No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Composition, preservation and digestibility by sheep of wet by-products from the food industry
Abstract
This study examined the chemical composition, in vitro and in vivo digestibility, aerobic stability and ensiling capability of the fresh wet fibrous by-products Aspergillus residue, soy pulp (okara), pomegranate pulp, grape pulp and avocado pulp. Ensiling was assessed in glass silos, and aerobic stability in open PVC containers. Intake and in vivo digestibility were measured in mature male Assaf lambs (four lambs/replicates per dietary treatment) held in individual metabolic cages, and ad libitum-fed one of the total mixed rations containing the examined fresh by-product and appropriate supplement. Aspergillus residue is an acidic, fibrous by-product, characterized by high in vivo digestibility of organic matter (OM, 0.85) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 0.95), and high stability under aerobic exposure. Ensiling results give large dry matter (DM) losses (41.2%) and continuous yeast fermentation to ethanol and volatiles. Okara is an acidic, fibrous by-product that is rich in protein (290 g/kg DM), characterized by high in vivo digestibility of OM and NDF (0.88 and 0.93, respectively), but low stability under aerobic exposure. It can be ensiled with moderate DM losses (16%), producing butyrate and acetate. Pomegranate pulp contains high levels of soluble phenolics and sugars and its voluntary consumption by sheep is low. When fed to sheep it is characterized by low in vivo OM and NDF digestibility (0.44 and 0.20, respectively), and low aerobic stability. However, it can be ensiled with moderate DM losses (20%). Grape is rich in ethanol and avocado pulps in fat content, and both byproducts are rich in lignin content and therefore have low in vivo OM digestibility (0.30 and 0.43, respectively) originating from their low NDF digestibility (0.12 and 0.31, respectively). These by-products are characterized by low stability under aerobic exposure. Both by-products can be ensiled without any DM losses or NDF solubilization.
... In addition, including avocado and mango fruit wastes in animal diets could produce beneficial effects to the animals due to their bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols and tannins [4,6]. However, these wastes have high-moisture content, being highly perishable and prone to rapid spoilage [7]. Furthermore, the generation of these wastes is concentrated in the harvesting period. ...
... Furthermore, the generation of these wastes is concentrated in the harvesting period. All these factors make the use of these wastes in animal feeding difficult, and low-cost preservation methods are required [7]. An interesting cost-effective preservation method, but still not widely used, is the inclusion of fruit wastes in multi-nutrient blocks (MB) [8], which are a solid mixture of feeds, urea, binder, salt and mineral and vitamin supplements [9]. ...
... Skenjana et al. [42] reported similar DMED values (529 g/kg DM) for avocado meal estimated for a rumen particulate outflow of 0.05/h. In contrast, Eliyahu et al. [7] and Negesse et al. [30] reported lower in vitro OM digestibility values for avocado pulp (300 g/kg) and peels (365 g/kg), which were attributed to the high EE and lignin content in the avocado samples. Discrepancies among studies might be related to differences in the chemical composition of the wastes, as the avocado peels from the study of Negesse et al. [30] had greater NDF and lignin content (261 and 121 g/kg DM, respectively) than the samples used in our study (≤115 and 34.8 g/kg DM, respectively). ...
This study was conducted to investigate the nutritive value of avocado and mango fruit wastes, and to assess the possibility of preserving the wastes into multi-nutrient blocks (MB). Both peels and a pulp:peels (PP) mixture of each fruit were analyzed for chemical composition and in vitro fermentation with goats’ ruminal fluid. Wastes had low-dry matter (DM) content (<250 g/kg), with those from mango having high non-structural carbohydrates content (>800 g/kg DM) and those from avocado high fat levels (>580 g/kg DM). Mango wastes were fermented at a greater extent and faster rate than avocado ones. The PP mixture of each fruit was included into multi-nutrient blocks (MB) formulated to have similar chemical composition. There were only subtle differences in the fermentation of MB including wastes from either avocado or mango, but fermentation of avocado-MB resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.032) greater acetate and lower propionate proportions than mango-MB. Including the PP mixture in the formulation of MB for goats feeding is a feasible option to reduce the environmental impact of avocado and mango fruit wastes, but studies on the acceptance of the MB by goats and their stability over long-time storage periods are needed.
... In broiler chickens, van Ryssen et al. [10] observed that the inclusion of 7.3% to 29.3% dried avocado meal in the diet reduced the feed intake and the growth of the animals. Whereas some data are available on the composition, rumen in situ degradability and digestibility of avocado meal and pulp for ruminants [11,12], to our best knowledge, no information exists on the effect of feeding avocado wastes to dairy ruminants. Our hypothesis was that a mixture of avocado pulp and peels could partially replace conventional ingredients in a concentrate for dairy goats, decreasing feeding costs and improving milk yield and/or the FA profile of milk. ...
... Eliyahu et al. [12] observed that avocado pulp stored outdoors (25 °C of average temperature) in containers covered with paper sheets was rapidly contaminated by mold and yeast within the first 3 days of storage despite of its low initial pH (4.52). These authors observed that the pH of avocado pulp was increased from 4.52 to 8.30 over the first 7 days of storage, whereas the in vitro DM digestibility the water soluble carbohydrates content was reduced from 30% to 22% and from 15.3 to 1.62 g/kg DM, respectively. ...
... It has been reported that the high chlorophyll content of avocado lipids can act as a proxidant by stimulating photo-oxidation [42]. In contrast, to our results, Eliyahu et al. [12] reported that Assaf lambs weighting 50 ± 1.5 kg consumed daily 1.0 kg DM of a total mixed diet containing 49.6% fresh avocado pulp. The high avocado intake observed in their study would indicate a high palatability of fresh avocado that has not underwent lipid oxidation, as may have happened in our study. ...
Twelve Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were divided into two homogeneous groups, which were fed either a control diet composed of 40% alfalfa hay and 60% concentrate or a diet based on 40% alfalfa hay, 40% concentrate and 20% multinutrient blocks, including 14.8% avocado pulp and peels (APP). Total dry matter (DM) intake was similar (p = 0.709) for both diets, but APP-fed goats had lower (p = 0.024) concentrate intake and tended (p = 0.063) to have lower fat intake compared with those fed the control diet. The average intake of blocks was low (66.4 g DM/d), which was attributed to avocado lipids oxidation and rancidity. Neither milk yield (p = 0,921) nor the efficiency of energy and nitrogen use were affected (p = 0.909 and 0. 840, respectively) by the diet, but milk fat tended to be greater (p = 0.057) in the APP-fed goats compared with the animals fed the control diet. Other milk components were similar (p ≥ 0.110) for both diets, and only subtle changes in the milk fatty acid profile were observed. In summary, the intake of blocks containing avocado wastes by dairy goats was low probably due to avocado lipids oxidation causing off-flavors and reduced palatability.
... The availability of AP is seasonal and its use in animal feeding throughout the year requires ensiling and storage. The challenges for ensiling AP include is its low content of DM (less than 200 g DM/kg) and high content of ether extract (182 g ether extract (EE)/kg DM) (Eliyahu et al., 2015). In a previous study by Eliyahu et al. (2015), AP was ensiled without the use of silage inoculants and additives (e.g. ...
... The challenges for ensiling AP include is its low content of DM (less than 200 g DM/kg) and high content of ether extract (182 g ether extract (EE)/kg DM) (Eliyahu et al., 2015). In a previous study by Eliyahu et al. (2015), AP was ensiled without the use of silage inoculants and additives (e.g. absorbents) and this resulted in poor-quality silage. ...
... The results of the DM and WSC of the AP (Table 1) in the present study reflects low mean concentrations of DM (119 g DM/kg) and WSC (61.6 g WSC/kg DM), which would generally classify this material as likely to produce poor fermentation patterns. The DM content of AP was comparable to 186 g DM/kg of AP reported by Eliyahu et al. (2015). In a review by Henderson and McDonald (1984), they suggested that the use of inoculants to such forages might not improve silage quality due to the limitation of fermentable substrate. ...
