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As cerâmicas decoradas pré-campaniformes do povoado pré-histórico de Leceia: suas características e distribuição estratigráfica
Abstract and Figures
Em Leceia, identificaram-se quatro fases culturais e cinco fases construtivas, com início no Neolítico Final e terminus no Calcolítico Pleno, coincidente, na sua parte final, com a eclosão do “fenómeno” campaniforme. Tal realidade encontra-se articulada directamente com a sequência estratigráfica observada.
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... Suportes de lareira -na Fig. 25, n.º 1, 4, 6 e 7 reproduzem-se 4 fragmentos que entram nesta categoria, todos incompletos. Embora estes artefactos, de natureza funcional, sejam especialmente abundantes em povoados calcolíticos, como é o caso dos exemplares recolhidos no povoado fortificado da Moita da Ladra, Vila Franca de Xira (CARDOSO, 2014), entre muitos outros, ocorrem também em contextos habitacionais do Neolítico Final, como em Leceia (CARDOSO, 2007) e no Carrascal (CARDOSO, SOUSA & ANDRÉ, 2015; Fig.81, n.º 1, 2 e 4). Uma discussão da sua funcionalidade beneficiou da recolha, no povoado calcolítico da Penha Verde, de um exemplar munido de uma pega frontal, para facilitar o seu manuseio nas operações de aquecimento de produtos, em torno do fogo, local onde os mesmos se dispunham (CARDOSO & FERREIRA, 1992). ...
... Discos de barro -identificaram-se 3 discos de barro, de formato discóide, de bordos desgastados (Fig. 25, n.º 2, 3 e 5) têm paralelo num pequeno exemplar do povoado de Leceia, recolhido na Camada 2, do Calcolítico Pleno (CARDOSO, 2007;Fig. 162, n.º 3) atribuível a alisador para a regularização da superfície de vasos fabricados no povoado, dado assinalável desgaste perimetral que exibe. ...
... Tal como nesses locais, ocorrem exemplares com características particulares: é o caso de fragmentos associados a cordões plásticos denteados, paralelos ao bordo dos recipientes (Fig. 27, n.º 5; Fig. 29, n.º 7; Fig. 32, n.º 5, por vezes com variantes, cf. Fig. 28, n.º 7), comuns em contextos do Neolítico Final de Leceia (CARDOSO, 2007). É de destacar, também, o exemplar quase completo, caso único até o presente (Fig. 27, n.º 11), viabilizando o conhecimento, pela primeira vez, de um vaso deste grupo de produções, tão características do Neolítico Final, em vez das usuais reconstituições gráficas; merecem também referência os fragmentos de taça carenada com decoração denteada aplicada à carena, por impressão (Fig. 27, n.º 7; Fig. 44, n.º 14) ou incisão (Fig. 32, n.º 7), possuindo paralelos em exemplares de Leceia (CARDOSO, 2007, Fig. 12, n.º 2, n.º 14; Fig. 16, n.º 2; Fig. 28, n.º 6Fig. ...
The Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic Complex of Travessa das Dores/Rio Seco (Ajuda – Lisbon): results of excavations carried out in the Rio Seco sector (2017/2018). Abstract:
The results of the archaeological intervention of 2017 and 2018 in the Rio Seco sector (Ajuda, Lisbon) are presented. This sector corresponds to the rural space adjacent to the site of Travessa das Dores, already published.
The characteristics of the identified structures can be grouped into two main types: 1 - double facing walls, intended for the accumulation of previously dispersed loose stone and the division of land into agricultural plots; single-sided walls, or support walls, essentially intended to create terraces.
Both are characterized by remarkable continuity and linearity — considering the dimensions of the agricultural fields at the time - this being probably the first from prehistoric times that was identified in Portuguese territory.
The collection of a vast set of artefacts, associated with agricultural activities, namely the preparation of agricultural fields, is mostly attributed to contexts datable to the Late Neolithic and occasionally to the Chalcolithic, exactly the same situation that was identified at Travessa das Dores.
In this way, the two archaeological spaces, represented by Travessa das Dores and Rio Seco, appear to be mutually complementary, corresponding to a single polynucleated and polyfunctional archaeological complex, with the first space being intended for the storage of agricultural products produced in the second, by same community.
