Content uploaded by Sirelkhatim Balla Elhardallou
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Sirelkhatim Balla Elhardallou on Jul 20, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
A Review on Omega-3 and Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids: Uses, Benefits and their Availability in Pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima) Seed and Desert Dates (Balanites aegyptiaca) Seed Kernel Oils
... On the other hand, the amount of linoleic acid in grape seed oil was similar to that observed in other species, e.g., safflower 79.1%, heglig (Balanites aegyptiaca) 75.86%, thistle (Silybum marianum) 63.3%, hemp 50-70%, sunflower 62.2%, evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) 65-80%, walnut 59.7%, corn 53.5%, wheat germ 59.7%, and pumpkin seed oil 49-69% [71][72][73]. This is important because studies have shown that a moderate intake of linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), about 4.4 to 6.7 g per day based on a 2000-calorie diet for adults, along On the other hand, the amount of linoleic acid in grape seed oil was similar to that observed in other species, e.g., safflower 79.1%, heglig (Balanites aegyptiaca) 75.86%, thistle (Silybum marianum) 63.3%, hemp 50-70%, sunflower 62.2%, evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) 65-80%, walnut 59.7%, corn 53.5%, wheat germ 59.7%, and pumpkin seed oil 49-69% [71][72][73]. ...
... On the other hand, the amount of linoleic acid in grape seed oil was similar to that observed in other species, e.g., safflower 79.1%, heglig (Balanites aegyptiaca) 75.86%, thistle (Silybum marianum) 63.3%, hemp 50-70%, sunflower 62.2%, evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) 65-80%, walnut 59.7%, corn 53.5%, wheat germ 59.7%, and pumpkin seed oil 49-69% [71][72][73]. This is important because studies have shown that a moderate intake of linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), about 4.4 to 6.7 g per day based on a 2000-calorie diet for adults, along On the other hand, the amount of linoleic acid in grape seed oil was similar to that observed in other species, e.g., safflower 79.1%, heglig (Balanites aegyptiaca) 75.86%, thistle (Silybum marianum) 63.3%, hemp 50-70%, sunflower 62.2%, evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) 65-80%, walnut 59.7%, corn 53.5%, wheat germ 59.7%, and pumpkin seed oil 49-69% [71][72][73]. This is important because studies have shown that a moderate intake of linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), about 4.4 to 6.7 g per day based on a 2000-calorie diet for adults, along with a decrease in total and saturated fat intake, may beneficially influence lipoprotein metabolism, lower blood pressure, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease [73][74][75]. ...
Global wine production has grown, resulting in an increase in waste within the industry. This has raised concerns among producers and scientists worldwide, prompting them to seek solutions for its management. The aim is to explore the latest advancements in using grape seed oil as a byproduct and its applications within the food industry. To achieve this, a bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database covering the period from 1990 to 2023. Additionally, a comprehensive literature review was conducted on extraction techniques, compositions, properties, and innovative applications in food. A bibliometric analysis revealed that interest in grape seed oil has grown over the past ffteen years. The majority of research on this grape byproduct is concentrated in Asian countries. Grape seed oil is a rich source of lipophilic compounds, including fatty acids,
phytosterols, and vitamin E, which provide antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The literature indicates that only oil obtained through pressing is used in food products, such as meat products, dairy drinks, and chocolates, either directly or in emulsions. These fndings suggest that further research and innovation are needed to explore how this waste can be used in new food sources, particularly in countries with high wine production.
... 2 all over the world since the earliest event of history [1,2]. Furthermore, the cultivation of pumpkin is popular in Asia for domestic purposes as well as commercial [2]. ...
... 2 all over the world since the earliest event of history [1,2]. Furthermore, the cultivation of pumpkin is popular in Asia for domestic purposes as well as commercial [2]. Cucurbita maxima, one of the economically important vegetables, is cultivated in most regions of Bangladesh under a broad range of climatic conditions [3]. ...
Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) is a widely grown vegetable in Bangladesh and is known as the sole supplier of various nutrients. Many studies evidence the nutritional value of flesh and seed while peel, flower, and leaves were reported scarcely with limited information. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of flesh, peel, seed, leaves, and flowers of Cucurbita maxima. The seed had a remarkable composition of nutrients and amino acids. Flowers and leaves possessed higher content of minerals, phenols, flavonoids, carotenes, and total antioxidant activity. The order of IC50 value (peel > seed > leaves > flesh > flower) indicates higher DPPH radicals scavenging activity of the flower. Moreover, a significant positive relationship was observed among these phytochemical constituents (TPC, TFC, TCC, TAA) and DPPH radicals scavenging activity. It could be concluded that these five parts of the pumpkin plant have an intense potency to be an exigent component of functional food or medicinal herbs.
... 2 all over the world since the earliest event of history [1,2]. Furthermore, the cultivation of pumpkin is popular in Asia for domestic purposes as well as commercial [2]. ...
... 2 all over the world since the earliest event of history [1,2]. Furthermore, the cultivation of pumpkin is popular in Asia for domestic purposes as well as commercial [2]. Cucurbita maxima, one of the economically important vegetables, is cultivated in most regions of Bangladesh under a broad range of climatic conditions [3]. ...
... 5 The Cucurbita maxima is rich in flavonoids, tocopherols and other compounds such as Omega 3 and Omega 6, and has shown antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. 6 It also has antitumour and antidepressant effects, and has also been used to treat diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. 7 The aim of this study was to investigate the possible potential of the Cucurbita maxima leaf extract to cure the testicular injury caused by ingestion of paracetamol in Wistar rat. ...
Cucurbita Maxima plant is widely cultivated from the warm temperate zone to the tropics, mainly for its edible fruit, leaves, and seed plus its various medicinal uses. The seeds are diuretic, tonic, and vermifuge. This study investigated the curative effect of Cucurbita maxima leaf extract on Paracetamol-induced testicular injury. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were grouped into 6 groups, with 4 in each group. Group 1 received oral normal saline 0.5ml daily throughout the experiment. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 received oral Paracetamol 300mg/kg daily from day 1-14. Then from day 15-21, groups 3, 4, and 5 received oral Cucurbita maxima leaf extract 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, and 75mg/kg, respectively, while group 6 received oral Vitamin E 500iu/kg. The Wistar rats were sacrificed following intraperitoneal injection of Thiopentone 50mg/kg. The testes were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stains and analyzed using a light microscope (X100). The study observed that the testis of group 2 which received Paracetamol showed necrotic interstitial cells and shrunken seminiferous tubules with few luminal spermatozoa in the lumen. In contrast, groups 3, 4, and 5 that received Cucurbita maxima leaf extract at different doses showed moderate restoration of the histoarchitecture of interstitial cells and the seminiferous tubule. This study concludes that Cucurbita maxima leaf has the potential to restore the histoarchitecture of the testis following testicular injury caused by Paracetamol overdose.
... Triglycerides were composed of mainly by polyunsaturated (76.1%) followed by saturated (22.4%) and monounsaturated (1.5%). The importance of polyunsaturated fat means that the seed oil of B. aegyptiaca can participate to the decreasing of bad cholesterol in the body and in addition polyunsaturated fat can't be biosynthetized by the body [34]. Kris-Etherton and Yu [35] [33] was studied B. aegyptiaca triglycerides and found triglycerides (PPIL, POL, SOL) different from our results. ...
... The oil was tested for the following standard biochemical methods below [20,21]; (see Table 2-7). Table 3. Test for flavonoids [23][24][25]. ...
This study is focused on the formulation and evaluation of antimicrobial cream from Cucurbita pepo seed oil. The fresh seed oil was extracted from Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin) which belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. Pure Cucurbita pepo essential oil was collected in the store. This is extracted cold pressed method. This seed oil contains tocopherol, sterols, carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin A, and Zn, Mg, fatty acids (omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids). Cucurbita pepo seed oil, beeswax, borax, distilled water and other excipients are used in the formulation of antimicrobial cream. Four formulations F1, F2, F3, and F4 were formulated using different concentrations of beeswax and seed oil. To determine whether formulations are superior, the physical appearance, spreadability, irritancy, washability, stability, pH, viscosity, test for emulsion (dye test and dilution test), and antimicrobial activity of formulation will be evaluated in the laboratory. During the research period, we found F3 formulation was good and there was no phase separation, and it was showing antimicrobial activity so choose F3 as the good formulation.