This study evaluated effects of microbial inoculation on fermentation, aerobic stability and ruminal dry matter (DM) degradation of silage produced from Avocado (Persia Americana) pulp (AP). The AP, 800 g/kg fresh matter (FM) was mixed with 150 g grape pumice (GP)/kg FM and 50 g sugarcane molasses/kg FM. The mixture was treated with 1) no inoculant (control), 2) Emsilage inoculant (EMS), and 3) Sil-All 4x4 W.S. inoculant (SIL). Materials were ensiled in 1.5 L anaerobic jars for 90 days. Triplicate samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 90 for determination of fermentation, nutritive value and aerobic stability. In situ DM degradability was determined using 3 rumen cannulated Holstein cows. Microbial inoculation to AP silage increased lactic acid bacteria population, which subsequently increased residual fermentation substrate and lactic acid content. Terminal pH and volatile fatty acids of the silage were not affected by inoculation. Inoculated silage had less fibre and reduced aerobic stability compared to the control. The AP and its mixture had higher DM soluble fractions compared to the GP which had a higher degradation rate. Potential degradable fraction and extent of degradation were similar for each treatment. The EMS treatment had higher soluble fractions and lower degradation rate than other treatments. Inoculation with SIL improved degradation of the silage compared to other treatments. Thus, microbial inoculation qualifies the AP silage as a potential feed for ruminants. ______________________________________________________________________________________
... This spoilage may lead to unpleasant odors and attract flies, creating an environmental nuisance (Shabtay et al., 2008). Recently it was demonstrated that fresh PP was not stable under aerobic exposure and was readily contaminated by molds, yeast and other bacteria (Eliyahu et al., 2015). Disposal of this wet byproduct by drying or burying is not cost-efficient; a better alternative is to use it directly for feeding ruminants. ...
... In addition, inclusion of up to 4% concentrated extract of pomegranate pulp in the TMR of lactating cows, increased their milk production and improved their health status (Shabtay et al., 2012). However, fresh pomegranate pulp contains high levels of soluble phenolics (27.3%) and NDF (41.3%) which impaired its voluntary consumption by sheep to 20% of a concentrated ration (Eliyahu et al., 2015). There is lack of information in the literature about the effect of ensiling fresh pomegranate pulp with or without solid additives on fermentation losses, chemical composition and digestibility of the silage in sheep. ...
... This might be because the soluble components of the PPS including proteins and phenolics, are considered entirely digestible (soluble) in the in vitro system, whereas, their actual in vivo digestibility (including degradation and absorption along the animal's gastrointestinal tract) is only partial (Table 3). A similar gap between in vitro and in vivo digestibility values was found in previous studies that employed various fresh byproducts with high soluble phenolics content fed to lambs (Eliyahu et al., 2015) or used chemically treated straw enriched with in vitro digestible soluble phenolics which were only partially digestible in vivo by sheep (Miron and Ben-Ghedalia, 1987). ...
... The energy cost of ensiling dried pomegranate peel with berseem silage was expressed as the production of highly undesirable butyric acid and ethanol. This is consistent with the results of Eliyahu et al. (2015) in pomegranate pulp silage. However, the values of butyric acid and ethanol were less than 5 and 30 g/kg DM, respectively, and were within the recommended ranges (Kung et al. 2018;Muck 2010). ...
... However, the values of butyric acid and ethanol were less than 5 and 30 g/kg DM, respectively, and were within the recommended ranges (Kung et al. 2018;Muck 2010). The massive fermentation of carbohydrates by yeast, heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, and Clostridium tyrobutyricum during the ensiling process may explain the high levels of lactate, butyrate, and ethanol production in dried pomegranate peel (Eliyahu et al. 2015). The NH 3 -N concentration was less than 5 g/kg TN of dried pomegranate peel, which was significantly lower than the recommended ranges for legume silage ). ...
Pomegranate peels are an industrial by-product high in sugar and phytochemical content and pose an environmental concern. Meanwhile, ensiling legume forage such as berseem is difficult due to its lower dry matter content and water-soluble carbohydrate-to-buffering capacity ratio, which leads to a poor fermentation process. To date, no studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of co-ensiling pomegranate peels with berseem. Thus, silage quality was evaluated after co-ensiling of berseem (control) with 50, 100, and 200 g/kg pomegranate peels or 50 g/kg molasses for 0, 15, 30, and 45 days (Experiment 1). Further, rumen nutrient degradation, methane production, and rumen fermentation parameters were evaluated in vitro (Experiment 2). Pomegranate peels (200 g/kg) and molasses reduced silage pH compared to control (4.41 or 3.79 vs. 5.02), ammonia-N (2.66 or 3.14 vs. 13.39 g/kg N), and butyric acid (0.05 or 0.1 vs. 0.96 g/kg DM) however, dry matter (323.5 or 283.6 vs. 212.8) and non-fiber carbohydrates (264.8 or 351.8 vs.136.9 g/kg) were increased, respectively. Pomegranate peels and molasses significantly (P < 0.05) increased rumen nutrient degradation and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased methane and ammonia-N production (Experiment 2). The chemical composition of silage, in-vitro rumen fermentation, and silage quality parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated. Pomegranate peels and molasses have potentially improved silage quality and positively influenced rumen fermentation parameters.
... On the other hand, Fránquez et al. (2017), offering 21% fresh avocado paste to fattening pigs improved feed conversion, but decreased weight gain by reducing voluntary feed intake. Regarding the use of avocado meal and paste in ruminants, there is little information that focuses on compositional aspects, digestibility and in situ rumen degradability (Eliyahu et al., 2015). In a recent study in dairy goats when including a fresh mixture of avocado pulp and peel in the diet, they concluded that it is a by-product with high moisture content, but its dry matter is rich in unsaturated fat which influenced milk fat content and quality (De Evan et al., 2020). ...
... Por su parte, Fránquez et al. (2017), al ofrecer 21% de pasta fresca de aguacate a cerdos en finalización mejoró la conversión alimenticia, pero disminuyó la ganancia de peso al reducir el consumo voluntario del alimento. Con respecto al uso de la harina y pasta de aguacate en rumiantes, existe poca información que se concentra en aspectos de composición, digestibilidad y degradabilidad in situ del rumen (Eliyahu et al., 2015). En un estudio reciente en cabras lecheras al incluir una mezcla fresca de pulpa y cáscara de aguacate en la dieta, concluyeron que es un subproducto con alto contenido de humedad, pero su materia seca es rica en grasa insaturada la cual influyó en el contenido y calidad de grasa de la leche (De Evan et al., 2020). ...
To evaluate the inclusion of avocado meal (AM) in diets for sheep (0, 2.5, 5 and 10%) with a forage:concentrate 40:60 ratio, on productive behavior and carcass characteristics. Ninety-six Pelibuey- Dorper male lambs with an average initial weight of 32.83 ±0.707 kg, 8 animals per treatment, in a 4x3 four diets and factorial arrangement with feeding periods of 28, 56 and 84 days were used. Final weight and slaughter weight increased (p <0.05) with 10% inclusion compared to the control. In daily weight gain, feed intake, carcass weight and intramuscular fat, values were equal (p >0.05) with the inclusion of 10% AM and 0% AM. Feed conversion, DM, CP, energy and carcass performance efficiencies did not improved with AM. The longer the intake time (56 and 84 days), the higher the daily weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency of DM, CP and energy (p < 0.05), and the lower the feed conversion rate, with no differences for final weight and carcass performance (p < 0.05). Daily gain and carcass weight indicate a slight positive trend due to the inclusion of 10% AM at 84 days. Inclusion does not affect the productive behavior of growth in sheep. Keywords: avocado meal, growth performance, carcass, sheep.
... Table 1. Moisture (%, fresh weight) and chemical composition of some avocado residues (%, dry weight) [12,20,27,[29][30][31][32][33]. 1 Ether extract. 2 Aqueous-ethanolic extractives, which refer to non-structural material determined using the standard method reported by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 3 As xylan, arabinan, galactan, and/or mannan. ...