Keywords: Rio Seco, Travessa das Dores, Lisbon, Late Neolithic, Chalcolithic; management prehistoric agricultural fields
... Exemplo desta constatação são os resultados obtidos no povoado fortificado do Outeiro Redondo onde os "copos" e as taças caneladas se encontram representados por assinaláveis percentagens relativas à totalidade dos exemplares decorados na Camada 3 contrariamente à Camada 2 onde a sua presença diminui drasticamente passando paulatinamente a ostentar, no caso dos "copos" -em geral de maiores dimensões -novos padrões decorativos, com motivos em "folha de acácia" e em "crucífera", característicos do Calcolítico Pleno / Final (CARDOSO, 2019 b). O mesmo já se tinha verificado em Leceia (CARDOSO, 2006), bem como no Zambujal (KUNST, 1996). Tal situação evidencia a ausência de roturas marcadas do ponto de vista da cultura material, ainda que a substituição das respectivas produções tenha sido realizada necessariamente em intervalos de tempo curtos e bem definidos. ...
... Importa, no entanto, este respeito, destacar a dificuldade de, no decurso de uma escavação em área aberta, separar rigorosamente as diversas camadas presentes, a par da provável mistura de materiais no decurso do processo de formação das próprios depósitos arqueológicos, mascarando as interfaces entre as sucessivas ocupações. Deste modo, as aludidas continuidades, mesmo que limitadas, poderão ser mais aparentes do que reais, tendo presente a complexa formação dos depósitos arqueológicos em um vasto povoado aberto, já devidamente salientadas, a propósito de Leceia (CARDOSO, 2006). Em contextos funerários, certamente devido a causas culturais, as produções que se teriam sucedido aos "copos" do Calcolítico Inicial, típicas do Calcolítico Pleno/Final da Estremadura, correspondentes ao grupo "folha de acácia / crucífera", não ocorrem. ...
Artificial cave of S. Paulo II (Almada). Excavations carried out under the auspices of the Almada City Council, between 1989 and 1991 in the churchyard of S. Paulo, within the urban area of the city of Almada, led to the identification of what remains of an artificial cave, excavated in carbonate sediments of the Miocene, of which the burial chamber and a small section of the corridor adjacent to it were completely explored.
The excavations led to the collection of a copious archaeological collection, associated with around 250 burials, carried out there throughout almost the entire 3rd millennium BC, whose broad diachrony is confirmed by the radiocarbon dating carried out and by the typology of the archaeological materials, which remained to be studied.
Unfortunately, the intense disturbances produced in the cave at different times, which reached its totality, since perhaps the Iron Age, and which saw notable additions in the modern and contemporary periods through the installation of a cemetery on the site, made the discussion of the results based on stratigraphy unfeasible.
Based on the cross-referencing of information from the 22 radiocarbon dates carried out within the scope of this work on human left calcaneums, with the results of the study of the archaeological remains, preserved in the Museum of Almada, it was possible to conclude that the funerary use of the cave knew three distinct and well-characterized chrono-cultural phases. The first phase dates back to the end of the Late Neolithic, in the transition from the 4th to the 3rd millennium BC, being represented by only a unique deposition.
The second phase of the cave’s funerary use covers the entire first half of the 3rd millennium BC, and includes an important set of vessels (cups and bowls), of excellent finish, displaying the typical fluted decoration, characteristic of the Early Chalcolithic of Estremadura.
Finally, the third phase of prehistoric use of the cave, in clear continuity with the previous one, corresponds to almost the entire second half of the 3rd millennium BC, and is illustrated by the magnificent bell‑shaped ceramic productions recovered, which constitute one of the most remarkable sets published from Portuguese territory to date, both in terms of quantity and diversity and quality of productions.
Keywords: S. Paulo; artificial cave; necropolis; Lisbon; Neolithic; Chalcolithic; Bell‑Beaker
... The material culture of the region during the Chalcolithic, particularly pottery, demonstrates a strong local specificity. The unique styles and decorations, such as the "copos canelados" (grooved cups) and "acacia leaf" motifs ( Fig. 3), indicate a rich cultural identity within the Lisbon Peninsula, distinct from the decorative styles found in the Southern Iberian Peninsula (Kunst, 1996;Gonçalves, 2003;Cardoso, 2006;Sousa and Gonçalves, 2012;Sousa, 2021). This local uniqueness in pottery styles suggests a tight-knit network among the communities of the territory. ...
