all their derivatives, i.e. steryl esters and glucosides, are formed in fraction IV and are then translocated to other organelles. Fraction III is the main site of glycosylation of transported sterols as well as of acylation of steryl glycosides.
This chapter reviews the natural triterpenes with anti-inflammatory activity, including the traditional ones and the new compounds isolated over the last six years.Triterpenes are widely distributed in plants, and in many cases are the principles responsible for their anti-inflammatory effects. Many of these compounds are active in different in vivo experimental models such as hind paw edema induced by carrageenan, serotonin and phospholipase A2; ear edema induced by phorbol and daphnane esters, ethylphenylpropiolate, arachidonic acid and capsaicin; adjuvant arthritis and experimental models of allergy. Other effects have been studied in vitro, and some triterpenes are active against inflammatory enzymes like 5-lipoxygenase, elastase and phospholipase A2. Others inhibit histamine, collagenase and interleukin release, lipid peroxidation and free radical-mediated processes, metabolism of endogenous corticoids, and complement and protein-kinase activities.In certain cases the mechanism of action depends on the skeleton type and/or substituents. For example, β-boswellic acid (ursane-derived) and derivatives markedly inhibit 5-lipoxygenase activity, whereas the principal mechanism of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (oleanane-derived) is the inhibition of endogenous corticoid metabolism. Some lanostanes are active against phospholipase A2 (e.g. ganoderic and dehydrotumulosic acids), and compounds with highly unsaturated rings can act as anti-peroxidatives (e.g. celastrol, a tetraunsaturated friedooleanane).
Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) was drilled at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 kg seed/ha in a trial at Lincoln, New Zealand, in November 1997. Plots were divided into five equally sized sections. Fully open flowers were harvested from Sections 2 and 4 of all plots twice or three times weekly from early February to mid March 1998, after which plant population and crop biomass were determined from the same sections and seed yield/flower determined from Sections 1, 3, and 5. Plant counts increased from 9 plants/m at the 3 kg seed/ha rate, to 26 at 6, 46 at 12, 101 at 24, 179 at 48, and 332 plant/m at 96 kg seed/ha. Total flower yield was not significantly different at populations over 46 plants/m, but declined with lower plant populations. The total fresh weight (and number) of fully opened flower heads collected off each plot increased from 0.5 (164) to 1.4 kg/m (650/m) with increasing plant population, but did not differ at the four highest populations. Dried petals made up between 7 and 9% of flower fresh weight. Yields of dry petals/m were 36 g at 9 plants/m compared to an average of 89 g over the four highest plant populations. Seed weight/head was 0.78 g at 9 plants/m compared to c. 0.5 g for the other plant populations. Seed yield increased with increasing plant population from 128 g/m at9 plants/m to 300 g/m at the three highest populations.
Eighteen n-paraffins ranging from C18 to C35 were detected by gas chromatography in the petals of Calendula officinalis L.
Wound care regimes have changed dramatically over the past 35 years. The principles of most types of wound healing have been investigated in detail and implemented with effect, as part of evidence-based wound healing practice compatible with the science of wound healing physiology. Occlusive dressings are important adjuncts to the armamentarium of the practitioner in charge of open wounds. Topical antibioticis and antiseptics are of limited use and toxic to healing tissue. There is a wide range of literature on the use of antiseptics and other products on chronic wounds. Of the commonly used products (hypochlorites, phenol derivatives, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorhexidine, silver compounds), only in the case of cadexomer povidone iodine does a comprehensive literature base support its use in decreasing the tissue load of bacteria and increasing the healing rates of wounds.
The essential oil of Calendula officinalis L. was obtained in low yield (0.3 %) by steam distillation with cohobation from flowers and whole plants. Sixty-six components were identified by GC-MS, mainly sesquiterpene alcohols: α-cadinol was the main constituent (about 25%). The essential oil from the whole plant differed from that of the flowers by the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons in addition to the alcohols.