... In all cases, the higher components are the sugar fraction (glucans + hemicellulosic sugars), the extractives fraction (non-structural components), and lignin, but a high variability has been found in the literature [12,27,[30][31][32][33] (Table 1). The variety/cultivar, ripeness, pedoclimatic conditions, and fertilizer used may affect the chemical composition of these residues, as well the methodology applied. ...
The avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a tree native to Mexico and Guatemala. Avocado consumption, fresh or in the form of processed products, is growing everywhere and it has caused a large number of countries to invest heavily in avocado production. The industrialization of avocado gives as a result a huge amount of waste, not only the peel and stone but also that waste generated by the pruning practices and oil extraction. These biomasses could be converted into raw materials to obtain different types of co-products, but this implies changes in the use of these resources, the design of efficient production systems, and integration to take full advantage of them, e.g., by developing biorefinery models. Therefore, this review firstly gives a snapshot of those residues generated in the avocado industry and provides their chemical composition. Secondly, this review presents updated information about the valorization ways of avocado-derived biomass to obtain bioenergy, biofuels, and other marketable products (starch, protein, phenolic compounds, and biosorbents, among others) using a single process or integrated processes within a biorefinery context. Green technologies to obtain these products are also covered, e.g., based on the application of microwaves, ultrasound, supercritical fluids, etc. As a conclusion, there is a variety of ways to valorize avocado waste in single processes, but it would be promising to develop biorefinery schemes. This would enable the avocado sector to move towards the zero-waste principle.
... Although there is information on animal husbandry fed on avocado paste (Pulido et al. 1996, Skenjana et al. 2006, Skenjana 2011, Gressler 2013, van Ryssen et al. 2013, Eliyahu et al. 2015and López 2015 , including that on the potential to feed pigs with El valor nutritivo de dietas ricas en grasa para cerdos, debido al uso de pulpa de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) ha sido examinado en diversos estudios (Grageola 2010, Fránquez 2013, Hernández 2014y Ly et al. 2015. Se sabe que la digestibilidad rectal de nutrientes de este tipo de comida es relativamente alta. ...
... Aunque existe información sobre la zootecnia de alimentar animales con pasta de aguacate (Pulido et al. 1996, Skenjana et al. 2006, Skenjana 2011, Gressler 2013, van Ryssen et al. 2013, Eliyahu et al. 2015y López 2015, incluída aquella sobre el potencial de alimentar avocado products (Gillespie and Wallace 1955, Carter 2015and Carter et al.2015, there is no data available on productive traits of pigs fed with different avocado products, although in Mexico, for example, it is known that in the country's orchards, pigs are usually raised with surplus avocados or not suitable for marketing (Barkin et al. 2004). ...
A total of 16 Yorkshire x Landrace pigs, castrated males and
females in a 1: 1 ratio, with an average of 67.0 kg of live weight,
were randomly distributed in two treatments, which consisted
of diets formulated to contain 0 and 21 % of fresh paste of
waste avocado (Persea americana Mill.). The paste was made
up of ripe whole fruits, and contained 14.3 % of crude fiber
and 49.2 % of ether extract. There was a significant decrease
(P = 0.001) in food intake and feed conversion in animals fed
with avocado diet (2.34 kg DM/d and 2.75 kg DM/kg gain)
with respect to those of the control diet (3.30 kg DM/d and
3.13 kg DM/kg gain). The performance traits were significantly
correlated (P = 0.001) between each other. The animals intake less
(58.3 %) of the food offered with paste with respect to the offer
that did not contain it (74.4 %) (P = 0.143). The ingestion speed
decreased from 50.1 to 31.5 g fresh / min (P = 0.027) and from 43.5 to
17.7 g DM/min (P = 0.001). It is suggested that 21 % of fresh
paste of waste avocado in the diet influences positively on the feed
conversion efficiency of finished pigs, but the weight gain decreases
when the voluntary intake of food reduces.
... Although there is information on animal husbandry fed on avocado paste (Pulido et al. 1996, Skenjana et al. 2006, Skenjana 2011, Gressler 2013, van Ryssen et al. 2013, Eliyahu et al. 2015and López 2015 , including that on the potential to feed pigs with El valor nutritivo de dietas ricas en grasa para cerdos, debido al uso de pulpa de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) ha sido examinado en diversos estudios (Grageola 2010, Fránquez 2013, Hernández 2014y Ly et al. 2015. Se sabe que la digestibilidad rectal de nutrientes de este tipo de comida es relativamente alta. ...
... Aunque existe información sobre la zootecnia de alimentar animales con pasta de aguacate (Pulido et al. 1996, Skenjana et al. 2006, Skenjana 2011, Gressler 2013, van Ryssen et al. 2013, Eliyahu et al. 2015y López 2015, incluída aquella sobre el potencial de alimentar avocado products (Gillespie and Wallace 1955, Carter 2015and Carter et al.2015, there is no data available on productive traits of pigs fed with different avocado products, although in Mexico, for example, it is known that in the country's orchards, pigs are usually raised with surplus avocados or not suitable for marketing (Barkin et al. 2004). ...
A total of 16 Yorkshire x Landrace pigs, castrated males and females in a 1: 1 ratio, with an average of 67.0 kg of live weight, were randomly distributed in two treatments, which consisted of diets formulated to contain 0 and 21 % of fresh paste of waste avocado (Persea americana Mill.). The paste was made up of ripe whole fruits, and contained 14.3 % of crude fiber and 49.2 % of ether extract. There was a significant decrease (P = 0.001) in food intake and feed conversion in animals fed with avocado diet (2.34 kg DM/d and 2.75 kg DM/kg gain) with respect to those of the control diet (3.30 kg DM/d and 3.13 kg DM/kg gain). The performance traits were significantly correlated (P = 0.001) between each other. The animals intake less (58.3 %) of the food offered with paste with respect to the offer that did not contain it (74.4 %) (P = 0.143). The ingestion speed decreased from 50.1 to 31.5 g fresh / min (P = 0.027) and from 43.5 to 17.7 g DM/min (P = 0.001). It is suggested that 21 % of fresh paste of waste avocado in the diet influences positively on the feed conversion efficiency of finished pigs, but the weight gain decreases when the voluntary intake of food reduces.
... Improved dry matter intake and significant total digestibility of DM, OM, and NDF were observed in adult sheep fed a total mixed ration (TMR) containing moist okara silage [72,73]. A mixture of alfalfa hay and concentrate (50:50%) fed to Barki sheep and Balady goats resulted in 58.5 and 53.4% DM digestibility, 58.4 and 53.5% OM digestibility, 68.1 and 62.6% CP digestibility, and 58.4 and 51.1% neutral detergent fiber digestibility in sheep and goats, respectively [74]. ...
Simple Summary
This review highlights the benefits of using valuable alternative feeds such as crop residues, silage, grasses, hay, browse, plant leaves, shrubs, and agro-industrial by-products in small ruminants’ diets. Alternative feeds can significantly improve the productivity and reduce carbon footprints and GHG fluxes of small ruminant farms, making them both environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Additionally, these alternative feeds possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiseptic properties that can enhance the quality of the meat and milk produced.
Abstract
Small ruminants, such as sheep (Ovisaries) and goats (Capra hircus), contribute to approximately 475 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for approximately 6.5% of the global emissions in the agriculture sector. Crop residues, silage, grasses, hay, browse, plant leaves, shrubs, agro-industrial by-products, poultry litter, and other alternative feed sources are frequently utilized for small ruminant production. The use of these valuable alternative feeds can significantly improve animal productivity and reduce carbon footprints and GHG fluxes, making it both environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Additionally, these alternative feeds possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiseptic properties that can enhance the quality of the meat and milk produced. By impacting the bacteria involved in ruminal biohydrogenation, alternative feeds can reduce methane emissions and contribute to a decrease in the carbon footprint. Overall, the use of alternative feed sources for small ruminants generally improves their apparent nutrient digestibility and productivity, and has an impact on the production of greenhouse gases, especially methane. Finally, this review recommends evaluating the economic analysis of reducing methane emissions in small ruminants by utilizing different feed sources and feeding techniques.