This study explores prehistoric mobility networks in the Lisbon Peninsula, focusing on the Chalcolithic and LateBronze Age periods. Utilising Least Cost Path (LCP) methodologies and Tobler’s Hiking Function, movementpatterns and connectivity between settlements were analysed. The research reveals a complex landscape ofhuman interactions and environmental adaptations, highlighting social and economic transformations acrossthese periods. In the Chalcolithic, a dense network of routes was identified, which suggest intense social andtrade exchanges. In contrast, the Late Bronze Age (LBA) exhibits a changed mobility landscape, with less densebut more focused routes, reflecting possible socio-economic reorganisations. This study not only sheds light onthe territorial dynamics of the Lisbon Peninsula during these critical periods but also contributes to a richerunderstanding of occupation strategies and the relationship between humans and their environment.
... Loom weights are represented by just eight specimens (only one decorated) at Leceia, in Layer 3 and mostly fragmented (Cardoso 2007). Seven fragments of foundry crucibles were recovered from Early Chalcolithic contexts (Layer 3) at Outeiro Redondo (Cardoso 2019 b). ...
The three major walled sites where the author conducted archaeological excavations - Leceia (Oeiras), between 1983 and 2002; Moita da Ladra (Vila Franca de Xira), between 2003 and 2006; and Outeiro Redondo (Sesimbra), between 2005 and 2016 - yielded a body of information of unquestionable relevance to our knowledge of architectures, stratigraphies and absolute datings. This data became essential for understanding the economy and social organisation of the populations that occupied this vast region, with its own cultural significance: the socalled ‘Chalcolithic of Extremadura’. In addition to this remarkable wealth of information, the exhumed archaeological remains have been thoroughly studied and published in detail.
This paper will describe the main architectural features, both defensive and residential, of each site. Moreover, the archaeological assemblages will be enhanced based on the identification of artefacts that, given their typology, could provide objective information about the most relevant economic activities carried out by the sites’ inhabitants. Such conclusions, combined with the sites’ features, including their geographical location and size, led, for the first time, to conclusions on their functional nature and how they fitted into the demographic and economic fabric of the densely populated Lisbon/Setúbal peninsulas during the 3rd millennium BC.
Keywords: Leceia, Moita da Ladra, Outeiro Redondo; architectures; assemblages; functionalities; ‘Chalcolithic of Extremadura’; Portugal.
... Os pesos de tear em Leceia estão representados por apenas oito exemplares (apenas um decorado), quase sempre fragmentados, oriundos de contextos do Calcolítico Inicial, Camada 3 (Cardoso 2007). ...
The three first-rate walled sites where the author directed archaeological excavations: Leceia (Oeiras), between 1983 and 2002; Moita da Ladra (Vila Franca de Xira), between 2003 and 2006; and Outeiro Redondo (Sesimbra), between 2005 and 2016, produced a set of information of unavoidable relevance about architectures, stratigraphies, and absolute chronology, thus becoming essential for the knowledge of the economy and social organization of the populations that occupied the region, with its own cultural significance: the so-called “Chalcolithic of Extremadura”. To this remarkable information, was added that concerning the archaeological remains, which are currently fully studied and published in detail.
In this communication, after presenting the main architectural characteristics, stratigraphic sequence and absolute chronology of each of them, the archaeological remains were valued by identifying the artefacts that, due to their typology, provide objective information about the most relevant activities developed by the respective inhabitants. Such conclusions, articulated with the characteristics of the sites themselves, including their geographic location and dimensions, led, for the first time, to conclusions about its functionality and the way in which they were part of the demographic and economic fabric of the peninsulas of Lisbon/ Setúbal during the 3rd millennium BC, already densely populated at that time.
Keywords: Leceia, Moita da Ladra, Outeiro Redondo; Architectures; Spoils; Functionalities; “Chalcolithic of Extremadura”; Portugal.
... A indústria de pedra lascada de Leceia faz parte de um extenso volume de materiais arqueológicos recolhidos durante as campanhas de escavação dirigidas por um de nós (J.L.C.) ao longo de vinte anos de escavações arqueológicas, realizadas anualmente entre 1983 e 2002. O espólio recuperado foi atribuído a três fases culturais, associadas crono-estratigraficamente às seguintes camadas, de baixo para cima: Camada 4 (C4), Neolítico Final; Camada 3 (C3), Calcolítico Inicial; Camada 2 (C2), Calcolítico Pleno/Final e uma Camada 1(C1) com materiais de todas as épocas (CARDOSO, 1994;1997;2000;2006;. Os materiais desta última camada não foram considerados para estudo. ...
Petroarchaeological study of the provenance of siliceous materials from Leceia, Barotas and Monte do Castelo (Oeiras, Portugal).