A number of alcohols representing different types of pentacyclic triterpenes were identified in the flowers of Calendula officinalis. In the group of monohydroxyalcohols were identified: α-amyrin, β-amyrin, taraxasterol and lupeol in addition to previously isolated ψ-taraxasterol. In the group of dihydroxyalcohols: brein and calenduladiol (a new diol of lupeol type) in addition to the previously isolated arnidiol and faradiol. The presence of four other diols of the α-amyrin, β-armyrin and ψ-taraxasterol types was noticed. Alcohols of ψ-taraxasterol type, possessing three and four hydroxyl groups, were also isolated as well as a small amount of oleanolic aldehyde.
Acute radiation dermatitis is a common side-effect of radiotherapy which often necessitates interruption of the therapy. Currently, there is no general consensus about its prevention or about the treatment of choice. The goal of this work was to focus on optimal methods to prevent and manage acute skin reactions related to radiation therapy and to determine if there are specific topical or oral agents for the prevention of this acute skin reaction. The prevention and the early treatment are the two focus points of the management of the acute radiation dermatitis.
2010 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.
The paper presents results obtained within analysis of aqueous preparations obtained from the herbal drugs, (APHD) which are available in pharmacy as mass produced drugs. In particular, the following drugs were analyzed: CYNAROFIT, L'ALIAFIT, Tinctura belladonnae, Tinctura gentianae, Tinctura chinae a Tinctura valerianae made by Calendula, j.s.c.--Slovakia and Tinctura valerianae made by IVAX-Czech republic. Tictura valerianae magistraliter was prepared in a laboratory. The APHDs were analyzed under the following aspects: amount of dry matter, density, index of refraction, pH value, content of ethanol, influence of the light on these parameters as well as the global appearance of samples. In parallel to that, the stability of samples Tinctura valerianae prepared by two different manufacturers and the samples of magistraliter preparations were compared. It was found that storing samples delivered by Calendula j.s.c. does not significantly influenced their stability neither in the light nor in the dark, kept at the temperature of 20-25 degrees C over the time interval of 6 months. All samples were in agreement with the norms of companies as well as with both Czechoslovak (CSL 4) and Slovak (SL 1) pharmacopoeias. Besides, the results obtained show that a kind of extraction methods (percolation, maceration) does not influence neither quality nor stability of the samples Tinctura valerianae.
Calendula officinalis flowers have long been employed time in folk therapy, and more than 35 properties have been attributed to decoctions and tinctures from the flowers. The main uses are as remedies for burns (including sunburns), bruises and cutaneous and internal inflammatory diseases of several origins. The recommended doses are a function both of the type and severity of the condition to be treated and the individual condition of each patient. Therefore, the present study investigated the potential use of Calendula officinalis extract to prevent UV irradiation-induced oxidative stress in skin.
Firstly, the physico-chemical composition of marigold extract (ME) (hydroalcoholic extract) was assessed and the in vitro antioxidant efficacy was determined using different methodologies. Secondly, the cytotoxicity was evaluated in L929 and HepG2 cells with the MTT assay. Finally, the in vivo protective effect of ME against UVB-induced oxidative stress in the skin of hairless mice was evaluated by determining reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and monitoring the secretion/activity of metalloproteinases.
The polyphenol, flavonoid, rutin and narcissin contents found in ME were 28.6 mg/g, 18.8 mg/g, 1.6 mg/g and 12.2mg/g, respectively and evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of ME against different radicals. Cytoxicity experiments demonstrated that ME was not cytotoxic for L929 and HepG2 cells at concentrations less than or equal to of 15 mg/mL. However, concentrations greater than or equal to 30 mg/mL, toxic effects were observed. Finally, oral treatment of hairless mice with 150 and 300 mg/kg of ME maintained GSH levels close to non-irradiated control mice. In addition, this extract affects the activity/secretion of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and -9) stimulated by exposure to UVB irradiation. However, additional studies are required to have a complete understanding of the protective effects of ME for skin.
The effects of oral and topical application of Calendula officinalis flower extract on excision wounds made in rats were checked. The parameters assessed were the days needed for re-epithelization and percentage of wound closure. The hydroxy proline and hexosamine content in the granuloma tissue of the wound was also measured. The percentage of wound closure was 90.0% in the extract-treated group, whereas the control group showed only 51.1% on the eighth day of wounding (p < .01). The days needed for re-epithelization were 17.7 for the control animals; extract treatment at a dose of 20 or 100 mg/kg b.wt reduced the period to 14 and 13 days, respectively. A significant increase was observed in the hydroxy proline and hexosamine content in the extract-treated group compared with the untreated animals. The data indicate potent wound healing activity ofC. officinalis extract.