... Associative effects are primarily expressed as consequences of supplementation that change voluntary intake of forage and/or digestibility of the fibrous components of the forage (Dixon and Stockdale, 1999). Supplements high in starch can negatively affect ruminal Eliyahu et al. (2015). h Low treatment was omitted due to feed restriction. ...
... The milk production responses varied from slight decreases [10], to no differences [11,12], to slight increases [13] depending on the quality of feeds they replaced in the diets used. The use of moist, easily perishable vegetable by-products such as PBP is challenged by their fast deterioration [14]. Preservatives can be added to materials to improve quality, such as increasing aerobic stability [15], which allows for more efficient logistics. ...
Vegetable by-products have great potential for use as animal feeds and thus could improve the sustainability of the food system. The objective was to evaluate the milk production potential of potato by-product (PBP) replacing cereal grains in grass silage-based total mixed ration (TMR). Additionally, a laboratory scale experiment was conducted to assess the effect of PBP and chemical preservatives on the aerobic stability of TMRs. A change-over dairy cow feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of 135 g/kg (on a dry matter (DM) basis) of PBP in TMR. Additionally, the aerobic stability of TMR was evaluated by preparing TMRs with increasing levels of PBP and treated with different doses of formic and propionic acid or salt-based preservatives. The inclusion of PBP in dairy cow diets decreased feed intake, but organic matter digestibility was greater in the PBP diet, resulting in only slightly decreased production (milk protein 1435 vs. 1363 g/day, p < 0.05; milk lactose 1716 vs. 1606 g/day, p < 0.05). The aerobic stability of TMR was negatively affected by the inclusion of PBP, but it could to a limited extent be prolonged using chemical preservatives. The inclusion of PBP decreased feed intake and milk production to some extent when included in the diet of high-producing dairy cows. The utilization of PBP may, however, be justified from a sustainability point of view, as it provides a way to circulate the nutrients of a non-human edible feed material back into the food chain.
... More key species and even dominant strains in whole-plant paper mulberry silage are yet to be discovered. In addition, during large-scale production, the branches and edible parts remaining after the removal of the tender leaves and stems are discarded, which is not only a waste of resources but may also create environmental pressure (Eliyahu et al., 2015;. Furthermore, the effects of indigenous dominant LAB screened from other silages and low proportions of corn flour on the composition and function of the microbial community of the whole-plant paper mulberry are rarely reported. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of inoculation with two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lentilactobacillus buchneri) and the addition of four corn flour proportions (0, 3, 6, and 9%) in different treatments, on the composition and function of the bacterial community in whole-plant paper mulberry silage. The different treatments promoted Lactiplantibacillus, Lentilactobacillus, and Lacticaseibacillus growth, but the microbial species responsible for fermentation differed among the treatments. High species diversity and various Gram-negative bacteria, such as Flavitalea sp., Pantoea agglomerans, Acinetobacter pittii, Turicibacter sanguinis, and Ralstonia pickettii, were found in the uninoculated LAB treatments. A beneficial bacterium, Lactobacillus johnsonii, was discovered for the first time in whole-plant paper mulberry silage. LAB inoculation simplifies the microbial community structure, and beneficial Lactobacillus as a key species aggregates in the inoculated treatment group. However, L. rhamnosus inoculation alone may have limited bacteriostatic activity against in whole-plant paper mulberry silage. Compared with silage lacking corn flour, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, galactose metabolism, the phosphotransferase system and the pentose phosphate pathway metabolic activity were increased in corn flour-containing silage. Whole-plant paper mulberry can be used as a high-quality silage to provide high-quality feed resources for sustainable ruminant livestock production. Moreover, additive use is necessary for preparing paper mulberry silage.
... All by-products and other feed materials showed considerable variation within the DM contents. Findings the DM determined in this study are consistent with the findings of relevant studies (White 1985;Arosemena et al. 1995;Aghsaghali and Sis 2008;Lardy and Anderson 2009;Azevêdo et al. 2012;Eliyahu et al. 2015;Wadhwa et al. 2015). However, the range reported by Gupta et al. (1993) (carrot, potato) and INRA (2004) (rice bran, soybean hull, cottonseed) were lower, when DM contents declared by NRC (2001) (apple pomace, tomato pomace) ; and Filleau et al. (2018) (apple pomace, grape stalk) were exceptionally high value some samples.These differences could be due to different agronomic practices adapted in different regions and also originated by different industrial processing methods. ...
The growing consumption of ruminant animal products gives rise to a huge demand of animal feed in growing countries. By-product feeds, waste fruits-vegetables, and crop residues should be considered as a valuable alternative feed resource in ruminant nutrition. This waste can be reutilized and converted by ruminants to valuable products for human benefits as a new resource and in return to increase the effectiveness of limited feed sources. But, there are limited new information and research regarding the nutritive value of this waste for ruminants. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potential of some agro-industrial by-products, waste fruits-vegetable, and crop residue for ruminants specifically. Fourteen by-products, waste fruits-vegetable and crop residue were collected from the west part regions of Turkey. Nine by-product feeds (whole cottonseed, rice bran, soybean hull, apple pomade, citrus pulp, grape pomade, tomato pomade, grape stalk, rice hull), three waste fruits (dry grape, dry fig, carrot), one waste vegetable (potato) and also one crop residue (cornstalk) were analyzed for nutritional composition and metabolizable energy values were calculated by crude nutrients for ruminants. Further, energy, DMD, and OMD of these samples were investigated by using the cellulose enzyme method. All samples were analyzed the macro minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg) and the microelements (Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) contents. In the research, all samples regarding the parameters in DM, ash, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NSC, NDF, ADF, starch, sugar, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, DMD, OMD, MECN, and MECEL were different (P<0.05). The study showed that the waste fruits, vegetable, and by-products have valuable sugar (grape, fig, and carrot), starch (potato, rice bran), NSC (citrus pulp), and oil (cottonseed) content that is the main compounds making them high energetic feeds for ruminants. Also, most of these research materials have enough or much more macro and micro mineral concentrations for ruminant nutrition.
... It was reported that 50% of the total FAs present in freeze-dried and ground okara consisted of C18:2c9c12, which is slightly less than that reported for soybean meal (52% of the total FAs; [101,102]). Several studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of moist okara in diets on ruminants, and no adverse effects on dry matter intake and production performance have been reported [103][104][105][106]. Improved dry matter intake and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and NDF have been observed in mature lambs fed with TMR containing wet okara silage [107]. However, all the above-mentioned studies used wet or ensiled okara. ...
Milk fat is an important nutritional compound in the human diet. From the health point of view, some fatty acids (FAs), particularly long-chain PUFAs such as EPA and DHA, have been at the forefront of interest due to their antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties, which play a positive role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as well as linoleic and γ-linolenic acids, which play an important role in CVD treatment as essential components of phospholipids in the mitochondria of cell membranes. Thus, the modification of the FA profile—especially an increase in the concentration of polyunsaturated FAs and n-3 FAs in bovine milk fat—is desirable. The most effective way to achieve this goal is via dietary manipulations. The effects of various strategies in dairy nutrition have been thoroughly investigated; however, there are some alternative or unconventional feedstuffs that are often used for purposes other than basic feeding or modifying the fatty acid profiles of milk, such as tanniferous plants, herbs and spices, and algae. The use of these foods in dairy diets and their effects on milk fatty acid profile are reviewed in this article. The contents of selected individual FAs (atherogenic, rumenic, linoleic, α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids) and their combinations; the contents of n3 and n6 FAs; n6/n3 ratios; and atherogenic, health-promoting and S/P indices were used as criteria for assessing the effect of these feeds on the health properties of milk fat.
... In addition, DMI and concentrations of milk fat and protein did not change when wet okara plus cracked corn replaced wheat middlings plus ground corn or wheat middlings plus SBM in diets of lactating ewes (Harthan and Cherney, 2017). Eliyahu et al. (2015) observed improved DMI and apparent total-tract digestibilities of DM, OM, and NDF in mature lambs fed TMR containing wet okara silage compared with grape pulp or avocado pulp silages. All studies cited above fed wet or ensiled okara to ruminants, but research exploring the use of dried okara (i.e., okara meal) as a protein source for lactating dairy cows is scarce. ...