... The family cucurbitaceae is highly utilized as food for its plenty of nutrients [10]. For instance, during pregnancy, the demand for nutrients is high [11] and plants in this family such as water melon and pumpkin are important for embryonic development, infant brain and retinal development as they are excellent sources of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids [12]. This family is also known for its medicinal values. ...
Background:
Malaria is a public health menace. Resistance to therapeutic armamentarium is impeding its control. Therefore, research targeting the discovery of novel antimalarial drug arsenals is a priority. The important point to begin the search for such drugs is the folkloric medicinal plants. Ripe fruit of Lagenaria siceraria is bored, rinsed with cold water, and one glass is used as a drink early in the morning for the treatment of malaria in Ethiopian folk medicine. In vivo antimalarial efficacy of the plant was not affirmed scientifically, though. Consequently, the present study was conducted to assess the in vivo antiplasmodial effect of Lagenaria siceraria in P. berghei infected mice.
Methods:
The fruits were extracted using 80% methanol in water. Acute toxicity test was conducted on the extract. Secondary phytochemicals were assessed. The four day suppressive test was employed in mice infected with P. berghei. Thirty mice were grouped in to five and inoculated with P. berghei. After 3 h, three of the groups received the extract at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. The remaining groups served as negative (2% Tween80) and positive control (chloroquine). Parasitemia, packed cell volume, weight, temperature and survival time were monitored. SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis.
Results:
No toxicity was seen in mice. The crude extract elicited significant suppression (p < 0.05) of the parasite compared to the negative control. The highest parasite suppression (77.37%) was measured at the upper dose. Furthermore, the crude extract significantly (p < 0.05) prevented body weight loss, anemia, reduction in temperature and prolonged the survival time compared to the negative control.
Conclusion:
This study asserted that the fruit of Lagenaria siceraria is enriched with in vivo antimalarial activity. Hence, further in depth antimalarial investigations on the plant is strongly recommended.
... Using a separating funnel we have separated the oil [16][17][18][19]. The oil was tested for the following standard biochemical methods below [20,21], ( ...
This study is focused on the "Formulation and evaluation of anti-microbial cream from Cucurbita pepo seed oil. The fresh seed oil was extracted from Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin) which belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. Pure Cucurbita pepo essential oil was collected in the store. This is extracted cold pressed method. This seed oil contains tocopherol, sterols, carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin A, and Zn, Mg, fatty acids (omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Cucurbita pepo seed oil, beeswax, borax, distilled water and other excipients are used in the formulation of antimicrobial cream. Four formulations F1, F2, F3, and F4 were formulated using different concentrations of beeswax and seed oil. To determine whether formulationsation are superior, the physical appearance, spreadability, irritancy, washability, stability, pH, viscosity, test for emulsion (dye test and dilution test), and antimicrobial activity of formulation will be evaluated in the laboratory. During the research period we found F3 formulation was good and there was no phase separation and it was showing antimicrobial activity so choose F3 as the good formulation.
... It was also observed that the oils contained significant amount of unsaturated fatty acids of 76.17% and 62.72% for the kernel and pulp oils of B. aegyptiaca. Elhardallou" [27] "reported that omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids are present in the kernel and pulp oil. [11,28,29]. ...