There is growing interest in natural chemical compounds from aromatic, spicy, medicinal and other plants with antioxidant properties in order to find new sources of compounds inactivating free radicals generated by metabolic pathways within body tissue and cells, mainly polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) whose overregulated recruitment and activation generate a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), leading to an imbalance of redox homeostasis and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine whether a propylene glycol extract of Calendula officinalis interferes with ROS and RNS during the PMN respiratory bursts, and to establish the lowest concentration at which it still exerts antioxidant activity by means of luminol-amplified chemiluminescence. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was also used in order to confirm the activity of the C. officinalis extract. The C. officinalis extract exerted its anti-ROS and anti-RNS activity in a concentration-dependent manner, with significant effects being observed at even very low concentrations: 0.20 microg/ml without L-arginine, 0.10 microg/ml when L-arginine was added to the test with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and 0.05 microg/ml when it was added to the test with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. The EPR study confirmed these findings, 0.20 microg/ml being the lowest concentration of C. officinalis extract that significantly reduced 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. These findings are interesting for improving the antioxidant network and restoring the redox balance in human cells with plant-derived molecules as well as extending the possibility of antagonizing the oxidative stress generated in living organisms when the balance is in favor of free radicals as a result of the depletion of cell antioxidants.
Calendula officinalis flower extract possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan and dextran-induced acute paw edema. Oral administration of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight Calendula extract produced significant inhibition (50.6 and 65.9% respectively) in paw edema of animals induced by carrageenan and 41.9 and 42.4% respectively with inflammation produced by dextran. In chronic anti-inflammatory model using formalin, administration of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight Calendula extract produced an inhibition of 32.9 and 62.3% respectively compared to controls. TNF-alpha production by macrophage culture treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to be significantly inhibited by Calendula extract. Moreover, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL- 1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma and acute phase protein, C- reactive protein (CRP) in mice produced by LPS injection were inhibited significantly by the extract. LPS induced cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) levels in mice spleen were also found to be inhibited by extract treatment. The results showed that potent anti-inflammatory response of C. officinalis extract may be mediated by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and Cox-2 and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis.
Homeopathic medicines are used by many patients with cancer, usually alongside conventional treatment. Cancer treatments can cause adverse effects, and one of the reasons patients use homeopathic medicines is to help with these symptoms. This review looked at whether these medicines could help patients with problems caused by cancer treatments. Eight studies with a total of 664 participants were included in this review. Three studied adverse effects of radiotherapy, three studied adverse effects of chemotherapy and two studied menopausal symptoms associated with breast cancer treatment. Two studies with low risk of bias demonstrated benefit: one with 254 participants demonstrated benefits from calendula ointment in the prevention of radiotherapy-induced dermatitis, and another with 32 participants demonstrated benefits from Traumeel S (a complex homeopathic medicine) over placebo as a mouthwash for chemotherapy-induced stomatitis. These trials need replicating. Two other studies reported positive results, although the risk of bias was unclear, and four further studies reported negative results. The homeopathic medicines used in all eight studies did not seem to cause any serious adverse effects or interact with conventional treatment. No cancer treatments were modified or stopped because of the homeopathic interventions.