Okara meal is a byproduct from the production of soymilk and tofu and can potentially replace soybean meal (SBM) in dairy diets due to its high crude protein (CP) concentration and residual fat. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of replacing SBM with okara meal on feed intake, yields of milk and milk components, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, nutrient utilization, and plasma AA concentration in lactating dairy cows. Twelve multiparous (65 ± 33 d in milk) and 8 primiparous (100 ± 35 d in milk) organically certified Jersey cows were paired by parity or days in milk, and within pair, randomly assigned to treatments in a crossover design with 21-d periods (14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection). Diets were fed as total mixed ration formulated to be isonitrogenous and isofibrous and contained (dry matter basis) 50% mixed, mostly grass baleage, 2% sugarcane liquid molasses, 2% minerals-vitamins premix, and either (1) 8.1% SBM, 10% soyhulls, and 27.9% ground corn (CTRL); or (2) 15% okara meal, 8% soyhulls, and 23% ground corn (OKR). Dietary CP, ash-free neutral detergent fiber, and total FA averaged 15.4, 35.3, and 3.08% for CTRL and 15.9%, 36.3%, and 3.74% for OKR, respectively. Substitution of SBM with okara meal did not alter dry matter intake but increased intakes of CP and ash-free neutral detergent fiber. Additionally, no significant differences between treatments were observed for yields of milk and milk components, and concentrations of milk fat, lactose, and total solids. However, milk true protein concentration was lower in cows fed OKR (3.76%) versus CTRL (3.81%). Both milk urea N (8.51 vs. 9.47 mg/dL) and plasma urea N (16.9 vs. 17.8 mg/dL) concentrations decreased with OKR relative to the CTRL diet, respectively. Compared with CTRL, feeding OKR lowered the milk proportions of total odd-chain FA, de novo FA, and mixed FA and increased those of preformed FA, total n-6 FA, and total n-3 FA. The milk proportions of trans-10 18:1, trans-11 18:1, and cis-9,trans-11 18:2 were greater with feeding OKR versus the CTRL diet. The apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients, urinary excretion of total purine derivatives (uric acid plus allantoin), and total N were not affected by treatments. Except for plasma Leu, which was lower in OKR compared with the CTRL diet, no other significant changes in the plasma concentrations of AA were observed. The plasma concentration of carnosine was lowest in cows receiving the OKR diet. Overall, our results revealed that okara meal can completely replace SBM without negatively affecting production and nutrient digestibility in early- to mid-lactation Jersey cows. Further research is needed to assess the economic feasibility of including okara meal in dairy diets, as well as the amount of okara meal that maximizes yields of milk and milk components in dairy cows in different stages of lactation.
... The dietary inclusion of B. papyrifera offers an alternative approach to replace protein ingredients in ruminant production; however, the seasonal production of B. papyrifera hinders its continuous and extensive application in feed rations, and excessive production B. papyrifera would be usually abandoned in the field casing environmental issues (Eliyahu et al., 2015;Li et al., 2019). Recent research has shown that preservation of B. papyrifera by ensilage is both beneficial and sustainable for dairy and beef production (Si et al., 2018;Tao et al., 2019). ...
... The use of alternative feeds in diets can improve the quantity and quality of ruminant feed by including regional byproducts purchased at low cost to replace traditional ingredients, such as corn and soybean meal, among other ingredients of high commercial value. Therefore, many studies have been conducted in recent years to assess whether these byproducts can be used without negatively affecting animal production (LUZ et al., 2017;ELIYAHU et al., 2015;ABUBAKRET al., 2013;HABIB et al., 2013). ...
This study evaluated the chemical composition and ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) and crude protein (CP) in byproducts of African oil palm (palm cake, kernel or fiber), macaúba (pulp cake and kernel cake), acai (acai fruit), babassu (kernel cake) and pineapple (peel, crown and bagasse silage). Nineteen rumen-fistulated sheep were kept in individual stalls, receiving a daily diet composed of elephant grass silage and corn and soybean concentrate. After preparation in nylon bags, the byproduct samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 12, 16, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours, with three replicates of each ingredient per incubation time. The divergence between the protein nutritional value and energy nutritional value, based on discriminatory variables between groups, was estimated by cluster analysis. The effective degradability of DM, NDFap and CP for the different byproducts was, respectively, 35.9, 26.9 and 59.0% for palm cake; 48.3, 34.3 and 76.4% for palm kernel; 21.1, 6.6 and 50.3% for palm fiber; 34.3, 15.0 and 52.8% for macaúba pulp cake; 58.1; 63.0 and 51.6% for macaúba kernel cake; 49.7, 49.6 and 41.8% for babassu cake; 53.4, 40.5 and 79.8% for pineapple bagasse silage; and 21.3, 17.0 and 38.9% for acai fruit. Based on their NDFap and CP characteristics, the feeds were clustered in up to four different groups.
... A better alternative is to use them directly for feeding ruminants (Santos et al. 2014). However, seasonal production is the main obstacle for standardization of grape pomace as a continuous and steady ingredient in ruminant rations (Eliyahu et al. 2015). Therefore, the better preservation of this by-product as possible feed for productive ruminants is necessary. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape pomace (GP) with different adding levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, fresh matter basis), alone (GP-LAB) or in combine with an inoculant LAB (GP+LAB), on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage. After 90 days of ensiling in vacuumized mini-silos, silages were subject to a 7-day aerobic stability test, in which chemical, microbial and polyphenol composition were measured. In the GP-LAB group, adding GP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and butyric acid in silage. In the GP+LAB group, adding GP increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid, WSC and crude protein, decreased (P < 0.05) final pH value, NH3 -N ratio and butyric acid concentration in silage. Polyphenol level was reduced (P < 0.05) after silage fermentation. During aerobic exposure, the fungi count, pH value and silage temperature increased (P < 0.05), the levels of lactic acid, acetic acid and polyphenols (quercetin 3-O-glucoside and quercetin 3-O-glucuronid) decreased (P < 0.05) in silage. GP+LAB treated silage had a lag phase for aerobic spoilage. When the fermentation products, microbial counts, chemical and polyphenol composition were considered, the use of 10% GP+LAB at ensiling could provide a valuable source for improved fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage.
Animal feeds under ruminant production are a challenge, and ruminants are mostly fed on fibrous plants including high-moisture plant by-products (HMPBs). These HMPBs are available during the food processing periods and cannot be fed entirely in their fresh form. These resources are conserved in the form of silage for future feeding. Silage-making entails the anaerobic preservation of forages with the aid of additives that reduce the pH of the ensiled materials and preserve the forage. Most silage research work focuses mainly on the preservation of forages/plants, with less attention on HMPBs. This review focuses on the silage production from HMPBs (e.g., pulps/pomaces), challenges involved in the ensiling of these resources, use of additives (e.g., chemical additives), and growth performance of ruminants fed silage from these resources. This review will assist farmers from developing countries who rely on HMPBs as sources of animal feed.
This study was conducted to investigate effects of supplementing different levels (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0% of buffered rumen fluid) of acetonic extract of pomegranate peel on rumen fermentation kinetics of sunflower seed meal (SFM), using in vitro gas production technique. The samples were incubated in syringes containing rumen liquor obtained from three cannulated Iranian Ghezel rams for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36h. Results indicated that, addition of acetonic extract of pomegranate peel resulted in increase in gas production volume in all of incubation times (p < 0.0001). Amount of gas production, also increased by increasing dose of the extract. Amounts of a (the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction), b (the gas production from the insoluble fraction) and a + b (the potential gas production) for pomegranate peel extract supplemented sunflower seed meal were higher (p < 0.05) than that of control meal. Adding pomegranate peel extract resulted in increase estimated short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production as well as digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL) content of SFM. Production of SCFA as well as DOM, ME and NEL content of SFM increased (p < 0.05) by enhancing the level of the extract supplementation. In conclusion, it can be suggest that, supplementing acetonic extract of pomegranate peel may be lead to higher ruminal fermentation and better nutritive value of SFM in ruminants.