The aim of this petroarchaeological study was to identify, from a diachronic perspective, between the Late Neolithic and the Middle/Late Chalcolithic, the types of flint used for the manufacture of lithic products in the prehistoric settlement of Leceia, based on the remains found during excavations carried out between 1983 and 2002, and the types of flint observed in the two workshops located in the vicinity of Leceia – Monte do Castelo and Barotas.
The construction of a local geological reference of flint has contributed to a more detailed knowledge of the siliceous microfacies of the Bica Formation (Cenomanian) on the Lisbon Peninsula.
The correlation of flint samples from archaeological materials with the raw material from potential supply areas, at local and regional level, made it possible to configure a territory of direct supply of flint, collected in local source areas, in primary and secondary formations (alluvium of the Barcarena stream), and also in the form of debitage products produced in Barotas and Monte do Castelo. Leceia would have
played a role as an aggregation site, especially from the Early Chalcolithic onwards, with influence on the specialised sites of Barotas and Monte do Castelo, which would have operated in its dependency.
In addition to local networks, regional supply networks have been identified, both to the north‑northeast and to the south‑southeast of the peninsula, where finished objects – blades and/or arrowheads – circulated and arrived at Leceia, probably in exchange for local raw materials. Leceia’s involvement in long‑distance exchange networks is confirmed by the presence of exogenous objects, such as oolitic flint blades from Andalusia.
Keywords: petroarchaeology; lithic industries; Neolithic; Chalcolitic; Leceia; Portugal
During the 3rd millennium B.C., the communities that occupied the archaeological site of Vila Nova de São Pedro (Azambuja) witnessed a period of remarkable alterations and changes, punctuated by the intensification and diversification of socioeconomic systems. One of the aspects of this economic diversification is centered on the exploitation and consumption of “secondary products”, visible through the archaeological record, be it through faunal studies, as well as specific artefactual categories such as the so called “cheese strainers”. These vessels, whose functional characteristics indicate a use related to the processing of dairy
products, are considered a “type-fossils” of the 3rd millennium B.C in the Portuguese Estremadura, being identified in numerous settlements. In Vila Nova de São Pedro a large quantity of cheese strainer fragments was collected, coming either from the excavations directed by Afonso do Paço, or from within the scope of the VNSP3000 project.
This paper will present the main results of the morphological and technological analysis of this collection, allowing a systematic approach to this artefactual category.
Lapa da Bugalheira (Torres Novas): review of the remains recovered in the archaeological intervention carried out there in 1941. Abstract:
A review of the archaeoloical artifacts collected in the first archaeological intervention in 1941 at the necropolis of Lapa da Bugalheira (Torres Novas) preserved at the Geological Museum (LNEG) is presented, completed by a set of the new radiocarbon dates, which attest to the use of the funerary space during the Early Neolithic, the Middle Neolithic, the Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic, confirmed by its typology.
Keywords: Lapa da Bugalheira; necropolis; Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Radiocarbon
The study of some pottery fragments from the Copper Age settlement of Penha Verde. The unusual characteristics of their decoration have led to new insights into chronology and culture of the períod.
As escavações de 1983-84 em Leceia revelaram, pela primeira vez para este arqueosítio, elementos de carácter estratigráfico, bem como estruturas defensivas e habitacionais.
A estratigrafia detectada veio corroborar grande parte das ilacções extraídas da análise tipológica do espólio recolhido por Álvaro de Breé, sem contexto conhecido, e estudado por um de nós (Cardoso, 1980-81), e, ao mesmo tempo, confirmar o observado em raros povoados da Estremadura, no que concerne à existência de dois horizontes calcolíticos pré-campaniformes, a saber: o horizonte das cerâmica canelada (Calcolítico antigo ou inicial) e o horizonte da «folha de acácia» (Calcolítico pleno) . Em Leceia, estes horizontes identificam-se, respectivamente, com a C.3 e a C.2.
O presente trabalho é subsídio para o conhecimento do povoado pré-histórico de Leceia, situado nos arredores de Lisboa. Baseado no estudo dos materiais recolhidos durante muitos anos - de pedra, osso, metal e cerâmica, pelo falecido Escultor Álvaro de Brée.