Aims: This work is aimed at investigating physicochemical parameters and compositions of fatty acid, phospholipid and sterol of desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) kernel and pulp. Study Design: Balanites aegyptiaca fruit is one of the oldest feed-stocks in Africa of which little or no attention has been given to it. The plant plays a diverse cultural and traditional role in different societies. Therefore, it is very important to explore more about the chemical composition of the kernel and pulp oils of Balanites aegyptiaca; since it is currently attracting considerable research interest as a result of its diverse beneficial properties. Methodology: The physicochemical parameters, fatty acids, phospholipids and phytosterols of B. aegyptiaca seed and pulp oils have been analyzed and compared with the standards and that of conventional oil for easy assessment of their suitability for nutritional and industrial applications. Results: The results of some physicochemical parameters of kernel and pulp oils were acid value (26.35 and 15.60 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (3.82 and 5.90 meq/kg), saponification value (162.40 and 198.60 mg KOH/g), iodine value (55.20 and 142.50 mg of I/100 g), specific gravity (0.93 and 0.92), kinematic viscosity (2.12 and 1.65 St) and refractive index (1.41 and 1.39), respectively. The most concentrated fatty acids were palmitic acid (14.53%) < linoleic acid (35.65%) < oleic acid (38.27%) for the kernel oil while that of pulp oil were linolenic acid (8.21%) < oleic acid (16.80%) < palmitic acid (32.70%) < linoleic acid (33.56%). Arachidic, behenic, lignoceric and myristic acids were all present in small quantities with none of them recording up to 1.0% in either of the samples. Caprylic, capric and lauric acids were determined but not detected in both oils. The fatty acid composition of kernel and pulp oils contained a healthy mixture of all the types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The value of polyunsaturated/saturated index (P/S) which is associated to the impact on human health was higher in the pulp oil (2.47). Phosphatidylcholine had the highest content in both oils that is 75.99 and 25.88 mg/100 g, respectively. The total values of phytosterols for kernel and pulp oils were 85.00 and 9.87 mg/100 g, respectively. Conclusion: Balanites aegytiaca kernel and pulp oils have the potential to substitute several materials used in manufacturing oil in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. However, in order to extend usage, these oils should be refined in order to improve the colour and taste.
Extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca, Khaya senegalensis, Prosopis africana and Vitellaria paradoxa were screened for their phytochemical constituents. Stem barks of the species were also investigated for hepatoprotective effects in Wistar albino rats. Different groups of animals were pre-treated with 100 mg/kg body weight of plant extracts for 10 days and administered with paracetamol (2 g/kg) on the 10th day. The effect of the extracts on serum transaminase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured in the rats. The leaf, stem and root extracts of all the plants except Vitellaria paradoxa showed preponderance of saponin and tannin. Phlobatannin, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones were observed in concentrations ranging between 10 to 100 mg/kg plant material. Stem bark extracts of the four plants produced significant (P < 0.05) hepatoprotective effects by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes. Values recorded for AST, ALT and ALP were significantly lower compared to those recorded for control rats. A higher inhibition of serum level elevation of ALP was observed with the four extracts. From these results, it was suggested that the extracts could protect the liver cells from paracetamolinduced liver damages perhaps by eliminating the deleterious effects of toxic metabolites from the drug.
This study deals with the analyses of the quantity of moisture, crude proteins, total lipids, carbohydrates, ash, crude fibre and calcium. These analyses were carried out in five different species of egusi seeds, which belong to the Cucurbitaceae family. These seeds are: Cucumeropsis mannii (egusi melon), Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin or squash gourd), Cucurbita moschata (musk melon), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd or calabash) and Cucumis sativus (“Ibo” egusi).
The moisture content was determined by drying in an oven to constant weight, crude protein content by Kjedahl method. Total lipids by Soxhlet, ash content by incinerating in a furnace and carbohydrates by the Bertrand's method. The crude fibre content was the residue obtained after sequential hot digestion of the defatted sample with dilute acid and alkaline solutions. The calcium content was determined by the complexiometric method.
From this study, it was noticed that the moisture levels (4.33 - 7.25% f.w) were similar to those of other oilseeds such as soybean and the fluted pumpkin seed. These egusi samples contained good levels of crude proteins (24.3 - 41.6% d.w), total lipids (42.9 - 57.3% d.w) and calcium (129.7 - 269.7 mg/100 g d.w). Their levels of crude proteins were similar to those of soybean and the fluted pumpkin but higher than that of groundnut (23% d.w), while the total lipid contents were similar to those of groundnut and the fluted pumpkin seed but higher than that of soybean (19.1% d.w). The carbohydrate contents of these seeds (4.56 – 10.2% d.w) are lower than those of groundnut (18.6% d.w) and the fluted pumpkin seed (14.5% d.w). The crude fibre levels (0.9 – 1.63% d.w) were lower than those of soybean (5.71% d.w) and groundnuts (5.15% d.w). The ash contents of these seeds (2.82 - 5.0% d.w) were similar to those of groundnuts (2.79% d.w), soybean (5.06% d.w) and the fluted pumpkin seed (3.4% d.w). Calcium levels compared well with that of soybean, higher than that of groundnut (49 mg/100 g d.w) and even higher than that of the fluted pumpkin seed (1.1 mg/100 g d.w).