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of processed agro-food by-products were assessed in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Each experimental diet was obtained by replacing 300 g/kg of a commercial-based diet used as reference (REF) with a test ingredient: wheat germ (GERM), okara meal (OKA), poultry by-product meal (POULT), steam hydrolysed (FeHY) and enzyme-treated feather meal (FeENZ), beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) and peptide fractions >3,000 Da obtained from brewer's yeast (YeastP) and fish by-products (FishP). Dry matter ADC was highest in β-Lg (95%) and lowest in OKA (40%). Protein ADCs were high in β-Lg, FishP, GERM and POULT (>93%); intermediate in FeHY and FeENZ (85%–88%); and moderate in OKA and YeastP (70%–78%). The essential amino acids' ADC mean was above 91% in POULT, β-Lg, GERM and FishP, 84%–89% in FeHY and FeENZ and 73%–76% in YeastP and OKA. Energy ADC was highest in POULT and β-Lg (89%–95%) and lowest in YeastP and OKA (61%–64%). Lipid ADC was highest for POULT and GERM (100%). Phosphorus ADC was lowest in GERM (19%) and highest in β-Lg (88%). FeHY, FeENZ, POULT, GERM, FishP and β-Lg are highlighted as protein sources for European seabass.
Based on a previous ensiling study in glass silos of various pomegranate pulp (PP) mixtures, fresh pomegranate pulp (PP) was mixed with drier feeds including soy hulls and corn silage (40:35:25 on DM basis) and ensiled in 32 pressed bales (700 kg each) wrapped with stretch polyethylene film. This ensiled pomegranate pulp mixture (PPM) was included in lactating cow total mixed ration (TMR) at a level of 20% of DM (PPM-TMR). Performance and digestion experiment was conducted with two groups of 21 milking cows each, fed individually one of the two TMR: 1. Control TMR without ensiled PPM; 2. Experimental TMR which contained 20% ensiled PPM, including 8% PP as corn grain replacer. Voluntary DM intake of cows fed the control TMR was 5·04% higher than that of the PPM cows. In vivo digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, CP and fat were significantly higher in the control cows compared with the PPM group, but methane production in the rumen fluid was 25% lower in the PPM cows. A slightly higher milk yield (by 2·2%) observed in the control cows; however, milk fat content was 5·9% higher in the PPM cows. This was reflected in similar yield of energy corrected milk (ECM) and 3·97% increase in production efficiency (ECM/DM intake) of the PPM cows compared with the control ones. Welfare of the cows, as assessed by length of daily recumbence time, was in the normal range for both groups. Body weight gain was also similar in both groups. Data suggest that the level of 8% PP in the PPM-TMR used in this study was probably too high for lactating cows and should be lowered to 4% in order to achieve better performance.
Waste products from the avocado (avocado meal, AM) and macadamia (macadamia oilcake, MOC and macadamia chips, MCH) processing industries have the potential to be included in animal diets, depending on their nutritive value. Avocado meal consisted of oil-extracted avocados unsuitable for the fruit market; MOC consisted of oil-extracted remnants of macadamia nuts, while MCH was a mixture of pieces of macadamia nuts and hull chips. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and the in situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability of these products. These waste products were also analysed for components that could influence their digestibility, viz. fibre components, acid detergent lignin (ADL), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) and condensed tannin. To determine in situ DM and CP degradability the products were incubated for 0, 2, 5, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h in the rumens of lucerne-fed sheep. The IVOMD of AM was 54.3%, that of MOC 79.2% and that of MCH 29.2%. The rate and extent of DM and CP degradation in MOC were significantly higher than those of AM. However, degradability of MCH was very low, suggesting that it contains a high proportion of indigestible components. The NDF concentrations ranged from 404.4 g/kg DM in MOC to 558.3 g/kg DM in MCH. The ADL concentrations of AM, MOC and MCH were 258.0, 117.5 and 254.6 g/kg DM, respectively, which could explain some of the differences in digestibility and degradability between the products. It was concluded that AM and MOC could be used as ingredients in the diets of ruminants, but that MCH is not suitable as a feedstuff for ruminants. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Tropical fruit waste, acid detergent lignin, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, condensed tannin, digestibility # Corresponding author.
Pomegranate peel is a nutritive-rich byproduct whose amounts are extensively growing due to the exponential increase in the production of pomegranate juice and "ready to eat" arils. Pomegranate peel is a rich source for antioxidants and thus may serve in the prevention of cattle diseases and in the improvement of beef products, making it an attractive component in beef cattle diets. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of commonly used storage practices on the nutritive and antioxidative properties of pomegranate peel. In general, storage conditions preserved most antioxidant capacity. Ensiling ambivalently affected the nutritive values of the peel and promoted increased levels of antioxidative components. In addition to polyphenols, nonphenolic components, such as alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, contributed to the total antioxidative capacity, and several minerals found in the peel added to its nutritional value. Dietary supplementation with fresh peels promoted significant increases in feed intake and alpha-tocopherol concentration in the plasma, with positive tendency toward increased weight gain of bull calves. All in all, the nutritive value and the antioxidant capacity of pomegranate peel turn it into a favorable health-promoting constituent of feedlot beef cattle diet.
The objective of the current study was to determine the storage shelf life of wet and semi-dry total mixed rations (TMRs) baled silages under farm conditions. Large bales of wet and semi dry TMR at dry matter (DM) content of 500 and 650g/kg, respectively, weighing 600–750kg were prepared and stored outdoors up to five months during the hot spring and summer months in Israel. Ambient high temperatures were 25–28°C in spring and 33–36°C in summer. A high dry matter density of above 400kg/m3 was obtained in the bales. During storage there was an intensive build up of lactic acid (>100g/kg DM) and the pH values in both wet and dry TMRs decreased to around 4.3. Dry matter losses during storage were small, but neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) decreased by about 100g/kg during storage. The nutritional parameters including in vitro DM digestibility were hardly changed during storage. Fresh wet and semi-dry TMRs were spoiled, whereas the stored TMRs were stable upon aerobic exposure. In conclusion, during storage of baled TMR wrapped with polyethylene stretch film, an ensiling process takes place, and it is possible to store such bales outdoors for at least up to 4.5 months with enhanced aerobic stability.
It was the objective to compare the digestibility and energy value of fresh grape pomace originating from either white or red wine species. The white grape pomace had higher sugar, but lower fiber concentrations than the red wine pomace. Pomace was mixed with a basal diet and digestibilities were determined with adult wether sheep for the basal diet and the diets containing grape pomace. Faeces were quantitatively collected for 6 days following 14 days of adjustment to the diets. Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet significantly reduced digestibilities and the ME content of the diet, these effects being more pronounced for red grape pomace than for white grape pomace. Digestibilities calculated by difference for the white (and red) grape pomace were 56% (32%) for organic matter, 8% (30%) for crude protein, 19% (6%) for crude fiber, 21% (15%) for neutral detergent fiber, and 7% (0%) for acid detergent fiber. The ME concentration was 8.3 and 5.8MJ/kg dry matter for white and red grape pomace, respectively. It was concluded that grape pomace can substantially vary in the feeding value for ruminants, depending on the technical details of the wine production process.