Effect of Calendula officinalis flower extract was investigated against experimentally induced thermal burns in rats. Burn injury was made on the shaven back of the rats under anesthesia and the animals were treated orally with different doses of the flower extract (20 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg/kg body weight). The animals treated with the extract showed significant improvement in healing when compared with the control untreated animals. The indicators of the wound healing such as collagen-hydroxyproline and hexosamine contents were significantly increased in the treated group indicating accelerated wound healing in the treated animals. The acute phase proteins-haptoglobin and orosomucoid which were increased due to burn injury were found to be decreased significantly in 200 mg/kg body weight extract treated animals. The antioxidant defense mechanism, which was decreased in the liver during burn injury, was found to be enhanced in treated animals. The lipid peroxidation was significantly lowered in the treated group when compared to control animals. Tissue damage marker enzymes- alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate transaminases were significantly lowered in the treated groups in a dose dependant manner. The histopathological analyses of skin tissue also give the evidence of the increased healing potential of the extract after burn injury.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the protective effect of Calendula officinalis propylene glycol extracts against oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation induced by high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in young growing pigs. Forty young growing pigs were assigned to five treatment groups: control; oil (linseed oil supplementation); C. officinalis 1 and 2 groups (linseed oil plus 3 ml/day of C. officinalis propylene glycol extracts); and vitamin E group (linseed oil plus 100 mg/kg of vitamin E). Lymphocyte DNA fragmentation and 24-h urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion were measured to determine DNA damage. Lipid peroxidation was studied by analysing plasma and urine malondialdehyde (MDA), and urine isoprostane concentrations (iPF2α-VI), total antioxidant status of plasma and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) assays. C. officinalis 1 (extract from petals) effectively protected DNA from oxidative damage. It indicated a numerical trend towards the reduction of plasma MDA and urinary iPF2α-VI excretion. Its effect was comparable with that of vitamin E. C. officinalis 2 (extract from flower tops) showed less antioxidant potential than the extract from petals. We can conclude that the amount of C. officinalis extracts proposed for internal use by traditional medicine protects the organism against DNA damage induced by high PUFA intake.
Thirteen saponins were isolated and identified from Calendula oficinalis, C. arvensis and Hedera helix. Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of these products were investigated using a modified liquid incubation technique
of the Salmonella/microsomal assay. The Salmonella tester strain TA98 ± S9 mix was used. Screening of the antimutagenic activity
was performed with a known promutagen: benzo-[a]pyrene (BaP) and a mutagenic urine concentrate from a smoker (SU). Antimutagenic
activities were also compared with the activity of chlorophyllin. All the saponins were found to be non-toxic and non-mutagenic
for doses of 400 μg. Chlorophyllin inhibited the mutagenic activities of BaP (1 μg) and SU (5 μl) in a dose-dependent manner.
The four saponins from C. arvensis and the three saponins from H. helix showed antimutagenic activity against BaP (1 μg) and SU (5 μl) with a dose—response relationship. The possible mechanism
of the antimutagenic activity of saponins is discussed.
By means of a bioassay-oriented fractionation of the CO2 extract of Calendula flowers, the triterpenoids are shown as the most important anti-inflammatory principles of the drug. Among them, the faradiol monoester appears to be the most relevant principle for the activity of the drug, due to its quantitative prevalence. The unesterified faradiol, not present in the extract, is the most active of the tested compounds and equals indomethacin in activity, whereas the monools psi-taraxasterol, lupeol, taraxasterol, and beta-amyrin are less active than the free diol. The anti-inflammatory activity of different CO2 extracts is proportional to their content of faradiol monoester, which can be taken as a suitable parameter for the quality control of Calendula preparations.
As a part of our investigations on the stability of tinctures, we evaluated 40 and 60% v/v tinctures of Calendula flower, Milk-thistle fruit and Passionflower. These preparations are widely employed in phytotherapy, thus Calendula is used externally for anti-inflammatory properties, Milk-thistle and Passionflower are employed for hepatic injuries and in tenseness with difficulty in falling asleep, respectively. Aim of this work was to assess the chemical stability of their active or marker constituents from accelerated and long-term testing by using HPLC. For Calendula flower and Passionflower active constituents are not known, however, flavonoids seem to have a crucial importance for the activity, and thus are considered the markers of Calendula and of Passionflower. Active constituents of Milk-thistle are represented by silymarin that is a phytocomplex mainly constituted by three flavolignans: silybin, silychristin and silydianin. Our investigation showed a very low thermal stability of the constituents from accelerated and long-term testing and determined by HPLC-DAD and -MS analyses and was related both to the class of flavonoids and water content of the investigated tinctures. Thus, shelf-lives at 25 degrees C of the most stable tincture (Passionflower 60% v/v) was about 6 months and only about 3 months the stability of Milk-thistle tinctures.
