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The Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Task: Can the symptomatic Comprehension Scale discriminate ADHD? [Poster Abstract]
Abstract
Objective: The Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) continuous performance
task (CPT) has adequate reliability and validity, according to
the publishers. Reportedly visual and auditory modalities increase diagnostic
accuracy of ADHD. According to the IVA manual, the symptomatic
Comprehension Scale is “the single most sensitive sub-scale in
discriminating ADHD.” However, there is limited support for the sensitivity
and specificity of the Comprehension Scale. The present study
examined if individuals with ADHD score lower on the Comprehension
Scale than those without ADHD.
Participants and Methods: IVA Comprehension scores from an archival
database were examined for 186 individuals who were referred for a
cognitive evaluation. Of those, 158 had complete and valid IVA profiles.
55 of those individuals were diagnosed with ADHD only. 82 had other
disorders, such as learning disorder or psychiatric disorder. 28 had comorbid
ADHD and another disorder. Results: An independent sample t-test found considerable overlap between
the means of the two groups for both visual (M = 77.85, SD =
32.95 and M = 89.75, SD = 27.06), t(102) = 2.61, p< .05 and auditory
subscales (M = 75.65, SD= 33.97 and M = 89.26, SD = 25.46), t(54)
= 2.31, p< .05. Analysis of sensitivity and specificity revealed that the
use of a cutoff score of 75 for classification was the most accurate. Using
this cutoff, the sensitivity of the Comprehension Scale of 116 individuals
with ADHD with/without other psychiatric disorders was approximately
.54 and specificity .20. Around .26 of individuals could not
be classified according to the 75 cutoff score due to significant variance
in visual and auditory subscales.
Conclusions: The Comprehension Scale did not adequately discriminate
between individuals with ADHD. Comprehension errors may be reflective
of keyADHDsymptomology. However, more research is needed in order to
enhance its clinical utility. Future analyses will compare the Comprehension
Scale scores separately for those with and without comorbid disorders.
... It has also been designed on the basis of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (Berginstr€ om, Johansson, Nordstr€ om, & Nordstr€ om, 2015). The test is to diagnose and distinguish between different types of inattention and hyperactivity disorders at the ages above 6 years (Tollander, 2011). Any impulsive behavior in responding to the stimuli presented in the auditory and visual forms is considered to be an inhibition or auditory and visual control. ...
... Sandford, Fine, and Goldman (1995) reported the sensitivity of this test to be 92% and its positive predictive power and negative predictive power to be 89 and 93%, respectively for measuring ADHD. The IVA test has the minimum error rate (7.7%) and its concurrent validity ranges from 90 to 100 as compared to the Continuous performance test (CPT) and the ADHD score scale (Tollander, 2011). Sandford and Turner (2000) used the retest method to measure its reliability and reported the coefficient of 0.75, indicating the good reliability of the test. ...
Neurofeedback (NF) is referred to as a “possibly efficacious” treatment in the current evidence-based reviews; therefore, more research is needed to determine its effects especially in combination with other treatments. The present study examines the effect of NF and game-based cognitive training on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Thirty-two male students with ADHD were assigned to NF (N = 16; Mage=10.20; SD = 1.03) and waiting list control (N = 16; Mage = 10.05; SD = 0.83) in a randomized double-blind trial. The children in the NF group based on quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) attended 30 three times-weekly sessions. The children were examined in pretest and post-test with EEG, Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance (IVA), and Conners Parent, and Teacher Rating Scales-Revised. The treatment was found significant all the symptom variables except for attention deficit (AD) and auditory response control (ARC). Normalization of the atypical EEG features with reduced θ:β wave and increased sensory motor (SMR) activity in central zero (Cz) was recorded in the NF condition participants. However, except for SMR activity there were no significant changes in the waves of frontocentral zero (FCz). It is concluded that technology developments provide an interesting vehicle for interposing interventions and that combined NF and game-based cognitive training can produce positive therapeutic effects on brainwaves and ADHD symptomatology.
Background:
Noise and vibration are considered as harmful physical agents in the environment which have adverse effects on cognitive performance. One of the occupations at risk is driving, where there is a possibility of simultaneous exposure to road traffic noise and whole body vibration (WBV) transferred through the vehicle. This study aims to assess the effects of single and combined exposure to road traffic noise and WBV on different types of attention in men.
Methods:
The experiment was conducted on 24 men in 4 steps, executed on each participant inside an acoustic room. After recording a number of various attention scores at background conditions (27 dBA noise, no vibration) the participants were given single and combined exposure to noise levels at 55 and 85 dBA and vibration frequencies of 0.65 and 0.95 m/s2.
Results:
As for combined exposure to noise and vibration, increasing vibration acceleration and noise levels at the same time compared to background condition caused a rise in the score of all visual attention types among groups exposed to low vibration acceleration and those exposed to medium acceleration and low noise. Nevertheless, when noise level and vibration acceleration is increased at the same time compared to background, auditory attention type scores mostly fell among groups with similar vibration accelerations.