Effect of feeding pellets containing soy hulls (SH) as starchy grain substitute on milking performance was measured in Assaf lactating ewes. Eighty ewes were divided into two equal groups of forty animals each, and fed for eight weeks, one of the two experimental diets. Both diets contained 25% vetch hay and 10% wheat silage served at the feeding lane plus additive of 65% pellets served part on top of roughage in the feeding lane and part during milking. Diets differed only in the composition of the pelleted additive, being either high starch pellets in the control treatment or pellets containing 51% SH as starch replacer in the experimental group. In vitro organic matter digestibility of the two types of pellets was similar, whereas NDF digestibility and NDF content were higher in the SH pellets. The ewes fed the SH pellets demonstrated higher daily DM and NDF intake (2.71 and 1.19kg/d, respectively) as compared with the control group (2.44 and 0.71kg, respectively). This was reflected by significantly higher milk yield (2.41kg/d versus 2.10kg/d), milk fat content (6.05% versus 5.16%), and milk fat yield (0.15kg/d versus 0.11kg/d) in the experimental group as compared with the control ewes. Milk protein yields were similar in both treatments. Data suggest potential advantage of feeding the SH pellets for high producing lactating ewes.
The present study was carried out to determine the chemical composition, digestibility and degradability of dried grape by-product (DGB). The data was analyzed using completely randomized design. The mean values of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), total phenol (TP) and total tannin (TT) for DGB were 884.5, 926, 63.5, 255, 259, 67, and 52.3g/kg DM, respectively. The DM and OM digestibilities were not affected when up to 450g/kg of dietary alfalfa was replaced by DGB, but CP, NDF, and ADF digestibilities were reduced by the addition of DGB to diets (P<0.05). The concentrations of VFA and NH3-N were reduced when alfalfa was replaced with up to 450g/kg DGB (P<0.05). The effective degradability of DM and CP was 0.638 and 0.701 based on in situ fermentation. Results showed that adding DGB reduced CP digestibility and ruminal NH3-N and VFA production.
The concentrations of phenolics of three grape varieties and two red wines were determined. The red grape variety and the red wines contain phenolics at concentrations of 920 mg/kg and 1800 and 3200 mg/L, respectively. The antioxidative effects of wine phenolics on the catalysis of lipid peroxidation by biological catalysts such as myoglobin, cytochrome c, iron ascorbate, and copper ions were estimated. Lipid peroxidation catalyzed by myoglobin, cytochrome c, and iron ascorbate was inhibited (I-50) by wine phenolics at concentrations of 0.2, 0.35, and 0.9 mu g of phenolics/mL. The antioxidative effects of wine phenolics were determined also in a system containing low-density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidized ex vivo by CU2+ ions. The inhibition of LDL oxidation by wine phenolics was compared with that by alpha-tocopherol. The results show I-50 inhibitions of less than 1 mu M for wine phenolics and 2 mu M for alpha-tocopherol, respectively. The nutritional implications of natural antioxidants at high concentration in grapes, wines, and byproducts, and their utilization in foods, are discussed.
Saccharomyces uvarum, Geotrichum candidum, Endomycopsis burtonii and Hansemula canadensis have been isolated from deteriorated silages and/or spoiled lactic acid fermented foods. All yeasts could grow in relatively high (100 mmol/l) concentrations of acetate or lactate in Wickerham's assimilation broth but were inhibited by increasing concentrations of these acids. Propionate was much more inhibitory than acetate or lactate. Growth rate, but not final cell yield, was adversely affected by increasing concentrations of these acids. The three acids used in combination were synergistically inhibitory to H. canadensis and G. candidum. Saccharomyces uvarum was inhibited by synergistic mixtures of acetate/propionate. Endomycopsis burtonii and H. canadensis were inhibited by synergistic mixtures of acetate/lactate, acetate/propionate and lactate/propionate. Lactate and propionate had a synergistic inhibitory effect on G. candidum. The mechanism of inhibition of growth of S. uvarum by acetate and propionate was further investigated. Acetate and propionate each caused a reduction in cellular efficiency (Y, μg cells/μmole glucose consumed). Mixtures caused a drastic reduction in growth rate and Y. These results suggest that the cells may expend energy in reducing intracellular concentrations of acetate while propionate probably acts in a different manner.
A simple technique for the determination in vitro of the dry- or organic-matter digestibility of small (0·5 g) samples of dried forages is described. It involves incubation first with rumen liquor and then with acid pepsin. Using 146 samples of grass, clover and lucerne of known in vivo digestibility (Y), the regression equation Y= 0·99 X– 1·01 (S.E. ± 2·31) has been calculated, where X=in vitro dry-matter digestibility. This technique has been used for the study of the digestibilities of plant breeder's material, of the leaf and stem fractions of herbage and of herbage consumed by animals.
The effects of ethyl alcohol on the growth rate and yield of representative isolates of obligately anaerobic rumen bacteria were studied. Yield was monitored as turbidity at 600 nm until stationary phase was obtained and quantitated as protein per milliter. Rate was determined as the fastest rate of turbidity doubling. With very few exceptions, within the concentration range allowing growth, no effects of alcohol concentration were observed on rate, but substantial effects were found on yield. Growth of most of the organisms studied was completely inhibited at an alcohol concentration between 3% and 7% vol/vol, but the growth ofBacteroides amylophilus andRuminococcus flavefaciens was drastically reduced or eliminated at a 1% alcohol concentration. It is likely that major physiological and biochemical differences exist among anaerobic rumen bacteria, and taxonomically similar organisms, as a function of alcohol exposure.
Tofu, an oriental soy food now produced commercially in countries outside of its traditional home, was prepared from soybeans of the cultivars Edgar, Hutton and Prima. The product, which is cheese-like in character and in method of preparation, was produced according to a modified method which included the addition of a coagulant mixture consisting of calcium chloride dihydrate and calcium sulphate dihydrate at levels which not only resulted in good tofu yields, but also elevated the calcium levels in such a manner as to make the product comparable to cheese as regards the wet weight concentration of this essential dietary mineral.Tofu, together with its fibrous byproduct, okara, and also the soybeans used in their manufacture, were subjected to food chemical analysis, namely the proximate as well as mineral and B group vitamin (thiamin, riboflavin and nicotinic acid) contents; in addition, specific analyses were performed to determine the contents of insoluble as well as soluble fibre, phytic acid, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and starch. Average energy values were calculated from the data for protein, oil and total carbohydrates.
Simple sugars, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and their derivatives, including the methyl ethers with free or potentially free reducing groups, give an orange-yellow color when treated with phenol and concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction is sensitive and the color is stable. By use of this phenol-sulfuric acid reaction, a method has been developed to determine submicro amounts of sugars and related substances. In conjunction with paper partition chromatography the method is useful for the determination of the composition of polysaccharides and their methyl derivatives.
Polyphenolics are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and are often present in the diet of herbivores. The two major groups of plant polyphenolic compounds other than lignin are condensed and hydrolysable tannins. These compounds can have toxic and/or antinutritional effects on the animal. It is well established that tannins complex with dietary proteins can reduce nitrogen supply to the animal, but the ability of gastrointestinal microorganisms to metabolise these compounds and their effects on microbial populations have received little attention. In this paper, we review recent literature on the topic as well as present research from our laboratories on the effect of condensed tannins on rumen microbial ecology and rumen metabolism. Interactions of tannins with dietary components and endogenous protein in the rumen and post-ruminally, and their impact on the nutrition of the animal are considered. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
There is a need to standardize the NDF procedure. Procedures have varied because of the use of different amylases in attempts to remove starch interference. The original Bacillus subtilis enzyme Type IIIA (XIA) no longer is available and has been replaced by a less effective enzyme. For fiber work, a new enzyme has received AOAC approval and is rapidly displacing other amylases in analytical work. This enzyme is available from Sigma (Number A3306; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). The original publications for NDF and ADF (43, 53) and the Agricultural Handbook 379 (14) are obsolete and of historical interest only. Up to date procedures should be followed. Triethylene glycol has replaced 2-ethoxyethanol because of reported toxicity. Considerable development in regard to fiber methods has occurred over the past 5 yr because of a redefinition of dietary fiber for man and monogastric animals that includes lignin and all polysaccharides resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes. In addition to NDF, new improved methods for total dietary fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides including pectin and beta-glucans now are available. The latter are also of interest in rumen fermentation. Unlike starch, their fermentations are like that of cellulose but faster and yield no lactic acid. Physical and biological properties of carbohydrate fractions are more important than their intrinsic composition.