Dichloromethane extracts of dried flowers of Calendula officinalis contain eight known bioactive triterpendiol monoesters, namely, faradiol-3-O-palmitate, faradiol-3-O-myristate, faradiol-3-O-laurate, arnidiol-3-O-palmitate, arnidiol-3-O-myristate, arnidiol-3-O-laurate, calenduladiol-3-O-palmitate and calenduladiol-3-O-myristate. These pentacyclic terpenoids have been quantified simultaneously using reversed-phase HPLC with isocratic elution and internal standardisation. Of the 10 varieties of C. officinalis investigated, Calypso Orange Florensis produced the highest amounts of the bioactive monoesters, followed by Fiesta Gitana Gelb and May Orange Florensis. The lipophilic extract from the flowers of Calypso Orange Florensis variety also contained low levels of the newly characterised calenduladiol-3-O-laurate.
The crude extract of Carthamus oxycantha (Co.Cr) and its fractions were studied in vitro for their possible spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities. Co.Cr (0.03-10 mg/mL) caused an atropine sensitive spasmogenic effect in guinea-pig ileum. In spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum preparations, Co.Cr caused a dose-dependent (0.03-3.0 mg/mL) spasmogenic effect, followed by relaxation at the next higher doses of 5.0-10.0 mg/mL. In the presence of atropine, the spasmogenic effect was blocked and the relaxant effect was observed at lower doses (0.1-5.0 mg/mL), shifting the inhibitory dose-response curves to the left. Co.Cr also inhibited K(+) (80 mm)-induced contractions in atropinized preparations at similar doses, suggesting calcium channel blockade (CCB) activity. The CCB effect was further confirmed when pretreatment of the tissue with Co.Cr produced a dose-dependent shift in the Ca(++) dose-response curves to the right, similar to that caused by verapamil. Activity-directed fractionation revealed that the spasmolytic effect was concentrated in organic fractions in the following order of potency: hexane > ethylacetate > chloroform, while the aqueous fraction exhibited spasmogenic and weak spasmolytic effects. These results indicate that Carthamus oxycantha contains a combination of spasmogenic (cholinergic) and spasmolytic (calcium antagonist) constituents.
Ten oleanane-type triterpene glycosides, 1-10, including four new compounds, calendulaglycoside A 6'-O-methyl ester (2), calendulaglycoside A 6'-O-n-butyl ester (3), calendulaglycoside B 6'-O-n-butyl ester (5), and calendulaglycoside C 6'-O-n-butyl ester (8), along with five known flavonol glycosides, 11-15, were isolated from the flowers of marigold (Calendula officinalis). Upon evaluation of compounds 1-9 for inhibitory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation (1 microg/ear) in mice, all of the compounds, except for 1, exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity, with ID50 values of 0.05-0.20 mg per ear. In addition, when 1-15 were evaluated against the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by TPA, compounds 1-10 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects (IC50 values of 471-487 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA). Furthermore, upon evaluation of the cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines in vitro in the NCI Developmental Therapeutics Program, two triterpene glycosides, 9 and 10, exhibited their most potent cytotoxic effects against colon cancer, leukemia, and melanoma cells.
Flavonoids extracted from marigold flowers were investigated for their dyeing potential. Patulitrin (1) and patuletin (2) were isolated and their structures established using NMR and HPLC-MS. These compounds were identified as the main flavonoids present in the dyeing bath. Following the dyeing process, it was demonstrated that aglycone 2 bound more strongly to wool fibres than its glucoside 1. Moreover, analysis focused on 1 and 2 dynamics during plant growth revealed that these components were only found in flowers during and after flowering. The influence of growing location was also investigated and it appeared that cultivation under Mediterranean conditions enhanced biosynthesis of 1 and 2 . Finally, several solvents were tested for their potential to extract the flavonoids: the use of a water-ethanol mixture gave a high extraction efficiency and allowed selective extraction of 1 and 2. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the development of marigold as a potential dyeing plant.
The sap of different organs of genus Calendula plant species has been studied for antimicrobial activity. The sap of racemes demonstrated the most expressed antimicrobial effect while that of the roots - the least one. Calendula species inhibited all tested pathogenic microorganisms, especially Pseudomonas syringae, P. fluorescens, Xanthomonas campestris, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Calendula suffruticosa was the most active to all investigated microorganisms.
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