O património arqueológico é uma riqueza frágil e não renovável. É necessário que os arqueólogos e os poderes públicos se consciencializem de vez desta realidade e admitam que o seu trabalho e responsabilidades, não só perante quem os financia mas perante os próprios interesses nacionais, não se esgota com a escavação e a respectiva publicação dos resultados. Importa acabar com o espectáculo degradante de monumentos dolménicos, povoados calcolíticos ou outros bens arqueológicos, que durante milénios estiveram conservados no solo, serem paulatinamente destruídos, esventrados pela incúria daqueles que deveriam ser os primeiros agentes da sua conservação: os arqueólogos. Neste sentido, importa que o cumprimento das medidas de conservação, já impostas aos arqueólogos pela legislação em vigor, sejam por este cumpridas e avaliadas superiormente, no concernente à sua efectiva execução e adequabilidade.
Tendo presente que um dos objectivos finais dos trabalhos encetados em 1983 consistia na escavação integral, seguida da recuperação, deste grande povoado calcolítico fortificado, com vista ao seu usufruto cultural, iniciaram-se em 1988 acções de restauro, consolidação e recuperação das estruturas arqueológicas entretanto postas a descoberto.
There has been some debate over the functionality of some solid clay elements which were usual in settlements of the Final Neolithic and, especially, the Chalcolithic in the Estremadura and in the South of Portugal.
These cylinder or cone shaped pieces, usually of rough and half-baked clay and frequently showing signs of fire on the surface, present a variety of types. For some people their household utility function is obvious, as "fireplace supports"; others believe they are above all ritual and symbolic. The author summarises the history of this problem and comments on recent findings.
Discussion and notes about a ceramic artifact of the Estremadura's Early Copper Age, to which the author subscribes the function of "fire place support".
Desde o início das escavações dirigidas pelo signatário no povoado pré-histórico de Leceia, em Agosto de 1983, que têm vindo a ser recolhidas, de maneira persistente, fragmentos de cerâmicas campaniformes. Com a identificação e escavação integral de duas estruturas habitacionais campaniformes, respectivamente em 1990/1994 e em 1995/1996, o volume de materiais para estudo foi muito aumentado, da mesma forma que o interesse da informação disponível, particularmente valorizada pelo facto de tais construções constituírem ocorrências únicas, até ao presente, no território português. Importava, pois, estudar de forma articulada e comparada o espólio campaniforme recolhido nos diversos "loci" que integram o povoado pré-histórico. Foi dada prioridade ao estudo do material cerâmico decorado, por constituir a componente mais expressiva daquele espólio; desta forma, o estudo do espólio lítico, ósseo e a cerâmica lisa, dita de acompanhamento, será apresentado noutra oportunidade.
ln the last decades, the research concerning the Chalcolithic of Estremadura region gathered an enormous amount of data. However, the lack of a coherent and global synthesis, resulting from the treatment of this disperse and heterogeneous information, prevented up-to-now the demonstration and significance of the cultural identity of this region during Chalcolithic.
Furthermore, there has been an insuficiente characterisation of the economic, social and cultural changes that occurred along this process, in spite of the availabe or potential archaeological data, namely from one of the most important estremaduran sites, the fortified "castro" of Leceia (Oeiras county).
Annual archaeological excavations since 1983 led to a large amount of information; the data obtained here will be the baseline for the understanding of the genesis and development of the chalcolithic regional patterns of territorial occupation and the resource exploitation strategies.
The characterisation of economic relationships with other chalcolithic cultural groups - namely the Beiras Group and the Southwestern Group - is another purpose of this and future research.
No decurso da 13ª campanha de escavações realizada em 1995 no povoado pré-histórico de Leceia, dirigida pelo signatário, investigou-se uma área situada no exterior da fortificação calcolítica, dispositivo constituído por três linhas de muralha articuladas entre si. A referida área, distanciada menos de 10 m da primeira linha defensiva, revelou uma estrutura de época campaniforme de planta elíptica, definida por alinhamento de blocos de calcário, fundados em camada terrosa, acastanhada, contendo abundante espólio característico do Neolítico final. Tal camada corresponde à primeira ocupação do povoado pré-histórico: trata-se da Camada 4 da sequência estratigráfica geral ali definida (CARDOSO, 1994, 1995). Verifica-se, pois, na referida zona, lacuna estratigráfica correspondente à ocupação mais importante do povoado pré-histórico, situável no Calcolítico inicial e no pleno.
Os materiais agora estudados, que incluem também os exumados na campanha de 1996, foram recolhidos no interior do recinto campaniforme, a Estrutura FM, na camada assente no substrato geológico subjacente ao nível da sua fundação; reportam-se, deste modo, ao Neolítico final. A sua raridade justifica divulgação imediata, através do presente trabalho.