Digestibility of total and cell wall monosaccharides was studied in sheep with ruminal and duodenal cannulae and fed three wheat straw-based diets: untreated, treated with SO2, treated with SO2 plus cellulase and a fourth diet, which was barley-based. In untreated straw, 90% of total monosaccharides are cell wall bound. Sulfur dioxide treatment solubilized mainly the matrix sugars, reducing their content from 22.1 to 9.76 g/100 g DM in straw. The combined treatment (SO2 plus cellulase) solubilized most of the cell wall sugars so that the most of the cell wall sugars so that the residual cell wall contained only 31% of the total sugars originally present. Treatments increased total monosaccharide digestibility from 63 to 90% and of cell wall monosaccharides from 58 to 84 and 88%. The proportion of digestible monosaccharides degraded in the rumen was increased up to 95% by the treatments. Total monosaccharide digestibility was similar in both treated straws, but degradation of the residual cell wall monosaccharides was somewhat lower in the combined treatment compared with the SO2-treated straw.
Recent research has demonstrated the effectiveness of added fat in diets to maintain milk production and fat percent. Much of the earlier work which indicated that fat affects digestion negatively may not be applicable because of great differences in the nature of diets and fats fed and especially in total feed intake. Nevertheless, much remains to be learned about interactions of fat, fiber, calcium, and rumen microorganisms if feeding of fat is to be maximized. The uniquely high acidity in the duodenum combined with detergent action of bile acids, lysolecithin, and fatty acids causes saturated fatty acids to be more digestible in ruminants than in nonruminants. Large quantities of added dietary fat increase concentrations in plasma of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride which increases their uptake by the mammary gland with inhibition of short chain fatty acid synthesis and consequent changes in milk fatty acid composition. In some cases, secretion of milk fat is increased. Current research and practice demonstrate that 3 to 5% fat may be added to diets for lactation to increase energy intake of high-producing cows and/or to reduce starch feeding, thereby increasing the ratio of forage to concentrate to prevent depression of milk fat.
We divided the adhesion process of the predominant cellulolytic rumen bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Ruminococcus albus into four phases: 1) transport of the nonmotile bacteria to the substrate; 2) initial nonspecific adhesion of bacteria to unprotected sites of the substrate that is dominated by constitutive elements of bacterial glycocalyx; 3) specific adhesion via adhesins or ligands formation with the substrate, which can be dominated by several bacterial organelles including cellulosome complexes, fimbriae connections, glycosylated epitopes of cellulose-binding protein (CBP) or glycocalyx, and cellulose-binding domain (CBD) of enzymes; 4) proliferation of the attached bacteria on potentially digestible tissues of the substrate. Each of the phases and its significance in the adhesion process are described. Factors affecting bacterial adhesion are described including: 1) factors related to bacterial age, glycocalyx condition, and microbial competition; 2) factors related to the nature of substrate including, cuticle protection, surface area, hydration, and ionic charge; and 3) environmental factors including pH, temperature, and presence of cations and soluble carbohydrate. Based on the information available from the literature, it appears that each of the predominant rumen bacteria--F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, and R. albus--has a specific mechanism of adhesion to cellulose. In F. succinogenes, both the glycosidic residues of the outer membrane CBP and especially of the 180-kDa CBP, and the distinct CBD of EG2 EGF and Cl-stimulated cellobiosidase, may play a role in the adhesion to cellulose. No direct evidence, except scanning electron microscopy observations, yet supports the existence of either cellulosome complex or fimbriae structures involved in the adhesion mechanism of F. succinogenes. At least two mechanisms, cellulosome-like complexes and carbohydrate epitopes of the glycocalyx layer are involved in the specific adhesion of R. flavefaciens to cellulose. Ruminococcus albus possesses at least two mechanisms for specific adhesion to cellulose: a cellulosomal-like mechanism, and a CbpC (Pil)-protein mechanism that probably involves the production of fimbrial-like structures. Indirect and direct studies suggested that carbohydrate epitopes of CBPs and CBD epitope of cellulases may also be involved mostly in the nonspecific phase of adhesion of R. albus.
VOLUMETRIC procedures have been used for the quantitative determination of sugars after separation by partition chromatography1,2. It has been our experience that these methods not only require considerable skill, but also they are lengthy and sensitive to slight variation of the conditions. We have therefore attempted to develop a simple quantitative colorimetric procedure. Preliminary experiments showed that the anthrone3 and the alpha-naphthol sulphonate4 reagents give good results with pure sugar solutions, but the presence of only traces of solvents such as butanol, phenol and propionic acid used in the chromatographic separation of the sugars rendered them useless.
Citric acid is regarded as a metabolite of energy metabolism, of which the concentration will rise to appreciable amounts only under conditions of substantive metabolic imbalances. Citric acid fermentation conditions were established during the 1930s and 1940s, when the effects of various medium components were evaluated. The biochemical mechanism by which Aspergillus niger accumulates citric acid has continued to attract interest even though its commercial production by fermentation has been established for decades. Although extensive basic biochemical research has been carried out with A. niger, the understanding of the events relevant for citric acid accumulation is not completely understood. This review is focused on citric acid fermentation by A. niger. Emphasis is given to aspects of fermentation biochemistry, membrane transport in A. niger and modeling of the production process.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of varying dietary forage particle size on chewing activity, ruminal mat characteristics, passage, and in situ ruminal and total tract digestion in dairy cows at a low- and high-concentrate inclusion. The experiment was designed as a 4 x 4 Latin square with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Four ruminally cannulated late-lactating dairy cows were restrictively fed (17 kg of dry matter/d), in four 23-d periods, 1 of 4 different diets varying in the theoretical particle size (6 and 30 mm) of hay (56.6% NDF of dry matter) and in the levels (approximately 20 and 60%, dry matter basis) of a cereal-based concentrate. Ingredients of the ration were offered separately to the cows; dietary hay and low-level concentrate were offered twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h, whereas concentrate of the high-level treatment was offered in 4 meals a day at 0800, 1200, 1600, and 1900 h. This study showed that altering the forage particle size from 6 to 30 mm in a low-concentrate diet significantly increased the rumination time and ruminal mat consistency without affecting ruminal fermentation and passage. Further, particle breakdown and proportion of mat in the rumen increased, and in situ hay dry matter degradability improved, which in turn indicated a higher capacity of ruminal digesta to degrade fiber. On the other hand, increasing the forage particle size in a diet containing a high amount of concentrate increased the proportion of dry matter retained on a 1.18-mm screen from 37.5 to 42.0% and extended the rumination time by 100 min/d, as well as increasing the ruminal mat consistency. However, ruminal particle breakdown, short-term ruminal pH, fibrolytic capacity of the digesta, and proportion of mat in the rumen decreased. This was also reflected in a higher bailable liquid pool, increased fractional passage rate of solid digesta from the reticulorumen, and increased retention time in the hindgut, which in turn indicated a shift of fiber digestion from the rumen to the lower digestive tract. This study showed that the response of chewing or ruminating activity alone seemed to be insufficient to assess the dietary physical effectiveness or fiber adequacy in limit-fed dairy cows when high-concentrate diets were fed separately. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that inclusion of coarsely chopped hay in the high-concentrate diet did not appear to further improve rumen conditions and digestion when the rations were formulated to exceed the fiber requirements in limit-fed dairy cows.
2013-01-30-USSEC-IPE- luncheon-Market-Outlook-John-Baize The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material
- J Baize
Baize, J., 2013. 2013 Global Market Outlook for Soybeans, Soymeal and Corn, http://ussec.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/2013-01-30-USSEC-IPE-
luncheon-Market-Outlook-John-Baize.pdf
Barker, B., Summerson, W.H., 1941. The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material. J. Biol. Chem. 138, 535–554.
Global Market Outlook for Soybeans
- J Baize
Baize, J., 2013. 2013 Global Market Outlook for Soybeans, Soymeal and Corn, http://ussec.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/2013-01-30-USSEC-IPEluncheon-Market-Outlook-John-Baize.pdf
Adhesion Mechanism of rumen cellulolytic bacteria
- Miron