Conclusions:
Overall, single and combined exposure to environmental stressors under investigation had a predominantly negative effect on auditory attention while the effects on visual attention were inconclusive. Definitive conclusions however require further systematic and comprehensive experiments.
Cognitive measures are used frequently in the assessment and diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this meta-analytic review, the authors sought to examine the magnitude of differences between ADHD and healthy participants on several commonly used intellectual and neuropsychological measures. Effect sizes for overall intellectual ability (Full Scale IQ; FSIQ) were significantly different between ADHD and healthy participants (weighted d =.61). Effect sizes for FSIQ were significantly smaller than those for spelling and arithmetic achievement tests and marginally significantly smaller than those for continuous performance tests but were comparable to effect sizes for all other measures. These findings indicate that overall cognitive ability is significantly lower among persons with ADHD and that FSIQ may show as large a difference between ADHD and control participants as most other measures.
Despite growing interest in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about its prevalence or correlates.
A screen for adult ADHD was included in a probability subsample (N=3,199) of 18-44-year-old respondents in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally representative household survey that used a lay-administered diagnostic interview to assess a wide range of DSM-IV disorders. Blinded clinical follow-up interviews of adult ADHD were carried out with 154 respondents, oversampling those with positive screen results. Multiple imputation was used to estimate prevalence and correlates of clinician-assessed adult ADHD.
The estimated prevalence of current adult ADHD was 4.4%. Significant correlates included being male, previously married, unemployed, and non-Hispanic white. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with many other DSM-IV disorders assessed in the survey and was associated with substantial role impairment. The majority of cases were untreated, although many individuals had obtained treatment for other comorbid mental and substance-related disorders.
Efforts are needed to increase the detection and treatment of adult ADHD. Research is needed to determine whether effective treatment would reduce the onset, persistence, and severity of disorders that co-occur with adult ADHD.
Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been widely reported in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study investigated attention and response control in children with ASD, ADHD, and typical development using the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test. Results indicate that many children with ASD show significant deficits in visual and auditory attention and greater deficits in impulsivity than children with ADHD or typical development. These findings suggest that many of the children with ASD demonstrate significant ADHD-like deficits. These findings are discussed in the context of symptoms, subtypes, and comorbidity.
The present study reports on standardized behavioral ratings received by a large sample of hyperactive children meeting research diagnostic criteria (n = 108) and a community control sample of normal children (n = 61) who were followed prospectively over 8 years into adolescence. On some parent-report measures both groups declined in the severity of their behavior problems across time, while on other measures only the hyperactive group declined, but the hyperactives always remained more deviant than the controls at followup. The hyperactives and controls also differed on most teacher and self-report ratings at followup. The greatest degree of agreement between raters at adolescence was between parent and youth ratings. These results are consistent with previous research demonstrating more deviant scores for hyperactive children than controls on various rating scales at adolescent followup. They also are consistent with research showing significant longitudinal continuity of both internalizing and externalizing behavioral pathology.
The purpose of this research was to determine if adults can provide a true rating of their own childhood and current symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The authors conducted two studies. In study 1, 50 adult subjects completed a questionnaire assessing their ADHD symptoms in childhood. In addition, a parent of each subject completed a questionnaire rating the subject's childhood ADHD symptoms. In study 2, 100 adult subjects completed a questionnaire rating their own current ADHD symptoms. The subject's partner also completed a questionnaire rating the subject's current ADHD symptoms. The correlation between subject and observer ratings was measured in each study. Inattentive symptoms, hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, and total symptoms were analyzed.
Good correlations were found between subject and observer scores in both studies.
The diagnosis of ADHD in adults relies on an accurate recall of childhood behavior and an accurate account of current behavior. The results of this study suggest that adults can give a true account of their childhood and current symptoms of ADHD.
This practice parameter describes the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on the current scientific evidence and clinical consensus of experts in the field. This parameter discusses the clinical evaluation for ADHD, comorbid conditions associated with ADHD, research on the etiology of the disorder, and psychopharmacological and psychosocial interventions for ADHD.
Best practices in adult ADHD: Epidemiology, impairments, and differential diagnosis
- L A Adler
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Retrieved from http://www.ets.org/disabilities/documentation/documenting_adhd/
Review of the Integrated Auditory and Visual Performance Test
- C D Maddux
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Maddux, C. D., & Sime, W. (2007). Review of the Integrated Auditory and Visual Performance
Test. In K. F. Geisinger, R. A. Spies, J. F. Carlson, and P. S. Blake (Eds.). The
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Detection of malingering in assessment of adult ADHD
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Quinn, C. A., (2003). Detection of malingering in assessment of adult ADHD. Archives of
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Validity study of the IVA: A visual and auditory cpt. Presented at the Annual Convention of the
- J A Sandford
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Sandford, J. A., Fine, A. H., & Goldman, L. (1995). Validity study of the IVA: A visual and
auditory cpt. Presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological
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Manual for the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test
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Sandford, J. A., & Turner, A. (2004). Manual for the Integrated Visual and Auditory
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A reliability study of IVA: Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test. Presented at the Annual Convention of Children and Adults with ADHD (CHADD)
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