These egusi seeds can therefore be considered as an important source of plant proteins, lipids and calcium, which could be used in the fight against malnutrition.
The genus Balanites is completely revised. Nine species and 11 infraspecific taxa are recognised with revised synonymy. One subspecies (B. maughamii subsp. acuta) and two varieties (B. wilsoniana var. glabripetala and B. rotundifolia var. setulifera) are described for the first time. The status of all Balanites taxa is discussed and four species are reduced in rank: B. welwitschii (Tiegh.) Exell & Mendonça to subspecies and B. mayumbensis Exell, B. scillin Chiov. and B. tomentosa Mildbr. & Schltr. to variety. Fuller justification is given for the earlier (Sands 1983) reduction of B. orbicularis Sprague to synonymy and B. somalensis Mildbr. & Schltr. to subspecific rank, as well as for the new variety of B. aegyptiaca, var. pallida Sands. A distinctive but sterile specimen from Ethiopia is described under the provisional name, 'Omo Valley'. Scale leaves, the foliole of foliage leaves, spine form and branching, bud and inflorescence position, elongation in early fruit development and the distance between spines and their subtending leaf (supra-axillary interval) are all defined as new and useful diagnostic characters. Two species, B. glabra Mildbr. & Schltr. and B. rotundifolia (Tiegh.) Blatt., are found to have 4-merous flowers in a genus previously thought to be consistently 5-merous. Multi-access keys to the species and to the varieties of B. aegyptiaca (L.) Delile are presented, and an additional key to vegetative material is provided. Scientific names, collections examined and vernacular names are indexed.
Aromatic and medicinal plants are widespread throughout world. Essential oils obtained from different aromatic and medicinal plants parts have been shown antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant properties. The experiment was started in season 2010-2011. In this study we studied the chemical compositions of essential oils of Lavandula officinalis and Melissa officinalis and also tested antibacterial and anticandidal activities of essential oils. The essential oils of Lavandula officinalis and Melissa officinalis collected in Iran were obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts and analysed by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry system (GC/MS) for their chemical composition. The main constituents of leave oils were cc-pinene, Camphor, Menthol, 1,8- Cineole, β-pinene, linalool, thymol and carvacrol. This experiment indicated that the bacterial strains were sensitive to studied essential oils and also showed very effective bactericidal activity with the strongest inhibition zone. Among the eight of tested essential oil components, thymol, carvacrol and menthol showed the highest antibacterial activities than previous components and streptomycin while, β-Binene and linalool showed lower antibacterial activity than streptomycin (p = 0.05). Essential oils of Lavandula officinalis and Melissa officinalis possess great antibacterial potential and could be used as natural preservatives and fungicides.
The nutritive value and biological activity of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seeds cultivated in Egypt were evaluated. Chemical analysis of fiber, protein, ash, carbohydrates, and fatty acids present in the non irradiated and irradiated seeds was conducted. The results show that the values for the indices are within recommended levels for edible oils. Seeds were found to be rich in oil (44.45±2.83 %). The oil contains an appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids (71.10±4.32 %) and found to be a rich source of linoleic acid (52.64±0.90 %).Gamma irradiation of pumpkin increased significantly (P<0.05) the yield of free fatty acid, acid value and peroxide value of extracts. Results showed decreases in the iodine value after irradiation at doses up to 10kGy. The antimicrobial effect of irradiated and unirradiated pumpkin oil seeds was studied. Gamma radiation up to 10kGys don't affect on the antimicrobial activity of pumpkin oil. Three different proteins were extracted from the pumpkin rinds, seeds, and pulp. All the extracted proteins were screened for their antimicrobial activity against the tested microbial isolates. The total protein and antimicrobial effect of all extractions were decreased at gamma irradiation doses used. [A. B. Abd EI-Aziz and H.H. Abd EI-Kalek. Antimicrobial proteins and oil seeds from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata). Nature and Science 2011;9 (3):105-119]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net.